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CRESCI, Karen.Pdf (4.133Mb) La invención del canon literario latino en Estados Unidos Karen Lorraine Cresci Directora: Dra. Lisa Bradford Co-directora: Dra. Mirian Pino Tesis para postular al grado de Doctora en Ciencias del Lenguaje Doctorado en Ciencias del Lenguaje con mención en Culturas y Literaturas Comparadas Facultad de Lenguas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Julio 2017 Licencia Creative Commons Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución – No Comercial – Sin Obra Derivada 4.0 Internacional. Resumen Marginada en términos académicos y editoriales durante décadas, hoy la literatura latina se encuentra en un momento de gran producción y legitimación. Una señal del fortalecimiento de esta literatura es la publicación de varias antologías en los últimos años. En este estudio nos proponemos explorar qué se entiende por “latino” y qué se considera “el canon latino” según seis antologías publicadas en Estados Unidos entre 1997 y 2010, cuáles son las razones que motivan la selección de los textos reunidos por los antólogos y en qué medida se ha legitimado esta literatura institucionalmente. Se abordarán cuestiones estéticas, políticas y de mercado que influyen en su delimitación. La investigación se centra en dos ejes: el estudio de las antologías de literatura de latinos que buscan crear un canon “pan-latino” y el análisis de la presencia de escritores latinos en antologías de literatura estadounidense. Primero indagaremos qué se entiende por “latino”, “literatura latina” y “escritor latino” y realizaremos un recorrido histórico para comprender la transición hacia una concepción pan-latina, inclusiva de diversas nacionalidades, que ha permitido vislumbrar la formación de un canon literario latino. Luego, se contextualizará la investigación en el marco de la Literatura Comparada y se abordarán las nociones de canon y antología y el rol de las editoriales. A continuación, se presentará un análisis descriptivo de las antologías de literatura latina de nuestro corpus, y un análisis comparativo-contrastivo de las mismas. Con el fin de examinar otra faceta de la legitimación la literatura latina se rastreará la presencia de sus voces en antologías de literatura estadounidense. La tradición latina inventada en estas antologías revela una ansiedad por la validación. Estas antologías iluminan distintos aspectos de este corpus literario y revelan diferencias ideológicas. Como se revela en nuestro análisis, la presencia de la literatura latina en antologías de literatura estadounidense es escasa. Si bien la i publicación de antologías de literatura latina ha contribuido en cierta medida a la visibilización de las obras de autores latinos, la consolidación de un verdadero canon literario latino todavía no ha ocurrido. ii Agradecimientos Quisiera expresar mi profundo agradecimiento a todos los que me han apoyado en este trayecto: - A la Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, New York University y la Comisión Fulbright, instituciones que me abrieron muchas puertas. - A CONICET, ya que la realización de esta investigación no hubiera sido posible sin el apoyo económico de la beca doctoral que me otorgaron. - A los profesores María Herrera-Sobek, Rolando Hinojosa-Smith, Nicolás Kanellos, Gustavo Pérez Firmat e Ilan Stavans, quienes aportaron contribuciones valiosas para este estudio en las entrevistas realizadas. - A la Dra. Mirian Pino. Sus sugerencias fueron sumamente enriquecedoras. A pesar de la distancia, la sentí siempre cerca y comprometida con mi proyecto. - Al Dr. Fabián O. Iriarte, quien me apoyó y me guió en este largo camino desde el primer momento hasta el último. Gracias por tu lectura paciente. - A la Dra. Lisa Rose Bradford, my dear Moother Goose, que me animó a emprender este proyecto. Thank you for sowing the seeds, watering the sprouts, and pruning this “tree”. Siempre voy a estar agradecida por tu generosidad intelectual. - A mis amigos, por apoyarme, ayudarme a recuperar energías y animarme a seguir. - A mi papá y especialmente a mi mamá: se animaron a inmigrar, a convertirse en “latinos”, y con su ejemplo, me animaron a soñar en grande a pesar de las dificultades. Gracias por inculcarme el valor de la educación. A mi hermano, aunque crea que me tomé demasiado en serio esto de seguir estudiando siempre. - A Fonsi, que me alentó, me ayudó en todo y me tuvo tanta paciencia a lo largo de estos años. iii Índice Resumen…………………………………………………………………………………...…..i Agradecimientos……………………………………………………………………………...iii Índice………………………………………………………………………………………….iv Introducción………………………………………………………………………………...…1 I: Presentación del objeto de estudio: I.1. ¿Quiénes son los latinos en Estados Unidos?: el problema de la definición….…..7 I.2. La literatura latina y el escritor latino ………………………………………..….24 I.3. De las identidades latinas al canon latino…………………………….……….…36 II: Marco teórico Introducción………………………………………………………...…………...…...50 II.1. Perspectiva disciplinaria: Literatura Comparada……………………………..…57 II.2. Canon……………………………………………………………………………65 II.3. Antologías….……………………………………………………………………79 II.4. Editoriales…………………………………………………………………….....87 III: Descripción de las antologías de literatura latina III.1. The Latino Reader: An American Literary Tradition from 1542 to the Present (1997) …………………………………………………………………………..…. 102 III.2. The Prentice Hall Anthology of Latino Literature (2002) …………………...115 III.3. Herencia: The Anthology of Hispanic Literature of the United States (2002).124 III.4. U.S. Latino Literature Today (2005) …………………………………………136 III.5. Latino Boom (2006) ……………………………….…………………………145 III.6. The Norton Anthology of Latino Literature (2010) …………………………..153 iv IV. Comparación y contraste de las antologías de literatura latina…………………………165 V. La presencia de los latinos en las antologías de literatura estadounidense…………..…...205 Conclusión general………………………………………………………………………….217 Bibliografía………………………………………………………………………………….229 Anexo: 1. Índices de las antologías de literatura latina relevadas…………………………………….247 2. Cuadro comparativo de autores y textos incluidos en las antologías…………………...…293 3. Gráficos de representación de autores latinos en antologías según género………………..316 4. Gráficos de representación de autores latinos en antologías según ascendencia…………..319 5. Imágenes de tapa de las antologías de literatura latina…………………………………...322 6. Entrevistas: 6.1. María Herrera-Sobek ………………………………………………………...…324 6.2. Rolando Hinojosa- Smith……………………………………………………….327 6.3. Gustavo Pérez Firmat ……………………………………………………….….330 6.4. Ilan Stavans …………………………………………………………………….342 v Introducción ¿En qué consiste ser “latino”? Una tarde fría en el mes de enero, mientras estudiaba en Nueva York, me hice esta pregunta. En la biblioteca de Brooklyn me encontré con un libro que había sido publicado recientemente: The Norton Anthology of Latino Literature. Habiendo nacido en Australia y vivido allá hasta los diez años, me consideraba parte de la comunidad de latinos, y me dio curiosidad ver qué incluía el libro y qué autores habían sido elegidos por los editores. Se entiende que, como toda antología, es una selección, un recorte, pero también responde a cuestiones ideológicas. Al leer el índice de autores, me sorprendió la gran variedad de nombres seleccionados: desde el conquistador español Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (1488/90-1557/58); el político, escritor y periodista cubano José Martí (1853-1895); la escritora chilena contemporánea Isabel Allende (1942), muchos autores que yo desconocía, y… hasta el cantante pop Ricky Martin y su canción “Livin’ la Vida Loca”. Entonces me pregunté ¿quiénes son los latinos en Estados Unidos? y ¿en qué consiste la literatura latina? Embarcarme en este proyecto de tesis fue una manera de ofrecer respuestas tentativas a estos interrogantes. La comunidad latina1 ha crecido notablemente en los últimos años y hoy en día es la minoría más numerosa de Estados Unidos. Según el censo nacional de 2010, más del 16% (50,5 millones) son hispanos. En la última década, esta comunidad creció un 43% y, según las 1 El adjetivo “latino” que usaremos para delimitar nuestro objeto de estudio no se corresponde con las definiciones de este término provistas por el Diccionario de la Real Academia Española: “1. adj. Natural del Lacio, región de Italia. U. t. c. s. 2. adj. Perteneciente o relativo a los pueblos del Lacio, o a las ciudades con derecho latino. 3. adj. Perteneciente o relativo al latín, o propio de él. Gramática latina. 4. adj. Perteneciente o relativo a la Iglesia latina. Los ritos latinos. 5. adj. Dicho de una persona: De alguno de los pueblos de Europa y América que hablan lenguas derivadas del latín. U. t. c. s. 6. adj. Perteneciente o relativo a los latinos de Europa y América. Los países latinos de América. El carácter latino. 7. adj. Mar. Dicho de una embarcación o de un aparejo: De vela triangular. 8. adj. desus. Que sabe latín. Era u. t. c. s.” Se explorarán varias definiciones de “latino” en el primer capítulo. 1 proyecciones del censo del 2010, se estima que en 2050 constituirá más del 30% de la población estadounidense (Passel, Cohn y López). Este crecimiento demográfico ha incrementado la influencia cultural de los latinos en Estados Unidos, que en la actualidad es insoslayable. Luego de varios años de crecimiento demográfico acelerado, puede decirse que la proyección de la comunidad latina se ha extendido a todos los aspectos de la cultura estadounidense y la literatura no es la excepción. Marginada en términos académicos y editoriales durante décadas, hoy se encuentra en un momento de gran
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