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Traditional Uses of Plants by Indigenous Communities for Veterinary Practices At Traditional Uses of Plants by Indigenous Communities for Veterinary Practices at Kurram District, Pakistan Maroof Ali, Ali Aldosari, David Y. P. Tng, Manzoor Ullah, Wahid Hussain, Mushtaq Ahmad, Javid Hussain, Ajmal , Khan, Hidayat Hussain Hassan, Sher Rainer W. Bussmann and Jian-Wen Shao Research Correspondence Abstract Maroof Ali1,2, Ali Aldosari3, David Y.P. Tng4, Background: In Kurram district of Pakistan, people Manzoor Ullah5, Wahid Hussain6, Mushtaq use medicinal plants to cure a variety of livestock Ahmad1, Javid Hussain7, Ajmal Khan7, Hidayat diseases. This study was conducted with the aims to Hussain8, Hassan Sher9 and Jian-Wen Shao1 * document the indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants used in veterinary practices in the district. 1College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000. Methods: Ethnoveterinary data were collected 2Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-e-Azam through semi-structured interviews with 97 University, Islamabad, Pakistan participants that were purposely chosen at random 3Department of Geography, King Saud University, locations and data was quantitatively analyzed using Saudi Arabia relative frequency of citation (RFC) and use value 4Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, R. (UV). Barão Jeremoabo, Ondina, s/n, Ondina, 40170-115, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil Results: In total 81 plants belonging to 43 families 5Department of Botany, University of Science & were recorded. Asteraceae and Lamiaceae were the Technology Bannu, Pakistan most cited botanical families. The plants were used 6Department of Botany, Government Post Graduate to treat 28 livestock diseases. Among the plant parts, College Parachinar, Kurram, Pakistan leaves were the most used parts (38 %) followed by 7Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, the flowers (13 %), seeds (10 %), stem (10 %), fruit University of Nizwa, PO Box 33, 616 Birkat Al (8 %), and roots (7 %). The results showed that (22) Mauz, Nizwa, Oman plants were used for digestive diseases, (10) for skin 8Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie: Halle, problems, (8) against flatulence, (7) as anthelmintic Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany and as refrigerant, and (4) to treat diarrhea and as 9Center for Plant Sciences and Biodiversity anti-inflammatory. University of Swat 10Department of Ethnobotany, Institute of Botany, Conclusions: The study provides an inventory of Ilia State University, Tbilsi, Georgia traditional ethnoveterinary plants from Kurram *corresponding author: email: district of Pakistan for further phytochemical and [email protected] pharmacological studies in order to explore their active ingredients. Ethnobotany Research & Applications 18:24 (2019) Published: 10 July 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.32859/era.18.24.1-19 Ethnobotany Research and Applications 2 وزﻧوﺗﺳ ﻟ ﭘ هرﺎ (10 )د دﻠﺟ د وزﻧوﺗﺳ ﻟ ﭘ ،هرﺎ (8 )د وﻧوﻣﻧ ﺿرﭘ ،د (7 )د ,Keywords: Quantitative study, Folk knowledge ﺳو ﻠ و دﺿ ا و رﺳ د ا و ، ) 4 د( ﻧس ﻧ ﯥﺗﺳﺎ وا يروﻓ ﻠﻣرد ﯥﻧ ﮫﭘ وګﺗ .Livestock, Ethnoveterinary medicines, Pakistan :ﻠﯾﺎﭘﮫ اد ﮫﻧړﯾ’ د وزﯾدود ﯾفﻗوﺗ وﻧوﯾﺎ• هرﺎﭘﻟ وﻧﺎﯾﺷﯾوﻣ ﻏو•رﺎﻧ ﺳﯾتﻟ وﺗﻣﭼ ؛يوﮐ وا د ﻓ ﯾﮏﻣﯾﮑﯾﺳﺎ وا ﻓ ﻲﮑﯾژوﻟوﻣﻣرﺎ ﺎطﻣ وﻌﻟ رﻓﺗﺻ وﻧو ﻟ ﭘ هرﺎ ہﻼﺧﺻ ﯥﭼ د یود ﺎﻌﻓ ﮫﻟ اوﺗ ﻧ ﺎ ﺊﯾ فﺷﮐ .يړﮐ اد ﮫﻧړﯾ’ مھ ﮫﭘ ﮫﺗو‹ يوﮐ ﯥﭼ د سﭘ ﻣ ﻧ ظ ر : ﮐﺳنﮯ ﺿ ﻊﻠمﺎﺗﮐﺎﭘﮐر گﯾںﻣ ﺗفوﻟﻣﺧ ﯽوﯾںﯾﺷوﻠﻣ ﮐ ﮐ ﯽوﯾںﯾﺷوﻠﻣ ﺗفوﻟﻣﺧ گﯾںﻣ ﻊﻠمﺎﺗﮐﺎﭘﮐر ﺿ ﮐﺳنﮯ ﻠﻲادﺧ وﻧﺎﯾﺷﯾوﻣ ﻏو•رﺎﻧ ويﺎھوﭘ وﻠﺗﺎﺳ ﮫﻟ رﻟېا د ﻧ•روﮐ روﺗﻠﮐ لورﺎﮐ وںﯾﺎرﯾﺑﻣ ﻋﻼﺎجﮐ رﮐﮯﮯ ﻟﮯﻧﮐ وںدﮯوﭘﺋ ﺳ ؤںاود ﻋﻼﺎجﮐ رﮐﮯ ﺗ رﮐﮯ ﻋﻼﺎجﮐ ؤںاود ﺳ وںدﮯوﭘﺋ ﻟﮯﻧﮐ رﮐﮯﮯ ﻋﻼﺎجﮐ وںﯾﺎرﯾﺑﻣ . ﺎﺳ لﺗ يد ﮭﺗ.ﮯ ہﯾ ہﻌﻟﺎطﻣ او ه دﻌﻧﻘﻣ ﯾﮐ ﺎ ﯾﮔ ﺎ سﺎﮭﺗ ﺟ ﺎﮐ دﻘﺻﻣ ﭘ نﺎﺗﺳﮐﺎ ﮐﺿﮯ ﻊﻠ ﻊﻠ ﮐﺿﮯ نﺎﺗﺳﮐﺎ ﭘ دﻘﺻﻣ ﺎﮐ ﺟ سﺎﮭﺗ رﮐ م ںﯾﻣ ﻗﻼﺧا ﯾ ﺎ ﯽﺗ ﮯﮐ ﯾرط ںوﻘ ںﯾﻣ لﺎﻣﻌﺗﺳا ﮯﻧوﮨ او ﯽﻟ ںؤاود ﮯﮐ ﮯﮐ ںؤاود ﯽﻟ او ﮯﻧوﮨ لﺎﻣﻌﺗﺳا ںﯾﻣ ںوﻘ ﯾرط ﮯﮐ ﯽﺗ ﺎ ﯾ ﻗﻼﺧا ںﯾﻣ م رﮐ Background . ﻘﻣ ﯽﻣﺎ مﻠﻋ وﺟ ﭘ نﺎﺗﺳﮐﺎ ﮐﮯ مرﮐ ﮐٹرﭨﺳڈ ںﯾﻣ لﺎﻣﻌﺗﺳا ﯾﮐ ﺎ ﺎﺟ ﺗ ﺎ ﮨﮯ ۔ ﮨﮯ ﺎ ﺗ ﺎﺟ ﺎ ﯾﮐ لﺎﻣﻌﺗﺳا ںﯾﻣ ﮐٹرﭨﺳڈ مرﮐ ﮐﮯ نﺎﺗﺳﮐﺎ ﭘ وﺟ مﻠﻋ ﯽﻣﺎ ﻘﻣ رط ﯾ ﻘ ہ : داوﻣہﯾ ﯾﻗﻼﺧا ﺎ ﯽﺗ دادﻋا و رﺎﻣﺷ روا ﻧ مﯾ ﺧﺎﺳ ہﺗ ا ﻧ وﯾورﭨ ﮐﮯ ﮐﮯ وﯾورﭨ ﻧ ا ہﺗ ﺧﺎﺳ مﯾ ﻧ روا رﺎﻣﺷ و دادﻋا ﯽﺗ ﺎ ﯾﻗﻼﺧا داوﻣہﯾ Folk knowledge on to the use of medicinal plants as ﯾرذ ہﻌ ﻊﻣﺟ ﮐ ﮯﯾ ﮔ ﮯﺋ ﮨ ںﯾ وﺟ 97 رﺷ ﮐ ﺎ ء ﮯﺳ ﻟ ﯽ ﮔ ﯽﺋ. ﺗرﺗ بﯾ ںوﮩﮕﺟ ںوﮩﮕﺟ بﯾ ﺗرﺗ ﯽﺋ. therapies for humans and animals is thousands of دﺎﺻﻘﻣرﭘ ﯽﮐ ﺑ ﻧ ﯾ ﺎ د ﻧﻣرﭘ بﺧﺗ ﯾﮯﮐ ﺋﮯﮔ ﮨ ںﯾ روا ادﻋا د و رﺎﻣﺷ وﮐ وﮐ رﺎﻣﺷ و د ادﻋا روا ںﯾ ﮨ ﺋﮯﮔ ﯾﮯﮐ بﺧﺗ ﻧﻣرﭘ د ﺎ ﯾ ﻧ ﺑ ﯽﮐ دﺎﺻﻘﻣرﭘ years old. Documentation of folk knowledge has وار ﻣتﯾﻗ (RFC) ﮯﮐ ﻗ ر ﯾ ﺑ ﯽ ﺗ ﻌ د د (RFC) وﺣ ا ﻟ ہ د ﯾ ﮯﺗ ﮨ و ﮯﺋوﮨﮯ ہﻟاو gained substantial importance around the world . )وﯾ(یو ﺎﮐ لﺎﻣﻌﺗﺳا ﺗﮯرﮐ ﺋﮯوﮨ ﻓﯽﺎﮐ رادﻘﻣ ںﯾﻣ ہﯾزﺟﺗ ﺎﯾﮐ ﺎﯾﮔ ﮨﮯ ﺎﯾﮔ ﺎﯾﮐ ہﯾزﺟﺗ ںﯾﻣ رادﻘﻣ ﻓﯽﺎﮐ ﺋﮯوﮨ ﺗﮯرﮐ لﺎﻣﻌﺗﺳا ﺎﮐ )وﯾ(یو especially with the ratification of the Nagoya Protocol . in order to maintain cultural heritage (Ayeni and :ﺋﺞﺎﺗﻧ ﯽﻋوﻣﺟﻣ روط ﭘ ،ر 81 ںووﭘد وﮐ ڈرﺎﮑﯾر ﯾﮐ ﺎ ﯾﮔ ،ﺎ ﺟس ںﯾﻣ 28 Basiri, 2018). The Convention on biodiversity ںووﭘد ﮯﺳ ںوﯾﺷﯾوﻣ ﯽﮐ ںوﯾرﺎﻣﯾﺑ ﺎﮐ جﻼﻋ ﺎﯾﮐ ﺎﯾﮔ .ﺎﮭﺗ ارﺎﺗ ارﺎﺗ .ﺎﮭﺗ ﺎﯾﮔ ﺎﯾﮐ جﻼﻋ ﺎﮐ ںوﯾرﺎﻣﯾﺑ ﯽﮐ ںوﯾﺷﯾوﻣ ﮯﺳ signifies to preserve and maintain knowledge, ،نﺎﻣﺟﻧ(ﮭﭘلو ود اد ہﻟ ﮯںودوﭘ ﺳ قﻠﻌﺗ ﻧﮯﮭﮐر ﻟﮯاو ںودوﭘ ﺎﮐ ﯾﮏا ﯾﮏا ﺎﮐ ںودوﭘ ﻟﮯاو ﻧﮯﮭﮐر قﻠﻌﺗ ﺳ ﮯںودوﭘ ہﻟ اد ود ،نﺎﻣﺟﻧ(ﮭﭘلو innovations and practices of indigenous communities ﺎﺧ ﻧ د )نا روا ﯾﻣﻻ ﯽﺳﺎ بﺳ ﺳﮯ ﯾز ﺎ د ه اوﺣ ﻟ ہ ﺎﺟت او ﻟﮯ ﺑ اوﺟﺎ ﯽﻧ ﺎﺧ ﻧ د نا نا د ﻧ ﺎﺧ ﯽﻧ اوﺟﺎ ﺑ ﻟﮯ او ﺎﺟت ہ ﻟ اوﺣ ه د ﺎ ﯾز ﺳﮯ بﺳ ﯽﺳﺎ ﯾﻣﻻ روا )نا د ﻧ ﺎﺧ embodying traditional lifestyle relevant for ﮭﺗ.ﮯ ںودوﭘ ﺻﮐﮯ ںوﺣ ،ںﯾﻣ ﭘ ﺗ ںوﯾ ںﯾﻣ ﮯﺳب ﺳ ﯾز هدﺎ لﺎﻌﺗﻣﺳا هدﺷ هدﺷ لﺎﻌﺗﻣﺳا هدﺎ ﯾز ﺳ ﮯﺳب ںﯾﻣ ںوﯾ ﺗ ﭘ ،ںﯾﻣ ںوﺣ ﺻﮐﮯ ںودوﭘ ﮭﺗ.ﮯ conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity وﺻﺣ ں (38 )٪ ﺗ ﮯﮭ سﺟ ﮯﮐ ﻧ ﺗ ﮯﺟﯾ ﻣ ﯾ ں ﭘ وﮭ ﻟ ںو ٪( 13 ،) ﺑ ﺞﯾ ﺞﯾ ﺑ ،) Salgotra et al. 2018).The knowledge is normally) ٪( 10 ،) ﻧﮯﺗ ٪( 10 ،) لﮭﭘ ٪( 8 ،) روا ںﯾڑﺟ ٪( 7 )ﯽﮐ ف ﮯرط .ﺳ .ﺳ ﮯرط ف )ﯽﮐ passed down through generations via word of mouth ںووﭘد ،ںﯾﻣ ﻧ ﺗ ﺎ ﺞﺋ ﺳﮯ ﺎظ رﮨ ﺗوﮨ ﺎ ﮨﮯ ہﮐ (22 ) ںودوﭘ ﮐﮯ روط رﭘ لﻣﻋ لﻣﻋ رﭘ روط ﮐﮯ ںودوﭘ ) ,Hussain et al. 2018), in stories, poems, proverbs) ﮩموطرﺎﮯﺿ ﻧا ﭘرﮐ ﺎلﻣﻌﺗاﺳ ﺎﯾﮐ ﺎﯾﮔ ﺎﮭﺗ (10 )ﺟ دﻠ ﮐﮯ لﺋﺎﺳﻣ ﮐﮯ ﮐﮯ لﺋﺎﺳﻣ ﮐﮯ دﻠ )ﺟ and songs. The transmission of traditional ,ﮯ ﺋﻟ( 8 ) نرﭨﯾﭘ فﮐﮯ ,ﻼﺧ (7 ) ا ﯽﭨﻧﯾ ﯾﮭﺗﮨ رﺎ روا دیرﺳ ﮐﮯ روط ،رﭘ ،رﭘ روط ﮐﮯ دیرﺳ روا رﺎ ﯾﮭﺗﮨ ﯽﭨﻧﯾ ا ) knowledge through oral methods is however وار (4 ) لﺎﮩﺳا روا ا ﯽﭨﺳﻧ وٹﯾﭨ ﮐﮯ جﻼﻋ ﮐﮯ روط رﭘ روط ﮐﮯ جﻼﻋ ﮐﮯ وٹﯾﭨ ﯽﭨﺳﻧ ا روا لﺎﮩﺳا ) unreliable, and preservation through documentation ﯾﺗﻧ:ہﺟ ﺎطﻣ ہﻌﻟ اور ﯾ ﯽﺗ ﻗﻼﺧا ﯾ ﺎ ﯽﺗ ا ﯾود تﺎ ﯽﮐ ا ﮏﯾ تﺳرﮩﻓ ارﻓ مﮨ ﺗرﮐ ﺎ ﺎﺗﮐم ر ﺳﮩ ﯾاﯽ ﺎﯾداﯽ ﻼاﯽ و ﻌ ط .(is needed (Ullah et al. 2013 ﮯﮨ؛ روا نا ﯽﮐ ﻌﻓ لﺎ ﯾﺣﻼﺻ ںوﺗ وﮐ شﻼﺗ رﮐ ﮯﻧ ﮯﮐ ﻟ ﮯﺋ ﯾزﻣ د ﯽﻧﺷور ﯽﻧﺷور د ﯾزﻣ ﮯﺋ ﻟ ﮯﮐ ﮯﻧ رﮐ شﻼﺗ وﮐ ںوﺗ ﯾﺣﻼﺻ لﺎ ﻌﻓ ﯽﮐ نا روا ﮯﮨ؛ Ethnoveterinary medicines have the ability to fight ﮯﺳ ﯽﺋﻻ ﯽﺋﮔ ﺗ ﯾدﺑ ﻠ ںوﯾ روا نﻓ زﺎﺳاود ی ﮯﮐ ﺎطﻣ ہﻌﻟ ﮯﮐ اوﻣ .ﻊﻗ سا سا .ﻊﻗ اوﻣ ﮯﮐ ہﻌﻟ ﺎطﻣ ﮯﮐ ی زﺎﺳاود نﻓ روا ںوﯾ ﻠ ﯾدﺑ ﺗ ﯽﺋﮔ ﯽﺋﻻ ﮯﺳ .different kinds of animal disorders (Bullitta et al ﺎطﻣ ہﻌﻟ وﮐ ﯽﮭﺑ ﻘﻣ ﯽﻣﺎ ﯽﺑط ا ﯾود تﺎ وار ﻠﮏﺳﻧﻣ مﻠﻋ ﯽﮐ ظﺎتﻔﺣ ﯽﮐ ﯽﮐ ظﺎتﻔﺣ ﯽﮐ مﻠﻋ ﻠﮏﺳﻧﻣ وار and have several advantages over synthetic (2018 رطف ﮯﺳ ﻘﻣ ﺎ ﯽﻣ ﺛ ﻘ ﺎ تﻓ وﮐ ﻣﻌﺗﺳا لﺎ ﮯﻧرﮐ ﮯﮐ ﻟ ﮯﺋ ﯽﮭﺑ ﺢﺿاو ﮯﮨ ﺢﺿاو ﯽﮭﺑ ﮯﺋ ﻟ ﮯﮐ ﮯﻧرﮐ لﺎ ﻣﻌﺗﺳا وﮐ تﻓ ﺎ ﻘ ﺛ ﯽﻣ ﺎ ﻘﻣ ﮯﺳ رطف ,drugs. Ethnoveterinary medicines are easy to use ﯾﺗﻧ:ہﺟ ﺎطﻣ ہﻌﻟ اور ﯾ ﯽﺗ مررﮐ ﻊﻠﺿ ﮯﺳ اور ﯾ ﯽﺗ ﻗﻼﺧا ﯾ ﺎ ﯽﺗ ا ﯾود تﺎ ﯽﮐ ﯽﮐ تﺎ ﯾود ا ﯽﺗ ﺎ ﯾ ﻗﻼﺧا ﯽﺗ ﯾ اور ﮯﺳ ﻊﻠﺿ مررﮐ ﯽﺗ ﯾ اور ہﻌﻟ ﺎطﻣ .(cheap, and readily available (Lans et al. 2007 تﮏ ﯾاﮨامﮩﻓررﺳﻓ ؛ﮯﺎﺗﮐر وارﮨ ﯽان ﺣﮐ شﺎولﺗںﻌﺻﯾﻓﻼ ﮐ و ﺗﻼ و ﮐ شﺎولﺗںﻌﺻﯾﻓﻼ ﺣﮐ ﯽان وارﮨ ؛ﮯﺎﺗﮐر ﯾاﮨامﮩﻓررﺳﻓ تﮏ Ethnoveterinary medicines are now gaining ﮯﻧرﮐ ﮯﮐ ﻟ ﮯﺋ ﯾزﻣ د ﯽﻧﺷور ﮯﺳ ﯽﺋﻻ ﯽﺋﮔ ﺗ ﺑ د ﯾ ﻠ ںوﯾ روا نﻓ ود زﺎﺳا ی ی زﺎﺳا ود popularity in both developed and developing ﮯﮐ ﺎطﻣ ہﻌﻟ ﮯﮐ اوﻣ ﻊﻗ ارﻓ مﮨ ﺗرﮐ ﺎ .ﮯﮨ ﺎ ﺗرﮐ مﮨ ارﻓ ﻊﻗ اوﻣ ﮯﮐ ہﻌﻟ ﺎطﻣ ﮯﮐ countries, as they are easily obtainable and can be دیﯾﻠﮐ ا :ظﺎﻔﻟ رادﻘﻣ ﺎﮐ ﺎطﻣ ،ہﻌﻟ وکﻟ ،مﻠﻋ ﺎﺟ ،ںوروﻧ ﺎتﯾﻗﻼﺧا ﮐﮯ ﮐﮯ ﺎتﯾﻗﻼﺧا ،ںوروﻧ ﺎﺟ ،مﻠﻋ وکﻟ ،ہﻌﻟ ﺎطﻣ ﺎﮐ رادﻘﻣ collected from farmers at a very low cost (Njoroge ،ﺎتﯾداو نﺎﺗﺳﮐﺎﭘ ،ﺎتﯾداو and Bussmann 2006). Indigenous people including دیﯾﻠﮐ ا :ظﺎﻔﻟ رادﻘﻣ ﺎﮐ ﺎطﻣ ،ہﻌﻟ وکﻟ ،مﻠﻋ ،یرﭨﺳوﯾﺋﻻ ا ﯾ ﯾرﺗوﮭﺗ ﭨﮏﻧ ﭨﮏﻧ ﯾرﺗوﮭﺗ ﯾ ا ،یرﭨﺳوﯾﺋﻻ ،مﻠﻋ وکﻟ ،ہﻌﻟ ﺎطﻣ ﺎﮐ رادﻘﻣ pastoral societies living both in urban and remote ،ﺎتﯾداو نﺎﺗﺳﮐﺎﭘ ،ﺎتﯾداو regions of less developed countries rear animals as زﯾﻧﻟډ : an important source of food, income, and social سﭘ ﻣ ﻧ ظ ر : د ﭘ نﺎﺗﺳﮐﺎ دﮐ مر ﮫﭘ اوﺳﻟو ﻲﻟ ،ﯥﮐ وﮑﻠﺧ ﺎﯾﺷﯾوﻣ وﻧ ﻧ •ﻏورﺎ د د •ﻏورﺎ ﻧ وﻧ security (Pica-Ciamarra et al.
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