Initial Environmental Examination Report ______

Project Number: 47021-002 Loan Number: 3239

PAK: Federally Administered Tribal Areas Water Resources Development Project

Initial Environmental Examination Report for Badi Samoor Weir District Bajaur

Prepared by Project Management Unit, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

For the Asian Development Bank Date received by ADB: June 2019

NOTES

(i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and its agencies ends on 30 June. (ii) In this report “$” refer to US dollars.

This initial environmental examination report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Project Management Unit PMU ,FATA July,2019 Water Resources Development Project FWRDP Merged Areas Secretariat

FEDERALLY ADMINISTERED TRIBAL AREAS WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE) BADI SAMOOR WEIR (BAJAUR DISTRICT) July, 2019 JOINT VENTURE:

FATA WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT CONSULTANTS

House # 3, Street # 1, Near Board Bazar, Tajabad, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Tel: +92 91 5601635 - 6 Fax: +92 91 5840807 E-mail: [email protected] Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Badi Samoor Weir Sub Project

TABLE OF CONTENTS

S. No. Description Page No.

INTRODUCTION ...... 1

POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 9

PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 20

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Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Badi Samoor Weir Sub Project

DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT ...... 31

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Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Badi Samoor Weir Sub Project

PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ...... 69

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 72

Excavation ...... 77 Waste Generation and Disposal ...... 77 Labour Camps, Storage and approach roads ...... 78 Soil pollution due to fuel and oil spillage from Construction machinery ...... 78 Agriculture Land Damage ...... 80 Impact of taking borrow material from earth borrow site ...... 80 Changes in Soil Characteristics due to labour camps, and machinery yards ...... 81 Construction material leftovers ...... 81

Contamination of surface water due to washing ...... 81 Drinking water supply ...... 81 Municipal waste disposed into the stream ...... 82 Water quality and sedimentation load ...... 82

Dust from construction and smoke from plants and equipment ...... 83 Smoke from burning of waste and firewood ...... 83 Noise from use of old/and or out dated machinery ...... 83 Dust Emission from stone quarrying and transportation ...... 84

Impact on Aquatic Life ...... 85

Tribal Tension and Rivalries ...... 87 Impact on Civic Infrastructure ...... 88 Community safety risks due to accidental or natural hazards ...... 88 Health and safety of labour at construction site ...... 89 iii | TOC

Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Badi Samoor Weir Sub Project

Change in visual character and soil erosion ...... 89 Soil pollution due to excessive application of Pesticides and fertilizers ...... 90 Use of additional irrigation water for cultivating high delta crops ...... 90 Monitoring Programmes ...... 91 Training/ Educational programmes ...... 91

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) ...... 92

Public Consultation ...... 125

GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 133

CONCLUSION, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 138

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Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Badi Samoor Weir Sub Project

List of Annex

ANNEX – I Photo Log ...... 141

ANNEX – II Supporting Documents ...... 145

ANNEX III - National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) ...... 154

ANNEX-IV Table of Content Environmental Compliance Monitoring ...... 160

ANNEX-V Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist ...... 162

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Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Badi Samoor Weir Sub Project

List of Tables & Figures

Table 2.3: Comparison of International and local Standards for Drinking Water ...... 14 Table 2.4: Environmental Guidelines and Legislations ...... 17 Table 3.1: Salient Features of the Project ...... 21 Figure 3.1: Sub Project Location Map ...... 22 Figure 3.2: Satellite Image of the Project Area ...... 23 Table 3.2: Diversion Weir Works and Quantity ...... 26 Figure 3.3: Diversion Weir Layout Plan ...... 27 Table 3.3: Personnel Requirement ...... 28 Table 3.4: Equipment Requirements ...... 28 Figure 4.1: Map of Bajaur District ...... 34 Figure 4.2 Mean Monthly Temperature ...... 37 Figure 4.3: Tectonic Map of Pakistan ...... 41 Figure 4.4: Environmental Testing and Sampling Map ...... 43 Table 4.1: Ambient Air and Noise Quality of the Project area ...... 44 Figure 4.5: Surface Water Resources in Project Area ...... 45 Table 4.2: Details of Watershed ...... 46 Table 4.4 Land Use Statistics of Bajaur District ...... 49 Figure 4.6: Land use Map of Badi Samoor ...... 50 Table 4.5: Common Trees Species in Project Area ...... 52 Table 4.6: Common Grasses Species in the Area ...... 53 Table 4.7: Common Shrub Species in the Project Area ...... 54 Table 4.8: Fauna of the Project Area ...... 55 Table 4.9: Avifauna of the Project Area ...... 55 Table 4.10: List of Wild Fish found in Bajaur District ...... 57 Table 4.11: Population Details of Bajaur District ...... 60 Table 4.12: Veterinary Service available in Bajaur District ...... 62 Figure 5.1: Project Impact Area ...... 74 Table 5.1 Screening of Environmental Impacts; Construction and Post Construction Stages ...75 Table 6.1: Environmental Management (Mitigation) Plan (Construction & Operation) ...... 96 Table 6.2 Environmental Monitoring ...... 119 Table 6.4: Estimated Budget for Environmental Management ...... 122 Table 6.5: Estimated Budget for Environmental Monitoring ...... 123 Figure 7.1: Identification of Stakeholders ...... 127 Table 7.1: Farmer Reasons for Dissatisfaction with Canal Systems ...... 129 Table 7.2: List of Government Official Contacted ...... 131 Table 7.3: List of Community Consultation Participants ...... 131 Figure 7.2: Community Meetings at Badi Samoor ...... 132 Figure 8.1: Proposed GRM ...... 137

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Badi Samoor Weir Sub Project Units Conversion Tables Length Units

Millimeters Centimeters Meters Kilometers Inches Feet Yards Miles mm cm m Km in ft yd mi 1 0.1 0.001 0.000001 0.03937 0.003281 0.001094 6.21e-07 10 1 0.01 0.00001 0.393701 0.032808 0.010936 0.000006 1000 100 1 0.001 39.37008 3.28084 1.093613 0.000621 1000000 100000 1000 1 39370.08 3280.84 1093.613 0.621371 25.4 2.54 0.0254 0.000025 1 0.083333 0.027778 0.000016 304.8 30.48 0.3048 0.000305 12 1 0.333333 0.000189 914.4 91.44 0.9144 0.000914 36 3 1 0.000568 1609344 160934.4 1609.344 1.609344 63360 5280 1760 1

Area Units

Millimeter Centimeter Meter Inch Foot Yard square square Square square square square 2 2 2 2 2 mm cm m2 in ft yd 1 0.01 0.000001 0.00155 0.000011 0.000001 100 1 0.0001 0.155 0.001076 0.00012 1000000 10000 1 1550.003 10.76391 1.19599 645.16 6.4516 0.000645 1 0.006944 0.000772 92903 929.0304 0.092903 144 1 0.111111 836127 8361.274 0.836127 1296 9 1

Volume Units

Centimeter Meter Liter Inch Foo US Imperia US barrel (oil) cube cube cub t gallons l 3 3 3 cm m3 ltr in ft US gal Imp. gal US brl 1 0.000001 0.001 0.061024 0.000035 0.000264 0.00022 0.000006 1000000 1 1000 61024 35 264 220 6.29 1000 0.001 1 61 0.035 0.264201 0.22 0.00629 16.4 0.000016 0.01638 1 0.000579 0.004329 0.003605 0.000103 28317 0.028317 28.3168 1728 1 7.481333 6.229712 0.178127 3785 0.003785 3.79 231 0.13 1 0.832701 0.02381 4545 0.004545 4.55 277 0.16 1.20 1 0.028593 158970 0.15897 159 9701 6 42 35 1 Mass Units

Grams Kilograms Metric tonnes Short ton Long ton Pounds Ounces g kg Tonne shton Lton lb oz 1 0.001 0.000001 0.000001 9.84e-07 0.002205 0.035273 1000 1 0.001 0.001102 0.000984 2.204586 35.27337 1000000 1000 1 1.102293 0.984252 2204.586 35273.37 907200 907.2 0.9072 1 0.892913 2000 32000 1016000 1016 1.016 1.119929 1 2239.859 35837.74 453.6 0.4536 0.000454 0.0005 0.000446 1 16 28 0.02835 0.000028 0.000031 0.000028 0.0625 1

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Badi Samoor Weir Sub Project Volumetric Liquid Flow Units

Meter Foot Foot US barrels Liter/second Liter/minute US cube/hour cube/minute cube/hour gallons/minute (oil)/day L/sec L/min M3/hr ft3/min ft3/hr gal/min US brl/d 1 60 3.6 2.119093 127.1197 15.85037 543.4783 0.016666 1 0.06 0.035317 2.118577 0.264162 9.057609 0.277778 16.6667 1 0.588637 35.31102 4.40288 150.9661 0.4719 28.31513 1.69884 1 60 7.479791 256.4674 0.007867 0.472015 0.02832 0.01667 1 0.124689 4.275326 0.06309 3.785551 0.227124 0.133694 8.019983 1 34.28804 0.00184 0.110404 0.006624 0.003899 0.2339 0.029165 1

Temperature Conversion Formulas

Degree Celsius (°C) (°F - 32) x 5/9 (K - 273.15) Degree Fahrenheit (°F) (°C x 9/5) + 32 (1.8 x K) - 459.67 Kelvin (K) (°C + 273.15) (°F + 459.67) ÷ 1.8

Currency Exchange Table

US Dollar Pakistani Rupees 01 151.78 Exchange Rate as of May 29, 2019

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Badi Samoor Weir Sub Project

List of Abbreviations AC Assistant Commissioner ADB Asian Development Bank AMSL Above Mean Sea Level CO Community Organization CCA Culturable Command Area CSC Construction Supervision Consultant DC Deputy Commissioner DG Director General EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ESMU Environmental and Social Management Unit EMP Environment Management Plan EPA Environment Protection Agency EMMP Environment Management and Monitoring Plan FRDP FATA Rural Development Project FWRDP FATA Water Resources Development Project FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas FGD Focus Group Discussions GIS Geographic Information System GoP Government of Pakistan GRC Grievance Redress Committee GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism HDPE High Density Polyethylene HSE Health, Safety and Environment IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature IA Implementing Agency IEE Initial Environmental Examination KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa MM Mitigation Measure MMT Main Mantle Thrust NGO Non-Governmental Organization NOC No Objection Certificate PD Project Director PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Act PIU Project Implementation Unit PMU Project Management Unit PPTA Project Preparatory Technical Assistance RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete RE Resident Engineer SDS Safety Data Sheet SPS Safeguard Policy Statement SSEMP Site Specific Environmental Management Plan ToP Terms of Partnership ToR Terms of Reference WWF World Wide Fund for Nature

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Badi Samoor Weir Sub Project

Executive Summary

1. Introduction The environmental study was undertaken in accordance with Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) 1997, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act 2014 and Asian Development Bank’s (ADB) Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 requirement and recommendations. The TOR requires assessment of the environmental impacts of the project (i.e. IEE or EIA), preparation of the environmental management and monitoring plans (EMMPs), inclusion of costs for implementing recommended mitigation measures, and any capacity strengthening measures in the project development costs. Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP) will be operational in the federal territories at the western borders of Pakistan with Afghanistan. It focuses on increasing irrigation supplies in three agencies, namely Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur, to increase crop production and harvest water sustainably. The project is being proposed as a result of the Water Assessment Study executed under the completed ADB supported FATA Rural Development Project of Merged Atreas Secretariat. The study identified 40 watersheds where the groundwater aquifers are depleting at a high rate, even under average weather conditions due to unplanned water extraction for irrigation and other associated purposes. It recommends shifting from groundwater to surface water, which remains totally unutilized, and identified potential sites for small reservoirs and diversion weirs in the 40 watersheds of Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur regions of, KP. With above background, ADB financed a Project Preparatory Technical Assistance, TA 8409-PAK (PPTA) for FATA Water Resources Development Project in preparing a project for financing consideration by ADB through Ex-FATA support implemented the PPTA during 2013-2014, in which a team of national consultants prepared a feasibility study for a water resources project for Merged Areas. Based on the findings of the PPTA and on the request of Government of Pakistan, ADB approved, on 15th December 2014, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas Water Resources Development Project (Project) contributing $42.97 million from ADB’s Special Funds. The Government will contribute $4.93 million as counterpart fund. The ADB and Government of Pakistan signed the legal agreement on 17th April 2015 and declared the loan effective on 7th August 2015. The Project implementation period ends on 31th March 2020 and loan accounts will close on 30th September 2020. Since the project is categorized as a category B project as per ADB’s Safeguards Policy Statement 2009, an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) exercise is required for each subproject.

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Badi Samoor Weir Sub Project

2. Project Location The Badi Samoor project envisages construction of weir at coordinates 34.738N & 71.482E on Watalai Khwar. The Badi Samoor weir is proposed on right side tributary of Watalai Khwar which is a left side tributary of Bajaur Khwar. The distance from Khar is 4 km through paved Munda Khar road to reach weir site. 3. Environmental Issues The Subproject activities include construction of a weir and about 4.76 km irrigation network including channel and its three distributaries will irrigate 65 ha of Culturable Command Area (CCA). This will cause some disturbance due to construction activities on the RoW at site and the allied sites involving borrow material, camp areas, material and machinery yard, link roads and necessary facilities for the staff and labor to be engaged for the execution of the Subproject. 4. Policy Legal and Administrative Framework This report represents in accordance to Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997, KP Environmental Protection Act 2014 and Asian Development Bank’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 requires that environmental considerations be incorporated into ADB’s funded project to ensure that the project will have minimal environmental impacts and be environmentally sound. Occupational health & safety of the local population should also be addressed as well as the project workers as stated in SPS 2009. Because this project falls in the jurisdiction of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Government, therefore approval from the KP EPA will be required. 5. Project Description It is envisaged to construct a low height weir and crest length 25. A Tyrolean part of 3.5 m in length is provided for conveying of design discharge for canal/irrigation conduit. It is anticipated that from the scheme, culturable command area of 65 ha will be irrigated at cropping intensity of 133 % and design discharge of 47 lit/sec. Total length of irrigation network is 4.76 km. The alignment starts downstream of outlet pipe and descends in valley. From RD 0+000 to RD 0+880 of main channel, a lined PCC rectangular channel is proposed to carry water for both mini hydropower and command area. From RD 0+420 to RD 0+630, the side walls of the existing lined channel should be raised while from RD 0+800 to RD 0+880, the existing channel should be dismantled and a new channel should be constructed. Beyond RD 0+880, a precast parabolic channel is proposed. The minor channel is also of precast parabolic section having a syphon at its start. As per site observation perennial flow of 0.50 cumec to 1.0 cumec exists in the khwar.

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Badi Samoor Weir Sub Project 6. Project Alternatives Project alternatives have been considered with consideration of their ability to match immediate demand and then keep pace with emerging demand while ensuring capture of available yield in the stream. Technically there is no other source of water or place diverting water for irrigation purposes. The Project Area is considered as poor from an economic perspective. Subsistence farming is the economic mainstay. Water availability is scarce in area hence the proposed project will contribute positively to the project area. Therefore, no project option is not viable option. However various technical alternatives were also considered and the most viable option Tyrolean weir with trash rack was adopted. 7. Environmental and Social Baseline The purpose of this chapter is to establish the baseline conditions for the physical, biological and the social aspects of the environment of project area. The data were collected regarding the physical environment, biological environment and social aspects of the study area from field surveys, desk studies and visits to the Government departments, other relevant agencies and discussions with the main stakeholders of the area. 8. Physical Environment Bajaur District, Smallest of the agencies in Merged Areas, has a hilly terrain and covers an area of 1,290 km2 and is located between latitude 34o 30’ and 34o 59’ N and longitude 71o 14’ and 71o 48’ E. Northern part of the subproject area is drained by the Bajaur stream and its tributaries, while the southern part drains into Swat River. Nawagai, Charmung, Khatai, Watalai and Babukara streams join the Bajaur stream and eventually fall into the Panjkora River. The total cultivated area of the subproject area is about 75,350 ha while the forest area is about 26,471 ha. The major crops grown are wheat, maize, vegetables and orchard. The elevation of Bajaur varies from 762 to 1,220 m AMSL with varying slope. The subproject area has extreme climate. The winter season begins in November and lasts up to March. The winters are extremely chill and cold and sometimes temperature plunges below freezing point. December, January and February are the coldest months. The mean minimum and maximum temperatures in these months are in the range of 3 to 16 degree Celsius. The summer season lasts from May to October. June, July and August are the hottest months. The mean minimum and maximum temperatures in this period are in the range of 20 to 33 degree Celsius. The topography is rugged hilly terrain with top elevation of 2800 masl in catchment, whereas the elevation of NSL at weir site is 876 masl. The topographic relief is around 1924 m. The khwar is a broad, open and shallow valley. At weir site the left abutment side stands 8 m above the stream bed. Flat terraces of several meters

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Badi Samoor Weir Sub Project

width generally occupy both sides of the nullah. The flood plains and terraces lying on right side of the nullah have 0.5 to 1.00 m thick layer of silty clay, clayey silt derived from these alluvium (mud) deposits, underlain by sandy gravel, cobbles and occasional boulders. Soil of the area are clay loam, non-calcareous, non-saline and non-sodic in nature. Soil pH is slight to medium alkaline. The soils are low in organic matter and nitrogen contents, low in phosphorous while low to medium in potassium contents. A number of springs and streams of sweet water flow throughout the subproject area and serve as clean water sources for drinking and irrigation. Rud is the major stream, which drains the main Khar – Nawagai valley and flows from south west to north – east and discharges into Munda Khwar at a village called Kulala (Bajaur). Water quality result shows that the surface water is fit for irrigation while the drinking water is highly turbid and hence aesthetically unpleasant despite all other parameters are within permissible limits of NEQS. The ambient air quality and noise at site was conducted. The result reveals that the air quality of the area is within the permissible limits of NEQS. However, the noise level is slightly higher than NEQS at the proposed site. The noise level is high because the running water is striking the large boulders in the khwar. 9. Biological Environment Ecologically, this area falls within the main group of Dry Subtropical Broad-leaved Forest. The sub–group is Monotheca Scrubs. Generally, the vegetation is thorny evergreen shrubs, which are capable of developing into small trees, even under harsh climatic conditions and social pressure (heavy grazing /browsing). Avifauna of the area is highly diversified and colorful, which is widely dispersed in gardens, cultivated fields, streams and hill slopes. Most of the fish available in the subproject area have been introduced by the Fisheries Dept., in order to improve the livelihoods of the locals. Hence, making a distinction between cultural and wild fish extremely difficult in the area. No threatened or endangered species were observed in the project area, as per IUCN red list classification. 10. Socio-Economic and Cultural Aspects Bajaur District is divided into Seven Tehsils, which are Barang, Nawagai, Khar, Mamund, Salarzai, Utmankhel and Chamarkand. Its border with Afghanistan's Kunar province makes it of strategic importance to Pakistan and the region. The Deputy Commissioner is the over all in charge for the District administration, assisted by Assistant Commissioner. The subproject areaheadquarter is located at Khar.

Bajaur is inhabited almost exclusively by Tarkani (Tarkalani) Pashtuns, and there are their main sub-tribes in Bajaur: Utman, Khel, Tarkalanri, Mamund (Kakazai,

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Badi Samoor Weir Sub Project

Wur and Salarzai) as well as a small population of Safis. The Utman Khel are at the southeast of Bajaur, while Mamund are at the southwest, and the Tarkani are at the north of Bajaur. Total population of the subproject area is about 1,093,684 persons, out of which 51% are males and 49% are female, with growth rate of 3.25%. The project site, Badi Samoor, is situated in the east of Khar, within tehsil Salarzai at a distance of approximately 20 km. Total population of the area is approximately 3075 persons and 250 households. Tarkani, Salarzai, Bahram Khan, Yousaf Khel and Hilal Khel are the main tribes. Pashto is the main language of the area, with a softer form spoken in the north and a harder dialect in the south. Health indicators for Merged Areas are incomplete and, in many cases, only estimates are available. The Merged Aread region is a predominantly agrarian economy, with livelihoods predicated on agriculture and livestock. The people in the subproject area are not widely educated. They migrate to down districts in search of jobs or any other labor. Government services are a cherished source of livelihood for many. Tribal society is dominated by men. Cultural tradition, social practices and low female literacy have left women in a vulnerable position. They are for the most part restricted to performing household work, and are excluded from decision-making both on the domestic front and at the community level. Women’s access to education and health care is limited because such services are not available close to home. Women in the area play a dominant role in running the household, rearing and guiding children, managing household finances, and providing much of the labor for agriculture and animal husbandry. They do not normally have a public role, particularly in interactions with the broader society. 11. Public Consultation The public consultation process with various stakeholders has been carried out so as to create awareness, information dissemination and to involve them in the designing, planning and execution of Subproject. The viewpoints of the stakeholders have been taken into account and their concerns and suggestions for possible improvements have been included where appropriate. During the field survey, significant efforts were made to identify the possible categories of stakeholders. Stakeholders at site were notified villagers, local residents, government officials, shop owners, public representative, NGO’s and general public. All those stake holders had different types of stakes according to their professions. Tribal society is dominated by men with final say in the affairs of all members of the family. Women, by comparison, play a subservient role and observe strict purdah (veiling). They are for the most part restricted to performing household

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Badi Samoor Weir Sub Project

work, and are excluded from decision-making both on the domestic front and at the community level. Keeping in mind the above background, women of the subproject area could not be consulted. The people of the area were briefed about the both negative and positive impacts of the subproject during construction. They responded that the negative impacts like noise and dust are very minor and temporary issues as compared to the positive impacts which will help them to improve their socioeconomic conditions. 12. Environmental Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures The Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study has disclosed that the Subproject is not likely to have any severe negative impacts on the environment and people of the area. All the potential impacts which have been identified during the present assessment are associated with the construction stage of the Sub Project, and minor to moderate in severity; and can easily be avoided (through good design and construction planning) or mitigated (through proper implementation of the EMP). No acquisition of permanent land will be involved. There is no such adverse environmental impact of the Subproject but the construction-related temporary negative impacts such as air pollution, noise and use of community resources can be well managed through proper implementation of the mitigation measures, which have been identified in this report. Also, there is no environmentally sensitive area in the vicinity of the subproject area. Women headed households have not been identified in the Subproject area and no indigenous people impacts are involved in the proposed subproject. The other social issues like safety of general public and workers, security problems, risk of communicable diseases, vector borne diseases etc. are of temporary nature. On the other hand, the Subproject will create job opportunities particularly for the local population during construction stage and extremely beneficial for uplift of socio-economic condition of the local population through irrigated agriculture i.e. development of 65 ha culturable land. 13. Environmental Management Plan Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is produced as a complementary part of Detailed Design and as a free- standing document. It ensures incorporation of the relevant environmental factors into the overall Subproject design and will identify linkages to other safeguard policies relating to the project. The EMP defines responsibilities for the implementation of mitigation measures in order to minimize or control negative impacts of construction and operational of the project, as well as defining a framework and responsibilities for the monitoring of each mitigation measure. The EMP shall be implemented throughout the construction period, by the contractor. The EMP shall be supplemented by Site Specific Environmental Management Plan (SSEMP) to be prepared by the contractor upon mobilization. Based on the preliminary assessment, key mitigation

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Badi Samoor Weir Sub Project

measures recommended under this Environmental Management Plan (EMP), the Contractor will submit the Site-Specific Environmental Management Plan (SSEMP) to the CSC and PMU for approval at least ten (10) days prior to commencement of any physical works. Overall responsibility for Environmental Management and Monitoring will rest with the Project Management Unit (PMU) which is headed by a Project Director (PD) and assisted by the CSC.). 14. Conclusion and Recommendations The assessment of potential impacts of the proposed Badi Samoor weir project reveals that this project will generate only minor to moderate adverse environmental impacts. These adverse impacts will be mostly confined to the construction works and will be temporary in nature. The predicted adverse impacts will be minimized and reduced by implementing the prescribed mitigation measures and will be continually monitored by implementing and updating the EMP. The overall finding is that the beneficial gains provided by Irrigation project will by far exceed the negative impacts – most of them being short-termed and without major interference to both the bio-physical and human environment. It is emphasized that the success of the EMP depends on the respective line agencies and institutions identified as key players in the implementation of the EMP. The timely and complete inclusion of the EMP’s compliance clauses with allocated cost in the Contractor documents is mandatory to ensure the success of all environmental safeguard measures. As the project is exclusively an irrigation system, all identified adverse environmental impacts during the rehabilitation and improvement works of the project will be of minor nature, easily to be mitigated by adequate implementation of the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans. Entire command of the project components does not include any environmentally sensitive areas. The final conclusion is that, the project is environmentally safe and socially acceptable.

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Badi Samoor Weir Sub Project

INTRODUCTION

General 1. The environmental study is undertaken in accordance with Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act 2014 and Asian Development Bank`s (ADB) Environment Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 requirement and recommendations. 2. The TOR requires that an assessment of the environmental impacts of the project (i.e. IEE or EIA), preparation of the environmental management and monitoring plans (EMMPs), inclusion of costs for implementing recommended mitigation measures, and any capacity strengthening measures in the project development costs. Project Background 3. The Merged areas have scarcity of land and water resources. In spite of the land scarcity, the people are agriculturalist and livestock herders by occupation and practice agriculture where possible. Encouraged by the salutary effects of schemes in water sector, the Merged Areas Secretariat has proposed to harvest the flood water in the streams by constructing Small Dams to bring more areas under irrigation and to recharge aquifer for supplementing groundwater reserve. Therefore, main focus in recent years has been the construction of dams to conserve water in order to expand and intensify irrigated agriculture. The irrigated agriculture has evolved over many centuries and today, despite the decades of civil strife, there are still thousands of hectares being irrigated by traditional systems, which are managed, operated and maintained by communities with little or no involvement of the government. However, there is considerable opportunity for increasing agricultural production by construction of major infrastructure works, like construction of small dams, diversion weirs, lining of water courses and increasing awareness about latest farm practices and cropping patterns which are beyond the technical and financial capacity of the farming communities. 4. FATA Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP) will be operational in the Merged Areas at the western borders of Pakistan with Afghanistan. It focuses on increasing irrigation supplies in three districts, namely Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur, to increase crop production and harvest water sustainability. The project is being proposed as a result of the Water Assessment Study executed under the completed ADB supported FATA Rural Development Project of Merged Areas Secretariat. The study identified 40 watersheds where the groundwater aquifers are depleting at a high rate, even under average weather conditions due to unplanned water extraction for

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Badi Samoor Weir Sub Project

irrigation and other associated purposes. It recommends shifting from groundwater to surface water, which remains totally unutilized, and identified potential sites for small reservoirs and diversion weirs in the 40 watersheds of Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur districts of ,KP. 5. With above background, ADB financed a Project Preparatory Technical Assistance, TA 8409-PAK (PPTA) for FATA Water Resources Development Project in preparing a project for financing consideration by ADB. ADB through Ex-FATA support implemented the PPTA during 2013-2014, in which a team of national consultants prepared a feasibility study for a water resources project for Merged Areas. Based on the findings of the PPTA and on the request of Government of Pakistan, ADB approved, on 15th December 2014, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP) contributing $42.97 million from ADB’s Special Funds. The Government will contribute $4.93 million as counterpart fund. The ADB and Government of Pakistan signed the legal agreement on 17th April 2015 and declared the loan effective on 7th August 2015. The Project implementation period ends on 31th March 2020 and loan accounts will close on 30th September 2020. 6. The Badi Samoor project envisages construction of weir at coordinates 34.738N & 71.482E on Watalai Khwar. The Badi Samoor weir is proposed on right side tributary of Watalai Khwar which is a left side tributary of Bajaur Khwar. The distance from Khar is 4 km through paved Munda Khar road to reach weir site. Project Consultants 7. The Proponent / client, FATA Water Resources Development Project, Merged Areas Secretariat entered into a formal contract in Oct, 2016 with design and supervision consultants for the project with joint venture, led by BAK Consulting Engineers, AGES Consultants and Rehman Habib Consultants. Purpose of This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) 8. Environmental Assessment is a systematic process for evaluating the environmental consequences of any proposed Policy, Plan or Program initiative in order to ensure that the various concerns are fully included and appropriately addressed at the earliest stage of decision making at par with the economic and social considerations. The economic, social, and environmental change is inherent to development. Whilst, development aims to bring about positive change, it can lead to conflicts. In the past, the promotion of economic growth, as the motor for increased well-being, was the main development thrust with little sensitivity towards adverse social or environmental impacts. The need to avoid adverse impacts and to ensure long term benefits led to the concept of

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Badi Samoor Weir Sub Project

sustainability. This has become accepted as an essential feature of the development, if the aim of increased well-being and greater equity in fulfilling basic needs is to be met for the present and future generations. Environment Assessment thus, has three main functions: • predict positive and adverse impacts. • find ways to minimize/manage adverse impacts. • enhance positive effects. 9. This present study relates to Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Badi Samoor Weir Bajaur District. Irrigated agriculture in Merged Areas relies predominantly on groundwater abstracted by tube wells, dug wells and open wells; surface water utilization is low. Poor water resources management has become a major challenge to increasing agriculture productivity, which undermines efforts to improve the socioeconomic condition of Merged Areas inhabitants. Various factors such as poor water resource management, extensive deforestation and over grazing of rangelands have put immense pressure and stresses on Merged Areas watersheds. Their degraded condition has increased runoff and resulted in high soil erosion. In the absence of proper tree and vegetation cover, the run off leads to flash floods that often destroy the productive agricultural land in the valley bottom. This steadily worsening situation has severe repercussions for the overall sustainability and viability of the resource base of the watersheds, and thereby on the region’s population, the majority of which are dependent on this resource base for their livelihoods. Increasing tree cover and the construction of check dams (where appropriate), will strengthen the watersheds, reduce land erosion and the frequency and impact of flash floods, and improve water availability through replenishment of the aquifers. 10. Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study takes into account the natural environment (air, water, land, flora & fauna), human health and safety. This study evaluates the Subproject’s potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence and outlines planning, designing and implementation by preventing, minimizing or mitigating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts throughout Subproject implementation. 11. The civil work within the Subproject area will cause some disturbances. The activities during construction period involve; construction of weir and water channels, development of command area, borrow material, stone pitching, camping grounds, material dump, machinery yard and other necessary facilities for the staff/labor to be engaged for the construction of the Subproject. There is no such adverse environmental impact of the Subproject but the construction-

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related impacts such as air pollution, noise and use of community resources can be well managed through the proper implementation of the mitigation measures, which have been identified in this report. The Subproject has been classified as environmental category B according to ADB’s Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS), 2009. 12. The Social Assessment (SA) has been conducted to evaluate the Subproject’s potential positive and adverse effects on the affected people and to examine Subproject alternatives where adverse effects may be significant. The width, depth and type of analysis in the social assessment are proportional to the nature of the Subproject and scale of its potential effects, positive or adverse, on the affected people. 13. The baseline data was developed and analyzed to identify potential environmental impacts of the Subproject. A Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist methodology was adopted to identify the high-risk activities and suggest their mitigation measures. Where possible, eliminating the risk by altering the scope or method of execution of work was preferred rather than minimizing the risk with control measures. IEE Methodology 14. In the present study, standard methods were followed for Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. All the methods were structured for collection and organization of environmental baseline data and identification of environmental impacts using different survey tools and discussions with different stakeholders. The information, thus gathered, has been analyzed and presented in the form of a number of visual formats for easy interpretation and decision making. Study Area 15. The study area related to IEE of the project comprised the following areas and features / aspects:

i. Directly affected area of the project

ii. Influence zone area that is the area in the region within 0.5 km from the project corridor.

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Badi Samoor Weir Sub Project

Baseline Survey Methodology 16. A Survey was carried out in the project area for field studies including physical, biological and social impact assessment in November, 2017. A summary of the main activities undertaken during the visit have been enlisted below: i. Collected information and required data from the project area for preparation of Initial Environmental Examination report. ii. Identified site-specific issues of the proposed project. iii. Information obtained regarding existing infrastructure in and around the project area. iv. Requirements of necessary mitigation measures to be integrated into the overall plan were identified. v. Consultations with the population settled in the vicinity of the project. vi. Survey of nearby Environmental Sensitive receptors. vii. Vegetation Survey viii. Different forest classes were identified and the degraded areas and scrubs were delineated. The grasslands/ alpine pastures and agricultural areas were also identified and delineated. The non-forest land cover was also delineated. ix. Interviews of the local for the presence and relative abundance of various animal species within each locality were also taken to have firsthand information. x. Data collection was carried out on habitat condition, animal presence by direct sighting and indirect evidences. 17. Spatial data base on the physiographic features was prepared based on the various data sources including Survey map of the project, topographic sheets, and satellite images data. These data were extracted and presented in accordance with the standard IEE methodology used for such studies. 18. The section on climatology has been taken from the Project Hydrology Report made by project Hydrologists. 19. The regional geology and seismo-tectonics of the region are discussed based on the various available data sources and reports. Particularly, the discussion on Project geology has been based on the data available in the Project Geology Report and field observations made in selective pockets of different project affected sites. 20. Land use and land cover mapping was carried out by standard methods of analysis of remotely sensed data followed by ground truth. 21. Forest types and plant species were recorded during the field visits and the floristic data for the catchment were sourced from the published literature. Based on the

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Badi Samoor Weir Sub Project

field data and available literature, frequency, density and cover of each species were calculated. 22. Rare and endangered species were identified referring to the Red Data Book of Pakistan and other available literature. 23. In order to collect the information on the fauna (mammals, avifauna, herpetofauna) in the area, primary as well as secondary sources were utilized. 24. The Forest Working Plans of the Forest Divisions falling in the project area were referred to for secondary information on the wildlife of the area. 25. The environmental testing (Air, Noise and Water) at site has been carried out and the results are attached as supporting documents in Annex II. Impact Assessment Methodology 26. Prediction of impacts has been based on a broad matrix group ‘ecosystem’ constituted by physical and biological components. The vulnerability of an ecosystem to various impacts resulting from an activity or multiple activities was identified and accordingly impacts predicted. The main theme of the ecosystem approach in visualizing impacts on various sets of environmental data revolves around the idea that natural processes and patterns are likely to be affected under impacts of a developmental activity. 27. In natural ecosystems, the impacts would surely change the existing state of equilibrium. In managed ecosystems and human societies, impacts could be of positive as well as adverse consequence. Similarly, in case of natural ecosystems, likelihood of adverse impacts could be seen in terms of direct and/or indirect, temporary or permanent impacts. 28. In the absence of long-term data availability on various environmental variables and also the paucity of studies on their likely responses to changes under developmental activities, it is difficult to predict impacts with a high degree of exactness and certainty. For example, it will not be possible to predict impacts of such a developmental activity on the behavioral patterns of animal and bird populations except for the fact that their habitats may come under stress. In that sense these predictive impacts could be said to have a limitation. 29. The potential impacts at various stages of the project were predicted, identified and assessed according to their category of impact. They were classified as negligible, moderate or high. Each category is defined as under; Negligible: No adverse impact Moderate: Potential impact but can be mitigated High: Definite impact but can be mitigated

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30. The moderate to high impacts were further described and mitigation measures were suggested accordingly. 31. The mitigation measures and environmental monitoring have been worked out in the light of environmental impacts assessed. Interviews, field visits/surveys, scoping sessions with officials/notables and concerned stakeholders were also made for the accomplishment of the study. Report Format Chapter A: Introduction consists of the background, project needs and objectives. It also explains the methodologies adopted for carrying out different environmental and socio-economic studies. Chapter B: The legal and institutional framework section provides in detail, an overview of the government laws and rules that apply to regulate and control the environmental impacts due to project implementation, operation and maintenance, together with the relevant guidelines, legislation and policies concerning the project. Chapter C: It provides details of the project components and study of different project alternatives. This chapter also includes, route selection studies to select most viable route with maximum socio-economic benefits with minimum environmental adverse impacts. Chapter D: It describes the baseline conditions like physical, biological and socioeconomic, and surrounding area people. It also provides information about the existing amenities like education, health, infrastructure, cultural heritage, water supply/availability, electricity, etc. in the area. Chapter E: It describes the different alternative options studied for placing the weir axis and type including No Project Option. Different options were considered and evaluated on the basis of technical, economic, social and environmental parameters. It also provides the justification of current weir axis. Chapter F: It provides the project impacts, both positive and negative/adverse, on the land, land-based assets, infrastructure, crops, forest and fruit trees, existing amenities, sewage, waste material generation etc. due to the construction of the project. This section also deals with the mitigation of the adverse impacts identified in the shape of the compensation, rehabilitation, capacity building, provision of livelihood resources and other needed amenities etc.

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Chapter G: This chapter ensures that healthy and friendly environment is created during the construction, operation and maintenance of the project by adopting effective Environmental Management Plan (EMP). Chapter H: This chapter deals with consultation with different stakeholders of the project as well as the study area. Chapter I: This chapter covers the Grievance Redress Mechanism from stakeholders and general public, and also includes required actions taken on any issue raised by them during construction or operational phases of the project. Chapter J: It summaries the positive and adverse impacts, mitigation measures of the adverse impacts and main recommendations based on the studies carried out and discussions/consultations with the affected persons, other stakeholders and notables of the project area. Project Categorization 32. According to ADB Safeguard Policy Statement 2009, projects are to be categorized into three environmental categories; A, B, or C. All the anticipated adverse environmental impacts of the project are mitigative, temporary nature and localized, except few adverse impacts those are long term and will be manage/minimize through implementation of Environment Management Plan. The REA Checklist (Attached as Annex-V) defines this in category “B” as per ADB’s guidelines for project categorization. IEE Team 33. The IEE team for the subproject consists of the following.  Mr Shabir Ahmad Khan Environment Specialist  Mr Ihsan Afridi Environmentalist  Mr. Farhan Environmentalist  Mr Ibad Ullah Sociologist

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POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

General 34. This section provides an overview of the policy framework and national legislation that applies to the proposed subproject. The project is expected to comply with all national legislation relating to environment in Pakistan and ADB`s Environment Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS) 2009. National Policy and Legal Framework 35. NEP is the primary policy of Government of Pakistan addressing environmental issues. The broad Goal of NEP is, “to protect, conserve and restore Pakistan’s environment in order to improve the quality of life of the citizens through sustainable development”. The NEP identifies a set of sectorial and cross- sectorial guidelines to achieve its goal of sustainable development. It also suggests various policy instruments to overcome the environmental problems throughout the country. 36. 25th Constitutional amendment like 18th Constitutional amendment which resulted in abolition of concurrent list and devolved 47 subjects to provinces, is a paradigm shift where under Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) stand integrated with and merged in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act, 2014 37. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act, 2014 is the basic legislative tool empowering the provincial government to frame regulations for the protection of the environment. The act is applicable to a broad range of issues and extends to air, water, soil and noise pollution, as well as to the handling of hazardous substance. The key features of the law which are directly related to the proposed project area are: Section-11: Prohibition of certain discharges or emissions: (1) "Subject to the provisions of this Act and the rules & regulations made there under no person shall discharge or emit or allow the discharge or emission of any effluent or waste or air pollution or noise in an amount, concentration or level which is in excess of the National Environmental Quality Standards.” Section-13: Initial Environmental Examination and Environmental Impact Assessment: (1) "No proponent of a project shall commence construction or operation unless he has filed with the Federal Agency an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) or, where the project is likely to cause an adverse environmental effect, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), and has obtained from the Federal Agency approval in respect thereof".

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Section-14 and 15: Prohibition of Import of Hazardous Waste and Handling of Hazardous Substances: No person shall carry, import, bring, transport or deliver hazardous waste or cause to carry, import, bring, transport or delivery of hazardous waste into the territorial jurisdiction of the Province of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Subject to the provisions of this Act, no person shall generate, collect, consign, transport, treat, dispose of, store, handle, deal in and use or import any hazardous substance except: (a) under a license issued by the Agency and in such manner, as may be prescribed; or (b) in accordance with the provisions of any other law for the time being in force, or of any International Treaty, Convention, Protocol, Code, Standard, Agreement or other instrument to which Pakistan or the Province of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is a party. Regulations for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA 38. Under Section 12 of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 and section 13 of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act 2014, a project falling under any category specified in Schedule I (SRO 339, 10/2000) requires the proponent to file an Initial Environment Examination (IEE) report with concerned provincial or federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Projects falling under any category specified in schedule II, the proponent shall submit an EIA with the Provincial or federal Agency, in this case KP Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA) Peshawar, as the project is located in KP Within 10 working days of IEE or EIA having been deposited, the concerned agency will confirm that the document submitted is complete for the purpose of review. During this time should the empowered agency require the proponent for revision, clearly citing those aspects that need further discussion the proponent will carry out necessary revision. Subsequently, the concerned agency will make every effort to complete the process for an IEE review within 45 days and an EIA within 90 days of filing and issue a “No-Objection Certificate” to the project proponent. Regulatory Clearances, EPA 39. In accordance with regulatory requirements, an IEE/EIA satisfying the requirements of the Section 13 KP Environmental Protection Act 2014 is to be submitted to KP Environment Protection Agency for review and approval, and subsequent issuance of NOC before the commencement of construction.

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Badi Samoor Weir Sub Project

Guidelines for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA 40. The Pak-EPA has published a set of environmental guidelines for conducting environmental assessments and the environmental management of different types of development projects. The guidelines that are relevant to the proposed subproject are listed below: • Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of Environmental Reports, Pakistan, EPA1997;

• Guidelines for Public Consultations; Pakistan EPA May 1997;

Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, (2000) 41. The Regulation classifies projects on the basis of expected degree of adverse environmental impacts and lists them in two separate schedules. Schedule I lists projects that may not have significant environmental impacts and therefore require an IEE. Schedule II lists projects of potentially significant environmental impacts requiring preparation of an EIA. The Regulations also require that all projects located in environmentally sensitive areas require preparation of an EIA. It also lists projects not requiring either an EIA or an IEE. National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) 42. The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) were first promulgated in 1993 and have been amended in 1995 and 2000. They have been revised and the latest NEQS were issued in 2010.These standards are also stringent with the International NEQs Regulation. The following standards that are specified in the NEQS are relevant to the proposed Subproject. • NEQS for Ambient Air – November, 2010 state the Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (9 parameters) in gaseous emissions from vehicle exhaust. • NEQS for Drinking Water Quality – 2010 describe the drinking water properties by outlining the defined physical and chemical parameters. • NEQS for Noise – November 2010 states the maximum allowable limit of noise arising from vehicles in decibels (dB) separately for day and night times. • NEQS for Waste Effluents –2000 states the Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (32 parameters) in municipal and liquid industrial effluents discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment facilities and the sea. • These standards apply to the gaseous emissions and liquid effluents discharged by, campsites and construction machinery. The standards for vehicles will apply only during the construction phase of the Subproject.

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Standards for ambient air quality have also been prescribed. (Reference Annex III for NEQS) Comparative Analysis of the National and International Standards 43. A comparison of applicable local and international guidelines for air quality has been provided in Table 2.1 In general, the NEQS standards for air quality are most stringent in comparison to USEPA, WHO and the World Bank standards. The only exception is the TSP parameter for the annual mean where the World Bank standard (100 ug/m3) is more stringent than the NEQS standard (360 ug/m3). Apart from this one exception, the NEQS standards will also be used for the proposed project. 44. Similar to the standards for air quality, the comparison of noise standards provided in Table 2.2 clearly shows that NEQS standards for noise in case of commercial areas are more stringent in comparison to the World Bank/IFC standards. In case of night time standards for the residential areas, the IFC/WHO standards are more stringent as compared to Pak NEQS. Apart from this one exception, the NEQS will be used for the proposed project. 45. A comparison of National Standards for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ), Pakistan and World Health Organization (WHO) are given in Table 2.3. Maximum Allowable limits of all of the contaminates are almost same except for Lead & Arsenic. The NSDWQ will be used for the proposed project.

Table 2.1 Comparison of International and local Air Quality Standards

USEPA1 WHO2 World Bank3 Pak. NEQS Pollutant Avg. Avg. Standar Avg. Avg. Standar s Standard Standard Time Time d Time Time d 125 (Interim target-1) 24- 50 Annual Primary- 20 Annual 80 hour (Interim Averag 75 ppb μg/m3 Mean ug/m3 1 hr mean target-2) e Secondary SO2 20 - 0.5 ppm 3hrs (guideline (1,300 ) μg/m³) 10- minut 500 120 24 hrs e μg/m3 ug/m3 mean

1 Source- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards retrieved on 15th January, 2018. 2 Source-http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ retrieved on 15th January, 2018. 3 Source-IFC Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines-GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY, April 2007.

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USEPA1 WHO2 World Bank3 Pak. NEQS Pollutant Avg. Avg. Standar Avg. Avg. Standar s Standard Standard Time Time d Time Time d 10 500 minute ug/m3 s Primary 35 1 hr ppm (40 mg/m³) 10 8 hrs 5 mg/m3 Primary 9 mg/m3 CO 8 hrs - - 8 hrs ppm (8.7 (10 mg/m³) ppm) 10 40 mg/m3 1 hr mg/m3 1 hr annua 40 Annual Primary & 40 40 l (guideline Averag Secondary μg/m3 ug/m3 Annua mean Annual ) e NO2 - 0.053 l Mean Mean 200 ppm (100 200 80 1-hour (guideline 24 hrs 3 ug/m3 μg/m³) mean μg/m ) Primary & Secondary - 0.12 ppm 1 hr (235

μg/m³) 130 O3 - - 1 hr ug/m3 Primary & 8 hrs 100 3 8 hrs Secondary mean μg/m - 0.070 ppm (140 μg/m³) Annual 100 Annual 360 150-230 Mean ug/m3 Mean ug/m3 TSP 24 hrs 260 ug/m3 24 hrs ug/m3 500 500 24 hrs 24 hrs ug/m3 ug/m3 70 Annual 120 (Interim Mean ug/m3 target-1) 50 (Interim target-2) annua 30 1 year l 20 (Interim

150 μg/m³ mean μg/m3 target-3) Primary and PM10 24 hrs 20

Secondary 24- 50 (guideline 150 24 24 hrs 3 hour 3 ) ug/m μg/m hours mean 150 (Interim target-1) 100 (Interim target-2)

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USEPA1 WHO2 World Bank3 Pak. NEQS Pollutant Avg. Avg. Standar Avg. Avg. Standar s Standard Standard Time Time d Time Time d 75 (Interim target-3) 50 (guideline ) - -Primary Annual annua 15 Annua 10 Averag 12 μg/m³ l ug/m3 l Secondary 3 e mean μg/m 15 μg/m³ 35 PM2.5 - - 24 hrs Annua ug/m3 24- l Primary & 25 hour 15 Secondary μg/m3 1 hr mean ug/m3 24 hrs 35 μg/m³ Note: I ug/m3 = 0.002ppm

Table 2.2: Comparison of International and local for Noise-Limit in dB(A) Leq

NEQS (Effective form July, 2012) IFC & WHO

S.No Category of Day time Night time Receptor Day time Night time Area/Zone (7-00:22- (22:00- 00) 7:00)

1 Residential Area 55 55 Residential; 55 45 (A) institutional;

educational4

2 Commercial Area 65 45 Industrial; 70 70 (B) commercial

3 Industrial Area (C) 75 65

4 Silence Zone (D) 50 45

Table 2.3 Comparison of International and local Standards for Drinking Water

National WHO Standards for S.No Parameter Unit Guidelines Drinking Water Quality

Biological Analysis

1. Total Coliform No./100ml 0/100 ml 0

2. E. Coli No./100ml 0/100 ml 0

4 For acceptable indoor noise levels for residential, institutional, and educational settings refer to WHO (1999).

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National WHO Standards for S.No Parameter Unit Guidelines Drinking Water Quality

3. Fecal E. Coli No./100ml 0/100 ml 0

Chemical Analysis

4. pH - 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 8.5

5. Temperature 0C - -

6. Color TCU <15 <15

7. Taste …. Not Objectionable Not Objectionable

8. Odour ouE/m³ Not Objectionable Not Objectionable

9. Turbidity NTU <5 <5 Electrical 10. µS NA NA Conductivity 11. Total Hardness mg/l <500 <500

12. TDS mg/l <1000 <1000

13. TSS mg/l NA NA

14. Ammonia mg/l NA NA

15. Arsenic mg/l 0.01 <0.05

16. Iron mg/l NA NA

17. Aluminum mg/l - <0.2

18. Sodium mg/l NA NA

19. Chloride mg/l NA NA

20. Sulphate mg/l 0.01 <0.05

21. Fluoride mg/l <1.5 <1.5

22. Nitrate mg/l <50 <50

23. Nitrite mg/l 3 3

24. Cadmium mg/l 0.003 0.01

25. Chromium mg/l 0.05 <0.05

26. Copper mg/l 2.0 2.0

27. Manganese mg/l 0.5 <0.5

28. Nickel mg/l 0.02 <0.02

29. Lead mg/l 0.01 <0.05

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National WHO Standards for S.No Parameter Unit Guidelines Drinking Water Quality

30. Zinc mg/l 3.0 5.0

NA: Not Applicable

ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 46. The Asian Development Bank’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 requires that environmental considerations be incorporated into ADB’s funded project to ensure that the project will have minimal environmental impacts and be environmentally sound. Occupational health & safety of the local population should also be addressed as well as the project workers as stated in SPS. 47. All loans and investments are subject to categorization to determine environmental assessment requirements. Categorization is to be undertaken using Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklists, consisting of questions relating to (i) the sensitivity and vulnerability of environmental resources in Sub Project area, and (ii) the potential for the Subproject to cause significant adverse environmental impacts. Projects are classified into one of the following environmental categories: 48. Category A: A project is classified as category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area larger than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required. 49. Category B: A project is classified as category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts are less adverse than those of category “A” projects. These impacts are site-specific, few, if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for category “A” projects. An Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is required. 50. Category C: A project is classified as category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. No environmental assessment is required although environmental implications need to be reviewed. 51. Category FI: A project is classified as category FI if it involves investment of ADB funds to or through a financial intermediary (FI). 52. As a result of the completion of the Involuntary Resettlement (IR) and Indigenous People (IP) Checklist the subproject has been placed in Category “C” while in Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist (Attached as Annex-V), the Subproject has been placed in Category ‘‘B’’ thus a detailed and comprehensive IEE study has been prepared including the EMP.

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Project Categorization 53. This project falls under Schedule-I of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Review of IEE & EIA) Regulations, 2000 in water management, dams, irrigation and flood protection heading which states that dams and reservoirs with storage volume less than 50 million cubic meters of surface area less than 8 square kilometers require an IEE.

IEE/EIA Regulations 2000, Schedule I IEE Required

Dams and reservoirs with storage volume less than 50 million cubic Yes meters or surface area less than 8 square kilometers Irrigation and drainage projects serving less than 15,000 hectares Yes

Other Environment Related Legislations 54. The Exhibit provides a summary of all legislations, guidelines, conventions and corporate requirements.

Table 2.4: Environmental Guidelines and Legislations

Legislation/Guideline Description The Forest Act (1927) The Act empowers the provincial forest departments to declare any forest area as reserved or protected. It empowers the provincial forest departments to prohibit the clearing of forest for cultivation, grazing, hunting, removing forest produce, quarrying and felling, lopping and topping of trees, branches in reserved and protected forests The Antiquities Act It ensures the protection of Pakistan’s cultural resources. The Act (1975) defines “antiquities” as ancient products of human activity, historical sites, or sites of anthropological or cultural interest, national monuments, etc. The Act is designed to protect these antiquities from destruction, theft, negligence, unlawful excavation, trade, and export. The law prohibits new construction in the proximity of a protected antiquity and empowers the GOP to prohibit excavation in any area that may contain articles of archaeological significance. Under the Act, the project proponents are obligated to ensure that no activity is undertaken in the proximity of a protected antiquity, report to the Department of Archaeology, GOP, any archaeological discovery made during the course of the project. Pakistan Penal Code It authorizes fines, imprisonment or both for voluntary corruption or (1860) fouling of public springs or reservoirs so as to make them less fit for ordinary use. The West Pakistan The Fisheries Act requires protection of public waters as habitat of Fisheries Act 1961 fish and other aquatic life. This is helping the Fisheries Department to provide effective protection to the fish and other aquatic life in the game Sanctuary upstream the barrage and the public waters

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Legislation/Guideline Description downstream the barrage. Fish is a food to a good number of migratory birds. The Public Health These two laws cover the presentation and spread of human (Emergency Provision) diseases, safeguarding the public health and providing and Act 1954 read with West maintaining adequate medical services and other services essential Pakistan Epidemic to the health of the communities in the project area. Control Act 1958 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND CONSERVATION STRATEGIES National Conservation Before the approval of NEP, the National Conservation Strategy Strategy (NCS) was considered as the Government’s primary policy document on national environmental issues. At the moment, this strategy just exists as a national conservation program. The NCS identifies 14 core areas including conservation of biodiversity, pollution prevention and abatement, soil and water conservation and preservation of cultural heritage and recommends immediate attention to these core areas. Biodiversity Action Plan The plan recognizes IEE/EIA as an effective tool for identifying and assessing the effects of a proposed operation on biodiversity. Environment and There is a well-established framework for environmental Conservation management in Pakistan. The Ministry of Environment deals with environment and biological resources. Within the ministry, the NCS unit established in 1992 is responsible for overseeing the implementation of the strategy. Two organizations, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) and the Pak EPA are primarily responsible for administering the provisions of the PEPA, 1997. The PEPC oversees the functioning of the Pak EPA. Its members include representatives of the government, industry, non- governmental organizations and the private sector. The Pak EPA is required to ensure compliance with the NEQS, establish monitoring and evaluation systems, and both identify the need and institution of legislations whenever necessary. It is thus the primary implementing agency in the hierarchy. The Provincial Environmental Protection Agencies are formed by the respective provinces. ADB’s ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES Safeguard Policy ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 provides guidelines Statement (SPS), 2009 for environmental assessments of development projects. These guidelines help prospective projects identify impacts they will have on various environmental receptors. The guidelines call for carrying out EIAs or IEEs of projects based on severity of their impacts. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS

The Convention on The Convention requires countries to take action to avoid Conservation of endangering migratory species. The term "migratory species" refers Migratory Species of to the species of wild animals, a significant proportion of whose Wild Animals (1981.21) members cyclically and predictably cross one or more national jurisdictional boundaries. The parties are also required to promote or cooperate with other countries in matters of research on migratory

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Legislation/Guideline Description species. There are no endangered species of plant life or animal life in the vicinity of the Project.

Convention on The convention requires Pakistan to impose strict regulation International Trade in (including penalization, confiscation of the specimen) regarding Endangered Species of trade of all species threatened with extinction or that may become Wild Fauna and Flora so, in order not to endanger their survival further. (1973) International Union for Lists wildlife species experiencing various levels of threats Conservation of Nature internationally. Some of the species indicated in the IUCN red list are and Natural Resources also present in the wetlands of Pakistan. Red List (2000)

Convention on wetlands This Convention enjoins upon signatory factions to provide and of international protect the habitats of migratory waterfowl. importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat (RAMSAR 1971)

Convention on This convention came up as a follow up to RAMSAR 1971 and took Conservation of care of the specifics Migratory species of Wild Animals (Bonn 1979), as a follow up to RAMSAR 1971

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Badi Samoor Weir Sub Project

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Project Features 55. The general layout of Badi Samoor weir project includes the main weir, irrigation intake, outlet structures and irrigation network. 56. In locating the project features such as the topography, geology and geological technical aspects play a major role, while the weir height, its sizing, design capacity of the main canals and their alignment also have their own importance. 57. It is envisaged to construct a low height weir and crest length 25. A Tyrolean part of 3.5 m in length is provided for conveying of design discharge for canal/irrigation conduit. It is anticipated that from the scheme, culturable command area of 65 ha will be irrigated at cropping intensity of 133 % and design discharge of 47 lit/sec. Total length of irrigation network is 4.76 km. The alignment starts downstream of outlet pipe and descends in valley. From RD 0+000 to RD 0+880 of main channel, a lined PCC rectangular channel is proposed to carry water for both mini hydropower and command area. From RD 0+420 to RD 0+630, the side walls of the existing lined channel should be raised while from RD 0+800 to RD 0+880, the existing channel should be dismantled and a new channel should be constructed. Beyond RD 0+880, a precast parabolic channel is proposed. The minor channel is also of precast parabolic section having a syphon at its start. 58. The project cost is estimated Rs. 25.961 million and anticipated to take 18 months to complete. The results of the economic analysis show that the project is economically viable (EIRR 25.00 %). The financial analysis also indicates the safe investment with FIRR as 22.48 %. 59. Badi Samoor weir project on account of its construction volume would not require elaborate arrangements for construction of labour camps. Storage sheds for construction materials would be constructed in the vicinity of weir construction sites. Non-technical labour to be engaged would be of local origin and as such would not require housing. 60. All the land required for different project components is community owned barren land which would be provided voluntarily; no land base infrastructure will be affected during construction as well as operational phases of the project. The permanent land for project components such as weir, water channels, offices, etc. as well as temporary land will be taken on lease if required. The amount of lease is part of project civil cost and is not added in Environmental Management Cost (details in Chapter G) to avoid duplication of cost. 61. The Salient Features of the project is given in the below Table 3.1.

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Table 3.1: Salient Features of the Project

Project Features Badi Samoor Weir

Catchment Area 266.50 square kilometers

Design Flood for weir 567 cumec

Weir Crest Length 25 m

Tyrolean Part 3.5 m

Channel Type Lined PCC & Precast Parabolic Section

Culturable Command Area 65 ha

Irrigation Intensity 133 %

Irrigation Channel Discharge 47 lit./sec

Length of Channel 4.76 km

Project Cost (Rs.) 25.961 Million

Construction Period 18 months

EIRR 25.00 %

FIRR 22.48 %

62. The location of the project is shown in Figure 3.1 and Google Image in Figure 3.2:

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Figure 3.1: Subproject Location Map

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Figure 3.2: Satellite Image of the Project Area

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Project Location 63. Bajaur District, Smallest of the agencies in Merged Areas, has a hilly terrain and covers an area of 1,290 km2 and is located between latitude 34o 30’ and 34o 59’ N and longitude 71o 14’ and 71o 48’ E. Bajaur District is divided into Seven Tehsils, which are Barang, Nawagai, Khar, Mamund, Salarzai, Utmankhel and Chamarkand. 64. Northern part of the area is drained by the Bajaur stream and its tributaries, while the southern part drains into Swat River. Nawagai, Charmang, Khatai, Watalai and Babukara streams join the Bajaur stream and eventually fall into the Panjkora River. 65. The Badi Samoor weir subproject envisages construction of weir at coordinates 34.738N & 71.482E on Watalai Khwar. The Badi Samoor weir is proposed on right side tributary of Watalai Khwar, which is a left side tributary of Bajaur Khwar. The distance from Khar is 4 km through paved Munda Khar road to reach weir site. As per site observation perennial flow of 0.50 cumec to 1.0 cumec exist in the khwar. It will irrigate about 65 Ha culturable command area. Project Objectives 66. The main objective of the Badi Samoor Weir Subproject is to divert perennial runoff for assured irrigation supplies to Culturable Command Area (CCA) of approximately 65 ha downstream. The present cropping intensity is 103%. Regular and dependable irrigation water availability with the construction of Badi Samoor Weir will greatly increase cropping intensity to 133% and production in the command area. Irrigated agriculture is practiced in the area. Wheat and maize and rice are grown as major crops while some fodders and vegetables for domestic use are also raised. This is done in a traditional orthodox method. The crop yields are a little high and acceptable but these cannot be compared with the yields being obtained in the irrigated agriculture developed areas. Due to timely and regulated water supplies there will be substantial improvement in agriculture production. Provision of irrigation water with the construction of the weirs, will transform the below subsistence level rain-fed farming lands into productive irrigated agriculture. Construction Planning 67. The main components of Badi Samoor weir irrigation subproject include the: i. Geotechnical Investigation ii. Foundation preparation iii. Main Weir iv. Stilling Basin at the downstream.

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v. Intake and Outlet structure vi. Irrigation system.

68. These components are proposed to be constructed in two stages. The Geotechnical investigation will be carried out first, while construction of civil works will be carried out after design review. The stage wise break-up of components for construction purposes is briefly described below:

Stage-I

Preparation of Foundation for Main Weir

69. The diversion weir has been located at the minimum possible width of the watali khwar. It has been considered during site selection that major change in Khwar regime should be avoided with the construction of weir. The width of flood plain at proposed weir location is about 60 m, while active creek is only 25 m wide and 1.5 m deep, therefore to avoid change in flow regime weir structure has been proposed in active khwar creek. The low laying area beyond the right-side wall of weir is proposed to be consolidated by providing circular protection wall and stone pitching up to weir side wall height. 70. The top of side walls above overflow crest are 1.5 m high for Badi Samoor weir, i.e. fixed at EL. 870.8 m asl. Similarly, the side walls at upstream and downstream of the weir have been extended laterally at both sides to control seepage and flow bypass around the weir abutments. 71. The foundation preparation will involve excavation in stream/khwar bed and abutments, which mostly constitute of shingle gravel and weathered rock formation. The detail of excavation involved has been shown in the cross section provided in Chapter 5 of Feasibility report.

Stage-II

Main Weir Body

72. Tyrolean intake weir is the most appropriate diversion arrangement for perennial streams without ponding at upstream and mild to steep sloping beds. A Tyrolean section is slightly deeper portion provided in main weir, the crest level of this section is placed at khwar bed level. The Tyrolean intake consists trash rack at bottom and embedded channel beneath. The length of rack is provided according to design discharge to be diverted. Bars of the rack are laid parallel to flow and inclined in the direction of flow. The flow passing over the rack, is collected in the embedded channel to the limit of its capacity. 73. The embedded channel has provided sufficient bed slope to convey the sediments laden discharge outside through delivery pipe connected at its end. A gravel

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flushing tank is provided at the end of pipe which settles the sediment by lowering the flow velocity. The settled sediments are flushed laterally at downstream of the weir. After removal of coarse sand and pebbles from diverted discharge comparatively clean water will be delivered into the conveyance system to irrigate command area. 74. The Net length of Badisamoor weir crest is 25.00 m including 3.5 m long Tyrolean section. Due to low height of the weir, concrete apron followed by riprap has been proposed at downstream for energy dissipation. 75. The oblique arrangement of the trash rack prevents it from being clogged by bed load or floating materials, hence the intake from being obstructed. 76. Construction of main weir body is proposed to commence from left and right abutment in layers and intake pipe would be placed near left abutment in Badi Samoor weir. Construction of Irrigation channel and outlet structure will be taken up as parallel activities of this stage.

Stilling Basin

77. Terminal structures to weir are provided to safely deliver the excess discharge to the downstream. The hydraulic jump stilling basin is one of the typical types of energy dissipaters, which has been adopted for the project. At downstream of the stilling basin, riprap has been proposed to protect the structure from scouring. 78. Construction of stilling basin will be started after construction of outlet structures. The outlet may also work as diversion channel to release the inflows during construction. HDPV circular pipe is proposed at the end of embedded channel. The internal diameter of the pipe is 0.3 m. The size of an outlet pipe for a required discharge varies according to an inverse relationship with the available head.

Table 3.2: Diversion Weir Works and Quantity

Item # Description Unit Quantity Excavation 1 cu.m 948.96

2 Structural backfill cu.m 154.32

3 Cement Concrete Work cu.m 326.67

4 Steel work Tonne 21.94 Providing and Laying stone pitching/filling, dry hand 5 cu.m 155.03 packed in pitching & aprons Provide & weave GI wire netting 6 for wire crates 4"x4" mesh: 8 sqm 575.00 SWG wire HDPE Pipe: dia=18" 7 Rm 27.50 (Connecting Pipe)

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Figure 3.3: Diversion Weir Layout Plan

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Irrigation System

79. Commencement of activities for the construction of irrigation system will also take place after construction of intake and gate valve structure. This activity will run parallel to other activities onwards till final completion of weir body and other appurtenant structures. Once the main Irrigation channel has been completed, the beneficiaries will be provided with design and layout of field channels falling within the proposed Chack-Bandi of weir project. The activity would be mostly carried out by the beneficiaries as part of their Labour and Land contribution.

Commissioning of Weirs

80. The weirs and its associated structures will be commissioned on completion of Stage-II works and by starting the perennial flow diversion. Subproject Implementation 81. The subproject implementation would be carried out in accordance with Project Administration Manual (PAM) framed under FWRDP PPTA by ADB. The subproject construction would approximately take twelve (12) months.

Table 3.3: Personnel Requirement

Sr. No Position Nos 1 Project Manager / Project Engineer 01 2 Construction Supervisor 02 3 Site Engineer 01 4 Environmentalist 01 5 Health and Safety Officer 01 6 Surveyor 02 7 Quantity Surveyor 01 8 Site Inspector (Environment) 01 9 Skilled Labor 05

Table 3.4: Equipment Requirements

Sr. No Equipment/Machinery Type Nos 1 Front End Loader 01 2 Excavator 01 3 Dumper 02 4 Water Tanker 02 5 Mixer 01 6 Generator 02

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7 Tractor along with Trolley 01

Executing Agency 82. The Merged Areas Secretariat will be the executing agency. A Project Management Unit (PMU) will be established in the Planning and Development Department (P&D Department) of the KP. Project implementing agencies include the Directorate of Irrigation, which will be responsible for the improved irrigation infrastructure and on-farm water management components with the latter effort supported by the Department of Agriculture. The Merged Areas Department of Forests will be responsible for the watershed management component. Design Consultant 83. The design and residency supervision of these subprojects would be carried out by FWRDP design consultants. The consultants will carry out screening of the subprojects as per selection criteria. Accordingly, feasibility study of the Subprojects fulfilling the selection criteria would be framed. FATA Development Working Party 84. The FATA Development Working Party (FDWP) would approve the feasible Subprojects of FWRDP. The FDWP would be delegated special powers to approve FWRDP Subprojects costing more than the threshold approval limit of FDWP. The project will also be implemented in cooperation with local community organizations (COs) established under the FRDP and will be key partners in the new project. The COs will enter into Terms of Partnership (TOPs) with the erstwhile FATA Secretariat for the preparation and implementation of all subprojects to be financed under the project. Such TOPs were already signed with COs for the 3 pilot SupProjects, and are the model to be followed for subsequent subprojects. The COs also would be responsible for maintenance of completed subprojects under the main project. Prior to the commencement of each proposed Subproject, the erstwhile FATA Secretariat and the relevant Community Organization will have entered into a TOP setting forth, among other relevant terms, the details of the preparation and implementation of such Subproject (including information on any land to be voluntarily contributed by the community for such Subproject) and subsequent operation and maintenance of the facilities financed under such Subproject, which such TOP will have been approved by the Deputy Commissioner. Terms of Partnership 85. TOP for a Subproject involving the construction of a weir or irrigation channel will stipulate that the relevant Community Organization will be responsible for

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operation and maintenance of such weir or irrigation channel from such Community Organization’s own funds, provided, that, any major repairs to such facilities shall be carried out by, and at the expense of, the Merged Areas Secretariat, through its Irrigation Department. Operation and Maintenance (O&M) 86. The project has been designed to minimize manual operation to a minimum but the main channel can be regulated for flows through vertical steel gate. 87. The beneficiaries have signed TOP with the the then Political Administration of Bajaur District and Irrigation Directorate, Merged Areas. The TOP clearly states the roles and responsibilities of each stake holder. Most of the O & M activities at secondary and tertiary level would be carried out by the beneficiary through Village Organization/CO.

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DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

General 88. The purpose of this chapter is to establish baseline conditions for the physical, biological and social aspects of the environment of project area. The data were collected regarding the physical environment, biological environment and social aspects of the study area from field surveys, desk studies and visits to the Government departments, other relevant agencies, and discussions with the main stakeholders of the area. The purpose of baseline study is to fulfill the following objectives. a. To get the data about the physical, biological and socio- economic environment of the project area. b. To understand the current situation of the area comprehensively. c. To rationalize the decisions according to the ground realities. 89. Information sources for this IEE also include: i. Water Assessment Study & Management Plan, Bajaur, Khyber and Mohmand, published by ADB and Merged Areas Secretariat, produced under the ADB FATA Rural Development Project (FRDP). ii. Forest Atlas of Pakistan iii. GIS Database developed by the PPTA GIS Specialist iv. Primary Surveys conducted under PPTA by Environment Specialist v. Hydraulic Design Feasibilities conducted under PPTA by Hydraulic Design Specialist vi. Agriculture and Geological Studies conducted under PPTA by Agricultural Specialist and Geologist 90. The main environmental conditions, likely to be affected due to project execution are: a. Physical Environment b. Biological Environment c. Socio-economic Environment Baseline Survey Methodology 91. A Survey was carried out in the project area for field studies including physical, biological and social impact assessment on November, 2017. The visit was made to the project area to understand the terrain, environment and social issues, and vegetation of the study area. During the visit, the preliminary interpreted data were tested and necessary corrections made after proper ground-truthing. The physiographic features on the satellite

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imagery appearing in different tones and textures were used to correlate image elements and ground features for accurate identification. 92. The purpose of the site visits was to familiarize with the physical, biological and socioeconomic environment of the proposed project area and the areas in the vicinity. Critical areas w.r.t environmental and social concerns were identified and assessment of positive as well as adverse impacts of the project on the environment was done. A summary of the main activities undertaken during the visit have been enlisted below: i. Collected information and required data from the project area for preparation of Initial Environmental Examination report. ii. Identified site-specific issues of microenvironment of the proposed project. iii. Information obtained regarding existing infrastructure in and around the project area. iv. Requirements of necessary mitigation measures to be integrated into the overall plan were identified. v. Consultations with the population settled in the vicinity of the project. vi. Survey of nearby Environmental Sensitive receptors. vii. Vegetation Survey viii. Different forest classes were identified and the degraded areas and scrubs were delineated. The grasslands/ alpine pastures and agricultural areas were also identified and delineated. The non-forest land cover was also delineated. ix. Interviews of the local for the presence and relative abundance of various animal species within each locality were also taken to have firsthand information.

x. Data collection was carried out on habitat condition, animal presence by direct sighting and indirect evidences. 93. Spatial data base on the physiographic features was prepared based on the various data sources including Survey map of the project, topographic sheets, and satellite images data. These data were extracted and presented in accordance with the standard IEE methodology used for such studies. 94. The section on climatology has been taken from the Project Hydrology Report made by project Hydrologists. 95. The regional geology and seismo-tectonics of the region are discussed based on the various available data sources and reports. Particularly, the discussion on Project geology has been based on the data available in the

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Project Geology Report and field observations made in selective pockets of different project affected sites. 96. Land use and land cover mapping was carried out by standard methods of analysis of remotely sensed data followed by ground truth. 97. Forest types and plant species were recorded during the field visits and the floristic data for the catchment were sourced from the published literature. Based on the field data and available literature, frequency, density and cover of each species were calculated. 98. Rare and endangered species were identified referring to the Red Data Book of Pakistan and other available literature. 99. In order to collect the information on the fauna (mammals, avifauna, herpetofauna) in the area, primary as well as secondary sources were utilized. 100. The Forest Working Plans of the Forest Divisions falling in the project area were referred to for secondary information on the wildlife of the area. 101. The environmental testing (Air, Noise and Water) at site has been carried out and the results are attached as supporting documents in Annex II. Study Area 102. The studied area for this IEE was broadly the Bajaur District (Figure 4.1), and more specifically subproject location including Badi Samoor Chingizo settlement. 103. The project study area primarily includes of the springs and in the immediate vicinity, which will be impacted directly or indirectly by the project. The required information/ data of a baseline study were classified into two main categories i.e. Primary data and Secondary data. The primary data was collected directly from the concerned communities and direct observation, secondary data was the information gathered through secondary sources such as census report, research publications, topographic sheets, other published data related to the project such as wildlife, livestock, fishery, forestry, agriculture, horticulture, climate etc. 104. The project Area of influence (AoI) is referred to all those areas in the region within 0.5 km from the project corridor and which may be affected directly or indirectly by the project activities.

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Figure 4.1: Map of Bajaur District

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105. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act 2014 empowers the Provincial Environmental Protection Agency for environmental sustainability and management. The Climate Change Policy of KP is to ensure that climate action is mainstreamed in the development planning and especially in the economically and socially vulnerable sectors of the economy, and to steer the province towards green growth and climate compatible development. The Drinking Water Policy, 2015 of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa envisions a better quality of life for the people of the province through universal access to adequate quantities of potable water. Integrated Water Resources Management Board has been established under the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Integrated Water Resources Management Board, 2002, and it has been entrusted functions related to protection and allocation of water for its various uses.The Water User Association Ordinance 1981 of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was passed to provide for the formation, operation, and promotion of water users’ association in the province. The Wildlife and Biodiversity (Protection, Preservation, Conservation and Management) Act 2015 of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was enacted to protect the province’s wildlife resources directly and other natural resources indirectly.The Khyber Pukhtunkhwa Forest Ordinance 2002, has authorized the Department of Forest to perform certain functions related to protection of forest. 106. For the purpose of this IEE, detailed deliberations were held with relevant stakeholders from the state, civil society and academia. A focused primary survey was also conducted to ascertain species distribution and abundance along with a very basic hazard mapping exercise. 107. As a result, an effort was made to establish a baseline or state of environment for the three selected agencies, with a focus on subproject site locations. Having stated the above, there are still limitations to the accuracy and authenticity, since in numerous cases, sources for data are singular and cannot be cross verified due to paucity of reliable sources. Physical Environment Topography 108. Bajaur District, smallest of the districts in Merged Areas, has a hilly terrain and covers an area of 1,290 km2 and is located between latitude 34o 30’ and 34o 59’ N and longitude 71o 14’ and 71o 48’ E. Northern part of the subproject area is drained by the Bajaur stream and its tributaries, while the southern part drains into Swat River. Nawagai, Charmung, Khatai, Watalai and Babukara streams join the Bajaur stream and eventually fall into the Panjkora River. The total cultivated area of the District is about 75,350 ha5, while the forest area is about 26,471 ha. The major crops grown are wheat,

4FATA Development Statistics 2012

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maize, vegetables and orchid. The elevation of Bajaur varies from 762 to 1,220 m amsl with varying slope. 109. The command area of the subproject is designated as flood plain, deposits comprise of clay, boulders, gravels and sands alternated by clayey layers at various depths as observed in the deep nullah cut. Climate 110. Bajaur District is located at the extreme end of the Himalayan Range which creates variations and uncertainty in the monsoon rains from month to month and year to year. Nevertheless, on account of the peculiar geographical position of the area, Bajaur does get its share of rains with winter and spring rains being more predictable than rains at other times of the year. Rabi crops have a good chance of reaching maturity, but variations in the timing and amount of precipitation create risks and lead to variable yields. 111. The climate of the project area varies from semi-arid sub-tropical to sub- humid temperate zones. Physiographic features, especially altitudes have major impact on local climatic conditions. This is well depicted by the soils and vegetation of the area. 112. Rainfall in the subproject area is maximum on high mountains in the north and decreases towards south, and is well distributed over the year. Snow also falls in the winters on the mountains, with valleys getting frosty. 113. 10 watersheds of the District fall into the Sub-humid Sub-tropical Zone, 3 fall into the Sub-Humid Temperate Zone while 2 fall within the Semi-arid Sub- tropical Zone. Badi Samoor falls in to the Watalai watershed, and is in the Sub-humid Temperate climatic zone. The Subproject area receives rainfalls in the range of 1007 mm. whereas the Bajaur District receives rainfalls about 1000-1300 mm. 114. The District has extreme climate. The winter season begins in November and lasts up to March. The winters are extremely chill and cold and sometimes temperature plunges below freezing point. December, January and February are the coldest months. The mean minimum and maximum temperatures in these months are in the range of 3 to 16 degree Celsius. The summer season lasts from May to October. June, July and August are the hottest months. The mean minimum and maximum temperatures in this period are in the range of 20 to 33 degree Celsius6. 115. The nearest station to the project area is Saidu Sharif. The graphical presentation of mean monthly with minimum and maximum temperature for Peshawar is provided in figure 4.2 below

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Badi Samoor Weir Sub Project

Figure 4.2 Mean Monthly Temperature7

Recent Droughts 116. Primary survey revealed that droughts occur in the area, but are not very severe. The last significant drought was of four years duration, from 1999 to 2004. Nawagai area was most affected where the Nawagai Khwar dried as well. There was a drop of 30% in the agricultural yield and that was the only significant impact of drought. Hydrology 117. The estimation of water availability has also been carried out indirectly by Soil Conservation Services Curve Number (SCS) method. Perennial flow in low flow season September to February and high flow in March to August is added in estimated flow. Curve number of 57, 75 and 88 for AMC-I, AMC-II and AMC-III conditions are used. As Saidu Sharif rainfall data is representing the project area rainfall, water availability is estimated without any adjustment / correction factor. 118. The catchment area of Badi Samoor weir is 266.50 sq. km. Surface flow was not gauged in the past therefore, no flow record exists within the watershed of proposed weir site. Substantial perennial flow exists at proposed weir site.

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Flow measurements have been carried out in different months since start of the project. As per observation during March-April and even in October, 2017 flow varies from 0.5 cumec to 1.0 cumec. As per local’s flood could be expected in rainy season. 119. The perennial flow will be partially diverted and after some short distance from weir site the environmental flow will be available. Moreover, all these schemes are community-based construction, where the construction of channels were made according to the local community demand, considering their other water uses, if any, like water supply etc. The fish is not present, while the use of water by other habitat will meet by irrigation water channel. Regional Geology 120. The subproject area in which the Badi Samoor weir has been proposed lies in the region which is close to the collision zone of the Indian and Eurasian Plates; the collision process started in the late Eocene to Early Oligocene with the formation of Himalayan Ranges and this process is still going on. Relative to Eurasia, the Indian Plate is still moving northward at a rate of about 4 cm/yr. The subduction of the Indian Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate has resulted in folding and thrusting of the upper crustal layers near the collisional boundary. The thrusting has been depicted from north to south in the shape of Main Karakoram Thrust (MKT), Main Mantle Thrust (MMT), Main Central Thrust (MCT) and Salt Range Thrust (SRT). Geology of the Project Area 121. Bajaur area falls in the western tip of Kohistan with Main Mantle Thrust (MMT) running EW, following the course of Bajaur Khwar. The area is overlain by tectonic slices which moved from NW to SE during past diatropism. • The rocks exposed in the area belong to Igneous and metamorphic origin. • Nawagai Limestone of Silurian-Devonian age lies to the south-west. • The peletic sediments include amphibolites, epidote, chlorite schist, phyllitic schists, talc carbonate schists, graphitic schists and slates. • Extensive distribution of the garnet schist is observed in the Shamozai area, lying to the SE. • The Igneous masses comprise granites, diorites, ultrabasic and volcanic rocks. • The intrusion of diorites started sometimes in the Late Cretaceous, while the whole magnetism ended with the last phase of granitic stocks and dykes in Middle Eocene.

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• The Late Upper Cretaceous to Eocene Oligocene Ultrabasic phases of serpentine, peridotite and pyroxenite/ hornblendite lie “Interbedded” with the metasediments. • Eocene to Oligocene volcanic rocks of andesitic, rhyolitic and tuffaceous compositions are also present.

Weir Site Geology

122. At weir axis the width of the nullah is up to 50 m. The construction of weir requires a concrete structure on the main course of stream which is 28 m wide, while the flood plain 22 m upto sound embankments on left side can be strengthened by constructing a gabion wall. The material in the nullah comprises dense, sandy gravel to gravelly sand with many cobbles, occasional boulders and little or no fines. Gravel, cobbles and boulders are rounded to sub-rounded, spherical to tabular, hard to very hard and comprise igneous and metamorphic rocks i.e. Diorites, Granodiorites, Granites, Amphibolite, Quartzite, Greenstone, Schists and Marbles etc. Majority of rock fragments are of basic igneous origin. Maximum size of cobble encountered was of 30 cm diameter but material of this size is very occasionally found on the nullah. The material is present in ample quantity and can only be used as fill material because installation of crushing plant will be very expanse. 123. The material existing in the command area is mostly fertile soil comprising sandy, silty clays overlaying clayey and sandy gravels. In low lying terraces the soil is more gravely in nature8. Soil 124. Medium textured soils are found in all parts of the central plains of Bajaur District. Water torrents erode the hilly soils which deposit coarse material at the foot of the mountain's slope. The upper and middle valleys of Bajaur District consist of silt clay loam which is generally drainable. The upper southwestern portion of the subproject area comprises of gullied land, which has been severely eroded due to the excessive slope of the mountains towards the Bajaur Khwar. Although there is a wide range of soil types, over 60 percent of the area ranges from moderately coarse to medium fine in soil texture. All these soils are suitable for irrigation from a textural standpoint and can produce very good crop yields if managed properly. 125. Soils of the area are clay loam, non-calcareous, non-saline and non-sodic in nature. Soil pH is slight to medium alkaline. The soils are low in organic matter and nitrogen contents, low in phosphorous while low to medium in potassium contents. Judicious use of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers is required to improve soil physical conditions, soil fertility and crop

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yields. Profile development of the soil is the result of the action of climate and vegetation upon the parent material over a period of time as conditioned by relief. The land use by human being changes the environment and modifies the above factors. Seismology

126. Figure 4.3 shows the tectonic map of the area. The area falls minor to moderate seismic zone. Formations in the study area are highly folded and faulted due to tectonic movement. A large variety of rocks occur together in a very disturbed manner. The country rocks are diorites, granite phyllites and amphibolite with limestone, schist and phyllites.

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Figure 4.3: Tectonic Map of Pakistan9

9 Source: Pakistan Meteorological Department

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Ambient Air Quality and Noise 127. Sources of air and noise pollution around the subproject area are minimal. The area is predominantly rural, with no major industrial setups, apart from small scale marble cutting and polishing units. The NEQS for noise in residential areas is 55 dB (A) in the day time and 45 dB (A) at night. Traffic is low, with heavy traffic being minimal. The ambient air quality and noise at site was conducted at a 10 m distance from the main subproject axis as most of the construction activities will be done here while the residential area is at distance of more than 500 m where the impact of all the construction activities will be minimum. The sampling location (Figure 4.4) were selected keeping in view: (a) the Sensitive Receptors and (b) magnitude of construction activities. 128. These locations will be helpful for construction phase impacts monitoring and comparison of the results with the baseline situation. The ambient air quality and noise at site was conducted Table 4.1, the result reveals that the air quality of the area is within the permissible limits of NEQS. However, the noise level is slightly higher than NEQS at the proposed site. The noise level is high because the running water is striking the large boulders in the khwar.

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Figure 4.4: Environmental Testing and Sampling Map

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Table 4.1: Ambient Air and Noise Quality of the Project area

S. No Parameter UoM Results NEQS Method

1 Carbon Monoxide (CO) mg/m3 0 5 Non-Dispersive Infrared Spectrometry (NDIR)

3 2 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) µg/m 7.0 120 UV Fluorescent

3 3 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) µg/m 2.5 40 Chemiluminescence

4 Nitrogen Oxide (NO) µg/m3 1.0 80 Chemiluminescence

5 Oxides of Nitrogen µg/m3 3.5 120 Chemiluminescence (NOx)

3 6 PM10 µg/m 4.0 150 Beta-Attenuation

3 7 PM2.5 µg/m 8.0 35 Beta-Attenuation

8 Suspended Particulate µg/m3 35 500 Gravimetric Matter (SPM) Sampling

9 Noise Entrance dB(A) 65.5 55 Digital Sound Meter Noise Central Point dB(A) 63.2

Water Resources 129. A number of springs and streams of sweet water flow throughout the subproject area and serve as clean water sources for drinking and irrigation Rud is the major stream, which drains the main Khar – Nawagai valley and flows from south west to north – east and discharges into Munda Khwar at a village called Kulala (Bajaur). 130. Drainage pattern plays key role in the ground water system. The perennial Nullah on which the weir is proposed is flowing near the command area of the Subproject of Badi-Samoor Weir. The Nullah is flowing from Northwest to Southeast. The Nullah originates in the Northern Mountains joining the Uch Khwar upstream just opposite of village Khatapoo. Finally, the nullah on which the site is proposed joins Bajawar Khwar near village Shagal from where the nullah leaves out the Bajaur District near village Bandagai.

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Figure 4.5: Surface Water Resources in Project Area

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Surface Water

131. The Water Assessment Study & Management Plan, published by the then FATA Secretariat and ADB in 2010 is the most detailed and reliable study conducted for water resources development and management for the three Districts of Merged Areas. According to the Study, there are a number of streams and their tributaries in the project area that have perennial flow from snow melt. Panjkora River is the only major river that flows through the project area. 132. Panjkora River originates from the mountains between Dir district and Afghanistan, and flows as a boundary river between Dir and Bajaur for a short distance. Jandul Khwar or Jandul River is the other perennial stream that joins Panjkora in Dir. There are no active irrigation canals on Panjkora River, but a large irrigation scheme is under construction namely Balambat Irrigation Scheme. This scheme will divert 124 cusecs of water to irrigate 4,400 ha of agricultural land in and around the District Dir. There are 15 watersheds in Bajaur District, which amount for total surface water available in a given average year as approximately 291 MCM, where 87.5 MCM is already being utilized for irrigation purposes while approximately 204.3 MCM flows out of the District unutilized. 63% of this outflow water is from perennial sources, while the remaining 37% is generated from rainfall. Average net surface water available in 15 watershed ranges between 39 MCM in Charmang watershed to 0.3 MCM in the Chamarkand watershed. The distribution of watersheds and their salient features are given below:

Table 4.2: Details of Watershed

Confining Coordinates S. No Watershed Area of Longitude (E) Latitude (N) Watershed Degree Degree (km2) 1. Chamarkand 71.17-71.23 34.65-34.80 17.42 2. Targao 71.63-71.77 34.65-34.75 94.39 3. Main Barang 71.55-71.67 34.70-34.75 91.23 4. Alizai 71.55-71.64 34.58-34.73 55.70 5. Hayatai Bandagai 71.61-71.79 34.74-34.80 43.67 6. Kamangara 71.23-71.33 34.67-34.79 51.36 7. Arang 71.61-71.81 34.54-34.70 90.10 8. Mandal Burthrus 71.46-71.57 34.51-34.64 55.87 9. Asil Targhao 71.53-71.65 34.66-34.77 76.02 10. Salarzai-III 71.47-71.69 34.66-34.75 194.07 11. Charmang 71.22-71.48 34.85-34.95 197.27 12. Loi Mamund 71.27-71.49 34.76-34.98 162.96 13. Wara Mamund 71.30-71.46 34.73-34.85 88.50 14. Salarzai-I 71.46-71.56 34.73-34.88 61.24 15. Salarzai-II 71.43-71.51 34.83-34.93 45.70

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133. Watalai Khwar/stream, where weir will be constructed, falls within the 14B watershed.

Ground Water

134. Unregulated abstraction of groundwater through unplanned construction of tube-wells and dug-wells has considerably lowered the water table and groundwater aquifers are under extreme stress in most of the watersheds in the project area. South of Bajaur consists of metamorphic rocks such as schist while the rest of the subproject area has igneous rock formations of granodiorite and diorite. Major valleys have alluvial deposits and the lithological sequence consists of clayey top layer, underlain by gravel and sand, and a clayey bottom layer. 135. Groundwater is usually found at a depth of 19.5-21.5 meters. Rainfall is the only source of recharge in the command area. The command area of the subproject area is situated on the recharge boundary of the Sub watershed 14 B in which the estimated recharge has been computed 8.13 (mcm). The above estimation is for wet year. The previous record indicates that the area under report have some ground water potential.

Water Quality

136. The surface water sample of the subproject area was collected 10 m upstream of the weir axis while the drinking water sample was collected from the nearest settlement (Figure 4.4) to determine the suitability of water for irrigation and drinking purposes. These locations will be helpful in making comparison of water quality at construction and post construction stage. These water samples were analyzed in the Laboratory. The result shows (Table 4.3) that the surface water is fit for irrigation while the drinking water is highly turbid and hence aesthetically unpleasant despite all other parameters are within permissible limits of NEQS. Table 4.3: Water Quality Analysis Result Badi Samoor Subproject

S. No Parameters UoM Methods NEQS Results Results Surface Drinking Water Water

1 E.C µS/cm APHA 0 273 252

2 pH -- APHA 6.5-8.5 8.3 8.1

3 Total Dissolved mg/l APHA <1000 169.49 242.28 solids (TDS)

4 Total Hardness as mg/l APHA <500 149.55 199.40 CaCO3

5 Sodium mg/l APHA 200 9.97 16.94

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6 Potassium mg/l APHA 12 0 0

7 Sulphate mg/l APHA 250 15.95 17.94

8 Chloride mg/l APHA 250 13.95 32.90

9 Alkalinity mg/l APHA <500 2.19 2.99

10 Color TCU APHA Non- Complies Complies objectionable

11 Odor APHA Non- Complies Complies objectionable

12 Taste APHA Non- Complies Complies objectionable

13 Nitrogen-Nitrates mg/l APHA 50 3.48 3.09

14 Turbidity NTU APHA <5 1.63 74.4

15 Bicarbonate mg/l APHA -- 109.67 149.55

16 Calcium mg/l APHA -- 31.90 55.83

17 Carbonate mg/l APHA -- BDL BDL

18 Magnesium mg/l APHA -- 16.94 14.95

19 Total Coliform Cfu/100ml APHA <1/100ml -- ND

20 E.Coli Cfu/100ml APHA <1/100ml -- ND

Land use and Land Cover 137. The data pertaining to land use is required to understand that how much area at present is put directly under different crops. Culturable area, cultivated and unculturable areas are also known to see the extent of increase in cropped area, which may be achieved with the provision of project conditions. Similarly, culturable waste and forest, if any, are also taken into considerations. Supply of irrigation water would increase the cultivated areas. Some areas may be cultivated more than one time resulting in increased cropping intensity. The statistics regarding the present land use in the study area are presented in Table 4.4.

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10 Table 4.4 Land Use Statistics of Bajaur District

Bajaur District Area in Hectares Total Reported Area 129035 Cultivated Area 75945 (i) Net Sown 55108 (ii) Current Fallow 20837 Cropped Area 68776 Un-Cultivated Area 53090 (i) Culturable Waste 10590 (ii) Forest 23371 (iii) Not Available for Cultivation 19129

138. Land use and land cover of the Badi Samoor are depicted in figure below:

10 Source: Development Statistics of FATA (2012-13 to 2014-15)

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Figure 4.6: Land use Map of Badi Samoor

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Biological Environment 139. The natural environment of the Project area has undergone severe degradation due to intensive use of ground water resources, miss management of watershed resources, over grazing of range lands and uncontrolled cutting of forest trees11. The agriculture, irrigation, forest range, and forestry interventions in terms of tree plantation in the Project area will restore the lost eco-systems. Flora 140. Ecologically, this area falls within the main group of Dry Subtropical Broad-leaved Forest 12 . The sub– group is Monotheca Scrubs. Generally, the vegetation is thorny evergreen shrubs, which are capable of developing into small trees, even under harsh climatic conditions and social pressure (heavy grazing /browsing). 141. The main tree species are, Monotheca buxifolia (Gurgura), Zizyphus nummularia (Ber), Acacia modesta (Phulai), Olea cuspidate (wild olive), prosopis spp (mesquite), tamarix spp (Farash) and Dodonaea viscose (Sanatha). Some important shrubs are, Adhatoda vasica (Bahker), Calotropis spp (ak), Rhazya spp (vena), Rumex hastatus (khatumaal), Carrisa spp (granda), and Capparis spp (karir). The common grasses are Heteropogon, Cymopogon, Saccharum clumps (munja). The ground vegetation makes appearance after the spring rains in the month of January and February. Some of the tree species, which have been planted by the forest department and local community are, eucalyptus, bakian, mulberry, shisham, and popular. No endangered species have been reported in the project area by the locals. Project area and the study area are free of forest cover. Overall natural vegetation, including shrubs, bushes and grasses can be aptly termed as potential rangelands which provide grazing habitat for livestock. Following are some species of trees and shrubs found in the project area:

11 PC-I Proforma for Fata Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP) 12 (Forest Types of Pakistan by Champion, Seth and Khattak, 1965)

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Table 4.5: Common Trees Species in Project Area

Local Botanical Name Local Status IUCN Staus Picture Name

Shisham Dalbergia sissoo Common NE

Karkana Zizypus Rare NE

Pepal Ficus religiosa Rare NE

Safaida Eucalyptus Common LC

Zeeton Olea cuspidate Rare DD (wild olive)

Phulai Acacia modesta Common NE

Ber Ziziphus Rare NE nummularia

Farash Tamarix spp Rare LC

Mesquite prosopis spp Rare NE

Sufidar Populus Common LC (hybrid poplar)

Kikar Acacia nilotica Common LC

Toot Morus Common LC (Mulberry)

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Local Botanical Name Local Status IUCN Staus Picture Name

Arjun Terminalia arjuna Rare NE

Bakain Melia azedarach Common LC (dhraik)

Palosa Acacia Modesta Rare NE

NE: Not Evaluated; LC: Least Concern DD: Data Deficient as per IUCN Red List, 2017.

Table 4.6: Common Grasses Species in the Area

Common Botanical Name IUCN Status Picture Name

Baruwa Saccharum NE grass clumps (munja)

Suryalla Heteropogon NE ghass contortus

lemon grass Cymbopogon LC

NE: Not Evaluated; LC: Least Concern as per IUCN RedList,2017.

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Table 4.7: Common Shrub Species in the Project Area

Local / Botanical IUCN Status Picture Common Name Name

Bahker Adhatoda NE vasica Justicia adhatoda

Ak Calotropis spp NE

Vena Rhazya spp NE

Khatumaal Rumex NE hastatus

Granda Carrisa spp NE

Karir Capparis spp NE

Karkanrha Zizyphus NE Nummularia

NE: Not Evaluated as per IUCN RedList,2017. Fauna 142. No baselines on wild mammals, birds and fish species are available for Merged Areas, KP. No comprehensive survey has ever been conducted in the territories by any line department or NGO. For the purpose of this IEE, a primary survey was conducted by subprojects environmentalist during 2017 to ascertain the distribution of species, and to collect evidence of any

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sightings in consultation with local residents, the following animals have potential to be in the area:

Table 4.8: Fauna of the Project Area

S. No. Common Name Scientific Name 1 Mammals i) Jackals Canis aureus (LC) ii) Foxes SSP. Vulpes (LC) iii) Field rats Rattus norvegicus (LC) iv) Hare Lepus nigricollis (LC) v) Porcupine Hystrix indica (LC) vi) Hedge Hog Erinaceinae (LC) vii) Wild cat Felis chaus (LC) 2 Reptiles i) Cobra snake Naja (LC) ii) Rat eating snake Colubrinae (NE) iii) House gecko Hemidactylus frenatus (LC) 3 Amphibians i) Common Toads Bufo bufo (LC) 4 Others i) Scorpions Scorpiones (NE) ii) Spiders Araneae (NE) *LC: Least Concern NE: Not Evaluated NT: Near Threatened as per IUCN Red list, 2017. Avifauna 143. Avifauna of the area is highly diversified and colorful, which is widely dispersed in gardens, cultivated fields, streams and hill slopes. Common species are given in Table 4.9.

Table 4.9: Avifauna of the Project Area

Common Name Scientific Name S# Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax (LC) 1 Long Legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus (LC) 2 Sparrow Hawk Accipiter nisus (LC) 3 Rose Finch Carpodacus erythrinus 4 (LC) Indian Blue Robin Luscinia brunnea (LC) 5 Red Headed Bunting Emberiza bruniceps 6 (LC) Crested Bunting Melophus lathami (LC) 7 Grey Tit Melaniparus afer (LC) 8 Blue Throated Fly Catcher Cyornis rubeculoides 9 (LC) White Throated Dipper Cinclus cinclus (LC) 10 Green Warbler Phylloscopus nitidus 11 (LC) Himalayan Tree Creeper Certhia himalayana 12 (LC)

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Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis 13 (LC) Rosy Pastor Pastor roseus (LC) 14 Common Babbler Turdoides caudata 15 (LC) Rufous Backed Shrike Lanius schach (LC) 16 Hoopoe Upupa epops (LC) 17 Red Vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer (LC) 18 White Cheeked Bulbul Pycnonotus leucotis 19 (LC) Grey Partridge Perdix perdix (LC) 20 See See Partridge Ammoperdix 21 griseogularis (LC) Grey Lag Goose Anser anser (LC) 22 Wigeon Mareca penelope (LC) 23 Pintail Anas acuta (LC) 24 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos 25 (LC) Grey Heron Ardea cinerea (LC) 26 Black Winged Stilt Himantopus 27 himantopus (LC) Great Egret Ardea alba (LC) 28 Flamingo Phoenicopterus 29 roseus (LC) Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus 30 (LC) Curlew Numenius phaeopus 31 (LC) Red-Wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus (LC) 32 Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius 33 (LC) Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava (LC) 34 Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax 35 (LC) Little Egret Egretta garzetta (LC) 36 White Breasted King Fisher Halcyon smyrnensis 37 (LC) *LC-Least Concern: VU-Vulnerable: EN-Endangered, NT: Near Threatened as per IUCN Redlist,2017. 144. The hotspots for these birds and waterfowls are irrigation dams, khwars and river beds and banks. 145. No threatened or endangered species were observed in the project area, as per IUCN red list classification. Fisheries 146. Data on fisheries reported here in the table below is for the entire District, and based on secondary sources since there were no pictorial tools available such as charts and posters to be used for the primary research exercise. Moreover, most of the fish available in the subproject area have been

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introduced by the Fisheries Dept, in order to improve the livelihoods of the locals. Thus, making a distinction between cultural and wild fish extremely difficult in the area.

Table 4.10: List of Wild Fish found in Bajaur District

IUCN Status S.No. Local Name Common Name Scientific Name 1 Pattay Mahay Chalwa Barilius Pakistanicus NE 2 Katch Paptale Rosybarb Puntious Conconchonicus NE 3 Kattay Daoly Machlee Channa Gachua LC 4 Kategy Dady Machlee Channa Punctatus LC 5 Spena Deqa Dogra Crossochelius NE 6 Paplate Gold Fish Carssius Aurantus NE 7 Marmahee Bam Machlee Mestasembalus Armatus NE 8 Gulabay/Sulemanay Punjabi Pahari Glypotothorax NE 9 Hindu Mahay Sundali Schistura Alepidota NE 10 Shermahi Shermahi Clupisoma Naziri NE 11 Gulfam China Cyprinus Carpio VU 12 Mahaseer Mahaser Tor Putitora EN 13 Torkai Torki Cirrihinus Mrigala NE 14 Soul Katasare Channa Punctatus LC 15 Swati Khauki Schizothorax Plajiostomus NE 16 Chadu Chadu Barilious Wagra NE * NE: Not Evaluated, LC: Least Concerned, VU: Vulnerable, EN: Endangered as per IUCN Red List 2017.

Protected areas / National sanctuaries 147. ,. There are different laws enacted to preserve the natural habitat in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The KP Private Game Reserve Rules, 1993 stated that any private land having potential for the development of game reserve and dedicated by its owner in writing is a game reserve. The government by notification declares it as game reserve and hunting and trapping of the game as well as wild animals are prohibited in the area. Governor KP has issued a notification, declaring all wetlands in Merged Areas as Community Game Reserves. Hunting shall only be allowed with joint agreement of local communities and political authorities. Moreover, a separate notification has also been issued declaring trade in body parts (pelt, skin, stuffed bodies, trophies, etc.) of all wild fauna including migratory birds as illegal. Both of these are attached as Annex II. As per Governor KP notification there are about 5 wetlands in Bajaur Distric but are far away from the subproject site. The nearest wetland Bajaur Khwar is about 15Km distance from the project site. 148. The KP Wildlife and Biodiversity Act, 2015 aims to consolidate the laws relating to protection, preservation, conservation and management of wildlife and biodiversity in the Province of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. KP Wildlife Department was proclaimed as an attached Department in August, 1994. The

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functions of the department are Protection, Preservation, Conservation and Management of Wildlife. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Forest Ordinance 2002, has authorized the Department of Forest to perform certain functions related to protection of forest. Since the establishment of the Forest Department in 1871, a series of policy guidelines were issued during different periods for better management and development of the Forest resources and a number of developmental projects were launched to implement these policy guidelines. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Protection of Trees and Brushwood Act, 1949 also provides guidelines to preserve the natural resources and biodiversity. 149. Socio-Economic Environment 150. Bajaur District is divided into Seven Tehsils, which are Barang, Nawagai, Khar, Mamund, Salarzai, Utmankhel and Chamarkand. Its border with Afghanistan's Kunar province makes it of strategic importance to Pakistan and the region. 151. Bajaur is about 45 miles (72 km) long by 20 miles (32 km) broad, and lies at a high level to the east of the Kunar Valley, from which it is separated by a continuous line of rugged frontier hills, forming a barrier easily passable at one or two points. Across this barrier, the old road from Kabul to Pakistan ran before the Khyber Pass was adopted as the main route. 152. To the south of Bajaur is the wild mountain district of the Mohmands. To the east, beyond the Panjkora River, are the hills of Swat, dominated by another Pashtun group. To the north is an intervening watershed between Bajaur and the small tehsil of Dir. It is over this watershed and through the valley of Dir, there is the new road from Malakand runs to Chitral. The drainage of Bajaur flows eastwards, starting from the eastern slopes of the dividing ridge, which overlooks the Kunar and terminating in the Panjkora River, so that the district lies on a slope tilting gradually downwards from the Kunar ridge to the Panjkora. Nawagai is the chief town of Bajaur, and the Khan of Nawagai

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was previously under British protection for the purpose of safeguarding of the Chitral road13. Administrative Set Up 153. 25th Constitutional amendment like 18th Constitutional amendment which resulted in abolition of concurrent list and devolved 47 subjects to provinces, is a paradigm shift where under Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) stand integrated with and merged in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The executive authority previously exercised by the Governor Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in respect of FATA under Article 247 of the constitution has been done away with. Now being part of the province, the executive authority is shifted to the Chief Minister and his cabinet. The Merged Areas have no longer special status or dispensation. All provincial laws shall equally be applicable to these areas and on mainstreaming of erstwhile FATA due representation (about 16 general seats) shall be given in the Provincial Assembly. Local self-government which could not get roots in the tribal areas due to its peculiar status and nature of governance, will be introduced in the areas at par with rest of the province. The Political authority will be devolved to the grass root level and issues of local level to be resolved by the local bodies’ representatives. Demographic Profile 154. The colonial legacy in the form of political administration under the unbridled powers of Political Agent is no longer there. The office is re- named as Deputy Commissioner and Assistant Commissioner. Similarly, the Century old Frontier Crimes Regulation (FCR) is no more in the field. The tribal people will have fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution and of which they were deprived till now. The introduction and presence of criminal and judicial system will ensure their fundamental rights like other citizens of rest of the Country. Bajaur is inhabited almost exclusively by Tarkani (Tarkalani) Pashtuns, and there are three main sub-tribes in Bajaur: Utman Khel, Tarkalani, Mamund (Kakazai, Wur and Salarzai) as well as a small population of Safis. The Utman Khel are at the southeast of Bajaur, while Mamund are at the southwest, and the Tarkani are at the north of Bajaur14. 155. Merged Areas has a unique governance status, whereby all land is owned by tribes inhabiting the areas since generations. Any physical activity hence carried out needs the agreement of the locals, as well as land donation by them. Since it is an egalitarian society, chances of elite capture are minimum

13 Holdich, Thomas Hungerford. "Bajour". In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopedia Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 226. 14 Historical and administrative profile of the Bajaur District (fata.gov.pk)

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and major decisions are taken by Jirga, the tribal administrative and management body. 156. Thepeople of the subproject are are accustomed to managing their own resources and solving disputes without outside intervention. They act collectively to assist others in the group and help fulfill social obligations. Marriages and deaths, for example, draw support from all members of the tribe, as do everyday activities such as harvesting and threshing, laying and clearing irrigation channels, carrying out flood protection, maintaining paths, cutting grass, and constructing hujras (meeting places), mosques or other buildings. Population 157. Total population of the District according to 2017 census is about 1,093,684 persons, out of which 51% are males and 49% are female15, with growth rate of 3.25%. 158. The project site, Badi Samoor, is situated in the east of Khar, within tehsil Salarzai at a distance of approximately 20 km. Total population of the area is approximately 3075 persons and 250 households. Tarkani, Salarzai, Bahram Khan, Yousaf Khel and Hilal Khel are the main tribes.

7 Table 4.11: Population Details of Bajaur District

Household Population Male Female Sex Population 1998- 2017 Ratio 1998 2017 Average Annual Growth Rate 120,457 1,093,684 557,160 536,520 103.85 595,227 3.25

Family Size 159. The average household consists of 9.077 individuals in the above mentioned three selected tehsils of the subproject area. The male and female ratio is 103.85 males to 100 females7. The analysis of the available data shows that 22% out of male population is below 18 years old while 29% of female population is below 18 years indicating a female dominated youth population bulge. The data further reveals that one (01) out of 500 persons lives with disabilities in Bajaur District. The large number of youth, mostly females and significant number of physically challenged persons will further escalate the

7http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf

15http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf

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population vulnerabilities in the coming years which need to be addressed through appropriate measures16. Dwelling 160. Mostly the houses are made of mud throughout the subproject area. The houses are called Qila that is fortresses, which encompasses a number of houses inside. A house generally consists of two or three rooms with a verandah in the rear and front. Joint family system is in vogue in the subproject area. Every cluster of houses has a common sitting place called Hujra where the male members daily meet, discuss and share views on variety of local, national and inter-national issues with each other’s. It is a common place and is also used as a guest room. The young spend winter nights in Hujra and arrange for themselves music programmes or dishes as a pass time activity. It is an important part of Pakhtun culture, which is unfortunately changing with the modern times as people have begun to prefer using personal guest-room. 161. Majority of the houses (91%) of the study area have ordinary construction (Katcha structure) with timber roof and mud mortar, whereas moderate standard buildings with cement masonry (pacca structure) and dry-stone masonry (semi-pacca structure) are 2% and 7% respectively. Language 162. Pashto is the main language of the area, with a softer form spoken in the north and a harder dialect in the south.

The Family System 163. The area has a predominant tradition of joint families with male siblings residing in one household even after marriage. New life style has motivated people towards a nuclear family system, but economic compromises and cultural values restrain them from adopting this type of family system. The family ties are still good and relatively less materialistic. As a social institution, the family is still very strong. 164. Men are the dominant force in the household, with final say in the affairs of all members of the family. Women, by comparison, play a subservient role and observe strict purdah (veiling). Although divorces or separations are extremely rare in households, a husband is free to take on additional wives. Livestock 165. Livestock not only provides milk, meat, eggs for daily human consumption but also provides hides/skins and wool/hair and bones/blood for industrial products and manure /urine for soil fertilization. Livestock is also a source of

16 FATA-Rural Livelihood and Community Infrastructure Project (RLCIP)

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rural transport and draft power in Agricultural farming and provides an easy source of income to majority of the rural population. 166. The Merged Areas, being mostly dry hilly terrain, has little land for crops production whereas sizeable land is available for grazing. The land-less and small holders (more than 85% of farmers) are mostly dependent on Livestock production. Livestock provides employment to 50% of the population either directly or indirectly. About 80% of the income of trans-hum ant families accrues from Livestock. 167. There is a good enough network of Veterinary Institutions in Merged Areas established since years, providing Veterinary services to the poor Livestock Farmers; but due to meager amount of operational funds, lack of access to appropriate know how the SDS is not up to the required level. See Table 4.12 below for the status of veterinary services in the Subproject area.

Table 4.12: Veterinary Service available in the Subproject Area

Conflicts Resolution Mechanism 168. Merged Areas are traditionally based on the principle of close association by tribe or kinship. The people of Merged Areas have long been accustomed to witnessing violent conflict between the members of different tribes and clans. Inter- or intra-tribe conflict may range from minor family disputes that create tensions and uncertainty to full-blown armed clashes that result in irreparable losses. While for many generations the people have managed to build their lives in this climate of instability, today there is growing awareness that internecine conflict of this sort is a waste of resources and a major obstacle in the way of development. The elder (Malik) often serves as an intermediary between people and the local administrative structures for identifying the priorities. The tribal council of elders (Jirga) is the main mechanism for decision making on behalf of the local population and is also considered the key entity for conflict resolution and providing judgment for punitive actions. The Jirga is essentially the only mechanism for out-of-court settlements over enmities that span generations. The tribe’s identity in Merged Areas is the key to how local communities exercise their right to and ownership of natural resources and other assets. The tribal identity as depicted through the Malik and Jirga is therefore essential for access and use of resources and is often

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seen as the only safety net available to poorer segments of the population. This intricate community system has survived for centuries with adequate legitimacy by the then political administration as well as acceptance by local communities as it continues to exert its influence on communal life. In more recent times, some development projects17 working in the Merged Areas have invested in forming local community-based groups and indigenous organizations that have cooperated with the local Jirga as well as the Deputy Commissioner for implementing their programs. Religious Beliefs 169. A primary survey was conducted as part of the Social Feasibility Study. All the respondents of the Social Assessment Primary Survey, reported to be Muslim. People generally have conservative outlook on life and are particular in observance of religious ceremonies. Majority of the respondents normally offers prayers and keep fasts during the month of Ramzan. Religious extremism was in full swing for last few years, but the situation is relatively better now. Majority of the population belong to Sunni sect of Islam. They believe in Hanfi interpretation of Shariah. Majority has a religious disposition and practice Islam according to its fundamental principles. Inheritance is divided according to the Islamic principles and daughters are given their property right accordingly. Water Supply and Sanitation 170. Springs, streams, rivers and perennial watercourses serve as the primary source of water for drinking and domestic use. In mountainous areas, where natural surface and ground sources are not available, people rely on rain- water ponds. In the plains where surface water is scarce, shallow wells allow the people to meet their basic requirements. A combination of factors, including the large-scale movement of displaced persons from neighboring Afghanistan, has adversely affected forest reserves which are critical for watershed protection. The depletion of forest resources has reduced the water retention capacity of the soil, while ecological and climatic conditions have led to the low recharge of groundwater sources. As a result, many springs, streams and perennial watercourses have dried up, forcing people to turn to deep groundwater sources. Official records for 2004–05 show that 56 per cent of the population is covered by water supply schemes, mainly through community tanks and taps. Just 27 per cent of supply through these schemes consists of individual residential connections. Some 85 per cent of public-sector schemes rely on groundwater, while the remaining use surface

17 For example the ADB supported the FATA Rural Development Project in Khyber, Bajaur and Mohmand agencies that implemented the project interventions through Community Organizations for delivering services including drinking water supply schemes; irrigation and small dams; natural resource management e.g. raising forest nurseries; etc.

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sources18. The majority of groundwater schemes consist of tube wells, while dug wells and infiltration galleries using electric or diesel pumps are few in number. The normal water table in most parts of Merged Areas is between 300 and 500 feet. Surface schemes are gravity-based, using slopes and gradients to carry water to distribution points. Sources developed by the works and services department are analyzed for physical and chemical properties alone, and these results show that the water is fit for human consumption. 171. Traditionally, settlements in the Merged Areas have always been widely dispersed. For reasons of security, meanwhile, communities have generally preferred to build their houses on mounds and hill-tops. In such areas, the drainage of rainwater and domestic wastewater was never a problem. Perhaps as a result, most communities failed to pay much attention to sanitation infrastructure. But as the population has grown and settlements have expanded, this arrangement is no longer safe or practicable. 172. The physical growth of settlements without any provision for basic sanitation is degrading the living environment and polluting water sources. Commerce, trade and business activities, and related services, add to the congestion. Today, the lack of adequate sanitation infrastructure poses a serious health hazard. Children, women and the elderly are particularly vulnerable. 173. Recent figures on sanitation coverage in Merged Areas are not available. Results from the 1998 housing census show that 36.86 per cent of houses have “separate” latrines, 6.99 per cent have access to shared latrines and 56.15 per cent have no latrines. No details about the type of latrine (flush or pit) are given in the census report, making it difficult to assess what percentage of the population has access to hygienic sanitation facilities. Overall, it appears that just 10 per cent of the population has access to adequate sanitation in the form of toilets, sewerage, drainage and solid waste disposal. Poverty 174. The Merged Areas have historically remained amongst the poorest parts of Pakistan. There are serious disparities in service provision as compared to the rest of the country. The absence of visible progress and the perceived lack of interest by both sub-national and federal governments in redressing the disparities have consequently deteriorated citizens’ trust in the ability of government institutions to meet the basic needs of the population. The general lack of basic services and weak institutional capacity to provide these have been recognized as drivers of crisis creating conducive environment for

18 Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA); Rural Livelihood and Community Infrastructure Project, Merged Areas Secretariat.

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opportunistic militant groups whose economic incentives for potential recruits greatly outweighed the alternatives available to the people for their livelihoods. 175. The militancy crisis in KP is a key contributor to stagnant growth and high unemployment. The ranks of the unemployed have risen with the intensification of the crisis in 2009/10, and even are likely to continue rising. These conditions have created a conducive environment for opportunistic militant groups whose economic incentives for potential recruits greatly outweigh alternative available options. Many are dependent on the black economy, drug trafficking and criminal activity for survival. 176. Official statistics on rural income and poverty in the area are quite weak. Factors underlying the region's poverty include (i) historical, political, and social isolation; (ii) a legal system reliant on executive and judicial authority administered through civil servants preferring to maintain the status quo; (iii) poor quality and coverage of institutions responsible for the provision of basic services; (iv) social practices that preclude women’s participation in economic life; and (v) lack of effective institutions for skill training to enable the labor force to shift from low to high-productivity sectors. 177. Poverty has to some extent made the population vulnerable to extremist tendencies and criminality. In the absence of viable options to earn a living, the lure of illicit activities such as smuggling (consumer goods, weapons) and drug trafficking is as difficult to resist as the call of extremist elements. Health facilities 178. Health indicators for Merged Areas are incomplete and, in many cases, only estimates are available. These highlight the poor state of the health care system. Infant mortality is estimated to be as high as 87 deaths per 1,000 live births, while maternal mortality is thought to exceed 600 deaths per 100,000 live births. Access to health services is severely limited, with just one dispensary, Basic Health Units (BHU19) or Rural Health Centre (RHCs20) reported in the year 2004 for every 50 square kilometers of area, and these facilities concentrated near the settled areas.

19 A BHU is a first level health care facility, located at the village level. It is supposed to have a medical practitioner to provide first aid and refer cases to higher level facilities 20 RHCs function primarily at tehsil level to offer services for population ranging from 60,000 to 100,000. They are supposed to be equipped with x-ray equipment and laboratory facilities and to include some in-patient care with approximately 10 beds per center

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Social Organization 179. Society is structured on kinship basis in the Project area. Most of the decisions are made at the household level. The rich and influential people are accepted as community leaders, especially in collective welfare and development of the area. Also, the traditional leader in the village is the “Malik”, the elder who commands respect in the community. Agriculture 180. The Merged Areas are predominantly agrarian economy, with livelihoods predicated on agriculture and livestock. While agriculture is a profitable activity with good income potential, particularly from horticulture (fruit and vegetables), given the limited water availability, agriculture is practiced in just a few valleys. The rural economy remains mainly pastoral, with low quality rangelands providing more than 70 percent of the total fodder and forage requirement. Yields are substantially lower than national averages and dependent on rainfall. The project area is dominated by small farmers with less than 5 acres (approximately 2 ha) of land and a few livestock. Many of these households experience food deficits and rely on remittances to meet their needs. 181. Only 7 per cent of the total geographic area of Merged Areas is cultivated, with other one percent recorded as fallow, accounting for roughly half of all potentially cultivable land. A little over 40 percent of the cultivated area in Merged Areas is irrigated, while the remaining farmland relies exclusively on rainfall. In irrigated areas, water is provided through a combination of delivery systems, including tube wells, dug wells, lift pumps and traditional communal canals. 182. Crops are categorized under two types, Rabi and Kharif, according to their cultivation seasons. Rabi crops are sown in winter and harvested in late winter or during early summer. Kharif crops are sown in summer and harvested in late summer or early winter. The Rabi crops include wheat (major), fodder and few vegetables. Kharif crops include maize (major), fodder and few vegetables. Occupation 183. The people in the subproject area is not widely educated. They migrate to down districts in search of jobs or any other labour. Government services are a cherished source of livelihood for many. Agricultural farming, small scale business and working on daily wages basis are also major providers of job and sources employment in the subproject area. About 24.4% of the employed population which is predominantly male works as migrant workers

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in Gulf countries while just less than 30% of the population is reported as employed in other provinces of Pakistan.21 Food 184. Simplicity is the haul-mark of the food of the people of Bajaur. Rice is a staple dish especially for dinners22. Maize bread with local vegetable Saag and Lassi is offered to guest as a seasonal specialty in summer. Dress and Ornaments 185. People wear the traditional Pakhtun dress of Shalwar Kameez and head- wear. Generally, the people wear handmade Dir caps while notables wear Pugri and Kula, but this tradition is gradually fading out. Women folk wear Shalwar Kameez and Chadder/veil and for Purdah they use Burkas (veil). 186. Historically, and particularly during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan beginning in 1979, the region was a major center for opium production and trafficking. Today, the transit trade with Afghanistan is a major source of employment for the local population. The economy operates on an informal basis and is undocumented, since few laws providing for the regulation of economic activity have been extended to the Merged areas. Mining 187. Extensive deposits of marble are found at several places inthe subproject area. The marble is associated with the calcareous rocks in the malange zone. The marble is processed in different green and block colors. The marble is processed in different marble factories in KP, and in other parts of the country. Economic Features

188. According to Primary Social Survey of the project area, 45% percent households were found to be involved in farming activities, 06 percent were involved in poultry farming and 25 percent as daily wage laborers. About 3% of the population reported to be small traders or vendors engaged in small scale business (shops, stores, auto workshops, hotel etc.), while 5 percent were found to be involved in trading within the village. Three (03%) people were employed in public sector while 4% were in private sector. Two (2%) percent earnings were coming from abroad while 7% remittances are from other cities of Pakistan. Roads 189. According Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)-Merged Areas Secretariat, total coverage extends to 3,390 kilometers of blacktop and

21 MICS 2007, Merged Areas Secretariat 22 https://www.facebook.com/The-Bajaurians-Society-132388113479230/

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another 2,000 kilometers of shingle roads in the year 2006. As the Land acquisition laws are in force for KP and shall be applicable in the subproject area if the situation demands for it because after merger the subproject area is an entity of KP. Telephone Facilities 190. Landline telephone facilities and Cellular networks are available in the area. Sites of Historical Significance 191. Sikandaro is the area historically known for arrival of the Alexander the Great to this area in pursuance of his conquests. A few shrines in the District are also historically known. These are Ghazi Baba, Sakhi Baba, Shiekh Baba and Mir Ali Baba. Besides, the tomb of sakhi Arab Khan, Governor of this area under Mughals at Naway Dhand on outskirts of Khar is also of some historical importance. 192. No sites have been reported around the subproject site of any cultural and social significance. Gender Issues 193. Merged Areas society is dominated by men. Cultural tradition, social practices and low female literacy have left women in a vulnerable position. They are for the most part restricted to performing household work, and are excluded from decision-making both on the domestic front and at the community level. Women’s access to education and health care is limited because such services are not available close to home. 194. Women in the area play a dominant role in running the household, rearing and guiding children, managing household finances, and providing much of the labor for agriculture and animal husbandry. They do not normally have a public role, particularly in interactions with the broader society.

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PROJECT ALTERNATIVES

No Project Option 195. Project alternatives have been considered with consideration of their ability to match immediate demand and then keep pace with emerging demand while ensuring capture of available yield in the stream. With an increased awareness of the scarcity of water as a resource, short-term supplies may be achieved through demand management strategies water use efficiency, combined with research and development programmes that reduce consumption. 196. Agricultural demand has the potential to be met through the take up of currently unutilized, or under-utilized, water resources. 197. Groundwater supply within the area is limited to primarily stock and domestic purposes and supplies to small towns and is not considered to be a feasible alternative supply to the Project 198. Inability to support the Project increases inherent risk of supply from a single source. The primary objective of the Project is to increase the agricultural production. The ‘no project’ option has the potential to inhibit increase in the crop production. Limiting agricultural production in particular has the potential to adversely impact the area economy with large scale agricultural development potentially seeking alternative locations interstate due to this water supply constraint. With the implementation of project with the Increase in agricultural yields and production, the additional generating benefits are: • Additional revenues directly from the project output. • Crop diversification. The introduction of irrigation enables farmers to diversify their crops based on local markets demand and export. • Employment opportunities: during the construction phase there will be improved employment opportunities for local people and new comers. • The project will provide water for cultivation of crops, irrigated fodder development, domestic purpose, livestock etc. • Food security further improved. In this case, the proposed small-scale diversion weir irrigation will have a paramount importance in further improving the overall living conditions of the people residing in and around the project environment and will plays its own role in alleviating food shortage. • Improved forage varieties provided and increase • Animal productivity and production. • Increase opportunities for plant establishment of nursery sites

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and forest seedling production and • Forest tree plantation. 199. Water availability is scarce in area hence the proposed project will contribute positively to the project area. The no project option is not viable option. Project Siting Alternatives 200. Technically there is no other source of water or place diverting water for irrigation purposes. Location of the Weir has been fixed, by considering the natural conditions, command area and construction difficulties including topography and geology. The weir is proposed on Watali Khwar, the average bed slope of the khwar is 0.0073 m/m at upstream and d/s of proposed weir axis which will result low flow velocity during floods and will bring fine sediments. The width of flood plain at proposed weir location is about 60 m, while active creek is only 25 m wide and 1.5 m deep, therefore to avoid change in flow regime weir structure has been proposed in active khwar creek. The low laying area beyond the right-side wall of weir is proposed to be consolidated by providing circular protection wall and stone pitching up to weir side wall height. Therefore, based on simple and sediment free operation a Tyrolean Weir has been proposed for the Badi Samoor weir subproject. The detailed considerations for the selection of Weir site are as follows. • Suitability of the Weir structure type • Geological and Topographic conditions • Technically most suitable site to command the irrigable area • Minimum Environmental Degradation Technological Alternatives 201. A conventional weir at proposed location may be adopted for diversion of design discharge. However, it needs sediment removal arrangement deposited at upstream, which necessitates the flushing arrangements by means of providing Bottom outlets or under sluice section. 202. Tyrolean intake weir is the most appropriate diversion arrangement for perennial streams without ponding at upstream and mild to steep sloping beds. A Tyrolean section is slightly deeper portion provided in main weir, the crest level of this section is placed at khwar bed level. The Tyrolean intake consists trash rack at bottom and embedded channel beneath. The length of rack is provided according to design discharge to be diverted. Bars of the rack are laid parallel to flow and inclined in the direction of flow. The flow passing over the rack, is collected in the embedded channel to the limit of its capacity.

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203. The embedded channel has provided sufficient bed slope to convey the sediments laden discharge outside through delivery pipe connected at its end. A gravel flushing tank is provided at the end of pipe which settles the sediment by lowering the flow velocity. The settled sediments are flushed laterally at downstream of the weir. After removal of coarse sand and pebbles from diverted discharge comparatively clean water will be delivered into the conveyance system to irrigate command area. Selection of the Tyrolean type has been accomplished on following basis: • Self-operated system; • Insured diversion of water during minimum flow season. • Self-creation of upstream channelization and minimize silt deposition at upstream of intake; • Ease in construction; and • Cost effectiveness;

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES

Impact Assessment - Overview 204. The environment assessment study has disclosed that the project is not likely to have any severe negative impacts on the environment and people of the area. All the potential impacts which have been identified during the present assessment are associated with the construction stage, are minor to moderate in severity; and can easily be avoided (through good design and construction planning) or mitigated (through proper implementation of the EMP). On the other hand, the project will be beneficial particularly for the local population on creation of job opportunities and extremely beneficial for irrigation. Significant social indicators of the project benefits are mentioned below: . Construction of irrigation system in virgin lands tends to change water and land use patterns that might have potential of severe, long term permanent impacts on the environmental settings of that area. . Construction activities in general could lead to interference with local community life. . Most beneficial impacts associated with the improved canal condition, management and efficient and equitable water distribution are of long-term in nature. . After completion of the construction works, the improved canal water supplies will contribute to increased cropping intensity resulting into increased use of agricultural inputs like fertilizers and pesticides which may cause limited adverse impacts and need to be addressed. . The improved water supplies will boost the agriculture and improve the living standard of the community in the project area. . The project will also help to regulate the groundwater abstraction to neutralize the lowering trend. 205. The project will also provide unskilled jobs during the construction phase and a limited number of jobs in operations. This will be a bonus for the people of the area, many of who are used to having to travel down country for employment.

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Impact Area 206. The project impact area mainly comprises of weir site, water channel, irrigation command area, borrow/query areas and labor camps. Exhibit below demonstrates the location of the weir and the command area that will be developed by using the irrigation water. The area as can be observed is vegetated, the weir sites are however located in and around shrub lands, hence no felling of trees is involved.

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Figure 5.1: Project Impact Area

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207. Table 5.1 considers the potential impacts at various stages of the project, and assesses the category of the impact, classifying them as negligible, moderate or high. Each category is defined as under: Negligible: No adverse impact Moderate: Potential impact but can be mitigated High: Definite impact but can be mitigated 208. The section further goes on to explain the table, by describing those impacts that have moderate to high impact, but can be mitigated.

Table 5.1 Screening of Environmental Impacts; Construction and Post Construction Stages

Potential Environmental Impacts Project Stage Impact Categorization N=Negligible M=Moderate H=High 1. Land resources 1.1 Excavation Construction M 1.2Waste generation and disposal Construction N 1.3 Labor camps, storage, approach roads Construction M 1.4 Soil pollution due to fuel and oil spillage (related Construction M to construction machinery) 1.5 Agriculture land damage Construction N 1.6 Earth Borrow Site Construction M 1.7 Installation of cement mixing plants Construction N 1.8 changes in Soil Characteristics due to labour Construction N camps, and machinery yards 1.9 Leaching of soil nutrients and changes in soil Post Construction N characteristics 1.10 Soil pollution due to excessive application of Post Construction M fertilizers and pesticides 2. Hydrology and Water Resources 2.1 Contamination of surface water due to washing Construction M (machinery and other related materials) 2.2 Drinking water supply Construction M 2.3 Municipal waste disposed into the stream Construction M 2.4 Water quality & sedimentation load Post Construction M 2.7 Excessive use of irrigation water for cultivating Post Construction M high delta crops 2.8 Contamination of water due to farm runoff Post Construction N 3. Air Quality and Noise Pollution 3.1 Dust and smoke and other Construction M pollutants from plants and equipment 3.2 Smoke from burning of waste or firewood Construction M 3.3 Noise control from use of old and/or outdated Construction M machinery 3.4 Dust Emission from Stone quarrying and Construction M transportation 4. Biological Resources 4.1 Damage to flora and fauna Construction N

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4.2 Habitat fragmentation Post Construction N 4.3 Aquatic Life, especially fish Construction and M post construction 5. Socioeconomic and Cultural Issues 5.1 Tribal tensions and rivalries All stages M 5.2 Impact on civic infrastructure (education, Construction N health, roads, water supply, electricity) 5.3 Community safety risks due to both accidental Construction and M and natural hazards Post Construction 5.4 Health and safety of labor and employees at Construction H construction site 5.5 Aesthetic/scenic value Post Construction N 5.6 Employment of alien labor Construction N

Negligible: No adverse impact, Moderate: Potential impact but can be mitigated, High: Definite impact but can be mitigated Pre Construction Stage Assure Compliance with Relevant Construction Field Legislation 209. There are certain laws and regulations in the country before undertaking any construction work of developmental project. Therefore, No Objection Certificates (NOCs) will be required as legal complications may lead to delay in subproject construction. Mitigation • Acquire construction permit/ Environmental Approval/ NOC from local authorities. • Preparation of SSEMPs for each site and get them approved by the Consultant, before the construction works start. • Provide Water management guidelines if subprojects are executed near surface watercourse. Development of Strategies 210. Some strategies need to be developed prior to the construction of the project as problems may arise due to non-compliance. It will help the project staff to carry out the construction and of the subproject in organized manner. This will be highly beneficial in long terms. 211. An ‘Operation Environmental Action Plan’ (OEAP) needs to be prepared demonstrating the manner in which the Contractor/Operator will comply with the requirements of management plans proposed in EMP/SSEMP. 212. The following strategies and procedures will be developed prior to the commencement of Project operations: • Project specific security and public access control strategy; • Project specific waste management strategy

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• Project specific air and noise control strategy; • Project specific traffic control strategy; Construction Stage Impacts on Land Resources Excavation 213. Being located in a hilly terrain, the weir will require excavation for alignment of abutments and land leveling. Excavation will be done with the help of excavator. Such physical work has the propensity to alter the landscape, due to cutting of trees and/or leveling mounds and hills, and also create dust pollution. In case of Badi Samoor Weir, the site does not have extensive vegetation in terms of trees. 214. Any excavation work during the construction activities, whether permanent or temporary, may lead to loss of soil. Erosion of soil can also occur from removal of vegetation cover, runoff from unprotected excavated areas, etc. Excavations on slopes would also decrease its stability. It is expected that minor level of short-term risk is associated with the type of construction activities that are likely to take place. The current land formation is fairly stable therefore no major impact is associated with regards to slope stability. The duration of the risk is expected to be short and the spatial scale of risk is small because the excavation effects are not likely to affect areas further than 200 meters from the Project facilities. Mitigation 215. Vegetation loss will be avoided as much as possible and limited to demarcated construction area. Slope stabilization measures will be adopted such as adequate vertical and horizontal drains, cross drainage etc. Slope movements will be monitored around excavation work areas. 216. The quantity of excavated material is approximately 948.96 m3 most of which will be reused after approval from quality control engineer. The rest of excavated material will be safely dumped and levelled and location of the dumping area should be provided in the contractors SSEMP. 217. Top six inches soil should be protected before excavation and should be placed back after completion of construction work. Waste Generation and Disposal 218. During the construction phase, most of the waste generated will be related to construction. Construction waste will involve debris due to cutting of stones, residual RCC material and other associated waste. The domestic waste generated will be less than 01 m3 as no large scale labour camp will be

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established bearing in mind the quantum of work. This is a significant impact but can be mitigated. Mitigation 219. To minimize environmental impacts and avoid any need for disposal of earthwork materials or the importation and unnecessary storage of earth, the project will maximize the reuse of excavated materials. All of the construction activity will be contained inside construction area. Solid waste generation should be reduced and should be reused and recycled. Any residual spoil will have to be disposed in environment friendly manner, where it will be leveled and landscaped. The dumping sites must be approved by CSC environment specialist. 220. To be made contractor’s obligation through contract document, as an SSEMP will be prepared by the contractor and waste management plan will be a part of it. Labour Camps, Storage and approach roads 221. Because of availability of ample community owned barren land, location, material yards, equipment yards and approach roads will not cause any serious problem. This is a matter of moderate significance and can be easily mitigated and managed through proper mitigation measure. Mitigation 222. The contractor will, in consultation with RE, resolve the exact location of all these facilities within the barren land owned by the local community that will be provided by the community temporarily and free of cost. The location of these facilities will be at least 500 m away. The contractor will not locate and construct any facilities without the written approval of the CSC. Soil pollution due to fuel and oil spillage from Construction machinery 223. At places, it may be inevitable and may exceed to the maximum permissible limit. In case it is allowed to be as per rule rather than an exception, the dumping of oil will permanently create contamination along with allied physical, biological and social losses. This can be mitigated through effective application of the maximum spill regulations. 224. “Guidelines for Oil Spill Waste Minimization and Management issued by International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association23 are as follows: - 225. Soil contaminated by minor spills/ leakages (defined as leaks from vehicles, machinery, equipment or storage containers such that the area and depth of

23 http://www.ipieca.org/resources/good-practice/oil-spill-waste-minimization-and-management/

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contaminated soil is less than 10 sq. ft. and 3 inches respectively) is to scraped and disposed of accordingly in environmentally friendly manner to ensure protection of water sources. 226. Moderate spills defined as spills of volume less than or equal to 200 liters is to be contained and controlled using shovels, sands and native soil. These equipment’s and materials are to be made available at camp sites during the operation. The contaminated soil is to be excavated and stored in a burn area lined with an impermeable base. Depending on the volume, the contaminated soil is either disposed-off through by specialized treatment such as bioremediation or through approved contractor. 227. Major spills (defined as spills of volume much greater than 200 liters) require initiation of Emergency Response Procedures and Oil Spill Contingency Plan. These spills are to be handled and controlled according to the Plan and require special treatment such as bioremediation and through approved contractors. Mitigation 228. Strict rules will be imposed on workers and labours to ensure that no such spills are caused. If the spills take place, it must be followed by treatment prescribed above as per the degree of spill. Specific mitigation measures to be part of Contractors site specific environmental management plan are: • Spill prevention trays will be provided and used at refueling locations • On-site maintenance of construction vehicles and equipment will be avoided, as far as possible. • Regular inspections will be carried out to detect leakages in construction vehicles and equipment. • Fuels and lubricants will be stored in covered and dyked areas, underlain with impervious lining. • Spill control kit (shovels, plastic bags and absorbent materials) will be available near fuel and oil storage areas. • Contaminated soil will be removed from the site and disposed in a manner to ensure protection of water sources • Emergency plan for spill management will be prepared and inducted to the staff for any incident of spill. • The bottom of any soak pit or septic tank will be constructed at least 100 meters away from springs and water bores • Record of spills and Volume of removed contaminated soil will be maintained.

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• Record of remedial measures taken will be maintained. • Use silt traps to prevent contamination of river and streams. Agriculture Land Damage 229. Land leveling, construction of access road, excavation and construction of channels may cause damage to agricultural land. In case of this subproject there will be no agricultural land damage as cultivated area is away from the project site. Mitigation 230. Contractor’s obligation not to cause such damage. If such damage occurs to crops and agricultural land compensation will be paid to the affected person, top six inches soil will be protected and land will be restored to its previous condition after completion of construction works. Impact of taking borrow material from earth borrow site 231. There is likelihood for obtaining the earth fill material. Excavation and cutting activities could cause adverse environmental impacts including sliding, soil erosion and drainage on the surrounding areas. Mitigation • No private land will be acquired for the borrow areas. • The Contractor will ensure that selected borrow areas on irrigation land are clearly demarcated and approved by the engineer including the allowed depth of the excavation before starting excavation. • The borrow areas will be leveled. The Contractor will not leave the borrow pits in such a condition that they are unsuitably filled with rain water and cause the problem for the community. • If the borrow area is near to the settlements, then it should be fenced completely. • If agriculture land needs to be used as borrowing area, then the Contractor will adopt the following methods during the digging process. o Fix the location of excavation. o Remove thirty centimeters of the top soil and keep it on reserved site for re-spreading in the field. o Excavate up to one meter depth. o Maintain the slope as far as possible. o Place the top soil back during the restoration process.

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o Pay compensation for any damages/ crop losses. Changes in Soil Characteristics due to labour camps, and machinery yards 232. The human and mechanical activity normally compacts the soil and turns it nonproductive which leads to the social impact and is manageable. Mitigation 233. Contractors before handing the site back will apply such measures as to mitigate the impact of compaction and leave the site almost in the same state in which it was occupied. Pictures of the area should be taken before handing it over to contactor which will help the RE to ensure an acceptable state of soil while getting the area back from the contractor. Construction material leftovers 234. Construction material leftover may likely happen after the closure of temporary construction sites. This might have short term and minimal insignificant impact on the project area. Mitigation • All shivers and material that remain after the closure of temporary construction sites are to be removed from the location and re-used/re- cycled where possible. • All remains are to be disposed of in a manner that will not be harmful to environment. Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources Contamination of surface water due to washing 235. There is a tendency to wash construction machinery and equipment using the stream water, eventually draining the same into the stream. Contaminants like motor oil, diesel and other such materials pollute the water body in the short run, causing harm to aquatic life, and affecting the overall water quality. Mitigation 236. Contractor will demarcate a washing area for all sorts of washing activities, with running water facility connected to a dedicated drain flowing into the septic tanks. There would be restriction on servicing/ washing of vehicles and equipment at site. Drinking water supply 237. Since the site and adjacent area is away from settlements, there is no connection available to a water supply scheme. There are springs in the

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catchment of the weir, but they can be far off. Stream water will need to be tested and used for drinking purposes. Mitigation 238. Contractor, under the guidance of Environment Specialist, will get stream water tested for chemical and biological contaminants, and assist in providing filtration to make water drinkable. There are numerous cost-effective water treatment models available in order to mitigate chemical and/or biological contamination. Sand filtration, UV treatment and oxidation are a few such methods. Municipal waste disposed into the stream 239. Municipal waste generated due to human activity is a concern if it is disposed and drained into the stream. Mitigation 240. Solid waste bins will be placed at labor eating and resting areas. Latrines and washing areas with septic tanks will be erected by the contractor at the construction site. Rubbishes from the project construction area and office area shall be classified/ collected and then treated by burial in a centralized manner. The landfill site will be arranged by mainly considering the natural gully and shall be closed after completing the construction. The landfill site area shall be equipped with seepage control system, leachate drainage system, gas conduction system, peripheral water drainage and interception, flood drainage and leachate collection processing facilities, etc. All these provisions will be incorporated in site Contractor Site Specific EMP for construction. Prior utilization, all the landfill sites or disposal sites will be approved by CSC Environment Specialist Water quality and sedimentation load 241. The soil texture at the subproject area is of medium quality with medium organic load. Due to the sand formation upstream, there is a likelihood of sedimentation load filling up the weir. Mitigation 242. Quarterly water sampling and testing will be conducted in order to ascertain water quality during different seasons. Two samples each from the labour camp and 10 m downstream location of the weir will be drawn for testing to make comparison of water quality with the baseline data to determine its suitability for labour consumption or any change in water quality due to construction of weir.

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Impact on Air Quality and Noise Pollution Dust from construction and smoke from plants and equipment 243. Due to nature of the construction, involving excavation, land leveling and clearing, a lot of dust will be produced. Heavy machinery will be used to carry out these activities which will result in vehicular emissions as well as other exhaust fumes. 244. Dust or other pollution from stored material is also inevitable, moderately significant and mitigative. Mitigation 245. Contractor’s contractual obligation to keep the dust and smoke low by using machinery which is well maintained and is almost noise less and all katcha roads and paths are sprinkled with water after regular intervals. 246. The contractor must avoid/ control the dust and smoke by carefully storing and distributing the construction material so as to cause minimum dust which again will be within the acceptable limits. Smoke from burning of waste and firewood 247. Labor will burn waste material and wood for various purposes, including cooking and heating, which will cause smoke, and in some weather conditions smog in the area. Mitigation 248. Contractor shall strictly prohibit burning of waste or of wood, especially extracted from nearby shrubs and bushes. Contractor must provide clean fuel to the labor to use for their daily purposes. Noise from use of old/and or out dated machinery 249. Old and poorly maintained machinery generates higher decibels of noise and causes noise pollution for workers in the close vicinity of heavy machinery. Mitigation 250. Contractor’s contractual obligation to use new, well maintained and low noise machinery preferably during day time. The drivers, operators and workers working on or near the heavy machinery must be provided ear plugs. 251. The contractor will ensure use of newer, well maintained machinery that creates minimum noise and emissions, as per National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS 2000). Environment Specialist will ensure that this clause is added into the bids and contracts. Night time construction activities will be strictly discouraged, and only be carried out in exceptional cases, with prior permission of Resident Engineer. Noise monitoring will be carried out near sensitive receptors on a monthly basis. The NEQS for noise in

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residential areas is 55 dB (A) in the day time and 45 dB (A) at night. It is recommended that noise levels close to sensitive receptors do not exceed 55 dB (A) during the day time as required by the NEQS. Dust Emission from stone quarrying and transportation 252. This will not cause any impact on the immediate project area except that the vehicles carrying the stone shall exert additional traffic load on the roads leading to the project. Crushed stone will fall on roads. Mitigation 253. Contractor shall use the road network carefully and repair any damages immediately. During transportation, covering of vehicle with sheet will be done. Unloading of vehicles will be done on designated sites. Impact on Biological Resources 254. No major change is expected in the habitat of the natural flora or fauna. No tree will be cut for the project construction. Small readjustment of place may be made by some birds and rodents. Similarly, negligible impact on aquatic life is anticipated. Mitigation 255. Environment Specialist together with line departments will ascertain the status of the site area in terms of occurrence of wildlife species, flora and fisheries. And in accordance, recommend a watch and ward system that will be based on partnership between communities, wildlife, forest & fisheries departments and district administration. Each partner’s roles will be specified at the onset, and responsibilities assigned. Till the completion of the survey, contractor will ensure no extraction takes place from the surrounding vegetation for fuel wood or hunting of any birds by the labor employed. If such a case is witnessed, it will be brought to the notice of the project management as well as the concerned Assistant Commissioner (AC). 256. Contractor’s obligation is to strictly respect the limits of construction site. Cutting of trees will be strictly prohibited and if no alternate is available plantation of trees will be done in case any tree is cut for project activities. Tree cutting will be restored by planting four trees against each tree cut. Borrow areas with least vegetation cover will be selected. The project will have a soft start for allowing time to reptiles to move away from the project site. There will be restriction and prohibition on hunting, shooting, trapping, and poaching of wild species. No night time activity will be carried out. Photographs of the project area will be taken at pre and post project stage. 257. Continuous inspection of the area will be carried jointly with other agencies involved in maintenance of protected areas.

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Impact on Aquatic Life 258. The construction of water retention structure can create serious modifications to riverine habitats and, as a consequence, affect fish populations and other biota in rivers. River channelization and the destruction of riparian and submerged vegetation are some of the main reasons for the decline of some fish populations. Moreover, these structures constitute an obstacle to fish migration and, as a result, affect population structure.

Sedimentation of stream water

259. During constructions of intakes and weirs the removal of bank/ in stream soil and vegetation clearing will cause sedimentation affecting fish and aquatic invertebrates sensitive to changes in the water quality parameters such as, increased turbidity, changes in temperature etc. 260. Fresh water fish and some other aquatic organisms are unlikely to live and breed well in such modified areas. In addition, sediment eroded from stream banks may be carried further downstream where it is deposited, smothering eggs and invertebrates. Moreover, extreme (too high) flow variations will increase sediment load from the project site, which inhibits percolation and lowers available oxygen. Sediment in the flow scours spawning beds for breeding species. 261. Fish species that rely on vision to obtain food would be adversely affected as a result of sedimentation. Poor visibility due to sedimentation of stream water (by construction activities). 262. Increased sediment load caused by eroded stockpiles may also occur during tunnel construction. Mitigation

• Monitor water flow during construction and maintain the minimum ecological requirement for all rivers to ensure water is available downstream all the time.

• Maintain the desired hydrological connectivity in the system (upstream- downstream and maintain low water temperature necessary for survival of the moderately flow-sensitive species found at this site;

• Ensure riverine protection by maintaining buffer zone along with the stream banks and planting of indigenous riparian trees to reduce sedimentation.

• Provide compensation and sediment channels in the weir as well as physical removal of sediment.

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Interference with fish movement/passage

263. During construction diversion weirs and water tunnels may create temporary barriers to highly mobile aquatic fauna unfamiliar with new surrounding until they adapt navigating across them. Long distant migratory fish may experience delays due to blocked passages, which depletes energy reserves and increases stress. Mitigation

• Minimize activities to areas of construction and initiate habitat restoration immediately after construction works are through; and

• Restore disturbed areas to near-to-nature to blend with the immediate environment.

Reduced water flow

264. Instances of reduced stream are anticipated from diversions and retention at points during construction. These may destroy delicate microhabitats within the river and may result in loss of aquatic fauna particularly during the dry season. For example, when there is no water flowing, species adapted to micro-habitats are lost or forced to the pool areas. However, the impacts will be localized only and may affect minor stretches of rivers. Mitigation

• Shorten the periods of temporary diversions as far as feasible.

Water contamination from Oil Spills and Leaks

265. To some extent discharge of toxic substances such as oil in the project construction site and their condensation in food chain may affect sensitive animals immediately; all living organisms may expire when the stream becomes unable to recover itself. Mitigation

• Ensure adequate waste management plan is in place and in use from the onset of construction; and

• Oil spill containment and clean-up equipment should always be available at the construction site with trained response team.

Modification of stream habitats

266. Some loss of breeding and nursery grounds for fishes and invertebrates may occur. These prolonged disturbances may cause stress to the animals.

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Mitigation

• Systematic search, capture and safe release of species inhabiting the right of way (for the weir structure) with the help of locals and labour force involved in construction work. Impacts on Socioeconomic, Cultural and Archaeological Issues Tribal Tension and Rivalries 267. Since the project will benefit a certain number of beneficiaries and their agricultural land, a tendency of rivalry exists which can cause tensions amongst neighboring households. Although terms of partnership have been signed with the intended beneficiaries, the risk will still remain. 268. Other socio economic cultural and archaeological impacts can be: • Disturbance to existing services: education, health, electricity, water supply or signboards. • Aggravation of any disputes on land ownership. • Any need for land acquisition. • Access to other construction materials. • Adverse effects on known archaeological sites. • Dealing with chance finds. • Problems to Health and Safety of labour and employees on construction work and provision of safety equipment to workers on site. • Employment of locals on the project. • Possibility of spread of HIV/AIDS amongst the project labour and adjoining population. • Rise in prices of essential commodities. • Gender Issues. • Recreational facilities for public. • Any spots of religious significance e.g. Mosques, Tombs and Shrines etc. • Discovery of Antiquities Mitigation 269. For matters pertaining to social obligation and benefits of the communities, if needed, a Social Framework Agreement shall be signed by the RE with communities to ensure their participation and full satisfaction in matters

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pertaining to them. All matters where contractor is involved, these should be made as his contractual obligations. 270. Project Team along with the Social Development Specialist will ensure continuous liaison with the communities throughout the construction phase of the project, so as to identify any such incident in time. Relevant political authorities will be kept abreast of the progress, as well as any such issue if in making. 271. If, during the execution of the activities or excavation, any material is discovered onsite, which may be considered of historical or cultural interest, such as evidence of prior settlements, native or historical activities, evidence of any existence on a site, which may be of cultural significance, all work shall be stopped and the supervising contracting officer shall be notified immediately. The area in which the material was discovered shall be marked and the evidence preserved for examination. Impact on Civic Infrastructure 272. This will cause additional wear and tear of roads and cross drainage. Such situation can arise through carelessness of the heavy machinery drivers / operators. Considerable damage to paths, roads and drainages may occur if the drivers/operators are not made aware, trained and bound to be careful. It is a concern of slight significance but can be mitigated through care and regulation. Mitigation 273. Contractor’s contractual obligation is to impose strict control over operators and drivers of all types of vehicles/machinery. Awareness may be given to them. The position of infrastructure and underground installation should be precisely located to avoid any damage. Should the damage take place, the contractor must be bound to carry out repair immediately. Community safety risks due to accidental or natural hazards 274. Although there are no settlements near the construction site, there is always some risk involved with construction activities. Also, since the area is prone to natural hazards including floods, earthquakes and drought, the construction team will pay heed to this risk as well. Mitigation 275. The contractor will ensure proper signage and fencing in order to limit public access to the construction site. Especially during activities such as excavation, access will be strictly restricted. Construction site will have a first aid facility with certain staff trained to handle emergencies. The design of the weir has been tested for a 38 years flood return period, but at the same time,

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an emergency response plan will be prepared by project in order to respond to any hazard caused naturally or otherwise. Health and safety of labour at construction site 276. Since the project is being constructed at a remote site in the Merged areas, safety of labor will be of prime concern. In addition, adequate measures related to Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) will have to be provided for the labor employed. Mitigation 277. The contractor will ensure that proper HSE protocols are in place, including protective gear, drinking water, sanitation, energy supply and overall safety for the labor. Evacuation plans in case of fire or any other accidents will also be prepared, and drills carried out to ensure the labor is aware of responding to such a situation. F.10 Operation Stage Impacts

278. Various operational activities will invariably create environmental disturbances, which may have impacts on the people working in the area nearby communities and flora and fauna. Such impacts include the following: Change in visual character and soil erosion 279. There will be a long-term visual impact due to the construction of the weir and the creation of the reservoir, so it is necessary to retain as much natural vegetation as possible supplemented with arrangement of additional vegetation where possible. 280. The construction phase visual impact will be local and temporary. The construction will take place at the weir site. The activities during construction that will affect the aesthetics of the area include excavation, stacking of material onto stockpiles and dumping at the waste disposal areas. Borrow pits and quarry areas are to be excavated, useful material will be stacked to stockpiles whereas waste and spoils will be dumped to waste disposal areas. These activities will result in the creation of artificial and unnatural features in the landscape. Mitigation • Restoration and environmental enhancement plan to be prepared. • Use of borrow areas with Engineer’s approval at specified depth. • Limited movement of machinery. • Documentation of area including photographs. • Ensuring areas under crops are not used as borrow areas.

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• Leveling and dressing of borrow areas; water sprinkling. Soil pollution due to excessive application of Pesticides and fertilizers 281. Pesticides and herbicides are applied to agricultural land to control pests that disrupt crop production. Soil contamination can occur when pesticides persist and accumulate in soils, which can alter microbial processes, increase plant uptake of the chemical, and also cause toxicity to soil organisms. Pesticide leaching occurs when pesticides mix with water and move through the soil, ultimately contaminating groundwater. The amount of leaching is correlated with particular soil type and pesticide characteristics and the degree of rainfall and irrigation. 282. Only a fraction of the nitrogen-based fertilizers is converted to produce and other plant matter. The remainder accumulates in the soil or lost as runoff. High application rates of nitrogen-containing fertilizers combined with the high water-solubility of nitrate leads to increased runoff into surface water as well as leaching into groundwater, thereby causing groundwater pollution. The excessive use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers (be they synthetic or natural) is particularly damaging, as much of the nitrogen that is not taken up by plants is transformed into nitrate which is easily leached. Mitigation 283. Agriculture Directorate shall introduce Agriculture extension programs targeting use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), green manure, and limiting use of pesticides/ fertilizers to required levels only will target farmer communities to inform and train them. In general, in Merged Areas the farmer uses mostly the Farm yard manure or green manure. The pesticide use is also rare, because of less vegetables and fruit production. Use of additional irrigation water for cultivating high delta crops 284. With additional guaranteed supply of irrigation water, there is strong likelihood that the farmers will cultivate high delta crops. Such practices will not be sustainable in longer term, since the water diversion capacity is dependent on the irrigation capacity of the weir. In such a situation, high water demand crops will consume maximum share of irrigation water supply, and leave the farmers unattended for future cropping seasons. Water balance models for the area will need to take heed of this factor, and cropping pattern will have to be developed. Mitigation

285. Cultivation of high delta crops will be strictly discouraged keeping in mind the appropriate use of the water for maximum area under cropping, and the water

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balance model24. Cropping pattern in accordance with the water balance model will be suggested and promoted with the help of the Agriculture Department. Monitoring Programmes 286. The following monitoring programmes will be developed prior to the commencement of project operations; • Landslide monitoring • Water quality monitoring • Watershed and flood telemetry monitoring Training/ Educational programmes 287. The following educational programmes will be developed prior to the commencement of project operations; • Employee induction programme on environmental awareness • Employee code of conduct • Health and Safety training programme

24 Water balance models were prepared as part of the Water Assessment Study and Management Plan, 2010

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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

General 288. This Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is produced as a complementary part of Detailed Design, as a free-standing document. It ensures incorporation of the relevant environmental factors into the overall project design and will identify linkages to other safeguard policies relating to the project.

Mitigation Measures 289. Based on the preliminary assessment, key mitigation measures recommended under this EMP are listed as follows: a. Identify and locate on project plans any sensitive natural resources in the project area including but not limited to patches of natural habitat, bird colonies, and wet lands, unique plant communities etc. (consult with local nature protection authorities). b. Identify local access routes through and around cultivated land and pasture. c. Minimize requirements for temporary or permanent alteration of lands. d. Provide zones for preliminary accumulation of wastes that will cause no damage to the vegetation cover and other components of the environment. e. Transport and disposal of construction concrete rubble, debris and spoils in approved paths and landfills/ dumpsites. f. Delineate access roads/ work areas carefully and prevent their expansion. g. Rehabilitate access roads and work areas after work completion (scratch soil with special engine, put fertile topsoil in place, etc.). h. Use closed/covered trucks for transportation of construction materials. i. Clean the surrounding area from dust by water sprinkling, removal of excess materials and cleaning of sites upon completion of activities. j. Restoration to original conditions of landscape after completion of construction and rehabilitation works. k. Arrange necessary preservation measures (establish protection zones, by-pass these areas during transportation and other). l. Cease the works at once, historical and cultural monuments are encountered during earthworks and provide relevant information to

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the State Agency for Historical and Cultural Monuments Protection. m. Conduct mid-term and end-of-project inspections to the sites during construction works. 290. The parameters, mitigation, monitoring and responsibility will be discussed in detail in the EMP. Residual Impact 291. Residual impacts are defined as those impacts that remain following the implementation of the mitigation measures proposed. Residual impacts refer to those environmental effects predicted to remain after the application of mitigation outlined in this IEE. The predicted residual effects are considered for each Project phase (Construction, Post Construction, Pre-Operations and Operation, as per the impact screening presented in Table 5.1, the significance has been determined for each residual adverse effect. Institutional Arrangements Management Responsibilities 292. The Merged Areas Secretariat is the project’s executing agency (EA). It established a Project Management Unit (PMU) in the Planning and Development Department of the Merged Area Secretariat. The PMU will be responsible for: (i) subproject preparation including feasibility studies; (ii) monitoring implementation of all project activities; (iii) undertaking all procurement activities; (iv) coordinating and monitoring the required civil works and project facilities; (v) undertaking financial accounting and reporting; and (vi) ensuring the project is implemented in compliance with ADB’s safeguard policies and procedures. 293. Project Implementation Units (PIU) are established in each of the three Districts for execution of the project at the district level. The three PIUs will have core staff comprised of a project manager assisted by account and administration officer, monitoring and evaluation coordinator, and social organizers. Project implementing agencies include the Directorate of Irrigation, which will be responsible for the improved irrigation infrastructure and on-farm water management components with the latter effort supported by the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Forests, which will be responsible for the watershed management component. The IAs will coordinate with the PMU and PIUs to ensure project activities are reflected

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in their annual work plans, along with requisite financial and human resources.

Environment and Social Management Unit

294. For an effective compliance of an EMP, roles and responsibilities need to be defined at the onset, with relevant professionals hired as project team members at the executing or implementing agency (EA/IA) levels. Moreover, these professionals are to be placed in the project hierarchy in such a way whereby they cannot be influenced by the operational teams (engineers, procurement, contractors, etc.) in order to lessen their compliance monitoring responsibilities. 295. For the Project, an ESMU is proposed to be set up within the Project Director’s (PD) Office at the EA/IA level, with direct reporting line to the PD. An Environment Specialist and a Social Development Specialist will be engaged as a part of the ESMU so as to ensure compliance to both parts of the EMP. 296. The responsibilities of ESMU will be the following, but not limited to: o Ensure effective compliance of EMP as per ADB Safeguards Policy requirements o Provide technical assistance to the Project Team, in matters related to EMP in particular, and to environmental and social safeguards as a whole o Put in place reporting mechanism and monitoring regimes for project staff as well as contractors o Ensure that EMP related clauses specifically, and environment related clauses in general, are part of all the tender/bid/RFP documents. o Provide technical input to the various training programs proposed as a part of the EMP o Ensuring that all regulatory clearances (for example, KP-EPA) have been obtained before starting civil works for the Subproject. o Conduct on site spot checks to check the compliance level, as well as for any outstanding issue not being covered by the EMP and o Regularly report to PD as well as ADB and EPA on progress related to EMP Compliance

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The Consultant

297. The Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC) will ensure the implementation and regular monitoring of the EMP in true letter and spirit during execution of the civil works and shall submit periodic reports to ESMU of IA regarding the EMP implementation status. The Consultant Environmental Specialist and Social Specialist will be responsible for EMP implementation and reporting any non-compliance to the Engineer of the Project and the ESMU.

a. The Contractor

298. The contractor will be responsible for on-site implementation of the EMP of the subproject environmental protection liabilities. They will be responsible for compliance of EMP provisions under contractual obligations. The contractor will train their crew/ staff in implementation of the EMP though capacity building interventions. 299. The EMP will be an integral part of the contract document. The bid should include a detailed environmental mitigation budget as part of the engineering costs of the respective works. Contractor will engage social and environmental managers to realize the above requirements. 300. A site-specific environmental management plan (SSEMP) will be prepared by the contractor before the commencement of civil work. Civil work will not be commenced on site before the approval of the SSEMP by the CSC and its endorsement by ADB.

b. Environmental Management Plan

301. The mitigation plan, being a key component of EMP includes measures to mitigate potential negative impacts and enhance its positive impacts during the construction phase of the subproject. The contractor is responsible for implementation of EMP with the co-operation of executing and implementing agencies, client staff, socio-environmental consultants and local community of the project. 302. The Environmental management plan, shown in Table 6.1, which also covers monitoring, will therefore form the basis of the environmental and social protection measures implemented by ESMU and Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) contractor that will be employed. The implementation of the EMP ensures that environmental, health and safety (EHS) and social performance is in accordance with national (PAK-EPA) and international (ADB Safeguard Policies) standards and best practice. 303. The Table 6.1 states the environmental management plan for the impacts along with mitigation plan, as well as the institutional responsibility.

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Table 6.1: Environmental Management (Mitigation) Plan (Construction & Operation)

Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Pre-Construction Stage Assure Legal • Acquire construction Before the Minimization and continued improvement in EPC ESMU/ compliance complications and permit/ Environmental construction of Number of reported number of reported non-compliances Contractor Consultant with relevant delay in project NOC from local authorities. the project non-compliances construction • Preparation of SSEMPs for activities. field each site and get them legislation. approved by the Consultant, before the construction works start. • Provide Water management guidelines if subprojects are executed near surface watercourse. Development Problems arising • An ‘Operation Pre-Operations Implementation Beneficial in long terms with the implementation ESMU PMU & ADB of Strategies. due to non- Environmental Action Plan’ Operation of Operation Environmental Action Plan’ (OEAP) compliance (OEAP) needs to be Environmental prepared demonstrating Action Plan’ (OEAP) the manner in which the Contractor/Operator will comply with the requirements of management plans proposed in EMP/SSEMP. • The following strategies and procedures will be developed prior to the commencement of Project operations: • Project specific security and public access control strategy;

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented • Project specific waste management strategy • Project specific air and noise control strategy; • Project specific traffic control strategy; Construction Stage Impacts Impacts on Land Resources Excavation • Noise & • Vegetation loss will be During • Implementation Not Significant (Minimal) EPC ESMU/CSC Vibration avoided as much as Construction of SSEMP Target = zero Threshold 1, with agreed Contractor • HSE issues possible and limited to before start of mitigation demarcated construction works area. • Annual reports • Slope stabilization and measures will be adopted documentation such as adequate vertical of safety and horizontal drains, inspection cross drainage etc. • Workforce • Slope movements will be /Community monitored around complaints excavation work areas. • Top six inches soil should be protected before excavation and should be placed back after completion of construction work. • Excavated material shall preferably be reused after approval of quality control engineer of CSC. • Non-reusable excavated material shall be safely dumped and leveled in barren land with approval

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented from Environment specialist of CSC and dumping location should be provided in SSEMP. Waste • Waste • To minimize environmental During • EPC’s Site Not Significant EPC ESMU/CSC Management Pollution impacts and avoid any construction officer and EHS (Minimal) Contractor need for disposal of stage officer in place earthwork materials or the • SSEMP importation and including Waste unnecessary storage of Management earth, the project will Plan maximize the reuse of • Zero Complaints excavated materials. from Community • All of the construction & Workers activity will be contained • Internal auditing inside construction area. and reporting by • Solid waste generation EPC should be reduced and should be reused and recycled. • Any residual spoil will have to be disposed in environment friendly manner, where it will be leveled and landscaped. The dumping sites must be approved by CSC environment specialist. • To be made contractor’s obligation through contract document, as an SSEMP will be prepared by the contractor and waste management plan will be a part of it.

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Labor camps • Cultural & • The contractor will, in During • Monthly Reports Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC and material Social issues consultation with RE, construction (EPC) (Minimal) storage • Water & resolve the exact location • Supervision by Sanitation of all these facilities within Consultant issues the barren land owned by • EHS officer the local community that implementing will be provided by the SSEMP community temporarily and Information free of cost. Events for work • The location of these force facilities will be at least 500 m away from the settlements. • The contractor will not locate and construct any facilities without the written approval of the CSC. Soil pollution • Soil pollution • Strict rules will be imposed Because the Spill contingency Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC due to oils and • Water on workers and labors to area can be plan is available at (Minimal) lubricants / pollution ensure that no such spills subject to un site equipment are caused. seasonal heavy Properly poor • If the spills take place, it rain plan before paved/cemented maintenance must be followed by and during mechanical and repairs / treatment prescribed construction workshop refueling at the above as per the degree of (cut and fill, land No water bodies construction spill. reclamation near the working site. • An Oil Spill Management etc.) while area Plan containing specific considering the Staff Training over mitigation measures to be climatic oil spillage part of contractor site conditions. All the vehicles and specific environmental machinery seals are management plan are: intact • Spill prevention trays will Containers are be provided and used at available for used oil refueling locations

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented • On-site maintenance of construction vehicles and equipment will be avoided, a vehicle maintenance area with impermeable floor will be designated. • Regular inspections will be carried out to detect leakages in construction vehicles and equipment. • Fuels and lubricants will be stored in covered and dyked areas, underlain with impervious lining. • Spill control kit (shovels, plastic bags and absorbent materials) will be available near fuel and oil storage areas. • Contaminated soil will be removed from the site and disposed in a manner to ensure protection of water sources • Emergency plan for spill management will be prepared and inducted to the staff for any incident of spill. • The bottom of any soak pit or septic tank will be constructed at least 100 meters away from springs and water bores

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented • Record of spills and Volume of removed contaminated soil will be maintained. • Record of remedial measures taken will be maintained. Heavy • Agriculture • It is contractor’s obligation Construction • Monthly Reports Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC Machinery Land Damage not to cause such damage and post (EPC) (Minimal) near and strictly follow the construction • Supervision by agricultural design. Consultant land • Top six inches soil will be • EHS officer protected and land will be implementing restored to its previous SSEMP condition after completion Information Events of construction works. for work force Earth borrow • Land owner • No private land will be Construction Top soil Minor Contractor ESMU/CSC problems acquired for the borrow and post management \Reduced • Levelling of areas. construction Government land after • The Contractor will ensure approved site borrowing that selected borrow areas Approval for any • Issues to the on irrigation land are other site by RE and local clearly demarcated and Government community approved by the engineer Borrow area • Compensation including the allowed depth management difficulties of the excavation before generated and starting excavation. implemented • The borrow areas will be Agreement in case leveled. The Contractor will of private land owner not leave the borrow pits in Grievance redress such a condition that they Mechanism are unsuitably filled with Leveling of Borrow rain water and cause the Area problem for the community.

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented • If the borrow area is near to the settlements, then it should be fenced completely. • If agriculture land needs to be used as borrowing area, then the Contractor will adopt the following methods during the digging process. • Fix the location of excavation. • Remove thirty centimeters of the top soil and keep it on reserved site for re- spreading in the field. • Excavate up to one-meter depth. • Maintain the slope as far as possible. • Place the top soil back during the restoration • Pay compensation for any damages/ crop losses. Movement and • Change in Soil • Avoid use of heavy During • Monthly Reports Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC Operation of characteristics machinery where possible. construction (EPC) (Minimal) heavy e.g. soil • Contractors before handing • Supervision by machinery & erosion, the site back will apply Consultant vehicles contamination such measures as to • EHS officer and mitigate the impact of implementing compaction compaction and leave the SSEMP site almost in the same • Information state in which it was Events for work occupied. force

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented • Pictures of the area should be taken before handing it over to contactor which will help the RE to ensure an acceptable state of soil while getting the area back from the contractor. Construction Waste generation • All shivers and material Completion of • Site Inspection Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC material due to closure of that remain after the Construction • Implementation (Minimal) leftovers and site closure of temporary of Environmental Short term during construction phase site restoration construction sites are to be Enhancement Occupation of removed from the location Program Beneficial in long terms with the implementation usable land. and re-used/re-cycled of Environmental Enhancement Program

where possible.

• All remains are to be disposed of in a manner that will not be harmful to environment. Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources Washing of • Contamination • Contractor will demarcate During • Documentation Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC Vehicle and of Surface a washing area for all sorts Construction of audit and (Minimal) equipment in water of washing activities, with remedial actions Short term during construction phase the stream running water facility where connected to a dedicated necessary drain flowing into the septic • Grievance’s tanks. There would be record restriction on servicing/ (Target=0, washing of vehicles and Threshold 1 with equipment at site. agreed mitigation) Drinking Water • Water borne • Contractor, under the Before • Documentation Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC supply diseases & guidance of Environment construction of audit and (Minimal) other water Specialist of CSC, will get and during the remedial actions related issues stream water tested for project where chemical and biological activities. necessary

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented contaminants, and assist in • Grievance’s providing filtration to make record water drinkable. (Target=0, • There are numerous cost- Threshold 1 with effective water treatment agreed models available in order mitigation) to mitigate chemical and/or biological contamination. Sand filtration, Chlorination, UV treatment and oxidation are a few such methods. Municipal solid • Nuisance and • Solid waste bins will be During • Implementation Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC and liquid Soil Pollution, placed at labor eating and construction of SSEMP (Minimal) Waste diseases due resting areas. • Site auditing Generation to dumping • Latrines and washing • Grievance’s areas with septic tanks will record be erected by the (Target=0, contractor at the Threshold 1 with construction site. agreed • Waste from the project mitigation) construction area and office area shall be segregated and collected by the Tehsil Municipal corporation for dumping at approved land fill site or if small amount then a natural gully or uncultivable land for dumping will be arranged with approval from CSC Environment Specialist. • All these provisions will be incorporated in site

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Contractor Site Specific EMP for construction. Prior utilization, all the landfill sites or disposal sites will be approved by CSC Environment Specialist

Water Quality • Health issues • Quarterly water sampling During • Plan to be Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC and Construction to labour from and testing will be developed (Minimal) PMU Sedimentation water borne conducted in order to and Post before Merged Load diseases ascertain water quality Construction completion of Areas during different seasons. construction • Surface water Secretariat quality • Two samples each from • Quarterly Water deterioration the labour camp and 10 m Monitoring due to downstream location of the Reports by EPA construction weir and will be drawn for certified and operation testing to make Laboratory of the project comparison of water quality with the baseline data to determine its suitability for labour consumption or any change in water quality due to construction of weir. Impacts on Air Quality and Noise Pollution Dust/smoke • Air pollution • Contractor’s contractual During • Water sprinkling Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC Emission from • Lung obligation will include Construction. Records (Minimal) plants and Diseases keeping the dust and Water sprinkling • Monthly reports equipment smoke within permissible to be done on EPC level by using machinery, regular/daily • Site Inspection which is well maintained basis. and Audits and with low noise. • Monthly • Land all katcha roads and Monitoring paths will be sprinkled with Reports by EPA

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented water after regular certified intervals. Laboratory • The contractor must avoid/ control the dust and smoke by carefully storing and distributing the construction material so as to cause minimum dust which again should be within the acceptable limits. Smoke from • Cutting of • Contractor shall strictly During • EPC’s Site Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC burning of trees and prohibit burning of waste or construction officer and EHS (Minimal) waste or shrubs of wood, especially officer in place firewood • Smoke extracted from nearby • SSEMP pollution shrubs and bushes. Implementation • Diseases • Contractor must provide • Internal auditing clean fuel like LPG and reporting by cylinders to the labor to EPC use for their daily purposes. Operation of Noise pollution • Contractor’s contractual During • EPC Site Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC heavy and vibration obligation is to use new, Construction Manager and (Minimal) mechanization well maintained and low stage EHS Officer in and noise machinery preferably Place generators. during day time. • Audit and • The drivers, operators and Inspection workers working on or near record of heavy the heavy machinery must mechanization be provided with ear plugs. and generators. The contractor will ensure • Monthly Noise use of newer, well level Monitoring maintained machinery that Reports by EPA creates minimum noise certified and emissions, as per Laboratory

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented National Environmental • No. of Quality Standards (NEQS Grievance’s 2000) (Target=0) • Environment Specialist of CSC will ensure that this clause is added to the bidding and contract document. • Night time construction activities will be strictly discouraged, and may only be carried out in exceptional cases, with prior permission of Resident Engineer. • Noise monitoring will be carried out near sensitive receptors on a quarterly basis. • The NEQS for noise in residential areas is 55 dB (A) in the day-time and 45 dB (A) at night. It is recommended that noise levels close to sensitive receptors do not exceed 55 dB (A) during the day time as required by the NEQS. Stone • Dust Emission • Contractor shall use the During • Recording of Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC quarrying and and lungs road network carefully and construction. violations and (Minimal) Transportation diseases. repair any damages corrective of material immediately. measures • During transportation, • Performance of covering of vehicle with Regular Driver sheet will be done. Training (target

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented • Unloading of vehicles will 100% be done on designated participation of sites. drivers) • Instruction and Information Events for workforce • No. of accidents (Target=0)

Impacts on Biological Resources Multiple project • Damage to • Environment Specialist Rerouting and • EPC internal Not Significant (Minimal) Contractor ESMU/CSC activities Flora and together with line site monitoring and during construction phase Fauna departments will ascertain identification monthly reports • Impact on the status of the site area during design • Site auditing Beneficial in long terms with the implementation aquatic life in terms of occurrence of stage and other • Photographic of Environmental Enhancement Program wildlife species, flora and matters during record of pre fisheries. And in construction of and post project accordance, recommend a relevant • Implementation watch and ward system activities of Environmental that will be based on Enhancement partnership between Program communities, wildlife, forest & fisheries departments and district administration. Each partner’s roles will be specified at the onset, and responsibilities assigned. • Till the completion of the survey, contractor will ensure no extraction takes place from the surrounding vegetation for fuel wood or

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented hunting of any birds by the labor employed. • If such a case is witnessed, it will be brought to the notice of the project management as well as the concerned Assistant Commissioner(AC) • Contractor’s obligation is to strictly respect the limits of construction site. • Cutting of trees will be strictly prohibited and if no alternate is available plantation of trees will be done in case any tree is cut for project activities. • Tree cutting will be restored by planting four trees against each tree cut. • Borrow areas with least vegetation cover will be selected. • The project will have a soft start for allowing time to reptiles to move away from the project site. • There will be restriction and prohibition on hunting, shooting, trapping, and poaching of wild species. • No night time activity will be carried out.

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented • Photographs of the project area will be taken at pre and post project stage. • Continuous inspection of the area will be carried jointly with other agencies involved in maintenance of protected areas. • Monitor water flow during construction and maintain the minimum ecological requirement for all rivers to ensure water is available downstream all the time. • Maintain the desired hydrological connectivity in the system (upstream- downstream and maintain low water temperature necessary for survival of the moderately flow- sensitive species found at this site; • Ensure riverine protection by maintaining buffer zone along with the stream banks and planting of indigenous riparian trees to reduce sedimentation. • Provide compensation and sediment channels in the weir as well as physical removal of sediment. • Minimize activities to areas of construction and initiate

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented habitat restoration immediately after construction works are through; and • Restore disturbed areas to near-to-nature to blend with the immediate environment. • Systematic search, capture and safe release of species inhabiting the right of way (for the weir structure) with the help of locals and labour force involved in construction work. Impacts on Socioeconomic and Cultural Issues Project • Tribal tensions • Ensure continuous liaison Before and • Continued Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC Activities and rivalries with the communities During Community (Minimal) throughout the construction construction Consultation of the project, so as to Records identify any such incident • Implementation in time. of Community • Relevant political Liaison Plan by authorities will be kept EPC abreast of the progress, as • No. Of well as any such issue if in Grievance’s making. (Target=0) • The contractor is required to develop Chance Find Procedure as part of the SSEMP. Excavation Impact on the • Precisely situate the Before the • Continued Not Significant Contractor CS activities existing civil position of infrastructure construction of Community (Minimal) Consultant / infrastructure and and underground the dam and all EMU in

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented facilities, installations at the local other structures, Consultation cooperation especially works in cooperation with the APs should Records with underground the relevant institutions at be given • No. Of concerned installations (water all levels of authority. sufficient time Grievance’s Department. supply and • Close liaison with local and (Target=0) I-e, Public sewerage pipeline relevant authorities compensation • Monthly Reports Health etc. etc.) which cause • Should the damage take to satisfy them. on Information obstacles in the place, the contractor must activities and provision of contractually be bound to response from services to carry out repair community consumers immediately. • Liaison Records with local relevant authorities Increased • Disparity due • Prioritize qualified local At the time of • Job Posting and Highly Beneficial Contractor ESMU/CSC possibility of to foreign population in employment. commencement information in employment workers of project. local and income in Complaints of communities the local APs to be • Transparency of community. solved as soon employment as possible. procedures and records • Monthly Reports on Information activities and response from community • Up to date information on employment opportunities Influx of • Social • Establishment of camp on During the • Up to date Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC external conflicts community owned barren construction information on (Minimal) workforce land away from population activities. employment at least 500m away. opportunities

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented • . Contractor need to obtain • Job Posting approval from the Records Engineer. • Information • Hiring of work force from Events Record local communities; • EPC Monthly Awareness raising of Reports residents for safety • Site Audit protection. Reports • Awareness raising of labor to ensure respect for local customs and norms. • Child labor will be prohibited at subproject sites. • Maintain record of all resources usage like water, fuel, manpower, machinery, equipment, etc. Conflicts arising • Preference to provide jobs Before and • Up to date Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC due to Mixing of to local job seekers. during the information on (Minimal) local and • Motivation/Trainings to the construction of employment migratory job workers for a peaceful project. opportunities seekers work environment. • Job Posting Records • Information Events Record • EPC Monthly Reports • Site Audit Reports

Movement of • Noise, • Plan the relocation of Necessary • Implementation Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC traffic and vibration, equipment at time when evacuations to of Construction (Minimal) heavy hindrance to daily traffic is not jammed; be done as Site machinery provide alternative when necessary

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented the locals, passage for pedestrians if construction Organization dust pollution. and vehicles in cooperation impacts are of Plan with local authorities or significant • Health and provide a safe passage duration and safety Plans in through the construction close to APs. Place and site. Implemented • Avoid roads through • Site Audit inhabited areas especially near schools and hospitals. • Prepare and implement the Construction Site Organization Plan that incorporates good construction practice measures. • Population at • Assure adequate warning Prior to and • Implementation Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC increased signs, lighting, protective throughout the of SSEMP, (Minimal) risks of traffic fencing etc. construction. Traffic Short term during construction stage accidents and • Observe traffic rules. Management construction • Clean construction waste Plant works form the construction site • Accident/Inciden both in the construction t Record phase and after works • Implementation completion, when closing of Construction the construction site. Site • Assure medical supplies Organization and aid through Plan institutional and • Site Audits & administrative Inspection arrangements with municipal hospitals at the construction site. Multiple project • Risk of injuries • Demand from all workers Prior to • Site Inspection Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC activities at work to abide by the Protection commencement • Monthly EPC (Minimal) related to HSE at work measures. Reports

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented • Provide protective and during • PPEs issuance equipment; install warning construction records signs at the construction • Health and site. safety Plans in • Prepare and implement the Place and Construction site Implemented Organization Plan and • Implementation Protection at work of Construction measures plan. Site Organization Plan

• Accident risks • Preparation and Prior to • Monthly EPC Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC implementation of HSE commencement Reports (Minimal) Plan. and during • PPEs issuance • Provision of PPEs. construction records • Provision of first aid kits • Health and and emergency vehicle. safety Plans in • Emergency response Place and teams. Implemented • Preparation of emergency • Implementation response plans of Construction Site Organization Plan • Accident/Inciden t Record • Health risks • Preparation and During • Workplace Risk Contractor ESMU/CSC due to unsafe implementation of HSE construction Assessment and Plan. Safety measures before start of unhygienic taken by the contractor works living such as installation of • Health and environment. firefighting equipment, safe safety Plans in storage of hazardous Place and material, fencing, provision Implemented

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented of first aid facilities etc.; Contingency measures in case of accidents; Obligatory insurance of contractor’s staff and laborers against accidents; Provision of adequate sanitation, washing, lighting, cooking and dormitory facilities. HSE trainings to construction and camp staff. • EHS Training • Arrange training, During • EHS Trainings Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC guidelines and brushers in construction and Events (Minimal) Urdu to staff and laborers Record about the Environment, Health and Safety. Operation Stage Impacts and Maintenance (O&M) Earth and • Change in • Restoration and Pre-Operations • Implementation Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC Borrowing visual Environmental of (Minimal) EPA activities, character and enhancement plan to be Environmental Short term during construction phase ADB fertilization for soil erosion prepared. enhancement crops • Use of borrow areas with plan Beneficial in long terms with the implementation Engineer’s approval at • EPC of Environmental Enhancement Program specified depth. Construction • Limited movement of Completion machinery. Report • Documentation of area. • Site Inspection • Ensuring areas under crops are not used as borrow areas. • Leveling and dressing of borrow areas; Water sprinkling.

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented • Rescue of any encountered species. • Soil pollution • Agriculture extension Post • Agriculture Minor Agriculture Merged Areas due to programs targeting use of Construction extension Directorate Secretariat excessive Integrated Pest program application of Management (IPM), green developed fertilizers and manure, and limiting use of before pesticides pesticides to required completion of levels only will target construction farmer communities to inform and train them • Use of • Cultivation of high delta Post Agriculture Not Significant Agriculture Merged Areas irrigation crops will be strictly construction extension program (Minimal) Directorate Secretariat water for discouraged. developed before cultivating Cropping pattern in completion of high delta accordance with the water construction crops balance model will be suggested and promoted.

Monitoring Mitigation plan The following monitoring Operational Site Inspection Beneficial in long terms with the implementation Irrigation Merged Areas programmes implementation programmes will be developed stage Monitoring Reports of Operation Environmental Action Plan’ (OEAP) Department Secretariat cannot be gauged prior to the commencement of Project operations: Landslide monitoring; Water quality monitoring Watershed and flood telemetry monitoring

Effect on The following educational Operational Implementation of Highly Beneficial Irrigation Merged Areas Training/ employees` programmes will be developed stage Training Events and Department Secretariat educational efficiency during prior to the commencement of Programs programmes. project Project operations: • Employee induction programme on

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented environmental awareness; • Employee code of conduct; • Health and Safety training programme MM: Mitigation Measures

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Monitoring Activities 304. For each of the environmental components, the monitoring plan specifies the parameters to be monitored; location of the monitoring sites and duration of monitoring. The monitoring plan also specifies the applicable standards, implementation and supervising responsibilities. 305. In addition to the critical locations selected during design stage, the environmental monitoring will also be done at the construction camp site and any other plant site as determined relevant during rehabilitation works stage. Performance Indicators 306. A key aspect of monitoring is defining relevant indicators. A Performance Indicator is a measurable value that demonstrates how effectively the EMP is achieving its key objectives, evaluated against the criteria defined in environmental management Plan.

Table 6.2 Environmental Monitoring

Sr. Test Frequency Parameters Location of Number of No. Monitoring samples 1 Water Quarterly pH Surface 02 (surface Quality water and Ground Colour sample to water) Odour be collected 10 m Electrical Conductivity downstream Turbidity of the weir. Alkalinity Drinking water Bicarbonate sample from Carbonate Labour camp Calcium Sodium Potassium Hardness Sulphate Nitrates TDS Total Coliforms & E-Coli 2 Air Quarterly for Carbon Monoxide (CO) 10 m from 01 Quality one hour at the main Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) construction construction site Nitrogen Oxide (NO) site Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

PM10 Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)

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3 Noise Quarterly Quarterly and whenever 10 m from 02 Quality for one hour required in an construction at emergency or exceeding site construction the NEQS limits site Project Enhancement Plans Restoration Plan 307. If during construction, further material is required or contractor needs to borrow material from any other site, then the contractor can acquire private land in accordance with the lease agreement with the land owner. Photographic record will be kept before and after the land use as borrowing area. The contractor will not leave borrow pit in such a condition that they are unusable and could be filled with rain water and provide breeding place for mosquitoes or cause any health and safety issues. Agricultural land should be restored such that it can be re-used for agricultural purpose. The topsoil of agricultural land, is used as borrow area, the top soil up to 6 inches and kept separate on site for its re-spread back on the leveled borrow area. After removal of top soil, excavation may be done up to maximum 3 feet. Then the site area should be leveled for placing the topsoil back. Reports 308. The Environmental Specialist of the Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC) shall produce periodic reports as well as inspection notes based upon the visits to the subproject site. The contractor will submit weekly checklist report to CSC on the basis of which CSC will prepare monthly report and submit to PMU. Similarly, CSC will prepare Bi-annual report on ADB’s format and submit to PMU for onward submission to ADB. 309. This information shall make a basis for Project Management Unit (PMU) for their further reporting or visiting the site. All reports shall be location based and activity specific. The reports shall especially identify areas of contractor’s noncompliance with the EMP and SSEMP, and provide guiding remarks on actions to be taken. The significance of the non-compliance shall also be noted. Copies of these reports shall be sent to the Resident Engineer (RE) who shall forward them to the team leader, Head PMU and the contractor for their action(s). The RE will include in routine reports a summary status of activities relating to the EMP. Supplemental reports on issues should also be prepared when required. 310. The consultant’s environmental team will produce daily, monthly reports, as well as a final report of the project based on the information collected. The Table of Contents (TOC) of Monthly Environmental Monitoring Report is annexed as Annex-IV. The list of distribution reports is given in Table 6.3.

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Table 6.3: Distribution of Reports

Report Prepared by Reviewed by Distribution

Weekly Contractor’s Contractor`s Resident Engineer Checklist HSE/Environment officer Environment Officer and Consultant’s Environment Specialist

Monthly Environment team of the PMU`s Environment Project Director Design & Construction Specialist Supervision Consultants

Effects Environment team of the PMU`s Environment Project Director Monitoring Design & Construction Specialist Supervision Consultants

Change Environment team of the PMU`s Environment Project Director Management Design & Construction Specialist Supervision Consultants

Semi-annual Environment team of the PMU`s Environment ADB through Design & Construction Specialist Project Director Supervision Consultants

Final Environment team of the Reviewed by ESMU of ADB through Design & Construction ESMU Project Director Supervision Consultants

*Semi Annual and final completion environmental reports will be prepared on ADB approved format Training Schedule 311. Environmental training will form part of the Environment Management Plan. The training will be conducted for all personnel involved in the project works. The key objective of training program is to ensure that the requirements of the EMP are clearly understood and followed throughout implementation of the Subproject. The trainings to the staff will help in communicating environmental related restrictions specified in the EMP. The contractors will

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be primarily responsible for providing environmental training to all project personnel on potential environmental issues of the subproject. Responsibility of trainings related to public safety lies with PIU. In addition to the training specified in the training log, special/ additional trainings will be provided during the subproject activity.

Estimated Implementation Budget 312. Contractor will be responsible for the implementation of environmental mitigation plan. Most of the mitigation measures are covered in the engineering costs of the respective works. The following EMP Cost reflected in Table 6.4 deem to covered in the engineering cost, the contractor will not claim this amount as a direct cost, while the environmental monitoring cost (Table 6.5) to be claimed as a direct cost, when to be carried out at site. The appointment of Environment Health & Safety (EHS) staff is already included in the contractor Employees/personnel requirement. The afforestation cost will be covered as part of Watershed Management component for the project catchment area.

Table 6.4: Estimated Budget for Environmental Management

Serial No. Description Amount in Pak Rs 1 PPEs 1,00,000 2 Safety Banners & Sign boards 25,000 3 Medical facility at site 1,00,000 4 Water sprinkling 2,00,000 5 Fire protection equipment’s 50,000 6 HSE Training 1,00,000 7 Misc. (Unforeseen) 75,000 Total Amount 6,50,000

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Table 6.5: Estimated Budget for Environmental Monitoring

Item No Item Parameters Frequency Rate As per Contract Description (Rs) Amount Quantity Amount 1 Air Testing 1. Carbon Quarterly 8000 4/year 32000 at site Monoxide (CO) 2. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 3. Nitric Oxide (NO) 4. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 5. PM10 6. PM2.5 2 Noise 1. Noise Quarterly 500 8/year 4000 Testing at site 3 Water 1. Total Coli form Quarterly 11000 8/year 88000 Testing in 2. E. coli Lab 3. pH 4. Total Dissolved solids (TDS) 5. Total Hardness as CaCO3 6. Sodium 7. Potassium 8. Sulphate 9. Chloride 10. Alkalinity 11. Color 12. Odor 13. Taste 14. Nitrogen-Nitrates 15. TSS Total 1,24,000 Contingency 6200 Cost @5% Grand Total 1,30,200

Third Party Monitoring 313. The purpose of third-party monitoring is to ensure that the project is implemented with due concern for Environmental and Social Safeguards according to ADB’s Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS) 2009, and specifically to ensure that these issues are adequately addressed in compliance with the approved EIA/IEE reports and Environmental Management Plan (EMP). The third-party monitoring consultant will check / validate these reports during the construction phase of the project to ADB and also the Project Completion Report. ABD will hire third party monitoring consultant. 314. As per TOR of the Contract the Third-Party Consultant will perform the following key tasks. i. review the subproject's environmental performance to ensure that it complies with the national environmental legislation, requirements under Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, ADB's environmental safeguards as stipulated in Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) and

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relevant environmental documents (IEE, EIA, Site specific EMP, Environmental Assessment and Review Framework); ii. monitor and participate in selected subprojects' design and construction stage consultations; iii. monitor the performance of consultants in delivering the services and the performance of EA/PMU/PIUs and IAs in delivering their roles and responsibilities so that the project stay compliant with ADB environmental safeguards; iv. monitor on sample basis EMP compliance at a construction site; v. in the case of unpredicted environmental impacts occurring during project implementation, provide guidance on the preparation of a corrective action plan, and monitor its implementation; vi. support the PMU in information sharing and disclosure of environmental safeguard documents, training on environmental management, and health and safety aspects to project staff; vii. if required, participate in the ADB project review missions to assist in due diligence reviews and analyses; viii. identify implementation capacities gaps, recommend improvements and troubleshooting to address bottlenecks and emerging issues that affect project management; 315. The Consultant will deliver (a) third party monitoring detailed plan in consultation with the EA, PMU, PIU and IAs; (b) biannual external environment safeguards monitoring report; and (c) collate and provide input to the final TA report. The Consultant will report to ADB Project Team Lead in PRM Islamabad.

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Public Consultation

General 316. Public Consultation is a process to disclose project information to the local communities and other concerned stakeholders and record feedback regarding the proposed subproject and preference. It brings new ideas and information in a dynamic and integrated way. It also educates the community towards type and objectives and persuades them to be rational to participate in the subproject activities. 317. The public consultation process was commenced in the initial feasibility stages (prior to construction) in order to disclose the project information to the stakeholders. The stakeholders involved in the process, were the population likely to be impacted, the village leaders and relevant departments. 318. Prior to the implementation of the subproject, consultations have been carried out to support this EMP. The focus of attention has been the population near the subproject area that may be affected by the subproject. The level of engagement varied from the stakeholder to stakeholder with some registering no major comment but it is noted that none registered any outright opposition to subproject. 319. The disclosure of the subproject intervention and subsequent consultation with stakeholders is imperative for the environmental assessment and mitigation of impacts. Public consultation can also provide a conduit for the improvement of the subproject implementation to better serve the stakeholders. In this EMMP, the consultation process was performed to achieve the objective of ADB’s Safe guard Policy Statement 2009. 320. The main objectives of public participation and consultation are to achieve the following: • Ensure public and community participation in the Subproject environmental policy objectives and decision making. • Ensure public confidence in the administration of the environment by demonstrating the role of government to enforce the environmental stewardship of government agencies and organs, corporate citizens and elite organizations; • Grant the citizenry access to environmental information and data, thereby promoting the quality of environmental management and compliance monitoring. • Provide key project information and create awareness among various stakeholders about the project intervention;

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• Have interaction for primary and secondary data collection with project affectees and other stakeholders; • Begin establishing communication and an evolving mechanism for the resolution of social and environmental problems at local and project level; • Involve project stakeholders in an inclusive manner; • Receive feedback from primary stakeholders on mitigation and enhancement measures for environmental and social impacts. 321. Community engagement provides a valuable link between the stakeholders of the Subproject and serves by; • Enabling the community to be better informed • Reducing the level of possible misconception/ misinterpretation or deception • Ensuring commitment and greater ownership of the final decision by the community • Strengthening relationships between project cycle and the community • Encouraging the community to put forward ideas • Assembling better understanding of local needs; and

• Helping to identify issues which may not otherwise have been considered Identification of Stakeholders 322. Stakeholders are persons or groups who are directly or indirectly affected by a project as well as those who may have interests in a project and/or the ability to influence its outcome, either positively or negatively. Stakeholders of the Subproject include locally affected communities, local government authorities, and civil society organizations, groups with special interests, the academic community, or businesses. (Figure 7.1). 323. During the field survey, the different stakeholders identified, were the villagers, local residents, government officials, farmers, public representative, NGO’s and general public. All those stakeholders had different types of stakes according to their professions. 324. Two types of the stakeholders were identified: the primary stakeholders, who would be directly affected by the Subproject; and the secondary stakeholders, who would be indirectly affected by the Subproject.

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Figure 7.1: Identification of Stakeholders

325. These stakeholders were contacted by the consultants. Their views and reservations/ concerns about the subproject were taken into consideration. The Construction Supervision Consultants (CSCs) also interacted with the community- based organizations that can support the community during the execution of the subproject. 326. Tribal society is dominated by men with final say in the affairs of all members of the family. Women, by comparison, play a subservient role and observe strict purdah (veiling). They are for the most part restricted to performing household work, and are excluded from decision-making both on the domestic front and at the community level. Keeping in mind the above background, women of the subproject area could not be consulted. Methodology 327. To carry out stakeholder consultations, the survey team adopted a strategic and flexible approach, where influential were earlier briefed and taken into confidence

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for holding community level meetings. This was followed by candid meetings with residents and small group meetings with locals. 328. A number of comprehensive consultations were carried out with the subproject stakeholders at various locations during the preparation of environmental and social impact assessment. These consultations were carried out during March, 2017. The consultation and scoping sessions were designed specifically to provide Subproject information to the public. These sessions were informal so as to encourage friendly social environment in which participants may feel comfortable in raising questions, expressing their opinion and concerns about the Subproject besides seeking clarification regarding their concerns. The focus group discussions were instrumental in the process, whereas one-to- one meetings were also held with the institutions. 329. The subproject survey was carried out to cover socio-economic condition of the area and to assess the farmer community’s demands and difficulties with the consideration of the following protocols: 330. The meeting was freely formatted so as to avoid any uneasiness of local farmers and to provide them maximum freedom of speech. • Survey team has highlighted the potential benefits of project implementation and noticing any aspects which would need to be covered in greater detail during execution stage. • Discussions were also made regarding the proposed rehabilitation of irrigation system and feedback /suggestions based on historical knowledge of area were recorded. • Preliminary assessment of community’s willingness was assessed to contribute to project implementation in the form of local labour with the Civil Works Contractor. Agenda of Consultative Session 331. The agenda for the consultative session with local farmers was prepared after investigating all existing irrigation infrastructure in the area. Similarly, an informal interview guide was used to obtain views of key informants on the issues of irrigation in the project area. Data obtained helped the facilitator in drafting and adopting the following agenda for the community meetings.  To assess the apprehensions and aspirations of the local farmers regarding improvements to the existing irrigation infrastructure;

 To assess indigenous knowledge of potential improvements in irrigation system

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 Knowledge and experience of any similar works undertaken by government agencies, NGOs and other technical institutions.

Local Farmer Views 332. The local farmers openly expressed their views that farmers understood fully that improved and ensured surface water supply is the only way to improve agriculture and rural livelihood. The improved surface water supplies will contribute to minimize reliance on ground water abstraction thus, resulting into improved income and regulated ground water regime. The peoples told that the tail end users will not receive water, as experience of surrounding irrigated area. Farmers termed the uncertain and unreliable supply of the canal water. No one has directly or indirectly indicated any negative feelings towards the proposed intervention. Table 7.1 shows the farmers views for dissatisfaction with canal system.

Table 7.1: Farmer Reasons for Dissatisfaction with Canal Systems

Grievances % Farmer views

Katcha water-courses 25%

Poor timing management 7%

Water theft 25%

Inadequate supply 35%

Water wastage 2%

Mogha Problems 6%

333. Relations between farmers and Irrigation Department officers are generally poor. Rural farmers have little trust in government generally and in the Irrigation Department in particular. Therefore, the proposed weir will be supervised by the farmer community. The irrigation Department will arrange only the major repair in future. 334. When asked whether a Farmers’ Organization (FO) would be useful or not, respondent answers were largely in favor (90%). Farmers want FOs to share the resolution of issues like water theft, cementing of watercourse etc, agricultural issues (e.g. marketing) and credit etc. 335. The participants were in complete agreement about the benefits of the project and expressed full support to the project. Qualitative assessment during the field survey indicates that the community is willing to contribute to subproject implementation by working as unskilled labour. The preference is to work during the agricultural off-season. Training in labour-based construction works will be

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needed in order to implement the project efficiently. This will also result in necessary basic skills transfer for future maintenance of the scheme. Consultation with Other Stakeholders and Their Response 336. The potential stakeholders were inhabitants, field staff of Merged Areas Irrigation Department (FID) and other relevant departments working in the Subproject area. During the consultation, maximum information about the Subproject was shared. A list of Government official consulted is enlisted in Table 7.2 and local Notables/beneficiaries farmers are in Table 7.3. 337. All the stakeholders including the local community were consulted about the proposed subproject. Salient features of the subproject and requirement of ADB SPS were discussed. Subproject does not require land acquisition and no resettlement of the people is involved. There is no major issue related to the RoW of the subproject, which was provided by Irrigation Department. Public consultation was also made with the local people residing in the adjacent and surveyed villages in the subproject area. The discussion was focused on the impacts of the proposed subproject. 338. The people were pleased to know about the proposed subproject. They appreciated the efforts of taking-up the subproject for providing benefits to the public. 339. The stakeholders were asked about the likely impacts of the proposed subproject during construction/ execution phases. Most of the people have knowledge about the subproject. The people of the area were briefed about the both negative and positive impacts of the subproject during construction. They responded that the negative impacts like noise and dust are very minor and temporary issues as compared to the positive impacts which will help them to improve their socioeconomic conditions. People of the area were demanding some basic facilities like drinking water supply, electricity, Schools and Basic Health Units (BHU) etc however they were told that the project focuses only on improving irrigation and efficient use of water resources. They also demanded for flood protection wall. Their concerns were noted and were shared with the line department and their queries about the subproject were answered to their satisfaction. Suggestions were also sought from the locals for incorporating mitigation measures in the EMP.

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Table 7.2: List of Government Official Contacted

S. No Name Designation Department Contact No 1 M. Ismail Agriculture Officer 0301-5028860(0942- Agriculture 220445) 2 Abdu Rahman XEN 03009065647(0942- Irrigation 220393) 3 Hayat Ali DFO 0303-9292900(0942- Forest 221290)

Table 7.3: List of Community Consultation Participants

S/No. Name CNIC No. Cell No. 1. Amir Muhammad 21104-6255150-7 0302-8870994 2. Muhammad Hakeem 21104-5962826-9 0304-5053331 3. Rasool Muhammad 21103-4081778-3 0301-5881570 4. Rahmani Gul 21103-3361054-1 0303-8616548 5. Fetah Khan 15702-2438588-1 - 6. Naseeb Gul 21106-5813956-1 - 7. Noor Rehman 21103-8184705-3 0304-1918770 8. Ihsan ullah 21103-3361054-1 0308-7468713 9. Nasrullah 21103-2295861-7 0308-5901962 10. khan zarin 21102-0918651-9 0345-8828262 11. Gula khan 21104-3727195-7 - 12. Lala zada 21103-2294051-5 - 13. Rahman ullah 21103-7720487-7 0308-8313186 14. Kach kool 21003-7938380-5 -

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Figure 7.2: Community Meetings at Badi Samoor

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GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

General 340. A Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM), consisted with the requirements of ADB safeguard policies will be established to prevent and redress community concerns, reduce risks, and assist the project to maximize social and environmental benefits, in addition to serving as a platform to resolve grievances. For this purpose, a Public Complaint Centre with Public Complaint Committee will be established in all concerned agencies where the project activities are in progress. Generally, all project staff, management staff involved in the project, and government administrators will take on grievance handling as a responsibility. The GRM members should be qualified, experienced, and competent personnel who can win the respect and confidence of the affected communities. Criteria for selecting members of GRM could include the following knowledge of the project, its objectives, and outcomes; technical knowledge and expertise, e.g., irrigation, engineering, environmental, geological; understanding of the social, economic, and cultural environments and the dynamics of the communities; capacity to absorb the issues dealt with and to contribute actively to decision-making processes; social recognition and standing; and an equitable representation of the community. 341. The following committee members are being proposed for Public Complaint Centers at concerned agencies where project activities are being undertaken: 1. Chairperson, Project Director-FWRDP. 2. Member: Community elder/Malak, Religious leader. 3. Member: Social Development Officer/ Resettlement officer - FWRDP. 4. Member: Environment Officer - FWRDP 5. Member: from village organization (one for Executive Body and one for General Body) 6. Member: PIU (Project Manager, Monitoring officer and Social organizer) 7. Member: from Contractor/Environment Specialist/Manager 8. Member: District Administration Representative 9. Member: from Line Department

Objectives of Grievance Redress Mechanism 342. The main objective of establishing GRM is to resolve problems in an efficient, timely and cost-effective manner in a cordial environment with the participation of all stakeholders including affected parties. GRM shall describe the options available to the project for grievance redress. Any environmental or social impacts

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that would be adversely affecting the general public in the project area should be resolved through the GRM. 343. The PIU shall indicate how these would be disseminated and accessible to affected parties in a way that should be clear and applicable as per ground conditions to the Implementing Agency (IA). The Grievance Redress Mechanism should also have an in-built monitoring mechanism to check on responsiveness to complaints or grievances lodged. The different forms of receiving the complaints should be clearly described together with the different stages of going through the process. In addition, the redress mechanism shall indicate alternatives, in case the proposed mechanism, for any reason, does not respond to all grievances and complaints. GRM should be able to provide benefits to both the project and affected parties by setting up following objectives,

• Provide a forum for redressing grievance and disputes at the lowest level. • To build up productive relationship among the all stakeholders including affected parties. • Provide access to affected parties to negotiate and influence the decisions and policies of the project which might affect them adversely. • Mitigates or prevents adverse impacts of the project on communities and produces appropriate corrective or preventive action. • To harmonize both project and affected parties activities. • Open channels for effective communication, including the identification of new social and environmental issues of concern arising from the project: • Accessible to diverse members of community, including more vulnerable groups such as women and youth • Provide opportunities for confidentialities and privacy for complainants to be

honored where this is seen as important

Awareness of GRM 344. GRM should be widely publicized among stakeholder groups such as the affected Communities, government agencies, and Community organizations. Lack of knowledge about GRM results in people not approaching and using it, and they eventually lose the importance and the validity of the purpose for which they were created. People should also be informed about their options, depending on the types of complaints, but should not be encouraged to submit false claims. Criteria

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for eligibility need to be communicated. An effective awareness campaign should be launched to give publicity to the roles and functions of the GRM and should include the following components: • How complaints can be reported in the GRM and to whom, e.g., phone, postal address and email addresses, of the GRMs as well as information that should be included in a complaint; procedures and time frames for initiating and concluding the grievance redress process; boundaries and limits of GRMs in handling grievances; and roles of different agencies such as project implementers and funding agencies.

345. A variety of methods can be adopted for communicating information to the relevant Stakeholders: • Display of posters in public places such as in government offices, project offices, Community Centers, etc.; distribution of brochures; • P.O BOX number should be established to receive the grievance of the affected community through mail.

• Community-based organizations; • Print and electronic media, including radio. Implementation of GRM Stage 1:

346. When a grievance arises, (social & environment/any) other the affected person may contact directly with the contractor/operator and the project manager to resolve the issue of concern. If the issue is successfully resolved, no further follow up is required. Stage 2:

347. Solution is not found the affected person/s will submit an oral or written complaint to the Public Complaint Centre (PCC), in case of an oral complaint the PCC must make a written record. For every complaint PCC must investigate the complaint, assess its eligibility and identify an appropriate solution. It will provide a clear response in five working days to the complainant, the PCC will instruct the contractor to take corrective action. It will then review the contractor’s response and undertake additional monitoring. During the complaint investigation, the PCC will work in close consultation with the contractors and the supervising engineer (during construction). The contractor during construction and the IA during operation should convey the outcome to the PCC within seven working days.

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Stage 3:

348. If no solution can be identified by the PCC or if the complainant is not satisfied with the suggested solutions under stage 2, the PCC will organize within two weeks a multi stakeholders meeting under the auspices of the Merged Areas irrigation department, where all relevant stakeholder (i.e. the complainant, IA, contractor/operator, relevant local government offices) will be invited. The meeting should result in solution acceptable to all, and identify responsibilities and action plan. 349. The contractor during construction and IA during operation should implement the agreed upon redress solution and convey the outcome to the PCC within seven working days. Stage 4;

350. If the multi stakeholder hearing process is not successful, the PCC will inform project steering committee (PSC), A Project Steering Committee headed by additional chief secretary, Planning and Development Department (P&DD) KP, will provide policy guidelines for smooth running of the project activities, the Members of PSC include the secretary, P&DD, KP, Secretary finance KP, Director General projects, Merged Areas, Representative of Planning & Development Division Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Deputy Commissioner of Khyber, Bajaur, and Mohmand Districts, representatives of all concerned line departments and representative of ADB, PRM Islamabad while the Project Director will serve as member cum Secretary. The PSC will meet at least twice a year or more frequently, whenever issues requiring resolution are submitted for its consideration. The PSC will organize special meetings to address the problem and identify its solution. Stage 5:

351. If the affected people are still not satisfied with the reply in stage 4, he or she can go through local Jirga and or judicial proceedings.

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Flow Chart

Registration of Grievance through PO BOX 023

Assessment and action taken directly by the

contractor/operator and the project manager Stage 1

Yes

Grievance Resolved

No

Public Complaint Centre (PCC)

Stage 2

Yes

Grievance Resolved

No

Multi stakeholders meeting under the auspices of the Merged Areas irrigation department

Stage 3

Yes Grievance Resolved

No

Project Steering Committee (PSC)

Stage 4

Yes Grievance Resolved Stage 5

No Grievance Local Jirga and or Judicial Proceedings Settled

Figure 8.1: Proposed GRM

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CONCLUSION, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Findings and Recommendations 352. The assessment of potential impacts of the proposed Badi Samoor weir project reveals that this project will generate only minor to moderate adverse environmental impacts. These adverse impacts will be mostly confined to the construction works and will be temporary in nature. The predicted adverse impacts will be minimized and reduced by implementing the prescribed mitigation measures and will be continually monitored by implementing and updating the EMP. 353. The overall finding is that the beneficial gains provided by Irrigation project will by far exceed the negative impacts – most of them being short-termed and without major interference to both the bio-physical and human environment. All mitigation measures proposed in the Environmental Management Plan are deemed to be appropriate. The Environmental Monitoring Plan represents the basic verification tool for ensuring the effectiveness of the proposed measures. 354. It is emphasized that the success of the EMP depends on the respective line agencies and institutions identified as key players in the implementation of the EMP. The timely and complete inclusion of the EMP’s compliance clauses in the Contractor documents is mandatory to ensure the success of all environmental safeguard measures. Conclusions 355. As the project is exclusively an irrigation system, all identified adverse environmental impacts during the rehabilitation and improvement works of the project will be of minor to moderate in nature, easily to be mitigated by adequate implementation of the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans. Entire command of the project components does not include any environmentally sensitive areas. The measures taken to adequately mitigate negative impact in the construction phase will be the most important task. Implementation of proposed mitigation measures are deemed to be sufficient for negating the potentially identified impacts. The supervision of the mitigation measures provided in the contractor’s documents is the key for completing this project in an environmentally sound manner. 356. The final conclusion is that, the project is environmentally safe and socially acceptable project. 357. A few, essentially minor, negative residual impacts identified in the Impact Assessment during the feasibility study design are all unavoidable and there are

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no technically or economically feasible alternatives which would remove them altogether.

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ANNEXURES

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ANNEX – I Photo Log

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ANNEX – II Supporting Documents

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ANNEX III - National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS)

Table 1: Effluent Discharge Standards (NEQS 2000) Applicable to the Works

Sr. No. Determinant NEQS 1 Temperature 40 OC =≤3 deg. 2 pH 6 – 9 3 BOD5 80 mg/l 4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 150 mg/l 5 Total Suspended Solid (TSS) 200 mg/l 6 Total Dissolved Solids 3500 mg/l 7 Grease and Oil 10 mg/l 8 Phenolic compounds (as phenol) 0.1 mg/l 9 Ammonia 40 mg/l 10 Chlorine 1.0 mg/l 11 Chloride 1000.0 mg/l 12 Sulphate 600 mg/l 13 Manganese 1.5 mg/l 14 Fluoride 10 mg/l 15 Cyanide (as CN’) total 1.0 mg/l 16 An-ionic detergents (as MB As) 20 mg/l 17 Sulphide (S-2) 1.0 mg/l 18 Pesticides 0.15 mg/l 19 Cadmium 0.1 mg/l 20 Chromium trivalent and hexavalent 1.0 mg/l 21 Copper 1.0 mg/l 22 Lead 0.5 mg/l 23 Mercury 0.01 mg/l 24 Selenium 0.5 mg/l 25 Nickel 1.0 mg/l 26 Silver 1.0 mg/l 27 Total Toxic metals 2.0 mg/l 28 Zinc 5.0 mg/l 29 Arsenic 1.0 mg/l 30 Barium 1.5 mg/l 31 Iron 8.0 mg/l 32 Boron 6.0 mg/l

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Table 2: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) for Gaseous Emission (mg/Nm3, Unless Otherwise Defined)

Sr. Existing Revised Parameter Source of Emission No. Standards Standards 1 2 3 4 5 40% or 2 Ringlemann 40% or 2 1. Smoke Smoke Opacity not to exceed Scale or Ringlemann Scale equivalent smoke number (a) Boilers and Furnaces (i) Oil fired (ii) Coal fired (iii) Cement Kilns 300 300 Particulate 500 500 2. Matter (b) Grinding, crushing, clinker 200 200 (I) coolers and Related processes, Metallurgical Processes, 500 500 converter, blast furnaces and cupolas. Hydrogen 3. Any 400 400 Chloride 4. Chlorine Any 150 150 Hydrogen 5. Any 150 150 Fluoride Hydrogen 6. Any 10 10 Sulphide Sulfuric acid/ Sulphonic acid

plants Sulphur Oxide 7. (2) (3) Other plants except power 400 1700 plants operating on oil and coal Carbon 8. Any 800 800 Monoxide 9. Lead Any 50 50 10. Mercury Any 10 10 11. Cadmium Any 20 20 12. Arsenic Any 20 20 13. Copper Any 50 50 14. Antimony Any 20 20 15. Zinc Any 200 200 Nitric acid manufacturing unit. Other plants except power Oxides of plants operating on oil or coal: 16. Nitrogen Gas fired 400 400 (3) Oil fired - 600 Coal fired - 1200

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Explanations:- 1. Based on the assumption that the size of the particulate is 10 micron or more. 2. Based on 1 percent sulphur content in fuel. Higher content of Sulphur will case standards to be pro-rated. 3. In respect of emissions of sulphur dioxide Nitrogen oxides, the power plants operating on oil and coal as fuel shall in addition to National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) specified above, comply with the following standards.

Table 3: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2009) for Vehicular Emission

Sr. Standard (Maximum Parameter Measuring Method Applicability No. permissible Limit) 40% or 2 on the To be compared with Ringlemann Scale during Immediate 1 Smoke Ringlemann Chart at a distance engine acceleration effect of 6 meters or more mode. Carbon Under idling condition: Non- 2 Monoxide 6% dispersive infrared detection (CO) through gas analyzer. Sound Meter at 7.5 meters from 3 Noise 85 dB(A) the source

Table 4: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2010) for Noise

Effective from 1st July, Effective from 1st July, Sr. Category of Area / 2010 2013 No. Zone Limit in dB (A) Leq* Daytime Night-time Daytime Night-time 1 Residential Area (A) 65 50 55 45

2 Commercial Area (B) 70 60 65 55 3 Industrial Area (C) 80 75 75 65 4 Silence Zone (D) 55 45 50 45 Note: 1. Daytime hours: 6:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. 2. Night-time hours: 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. 3. Silence Zone: Zones which are declared as such by the competent authority. An area comprising not less than 100 meters round hospitals, educational institutions and courts. 4. Mixed categories of areas may be decided as one of the four above mentioned categories by the competent authority. *dB (A) Leq: Time weighted average of the level of sound in scale “A” which is relatable to human hearing.

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Table 5: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2010) for Drinking Water

Sr. Standard Values Properties/Parameters WHO Standards Remarks No. for Pakistan BACTERIAL All water is intended for Must not be Must not be Most Asian Countries drinking (E.Coli or 1 detectable in any detectable in any also follow WHO Thermotolerant Coliform 100ml sample 100ml sample Standards bacteria) Treated water entering the distribution system (E.Coli Must not be Must not be Most Asian Countries 2 or Thermotolerant detectable in any detectable in any also follow WHO Coliform and total Coliform 100ml sample 100ml sample Standards bacteria) Must not be Must not be detectable in any detectable in any 100ml sample. In 100ml sample. In case of large case of large Treated water entering the supplies, where supplies, where distribution system (E.Coli Most Asian Countries sufficient samples sufficient samples 3 or Thermotolerant also follow WHO are examined, must are examined, Coliform and total Coliform Standards not be present in must not be bacteria) 95% of the samples present in 95% of taken throughout the samples taken any 12-month throughout any 12- period. month period. PHYSICAL 4 Colour ≤15 TCU ≤15 TCU Non Non 5 Taste Objectionable/ Objectionable/ Acceptable Acceptable Non Non 6 Odour Objectionable/ Objectionable/ Acceptable Acceptable 7 Turbidity <5 NTU <5 NTU

8 Total hardness as CaCO3 <500mg/l --- 9 TDS <1000 <1000 10 pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 RADIOACTIVE 11 Alpha Emitters bq/L or pCi 0.1 0.1 12 Beta Emitters 01 01 CHEMICAL Essential Inorganics mg/litre mg/litre 13 Aluminum (Al) mg/l ≤0.2 0.02 14 Antimony (Sb) ≤0.005 0.02

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Sr. Standard Values Properties/Parameters WHO Standards Remarks No. for Pakistan Standard for Pakistan 15 Arsenic (As) ≤0.05 0.01 similar to most Asian developing Countries 16 Barium (Ba) 0.7 0.7 17 Boron (B) 0.3 0.3 Standard for Pakistan 18 Cadmium (Cd) 0.01 0.003 similar to most Asian developing Countries 19 Chloride (Cl) <250 250 20 Chromium (Cr) ≤0.05 0.05 21 Copper (Cu) 2 2 Toxic Inorganics mg/litre mg/litre Standard for Pakistan 22 Cyanide (CN) ≤0.05 0.07 similar to most Asian developing Countries 23 Fluoride (F) ≤1.5 1.5 Standard for Pakistan 24 Lead (Pb) ≤0.05 0.01 similar to most Asian developing Countries 25 Manganese (Mn) ≤0.5 0.5 26 Mercury (Hg) ≤0.001 0.001 27 Nickel (Ni) ≤0.02 0.02

28 Nitrate (NO3) ≤50 50

29 Nitrite (NO2) ≤3 3 30 Selenium (Se) 0.01 0.01 0.2-0.5 at 31 Residual Chlorine consumer end 0.5- --- 1.5 at source Standard for Pakistan 32 Zinc (Zn) 5.0 3 similar to most Asian developing Countries Organics PSQCA No. 4629- 2004, Page No.4, Pesticides 33 --- Table No. 3, Serial Annex-II mg/L No. 20-58 may be consulted Phenolic Compounds (as 34 --- ≤0.002 Phenols) mg/L Poly nuclear aromatic 0.01 (By GC/MS 35 hydrocarbons (as PAH) method) g/L ***PSQCA: Pakistan Standards Quality Control Authority

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Table 6: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2010) for Ambient Air

Concentration in Ambient Air Time-weighted Method of Pollutants Effective from Effective from average Measurement 1st July 2010 1st January 2013 Sulphur Annual Average* 80µg/m3 80µg/m3 Ultraviolet

Dioxide (SO2) 24 hours** 120µg/m3 120µg/m3 Fluorescence Method Oxides of Annual Average* 40µg/m3 40µg/m3 Gas Phase Chemi Nitrogen as 24 hours** 40µg/m3 40µg/m3 luminescence (NO) Oxides of Annual Average* 40µg/m3 40µg/m3 Gas Phase Chemi Nitrogen as 24 hours** 80µg/m3 80µg/m3 luminescence (NO2)

3 3 Non disperse UV Ozone (O3) 1 hour 180µg/m 130µg/m absorption method High Volume Suspended Sampling, (Average Particulate Annual Average* 400µg/m3 360µg/m3 flow rate not less than Matter (SPM) 1.1m3/minute)

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ANNEX-IV Table of Content Environmental Compliance Monitoring

Monthly Progress Report

CONTENTS OF MONTHLY ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING REPORT

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CONTENTS

Part I Introduction ......

Description of the Subprojects …………………………………………….…………….…………...

Environmental Monitoring………….…………………………………………………..……………...

Part II Environmental Monitoring ......

Environmental Monitoring Summary ......

Environmental Trainings……………………………………………………………………………….

Noise and Vibration ......

Water Quality ......

Air Quality ......

Flora and Fauna Monitoring ......

Fuel Consumption ......

Water Consumption ......

Solid Waste Management ……………………………………………………………………………

Part III Environmental Management ......

Site Inspections and Audits ......

Non-Compliances Notices, Corrective Action Plans ......

Table

Table-I Oustanding Issues ......

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………..

Annexure

Weekly Monitoring Checklist

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Badi Samoor Weir Sub Project

ANNEX-V Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist

The projects are screened through Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist to determine environmental categorization. The environmental and social rapid screening depicts that: (i) the subproject will not require any land acquisition; (ii) the subproject will not involve any involuntary resettlement; and (iii) the subproject does not fall in any protected area.

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks A PROJECT SITING

IS THE PROJECT AREA ADJACENT TO OR WITHIN ANY OF THE FOLLOWING ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS? . PROTECTED AREA  . WETLAND  . MANGROVE  . ESTUARINE  . BUFFER ZONE OF PROTECTED AREA  . SPECIAL AREA FOR PROTECTING  BIODIVERSITY B POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

WILL THE PROJECT CAUSE… . loss of precious ecological values (e.g. result of encroachment into forests/swamplands or historical/cultural buildings/areas,  disruption of hydrology of natural waterways, regional flooding, and drainage hazards)? . conflicts in water supply rights and  related social conflicts? . impediments to movements of people  and animals? . potential ecological problems due to increased soil erosion and siltation,  leading to decreased stream capacity? . Insufficient drainage leading to salinity  intrusion . Over pumping of groundwater, leading Limited use of water for to salinization and ground subsidence?  subproject activities which will not be significant . Impairment of downstream water quality and therefore, impairment of  downstream beneficial uses of water?

162 | Initial Environmental Examination

FATA Water Resources Development Project Badi Samoor Weir Sub Project

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . Dislocation or involuntary resettlement No dislocation or involuntary  of people? resettlement of people will occur . Disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, Indigenous  Peoples or other vulnerable groups? . Potential social conflicts arising from No land acquisition will be  land tenure and land use issues? required . Soil erosion before compaction and N.A

lining of canals? . Noise from construction equipment? It will be managed through  mitigation measures and will be documented in EMP . dust during construction? It has moderate Impact for labors during construction, but It will be managed by water sprinkling and wet earth. Dust  generated will be managed through sound planning and good management practices with implementation of EMP . Waterlogging and soil salinization due to inadequate drainage and farm  management? . Leaching of soil nutrients and changes in soil characteristics due to excessive  application of irrigation water? . Reduction of downstream water supply  during peak seasons? . Soil pollution, polluted farm runoff and groundwater, and public health risks  due to excessive application of fertilizers and pesticides? . Soil erosion (furrow, surface)?  . Scouring of canals?  . Clogging of canals by sediments?  . Clogging of canals by weeds?  . Seawater intrusion into downstream  freshwater systems? . Introduction of increase in incidence of  waterborne or water related diseases? . Dangers to a safe and healthy working The subproject does not have environment due to physical, chemical usage of any hazardous and biological hazards during project chemicals during construction. construction and operation? However, health and safety  measures for laborers will be taken to implement HSE Plan that will be developed and documented in EMP

163 | Initial Environmental Examination

FATA Water Resources Development Project Badi Samoor Weir Sub Project

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . Large population influx during project Local people will be employed construction and operation that causes as much as possible from close increased burden on social  by villages/ towns and the same infrastructure and services (such as will be documented in EMP water supply and sanitation systems)? . Social conflicts if workers from other Priority will be given to local for regions or countries are hired?  employment and the same will be documented in EMP . Risks to community health and safety Earth work will not lead to any due to the transport, storage, and use risk for community during and/or disposal of materials such as construction time, however, explosives, fuel and other chemicals Health and safety Plan and  during construction and operation? Emergency response procedures will be prepared and implemented. The same will be documented in EMP. . Community safety risks due to both Safety measures for community accidental and natural hazards, will be taken to avoid any risk especially where the structural and consequence. It will be elements or components of the project documented in EMP. However, it (e.g., irrigation dams) are accessible to has major positive impact,  members of the affected community or because the construction of the where their failure could result in injury new weir will save to the community throughout project community/infrastructure from construction, operation and flood threat if any. decommissioning?

Climate Change and Disaster Risk Questions The following questions are not for Yes No Remarks environmental categorization. They are included in this checklist to help identify potential climate and disaster risks. • Is the Project area subject to hazards such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, tropical cyclone winds, storm surges,  tsunami or volcanic eruptions and climate changes? . Could changes in temperature, precipitation, or extreme events patterns over the Project lifespan affect technical or financial sustainability (e.g., increased glacial melt affect delivery volumes of  irrigated water; sea level rise increases salinity gradient such that source water cannot be used for some or all of the year)?

164 | Initial Environmental Examination

FATA Water Resources Development Project Badi Samoor Weir Sub Project

. Are there any demographic or socio- economic aspects of the Project area that are already vulnerable (e.g., high  incidence of marginalized populations, rural-urban migrants, illegal settlements, ethnic minorities, women or children)? . Could the Project potentially increase the climate or disaster vulnerability of the surrounding area (e.g., by diverting  water in rivers that further increases salinity upstream, or encouraging settlement in earthquake zones)? Note: Hazards are potentially damaging physical events.

165 | Initial Environmental Examination