Initial Environmental Examination Report ______

Home , Alizai (Pashtun tribe), Bajaur District, Dir District, Kakazai, Khattak, Khel (clan)

Project Number: 47021-002 Loan Number: 3239

PAK: Federally Administered Tribal Areas Water Resources Development Project

Initial Environmental Examination Report for Command Area Development of Raghagan Dam, District Bajaur

Prepared by Project Management Unit, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

For the Asian Development Bank Date received by ADB: October 2019

NOTES

(i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and its agencies ends on 30 June. (ii) In this report “$” refer to US dollars.

This initial environmental examination report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Project Management Unit • PMU FATA Water Resources Development Project FWRDP Merged Areas Secretariat

FEDERALLY ADMINISTERED TRIBAL AREAS WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE) COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT OF RAGHAGAN DAM SUB PROJECT (BAJAUR DISTRICT) 2019 JOINT VENTURE: FATA WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT CONSULTANTS

House # 3, Street # 1, Near Board Bazar, Tajabad, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Tel: +92 91 5601635 - 6 Fax: +92 91 5840807 E-mail: [email protected] Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project CARD Sub Project

TABLE OF CONTENTS

S. No. Description Page No.

INTRODUCTION...... 1 General ...... 1 Project Background ...... 1 Project Consultants ...... 2 Purpose of This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) ...... 2 IEE Methodology ...... 3 Study Area ...... 4 Baseline Survey Methodology ...... 4 Impact Assessment Methodology ...... 5 Report Format ...... 6 Project Categorization ...... 7

POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 8 General ...... 8 National Policy and Legal Framework ...... 8

Regulations for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA ...... 9 Regulatory Clearances, EPA ...... 10 Guidelines for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA ...... 10 Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, (2000)…...... 10 National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) ...... 10

ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 ...... 15 Project Categorization ...... 16 Other Environment Related Legislations ...... 17

PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 19 Project Features ...... 19 Project Location ...... 24 Project Objectives ...... 24 Construction Planning ...... 25 RBC Gravity 1 ...... 25 RBC Gravity 2 ...... 27 LBC Gravity 1 ...... 29 LBC Gravity 2 ...... 31 LBC Gravity 3 ...... 33 LBC Lift 1 ...... 35 i | TOC

Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project CARD Sub Project

LBC Lift 2 ...... 37 Sub Project Implementation ...... 40 Executing Agency ...... 40 Design Consultant ...... 41 Provincial Development Working Party...... 41 Terms of Partnership ...... 41 Operation and Maintenance (O&M) ...... 41

DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT ...... 42 General ...... 42 Baseline Survey Methodology ...... 42 Study Area ...... 44 Physical Environment ...... 44 Topography ...... 44 Climate ...... 45 Hydrology ...... 45 Regional Geology ...... 46 Geology of the Project Area ...... 46 Soil ...... 47 Seismology ...... 47 Ambient Air Quality and Noise ...... 49 Water Resources ...... 51 Land use and Land Cover ...... 54 Biological Environment ...... 55 Flora ...... 55 Fauna ...... 59 Avifauna ...... 60 Endangered Species ...... 61 Protected areas / National sanctuaries ...... 62 Socio-Economic Environment ...... 62 Administrative Set Up ...... 63 Demographic Profile ...... 63 Population ...... 64 Family Size ...... 65 Dwelling ...... 65 Language ...... 66 The Family System...... 66 Livestock ...... 66 Conflicts Resolution Mechanism ...... 67 Religious Beliefs ...... 68 Water Supply and Sanitation ...... 68 Poverty ...... 69 ii | TOC

Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project CARD Sub Project

Health facilities ...... 70 Social Organization ...... 71 Agriculture ...... 71 Education ...... 72 Occupation ...... 73 Food ...... 73 Dress and Ornaments ...... 73 Mining ...... 73 Roads ...... 74 Telephone Facilities ...... 74 Sites of Historical Significance ...... 74 Gender Issues ...... 74

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 75 Impact Assessment - Overview ...... 75 Impact Area ...... 75

Impacts on Land Resources ...... 79 Excavation ...... 79 Waste Generation and Disposal ...... 80 Soil pollution due to fuel and oil spillage from Construction machinery ...... 80 Agriculture Land Damage ...... 82 Construction material leftovers ...... 82 Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources ...... 82 Drinking Water Supply for Contractor’s Crew ...... 82 Impact on Air Quality and Noise Pollution ...... 83 Dust from construction activities ...... 83 Noise from use of old/and or out dated machinery ...... 83 Impact on Biological Resources ...... 84 Impacts on Socioeconomic, Cultural and Archaeological Issues ...... 84 Tribal Tension and Rivalries ...... 84

Community safety risks due to accidental or natural hazards ...... 86 Health and safety of labour at construction site ...... 86

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Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project CARD Sub Project

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) ...... 90 General ...... 90 Mitigation Measures ...... 90 Residual Impact ...... 91 Institutional Arrangements ...... 91 Management Responsibilities ...... 91 Monitoring Activities ...... 108 Performance Indicators ...... 108 Project Enhancement Plans ...... 109 Restoration Plan ...... 109 Reports ...... 109 Training Schedule ...... 110 Estimated Implementation Budget ...... 110 Third Party Monitoring ...... 111

PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 113 General ...... 113 Identification of Stakeholders ...... 114 Methodology ...... 116 Agenda of Consultative Session ...... 116 Local Farmer Views...... 117 Consultation with Other Stakeholders and Their Response ...... 118

GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 123 General ...... 123 Objectives of Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 123 Awareness of GRM ...... 124 Implementation of GRM ...... 125

CONCLUSION, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 128 Findings and Recommendations ...... 128 Conclusions ...... 128

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Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project CARD Sub Project

List of Annexures

ANNEX I Environmental Testing ...... 130

ANNEX II Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist ...... 134

ANNEX III National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) ...... 138

ANNEX IV Supporting Documents ...... 144

ANNEX V Table of Contents Environmental Compliance Monitoring ...... 148

ANNEX VI Photo Log ...... 150

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Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project CARD Sub Project

List of Tables & Figures

Table 2.1 Comparison of International and local Air Quality Standards ...... 12 Table 2.2: Comparison of International and local for Noise-Limit in dB(A) Leq ...... 13 Table 2.3 Comparison of International and local Standards for Drinking Water ...... 14 Table 2.4: Environmental Guidelines and Legislations ...... 17 Table 3.1: Salient Features of the Sub Project ...... 20 Figure 3.1: Sub Project Location Map ...... 22 Figure 3.2: Satellite Image of the Project Area...... 23 Figure 3.3: RBC Gravity 1 Layout Plan ...... 26 Figure 3.4: RBC Gravity 2 Layout Plan ...... 28 Figure 3.5: LBC Gravity 1 Layout Plan ...... 30 Figure 3.6: LBC Gravity 2 Layout Plan ...... 32 Figure 3.7: LBC Gravity 3 Layout Plan ...... 34 Figure 3.8: LBC Lift 1 Layout Plan ...... 36 Figure 3.9: LBC Lift 2 Layout Plan ...... 38 Figure 3.10 Layout Plan of Aqueduct ...... 39 Table 3.2: Personnel Requirement ...... 40 Table 3.3: Equipment Requirements ...... 40 Figure 4.1: Tectonic Map of Pakistan ...... 48 Table 4.1: Ambient Air and Noise Quality of the Project area ...... 49 Figure 4.2: Environmental Testing and Sampling Map ...... 50 Table 4.2: Details of Watershed ...... 52 Table 4.3: Water Quality analysis result for Raghagan ...... 53 Table 4.4 Land Use Statistics of Bajaur District ...... 54 Table 4.5: Common Trees Species in Project Area ...... 56 Table 4.6: Common Grasses Species in the Area ...... 58 Table 4.7: Common Shrub Species in the Project Area ...... 59 Table 4.8: Fauna of the Project Area ...... 60 Table 4.9: Avifauna of the Project Area ...... 60 Table 4.11: Population Details of Bajaur District ...... 65 Table 4.12: Veterinary Service available in Bajaur District ...... 67 Table 4.14: Education Statistics of Bajaur District ...... 72 Table 5.1 Screening of Environmental Impacts; Construction and Post Construction Stages ...... 77 Table 6.1: Environmental Management (Mitigation) Plan (Construction & Operation) ...... 95 Table 6.2 Environmental Monitoring ...... 108 Table 6.3: Distribution of Reports ...... 109 Table 6.4: Estimated Budget for Environmental Management ...... 111 Table 6.5: Estimated Budget Environmental Monitoring ...... 111 Figure 7.1: Identification of Stakeholders ...... 115 Table 7.1: Farmer Reasons for Dissatisfaction with Canal Systems ...... 117 Table 7.2: 1st Stage Consultation with the Community ...... 119 Table 7.3: List of Government Official Contacted...... 120 Table 7.4: List of Community Consultation Participants ...... 120 Figure 7.2: Community Meetings at Raghagan ...... 122 Figure 8.1: Proposed GRM ...... 127

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FATA Water Resources Development Project CARD Sub Project Units Conversion Tables Length Units

Millimeters Centimeters Meters Kilometers Inches Feet Yards Miles mm cm m km in ft yd mi 1 0.1 0.001 0.000001 0.03937 0.003281 0.001094 6.21e-07 10 1 0.01 0.00001 0.393701 0.032808 0.010936 0.000006 1000 100 1 0.001 39.37008 3.28084 1.093613 0.000621 1000000 100000 1000 1 39370.08 3280.84 1093.613 0.621371 25.4 2.54 0.0254 0.000025 1 0.083333 0.027778 0.000016 304.8 30.48 0.3048 0.000305 12 1 0.333333 0.000189 914.4 91.44 0.9144 0.000914 36 3 1 0.000568 1609344 160934.4 1609.344 1.609344 63360 5280 1760 1

Area Units

Millimeter Centimeter Meter Inch Foot Yard square square square square square square 2 2 2 2 2 mm cm m2 in ft yd 1 0.01 0.000001 0.00155 0.000011 0.000001 100 1 0.0001 0.155 0.001076 0.00012 1000000 10000 1 1550.003 10.76391 1.19599 645.16 6.4516 0.000645 1 0.006944 0.000772 92903 929.0304 0.092903 144 1 0.111111 836127 8361.274 0.836127 1296 9 1

Volume Units

Centimeter Meter Liter Inch Foo US Imperia US barrel (oil) cube cube cub t gallons l 3 3 3 cm m3 ltr in ft US gal Imp. gal US brl 1 0.000001 0.001 0.061024 0.000035 0.000264 0.00022 0.000006 1000000 1 1000 61024 35 264 220 6.29 1000 0.001 1 61 0.035 0.264201 0.22 0.00629 16.4 0.000016 0.01638 1 0.000579 0.004329 0.003605 0.000103 28317 0.028317 28.3168 1728 1 7.481333 6.229712 0.178127 3785 0.003785 3.79 231 0.13 1 0.832701 0.02381 4545 0.004545 4.55 277 0.16 1.20 1 0.028593 158970 0.15897 159 9701 6 42 35 1 Mass Units

Grams Kilograms Metric tonnes Short ton Long ton Pounds Ounces g kg Tonne shton Lton lb oz 1 0.001 0.000001 0.000001 9.84e-07 0.002205 0.035273 1000 1 0.001 0.001102 0.000984 2.204586 35.27337 1000000 1000 1 1.102293 0.984252 2204.586 35273.37 907200 907.2 0.9072 1 0.892913 2000 32000 1016000 1016 1.016 1.119929 1 2239.859 35837.74 453.6 0.4536 0.000454 0.0005 0.000446 1 16 28 0.02835 0.000028 0.000031 0.000028 0.0625 1

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FATA Water Resources Development Project CARD Sub Project Volumetric Liquid Flow Units

Meter Foot Foot US barrels Liter/second Liter/minute US cube/hour cube/minute cube/hour gallons/minute (oil)/day L/sec L/min M3/hr ft3/min ft3/hr gal/min US brl/d 1 60 3.6 2.119093 127.1197 15.85037 543.4783 0.016666 1 0.06 0.035317 2.118577 0.264162 9.057609 0.277778 16.6667 1 0.588637 35.31102 4.40288 150.9661 0.4719 28.31513 1.69884 1 60 7.479791 256.4674 0.007867 0.472015 0.02832 0.01667 1 0.124689 4.275326 0.06309 3.785551 0.227124 0.133694 8.019983 1 34.28804 0.00184 0.110404 0.006624 0.003899 0.2339 0.029165 1

Temperature Conversion Formulas

Degree Celsius (°C) (°F - 32) x 5/9 (K - 273.15) Degree Fahrenheit (°F) (°C x 9/5) + 32 (1.8 x K) - 459.67 Kelvin (K) (°C + 273.15)

(°F + 459.67) ÷ 1.8

Currency Exchange Table

US Dollar Pakistani Rupees 01 158.90 Exchange Rate as of July 08, 2019

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FATA Water Resources Development Project CARD Sub Project

List of Abbreviations

AC Assistant Commissioner ADB Asian Development Bank AMSL Above Mean Sea Level CARD Command Area Development of Raghagan Dam CO Community Organization CCA Culturable Command Area CSC Construction Supervision Consultant DC Deputy Commissioner DG Director General EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ESMU Environmental and Social Management Unit EMP Environment Management Plan EPA Environment Protection Agency EMMP Environment Management and Monitoring Plan FRDP FATA Rural Development Project FWRDP FATA Water Resources Development Project FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas GIS Geographic Information System GoP Government of Pakistan GRC Grievance Redress Committee GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism HDPE High Density Polyethylene HSE Health, Safety and Environment IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature IA Implementing Agency IEE Initial Environmental Examination KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa MM Mitigation Measure MMT Main Mantle Thrust NGO Non-Governmental Organization NOC No Objection Certificate NSL Natural Surface Level PD Project Director PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Act PIU Project Implementation Unit PMU Project Management Unit PPTA Project Preparatory Technical Assistance RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete RE Resident Engineer SDS Safety Data Sheet SPS Safeguard Policy Statement SSEMP Site Specific Environmental Management Plan ToP Terms of Partnership ToR Terms of Reference WWF World Wide Fund for Nature

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FATA Water Resources Development Project CARD Sub Project Executive Summary

1. Introduction Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP) will be operational in the tribal territories of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa at the western borders of Pakistan with Afghanistan. It focuses on increasing irrigation supplies in three tribal districts, namely Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur, to increase crop production and harvest water sustainably. The project is being proposed as a result of the Water Assessment Study executed under the completed ADB supported FATA Rural Development Project of Merged Areas Secretariat. The study identified 40 watersheds where the groundwater aquifers are depleting at a high rate, even under average weather conditions due to unplanned water extraction for irrigation and other associated purposes. It recommends shifting from groundwater to surface water, which remains totally unutilized, and identified potential sites for small reservoirs and diversion weirs in the 40 watersheds of Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur Tribal Districts of KP. With above background, ADB financed a Project Preparatory Technical Assistance, TA 8409-PAK (PPTA) for FATA Water Resources Development Project in preparing a project for financing consideration by ADB through former FATA Secretariat support implemented the PPTA during 2013-2014, in which a team of national consultants prepared a feasibility study for a water resources project for erstwhile FATA. Based on the findings of the PPTA and on the request of Government of Pakistan, ADB approved, on 15th December 2014, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas Water Resources Development Project (Project) contributing $42.97 million from ADB’s Special Funds. The Government will contribute $4.93 million as counterpart fund. The ADB and Government of Pakistan signed the legal agreement on 17th April 2015 and declared the loan effective on 7th August 2015. The Project implementation period ends on 31th March 2020 and loan accounts will close on 30th September 2020.

Since the project is categorized as a category B project as per ADB’s Safeguards Policy Statement 2009, an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) exercise is required for each sub-project. 2. Project Location Raghagan Dam Project is located across Babukara Khwar, a left bank tributary of Bajaur Khwar, which ultimately falls into Panjkora River. The dam is located in Salarzai area of Bajaur District. The villages located in the vicinity of dam are Raghagan, Charghurai Marusa, Mullah Killi and Qazi Dheri. The coordinates of Raghagan Dam Command Area sites are; S.No. Longitude (m) Latitude (m) 1. 734060.005 3851812.240 2. 736034.496 3848332.633

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3. 745827.699 3853889.752 4. 743867.430 3857377.429 3. Environmental Issues The subproject activities include construction of Aqueducts, Syphon Aqueducts, Stepped Fall Structure, Water Sumps, command area development, solar system uplift and about 31.50 Km secondary distribution system i.e. irrigation channels and 41.20 Km tertiary distribution system i.e. water courses will irrigate 929 ha of Culturable Command Area (CCA). This will cause some disturbance due to construction activities on the RoW at site and the allied sites involving borrow material, camp areas, material and machinery yard, link roads and necessary facilities for the staff and labor to be engaged for the execution of the subproject. 4. Policy Legal and Administrative Framework This report represents in accordance to Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act 2014 and Asian Development Bank’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 requires that environmental considerations be incorporated into ADB’s funded project to ensure that the project will have minimal environmental impacts and be environmentally sound. Occupational health & safety of the local population should also be addressed as well as the project workers as stated in SPS 2009. Because this project falls in the jurisdiction of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa EPA, therefore approval from the Provincial EPA will be required. 5. Project Description Raghagan Dam Project is located across Babukara Khwar, a left bank tributary of Bajaur Khwar, which ultimately falls into Panjkora River. The dam is located in Salarzai area of Bajaur District. The villages located in the vicinity of dam are Raghagan, Charghurai Marusa, Mullah Killi and Qazi Dheri. Two canals i.e. left bank and right bank off takes from main dam to irrigate the command area which is located at both banks of Babukara Khwar. Both these canals run in cut, while the left side is in deep cut in some reach. Water conveyance from channel to the fields is the crux of the problem and such arrangement do not exist within the ambit of the FATA Development Authority. The present scope of work is to fix the missing links between the command area and the main irrigation channels including On Farm Water Management. The present study did not intervene the part of the project which was executed by the FATA Development Authority. The project is divided into seven (07) number of chunks totaling gross command area of 1,113 ha and culturable command area of 929 ha. This Project includes development of command area by providing irrigation network from the Raghagan main right and left irrigation channels though outlets either by lift or through gravity. After the successful completion of the Raghagan Dam Project, the proposed system under study will be able to irrigate 929 ha. This project involves construction of

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secondary distributary system which is inclusive of primary and secondary water courses/channels having a length of 31.50 km and tertiary distribution system which comprises tertiary water courses having length of 41.20 km. It is to mention here that due to topography of the command area; these water courses/channels have allied structures such as stepped fall structures, aqueducts, syphon’s, road culverts, drainage culverts, sumps for lifting, lifting pipes, solar panels, accessories, naccas and washing pads etc. The project cost is estimated to be Rs. 430.672 million and is anticipated to take 18 months period to complete. The results of the economic analysis show that the project is economically viable (EIRR 12.24 %). The financial analysis also indicates the safe investment with FIRR as 10.21 %. 6. Environmental and Social Baseline The purpose of this chapter is to establish the baseline conditions for the physical, biological and the social aspects of the environment of sub project area. The data were collected regarding the physical environment, biological environment and social aspects of the study area from field surveys, desk studies and visits to the Government departments, other relevant agencies and discussions with the main stakeholders of the area. 7. Physical Environment Bajaur Tribal District, Smallest of the tribal districts in KP, has a hilly terrain and covers an area of 1,290 km2 and is located between latitude 34o 30’ and 34o 59’ N and longitude 71o 14’ and 71o 48’ E. Northern part of the district is drained by the Bajaur stream and its tributaries, while the southern part drains into Swat River. Nawagai, Charmung, Khatai, Watalai and Babukara streams join the Bajaur stream and eventually fall into the Panjkora River. The total cultivated area of the district is about 75,350 ha while the forest area is about 26,471 ha. The major crops grown are wheat, maize, vegetables and orchard. The elevation of Bajaur varies from 762 to 1,220 m AMSL with varying slope. There is no climatological station located within the catchment of the project. The climate of Bajaur District is semi-arid, subtropical continental highland type. Precipitation over the basin mainly occurs in two seasons, Monsoon (July to September) and Spring (February to April). Mean annual rainfall over the watershed has been estimated as 29.5 inches using the long-term rainfall data at Malakand station (1961-2006) which is about 24 air miles from dam site. The winter is very cold with severe weather conditions which prevail from November to March. Over the catchment, maximum temperature of 32°C occurs in the mouth of July and minimum of -0.5°C in January. The command area of the sub project is designated as piedmont plain, deposits comprise of clay, gravel, cobbles, boulders with sands alternated by clayey layers at various depths.

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A number of springs and streams of sweet water flow throughout the agency and serve as clean water sources for drinking and irrigation. Rud is the major stream, which drains the main Khar – Nawagai valley and flows from south west to north – east and discharges into Munda Khwar at a village called Kulala (Bajaur). The water quality of the sub project area was examined. The result shows revealed that the water quality is not fit for drinking purposes as the water is contaminated with E.Coli and coliform bacteria while the chemical parameters are within NEQS limit. It requires proper treatment e.g. chlorination before drinking. The ambient air quality and noise is within permissible limits of NEQS. 8. Biological Environment Ecologically, this area falls within the main group of Dry Subtropical Broad-leaved Forest. The sub–group is Monotheca Scrubs. Generally, the vegetation is thorny evergreen shrubs, which are capable of developing into small trees, even under harsh climatic conditions and social pressure (heavy grazing /browsing). The main tree species are, Ber (Ziziphus nummularia), Bakain (Melia azedarach), Tooth (Morus), Chinar (Platanus Orientalis), Popular (Populus), Nakhtar (Pinus), Khobani (Prunus armeniaca), Shaftaloo (Prunus persica), Akhrot (Juglans regia), Alocha (Prunus domestica), Zaitoon (Olea europaea) and Badam (Prunus dulcis). Avifauna of the area is highly diversified and colorful, which is widely dispersed in gardens, cultivated fields, streams and hill slopes. In the past, there were no wildlife or forest laws enacted for erstwhile FATA. Governor KP had issued a notification, declaring all wetlands in erstwhile FATA as Community Game Reserves. Hunting shall only be allowed with joint agreement of local communities and authorities. Moreover, a separate notification has also been issued declaring trade in body parts (pelt, skin, stuffed bodies, trophies, etc.) of all wild fauna including migratory birds as illegal. However, more recently, the 25th Constitutional amendment like 18th Constitutional amendment which resulted in abolition of concurrent list and devolved 47 subjects to provinces, is a paradigm shift where under Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) stand integrated with and merged in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Now being part of the province, the executive authority is shifted to the Chief Minister and his cabinet. The Merged Areas have no longer special status or dispensation. All provincial laws shall equally be applicable to these areas. No threatened or endangered species were observed in the sub project area, as per IUCN red list classification of 2017. 9. Socioeconomic and Cultural Aspects Bajaur Tribal District is divided into Seven Tehsils, which are Barang, Nawagai, Khar, Mamund, Salarzai, Utmankhel and Chamarkand. Its border with Afghanistan's

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Kunar province makes it of strategic importance to Pakistan and the region. The district headquarter is located at Khar. The colonial legacy in the form of political administration under the unbridled powers of Political Agent is no longer there. The office is re- named as Deputy Commissioner and Assistant Commissioner. Similarly, the Century old FCR is no more. The tribal people will have fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution and of which they were deprived till now. The introduction and presence of criminal and judicial system will ensure their fundamental rights like other citizens of rest of the Country. Bajaur is inhabited almost exclusively by Tarkani (Tarkalani) Pashtuns, and there are their main sub-tribes in Bajaur: Utman, Khel, Tarkalanri, Mamund (Kakazai, Wur and Salarzai) as well as a small population of Safis. The Utman Khel are at the southeast of Bajaur, while Mamund are at the southwest, and the Tarkani are at the north of Bajaur. Total population of the Agency is about 1,093,684 persons, out of which 51% are males and 49% are female, with growth rate of 3.25%. The sub project sites are situated in the east of Tehsil Khar at a distance of approximately 10 km. Total population of the area is 12044 persons and 1165 households. Tarkalani, Mamund (Kakazai, Wur and Salarzai) as well as a small population of Safis are residing in the sub project area. Pashto is the main language of the area, with a softer form spoken in the north and a harder dialect in the south. The Basic Health Unite facility is present in the subproject area for female and children. People of the area are deprived of basic needs of life; they have to travel for treatment to Khar District Headquarter Hospital (District Bajaur) or Timergara (Lower Dir) in any type of emergency. The sources and ways of communication are serious issues of the local community, because they face and suffer in patient treatments like delivery cases, child health care and other diseases. The people in the agency are not widely educated. They migrate to down districts in search of jobs or any other labor. Government services are a cherished source of livelihood for many. Tribal society is dominated by men. Cultural tradition, social practices and low female literacy have left women in a vulnerable position. They are for the most part restricted to performing household work, and are excluded from decision-making both on the domestic front and at the community level. Women’s access to education and health care is limited because such services are not available close to home. Women in the area play a dominant role in running the household, rearing and guiding children, managing household finances, and providing much of the labor for agriculture and animal husbandry. They do not normally have a public role, particularly in interactions with the broader society.

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FATA Water Resources Development Project CARD Sub Project 10. Public Consultation Initial public consultation process with various stakeholders has been carried out so as to create awareness, information dissemination and to involve them in the designing, planning and execution of sub project. The viewpoints of the stakeholders have been taken into account and their concerns and suggestions for possible improvements have been included where appropriate. During the field survey, significant efforts were made to identify the possible categories of stakeholders. Stakeholders at site were notified villagers, local residents, government officials, shop owners, public representative, NGO’s and general public. All those stake holders had different types of stakes according to their professions. Tribal society is dominated by men with final say in the affairs of all members of the family. Women, by comparison, play a subservient role and observe strict purdah (veiling). They are for the most part restricted to performing household work, and are excluded from decision-making both on the domestic front and at the community level. Keeping in mind the above background, women of the subproject area could not be consulted. The people of the area were briefed about the both negative and positive impacts of the subproject during construction. They responded that the negative impacts like noise and dust are very minor and temporary issues as compared to the positive impacts which will help them to improve their socioeconomic conditions. However, they were highly concerned over the agricultural land damage which were assured that no such damage will be caused during the sub project execution and use of heavy machinery within agricultural land will be avoided. 11. Environmental Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures The Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study has disclosed that the sub project is not likely to have any severe negative impacts on the environment and people of the area. All the potential impacts which have been identified during the present assessment are associated with the construction stage of the sub project, and minor to moderate in severity; and can easily be avoided (through good design and construction planning) or mitigated (through proper implementation of the EMP). No acquisition of permanent land will be involved. There is no such adverse environmental impact of the sub project but the construction-related impacts such as air pollution, noise and use of community resources can be well managed through proper implementation of the mitigation measures, which have been identified in this report. Also, there is no environmentally sensitive area in the vicinity of the sub project area. Women headed households have not been identified in the sub project area and no indigenous people impacts are involved in the proposed sub project. The other social

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issues like safety of general public and workers, security problems, risk of communicable diseases, vector borne diseases etc. are of temporary nature. On the other hand, the sub project will create job opportunities particularly for the local population during construction stage and extremely beneficial for uplift of socioeconomic condition of the local population through irrigated agriculture i.e. development of 929 ha culturable land. 12. Environmental Management Plan Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is produced as a complementary part of Detailed Design and as a free- standing document. It ensures incorporation of the relevant environmental factors into the overall Sub Project design and will identify linkages to other safeguard policies relating to the project. The EMP defines responsibilities for the implementation of mitigation measures in order to minimize or control negative impacts of construction and operational of the project, as well as defining a framework and responsibilities for the monitoring of each mitigation measure. The EMP shall be implemented throughout the construction period, by the contractor. The EMP shall be supplemented by Site Specific Environmental Management Plan (SSEMP) to be prepared by the contractor upon mobilization. Based on the preliminary assessment, key mitigation measures recommended under this Environmental Management Plan (EMP), the Contractor will submit the Site-Specific Environmental Management Plan (SSEMP) to the CSC and PMU for approval at least ten (10) days prior to commencement of any physical works. Overall responsibility for Environmental Management and Monitoring will rest with the Project Management Unit (PMU) which is headed by a Project Director (PD) and assisted by the CSC.). 13. Conclusion and Recommendations The assessment of potential impacts of the proposed Command Area Development of Raghagan Dam sub project reveals that this sub project will generate only minor to moderate adverse environmental impacts. These adverse impacts will be mostly confined to the construction works and will be temporary in nature. The predicted adverse impacts will be minimized and reduced by implementing the prescribed mitigation measures and will be continually monitored by implementing and updating the EMP. The overall finding is that the beneficial gains provided by Irrigation project will by far exceed the negative impacts – most of them being short-termed and without major interference to both the bio-physical and human environment. It is emphasized that the success of the EMP depends on the respective line agencies and institutions identified as key players in the implementation of the EMP. The timely and complete inclusion of the EMP’s compliance clauses in the Contractor documents is mandatory to ensure the success of all environmental safeguard measures.

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As the sub project is exclusively an irrigation system, all identified adverse environmental impacts during the rehabilitation and improvement works of the project will be of minor nature, easily to be mitigated by adequate implementation of the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans. Entire command of the sub project components does not include any environmentally sensitive areas. The final conclusion is that, the project is environmentally safe and socially acceptable.

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FATA Water Resources Development Project CARD Sub Project

INTRODUCTION

General 1. The environmental study is undertaken in accordance with Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act 2014 and Asian Development Bank`s (ADB) Environment Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 requirement and recommendations. 2. The TOR requires that an assessment of the environmental impacts of the project (i.e. IEE or EIA), preparation of the environmental management and monitoring plans (EMMPs), inclusion of costs for implementing recommended mitigation measures, and any capacity strengthening measures in the project development costs. Project Background 3. The Tribal areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) have scarcity of land and water resources. In spite of the land scarcity, the people are agriculturalist and livestock herders by occupation and practice agriculture where possible. Encouraged by the salutary effects of schemes in water sector, the Merged Areas Secretariat has proposed to harvest the flood water in the streams by constructing Small Dams to bring more areas under irrigation and to recharge aquifer for supplementing groundwater reserve. Therefore, main focus in recent years has been the construction of dams to conserve water in order to expand and intensify irrigated agriculture. The irrigated agriculture has evolved over many centuries and today, despite the decades of civil strife, there are still thousands of hectares being irrigated by traditional systems, which are managed, operated and maintained by communities with little or no involvement of the government. However, there is considerable opportunity for increasing agricultural production by construction of major infrastructure works, like construction of small dams, diversion weirs, lining of water courses and increasing awareness about latest farm practices and cropping patterns which are beyond the technical and financial capacity of the farming communities. 4. FATA Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP) will be operational in the provincial tribal territories at the western borders of Pakistan with Afghanistan. It focuses on increasing irrigation supplies in three tribal districts, namely Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur, to increase crop production and harvest water sustainability. The project is being proposed as a result of the Water Assessment Study executed under the completed ADB supported FATA Rural Development Project of former FATA Secretariat. The study

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FATA Water Resources Development Project CARD Sub Project

identified 40 watersheds where the groundwater aquifers are depleting at a high rate, even under average weather conditions due to unplanned water extraction for irrigation and other associated purposes. It recommends shifting from groundwater to surface water, which remains totally unutilized, and identified potential sites for small reservoirs and diversion weirs in the 40 watersheds of Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur tribal districts of KP. 5. With above background, ADB financed a Project Preparatory Technical Assistance, TA 8409-PAK (PPTA) for FATA Water Resources Development Project in preparing a project for financing consideration by ADB through former FATA Secretariat support implemented the PPTA during 2013-2014, in which a team of national consultants prepared a feasibility study for a water resources project for erstwhile FATA. Based on the findings of the PPTA and on the request of Government of Pakistan, ADB approved, on 15th December 2014, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP) contributing $42.97 million from ADB’s Special Funds. The Government will contribute $4.93 million as counterpart fund. The ADB and Government of Pakistan signed the legal agreement on 17th April 2015 and declared the loan effective on 7th August 2015. The Project implementation period ends on 31th March 2020 and loan accounts will close on 30th September 2020. 6. Raghagan Dam Project is located across Babukara Khwar, a left bank tributary of Bajaur Khwar, which ultimately falls into Panjkora River. The dam is located in Salarzai area of Bajaur District. The villages located in the vicinity of dam are Raghagan, Charghurai Marusa, Mullah Killi and Qazi Dheri. Project Consultants 7. The Proponent / client, FATA Water Resources Development Project, Merged Areas Secretariat entered into a formal contract in Oct, 2016 with design and supervision consultants for the project with joint venture, led by BAK Consulting Engineers, AGES Consultants and Rehman Habib Consultants. Purpose of This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) 8. Environmental Assessment is a systematic process for evaluating the environmental consequences of any proposed Policy, Plan or Program initiative in order to ensure that the various concerns are fully included and appropriately addressed at the earliest stage of decision making at par with the economic and social considerations. The economic, social, and environmental change is inherent to development. Whilst, development aims

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FATA Water Resources Development Project CARD Sub Project

to bring about positive change, it can lead to conflicts. In the past, the promotion of economic growth, as the motor for increased well-being, was the main development thrust with little sensitivity towards adverse social or environmental impacts. The need to avoid adverse impacts and to ensure long term benefits led to the concept of sustainability. This has become accepted as an essential feature of the development, if the aim of increased well-being and greater equity in fulfilling basic needs is to be met for the present and future generations. Environment Assessment thus, has three main functions: • predict positive and adverse impacts. • find ways to minimize/manage adverse impacts. • enhance positive effects. 9. Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study takes into account the natural environment (air, water, land, flora & fauna), human health and safety. This study evaluates the Sub Project’s potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence and outlines planning, designing and implementation by preventing, minimizing or mitigating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts throughout sub project implementation. 10. The civil work within the sub project area will cause some disturbances. The activities during construction period involve; Aqueducts, Syphon Aqueducts, Stepped Fall Structure, Water, Sumps, command area development, solar system uplift and about 31.50 Km secondary distribution system i.e. irrigation channels and 41.20 Km tertiary distribution system i.e. water courses which will irrigate 929 ha of Culturable Command Area (CCA), borrow material, camping grounds, material dump, machinery yard and other necessary facilities for the staff/labor to be engaged for the construction of the sub project. IEE Methodology 11. In the present study, standard methods were followed for Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. All the methods were structured for collection and organization of environmental baseline data and identification of environmental impacts using different survey tools and discussions with different stakeholders. The information, thus gathered, has been analyzed and presented in the form of a number of visual formats for easy interpretation and decision making. 12. The baseline data was developed and analyzed to identify potential environmental impacts of the subproject. A Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist methodology was adopted to identify the high-risk

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FATA Water Resources Development Project CARD Sub Project

activities and suggest their mitigation measures. Where possible, eliminating the risk by altering the scope or method of execution of work was preferred rather than minimizing the risk with control measures. 13. The Social Assessment (SA) has been conducted to evaluate the subproject’s potential positive and adverse effects on the affected people and to examine subproject alternatives where adverse effects may be significant. The width, depth and type of analysis in the social assessment are proportional to the nature of the subproject and scale of its potential effects, positive or adverse, on the affected people. Study Area 14. The study area related to the IEE of the reported subproject comprised the following areas and features / aspects:

i. Primary impacts zone where the proposed subprojects components, including “the area of Aqueducts, Syphon Aqueducts, Stepped Fall Structure, Sumps, along the alignment of the proposed irrigation system, Contractor’s camp and construction material storage area.

ii. The secondary impact zone is the command area of the reported subprojects where beneficial impacts are anticipated as with the availability water, the cultivated area will be increased and cropping pattern will be changed as well as intensified. Baseline Survey Methodology 15. A survey was carried out in the project area for field studies including physical, biological and social impact assessment in March and April, 2019. A summary of the main activities undertaken during the visit have been enlisted below: i. Collected information and required data from the project area for preparation of Initial Environmental Examination report. ii. Identified site-specific issues of the proposed project. iii. Information obtained regarding existing infrastructure in and around the project area. iv. Requirements of necessary mitigation measures to be integrated into the overall plan were identified. v. Consultations with the population settled in the vicinity of the project. vi. Survey of nearby Environmental Sensitive receptors. vii. Vegetation Survey viii. Different forest classes were identified and the degraded areas and scrubs were delineated. The grasslands/ alpine pastures and agricultural areas

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FATA Water Resources Development Project CARD Sub Project

were also identified and delineated. The non-forest land cover was also delineated. ix. Interviews of the local for the presence and relative abundance of various animal species within each locality were also taken to have firsthand information. x. Data collection was carried out on habitat condition, animal presence by direct sighting and indirect evidences. 16. The section on climatology has been taken from the Project Hydrology Report made by project hydrologists. 17. The regional geology and seismic-tectonics of the region are discussed based on the various available data sources and reports. Particularly, the discussion on project geology has been based on the data available in the Project Geology Report and field observations made in selective pockets of different project affected sites. 18. Land use and land cover mapping was carried out by standard methods of analysis of remotely sensed data followed by ground truthing. 19. Forest types and plant species were recorded during the field visits and the floristic data for the catchment were sourced from the published literature. Based on the field data and available literature, frequency, density and cover of each species were calculated. 20. Rare and endangered species were identified as per IUCN Red list, 2017. 21. In order to collect the information on the fauna (mammals, avifauna, herpetofauna) in the area, primary as well as secondary sources were utilized. 22. The Forest Working Plans of the Forest Divisions falling in the project area were referred to for secondary information on the wildlife of the area. 23. The environmental testing (air, noise and water) at site has been carried out and the results are attached as supporting documents in Annex I. Impact Assessment Methodology

24. Prediction of impacts has been based on a broad matrix group ‘ecosystem’ constituted by physical and biological components. The vulnerability of an ecosystem to various impacts resulting from an activity or multiple activities was identified and accordingly impacts predicted. The main theme of the ecosystem approach in visualizing impacts on various sets of environmental data revolves around the idea that natural processes and patterns are likely to be affected under impacts of a developmental activity.

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FATA Water Resources Development Project CARD Sub Project

25. The potential impacts at various stages of the subprojects were predicted, identified and assessed according to their category of impact. They were classified as negligent, moderate or high. Each category is defined as under; Negligible: No or minimum impact Moderate: Potential impact but can be mitigated (Site Specific) High: significant adverse environmental impacts that is irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented 26. The moderate to high impacts were further described and mitigation measures were suggested accordingly. 27. The mitigation measures and environmental monitoring have been worked out in the light of environmental impacts assessed. Interviews, field visits/surveys, scoping sessions with officials/notables and concerned stakeholders were also made for the accomplishment of the study. Report Format Chapter A: Introduction consists of the background, project needs and objectives. It also explains the methodologies adopted for carrying out different environmental and socio-economic studies. Chapter B: The legal and institutional framework section provides in detail, an overview of the government laws and rules that apply to regulate and control the environmental impacts due to project implementation, operation and maintenance, together with the relevant guidelines, legislation and policies concerning the project. Chapter C: It provides details of the project components. This chapter also includes, route selection studies to select most viable route with maximum socio-economic benefits with minimum environmental adverse impacts. Chapter D: It describes the baseline conditions like physical, biological and socioeconomic, and surrounding area people. It also provides information about the existing amenities like education, health, infrastructure, cultural heritage, water supply/availability, electricity, etc. in the area. Chapter E: It provides the project impacts, both positive and negative/adverse, on the land, land-based assets, infrastructure, crops, forest and fruit trees, existing amenities, sewage, waste material generation etc. due to the construction of the project. This section also deals with the

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mitigation of the adverse impacts identified in the shape of the compensation, rehabilitation, capacity building, provision of livelihood resources and other needed amenities etc. Chapter F: This chapter ensures that healthy and friendly environment is created during the construction, operation and maintenance of the project by adopting effective Environmental Management Plan (EMP). Chapter G: This chapter deals with consultation with different stakeholders of the project as well as the study area. Chapter H This chapter covers the Grievance Redress Mechanism from stakeholders and general public, and also includes required actions taken on any issue raised by them during construction or operational phases of the project. Chapter I: It summaries the positive and adverse impacts, mitigation measures of the adverse impacts and main recommendations based on the studies carried out and discussions/consultations with the affected persons, other stakeholders and notables of the project area. Project Categorization 28. The sub project falls under Schedule-I of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Review of IEE & EIA) Regulations, 2000 in water management, dams, irrigation and flood protection heading which states that dams and reservoirs with storage volume less than 50 million cubic meters of surface area less than 8 square kilometres require an IEE. 29. According to ADB Safeguard Policy Statement 2009, projects are to be categorized into three environmental categories; A, B, or C. All the anticipated adverse environmental impacts of the sub project are mitigative, temporary nature and localized, except few adverse impacts those are long term and will be manage/minimize through implementation of Environment Management Plan. The REA Checklists (Attached as Annex-II) define this in category “B” as per ADB’s guidelines for project categorization. IEE Team 30. The IEE team for the sub project consists of the following. ➢ Mr. Shabir Ahmad Khan Environment Specialist ➢ Mr. Ihsan Afridi Environmentalist ➢ Mr. Farhan Environmentalist ➢ Mr. Ibad Ullah Sociologist

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FATA Water Resources Development Project CARD Sub Project

POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

General 31. This section provides an overview of the policy framework and national legislation that applies to the proposed sub-project. The project is expected to comply with all national legislation relating to environment in Pakistan and ADB`s Environment Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS) 2009. National Policy and Legal Framework 32. NEP is the primary policy of Government of Pakistan addressing environmental issues. The broad Goal of NEP is, “to protect, conserve and restore Pakistan’s environment in order to improve the quality of life of the citizens through sustainable development”. The NEP identifies a set of sectoral and cross-sectoral guidelines to achieve its goal of sustainable development. It also suggests various policy instruments to overcome the environmental problems throughout the country. 33. Prior to the adoption of the 18th Constitutional Amendment, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) 1997 was the governing law for environmental conservation in the country. Under PEPA 1997, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) and Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) were primarily responsible for administering PEPA 1997. After the adoption of the 18th Constitutional Amendment in 2011, the subject of environment was devolved and the provinces have been empowered for environmental protection and conservation. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act, 2014 34. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act, 2014 is the basic legislative tool empowering the provincial government to frame regulations for the protection of the environment. The act is applicable to a broad range of issues and extends to air, water, soil and noise pollution, as well as to the handling of hazardous substance. The key features of the law which are directly related to the proposed project area are: Section-11: Prohibition of certain discharges or emissions: (1) "Subject to the provisions of this Act and the rules & regulations made there under no person shall discharge or emit or allow the discharge or emission of any effluent or waste or air pollution or noise in an amount, concentration or level which is in excess of the National Environmental Quality Standards.”

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Section-13: Initial Environmental Examination and Environmental Impact Assessment: (1) "No proponent of a project shall commence construction or operation unless he has filed with the Federal Agency an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) or, where the project is likely to cause an adverse environmental effect, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), and has obtained from the Federal Agency approval in respect thereof". Section-14 and 15: Prohibition of Import of Hazardous Waste and Handling of Hazardous Substances: No person shall carry, import, bring, transport or deliver hazardous waste or cause to carry, import, bring, transport or delivery of hazardous waste into the territorial jurisdiction of the Province of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Subject to the provisions of this Act, no person shall generate, collect, consign, transport, treat, dispose of, store, handle, deal in and use or import any hazardous substance except: (a) under a license issued by the Agency and in such manner, as may be prescribed; or (b) in accordance with the provisions of any other law for the time being in force, or of any International Treaty, Convention, Protocol, Code, Standard, Agreement or other instrument to which Pakistan or the Province of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is a party. Regulations for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA 35. Under Section 12 of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 and section 13 of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act 2014, a project falling under any category specified in Schedule I (SRO 339, 10/2000) requires the proponent to file an Initial Environment Examination (IEE) report with concerned provincial or federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Projects falling under any category specified in schedule II, the proponent shall submit an EIA with the Provincial or federal Agency, in this case Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Agency (KP-EPA) Peshawar, as the project is located in KP. Within 10 working days of IEE or EIA having been deposited, the concerned agency will confirm that the document submitted is complete for the purpose of review. During this time should the empowered agency require the proponent for revision, clearly citing those aspects that need further discussion the proponent will carry out necessary revision. Subsequently, the concerned agency will make every effort to complete the process for an IEE review within 45 days and an EIA within 90 days of filing and issue a “No-Objection Certificate” to the project proponent.

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FATA Water Resources Development Project CARD Sub Project

Regulatory Clearances, EPA 36. In accordance with regulatory requirements, an IEE/EIA satisfying the requirements of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act is to be submitted to provincial Environment Protection Agency for review and approval, and subsequent issuance of NOC before the commencement of construction. Guidelines for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA 37. The Pak-EPA has published a set of environmental guidelines for conducting environmental assessments and the environmental management of different types of development projects. The guidelines that are relevant to the proposed sub-project are listed below: • Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of Environmental Reports, Pakistan, EPA1997;

• Guidelines for Public Consultations; Pakistan EPA May 1997;

Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, (2000) 38. The Regulation classifies projects on the basis of expected degree of adverse environmental impacts and lists them in two separate schedules. Schedule I lists projects that may not have significant environmental impacts and therefore require an IEE. Schedule II lists projects of potentially significant environmental impacts requiring preparation of an EIA. The Regulations also require that all projects located in environmentally sensitive areas require preparation of an EIA. It also lists projects not requiring either an EIA or an IEE. National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) 39. The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) were first promulgated in 1993 and have been amended in 1995 and 2000. They have been revised and the latest NEQS were issued in 2010.These standards are also stringent with the International NEQs Regulation. The following standards that are specified in the NEQS are relevant to the proposed Sub Project.

• NEQS for Ambient Air – November, 2010 state the Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (9 parameters) in gaseous emissions from vehicle exhaust.

• NEQS for Drinking Water Quality – 2010 describe the drinking water properties by outlining the defined physical and chemical parameters.

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FATA Water Resources Development Project CARD Sub Project

• NEQS for Noise – November 2010 states the maximum allowable limit of noise arising from vehicles in decibels (dB) separately for day and night times.

• NEQS for Waste Effluents –2000 states the Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (32 parameters) in municipal and liquid industrial effluents discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment facilities and the sea. 40. These standards apply to the gaseous emissions and liquid effluents discharged by, campsites and construction machinery. The standards for vehicles will apply only during the construction phase of the Sub Project. Standards for ambient air quality have also been prescribed. (Reference Annex III for NEQS). Comparative Analysis of the National and International Standards 41. A comparison of applicable local and international guidelines for air quality has been provided in Table 2.1. In general, the NEQS standards for air quality are most stringent in comparison to USEPA, WHO and the World Bank standards. The only exception is the TSP parameter for the annual mean where the World Bank standard (100 ug/m3) is more stringent than the NEQS standard (360 ug/m3). Apart from this one exception, the NEQS standards will also be used for the proposed project. 42. Similar to the standards for air quality, the comparison of noise standards provided in Table 2.2 clearly shows that NEQS standards for noise in case of commercial areas are more stringent in comparison to the World Bank/IFC standards. In case of night time standards for the residential areas, the IFC/WHO standards are more stringent as compared to Pak NEQS. Apart from this one exception, the NEQS will be used for the proposed project. 43. A comparison of National Standards for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ), Pakistan and World Health Organization (WHO) are given in Table 2.3. Maximum Allowable limits of all of the contaminates are almost same except for Lead & Arsenic. The NSDWQ will be used for the proposed project.

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Table 2.1 Comparison of International and local Air Quality Standards

USEPA1 WHO2 World Bank3 Pak. NEQS Pollutants Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Standard Standard Standard Standard Time Time Time Time 125 (Interim target-1) 24- 20 Annual 50 Annual Primary- hour 80 ug/m3 μg/m3 Mean (Interim Average 75 ppb mean 1 hr target-2) Secondary- SO2 20 0.5 ppm 3hrs (guideline) (1,300 10- 500 120 μg/m³) minute 24 hrs 3 ug/m3 mean μg/m 10 500 ug/m3 minutes Primary 35 1 hr ppm (40 mg/m³) 10 8 hrs 5 mg/m3 Primary 9 mg/m3 CO 8 hrs - - 8 hrs ppm (8.7 (10 mg/m³) ppm) 10 40 mg/m3 1 hr mg/m3 1 hr Primary & annual 40 Annual 40 40 ug/m3 Secondary- mean μg/m3 Average Annual Annual (guideline) NO2 0.053 ppm Mean Mean 200 (100 1-hour 200 3 (guideline) 24 hrs 80 ug/m μg/m³) mean μg/m3 Primary & Secondary- 0.12 ppm 1 hr (235

μg/m³) 130 O3 - - 1 hr ug/m3 Primary & 8 hrs 100 3 8 hrs Secondary- mean μg/m 0.070 ppm (140 μg/m³) Annual Annual 360 100 ug/m3 150-230 Mean Mean ug/m3 TSP 24 hrs 260 ug/m3 24 hrs ug/m3 500 24 hrs 500 ug/m3 24 hrs ug/m3

1 Source- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards retrieved on 15th January, 2018. 2 Source-http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ retrieved on 15th January, 2018. 3 Source-IFC Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines-GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY, April 2007.

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USEPA1 WHO2 World Bank3 Pak. NEQS Pollutants Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Standard Standard Standard Standard Time Time Time Time 70 Annual 120 (Interim Mean ug/m3 target-1) 50 (Interim target-2) 30 (Interim target-3) annual 1 year 20 20 mean 150 μg/m³ μg/m3 (guideline) Primary and PM10 24 hrs 24- Secondary 50 150 150 hour 24 24 hrs 3 3 (Interim ug/m mean μg/m hours target-1) 100 (Interim target-2) 75 (Interim target-3) 50 (guideline) -Primary Annual 15 ug/m3 - 12 μg/m³ annual 10 Average 3 Annual Secondary mean μg/m 24 hrs 35 ug/m3 15 μg/m³ PM2.5 - - Annual 24- Primary & hour 25 1 hr 15 ug/m3 24 hrs Secondary mean μg/m3 35 μg/m³ Note: I ug/m3 = 0.002ppm

Table 2.2: Comparison of International and local for Noise-Limit in dB(A) Leq

NEQS (Effective form July, 2012) IFC & WHO

S.No Category of Day time Night time Receptor Day time Night time Area/Zone (7-00:22- (22:00- 00) 7:00)

1 Residential Area 55 55 Residential; 55 45 (A) institutional;

educational4

2 Commercial Area 65 45 Industrial; 70 70 (B) commercial

3 Industrial Area (C) 75 65

4 For acceptable indoor noise levels for residential, institutional, and educational settings refer to WHO (1999).

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4 Silence Zone (D) 50 45

Table 2.3 Comparison of International and local Standards for Drinking Water

National Standards Sr. WHO Parameter Unit for Drinking Water No. Guidelines Quality

Biological Analysis

1. Total Coliform No./100ml 0/100 ml 0

2. E. Coli No./100ml 0/100 ml 0

3. Fecal E. Coli No./100ml 0/100 ml 0

Chemical Analysis

4. pH - 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 8.5

5. Temperature 0C - -

6. Color TCU <15 <15

7. Taste …. Not Objectionable Not Objectionable

8. Odour ouE/m³ Not Objectionable Not Objectionable

9. Turbidity NTU <5 <5 Electrical 10. µS NA NA Conductivity 11. Total Hardness mg/l <500 <500

12. TDS mg/l <1000 <1000

13. TSS mg/l NA NA

14. Ammonia mg/l NA NA

15. Arsenic mg/l 0.01 <0.05

16. Iron mg/l NA NA

17. Aluminum mg/l - <0.2

18. Sodium mg/l NA NA

19. Chloride mg/l NA NA

20. Sulphate mg/l 0.01 <0.05

21. Fluoride mg/l <1.5 <1.5

22. Nitrate mg/l <50 <50

23. Nitrite mg/l 3 3

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National Standards Sr. WHO Parameter Unit for Drinking Water No. Guidelines Quality

24. Cadmium mg/l 0.003 0.01

25. Chromium mg/l 0.05 <0.05

26. Copper mg/l 2.0 2.0

27. Manganese mg/l 0.5 <0.5

28. Nickel mg/l 0.02 <0.02

29. Lead mg/l 0.01 <0.05

30. Zinc mg/l 3.0 5.0

NA: Not Applicable

ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 44. The Asian Development Bank’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 requires that environmental considerations be incorporated into ADB’s funded project to ensure that the project will have minimal environmental impacts and be environmentally sound. Occupational health & safety of the local population should also be addressed as well as the project workers as stated in SPS. 45. All loans and investments are subject to categorization to determine environmental assessment requirements. Categorization is to be undertaken using Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklists, consisting of questions relating to (i) the sensitivity and vulnerability of environmental resources in Sub Project area, and (ii) the potential for the Sub Project to cause significant adverse environmental impacts. Projects are classified into one of the following environmental categories: 46. Category A: A project is classified as category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area larger than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required. 47. Category B: A project is classified as category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts are less adverse than those of category “A” projects. These impacts are site-specific, few, if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for category “A” projects. An Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is required.

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FATA Water Resources Development Project CARD Sub Project

48. Category C: A project is classified as category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. No environmental assessment is required although environmental implications need to be reviewed. 49. Category FI: A project is classified as category FI if it involves investment of ADB funds to or through a financial intermediary (FI). 50. As a result of the completion of the Involuntary Resettlement (IR) and Indigenous People (IP) Checklist the sub project has been placed in Category “C” while in Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist, the sub project has been placed in Category ‘‘B’’ thus a detailed and comprehensive IEE study has been prepared including the EMP. Project Categorization 51. Under Section 12 of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 and section 13 of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act 2014, a project falling under any category specified in Schedule I (SRO 339, 10/2000) requires the proponent to file an Initial Environment Examination (IEE) report with concerned provincial or federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Projects falling under any category specified in schedule II, the proponent shall submit an EIA with the Provincial or federal Agency, in this case Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Agency (KP-EPA) Peshawar, as the project is located in KP. Within 10 working days of IEE or EIA having been deposited, the concerned agency will confirm that the document submitted is complete for the purpose of review. During this time should the empowered agency require the proponent for revision, clearly citing those aspects that need further discussion the proponent will carry out necessary revision. Subsequently, the concerned agency will make every effort to complete the process for an IEE review within 45 days and an EIA within 90 days of filing and issue a “No-Objection Certificate” to the project proponent. 52. This project falls under schedule-I of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Review of IEE & EIA) Regulations, 2000 in water management, dams, irrigation and flood protection heading which states that dams and reservoirs with storage volume less than 50 million cubic meters of surface area less than 8 square kilometers require an IEE.

IEE/EIA Regulations 2000, Schedule I IEE Required

Dams and reservoirs with storage volume less than 50 million Yes cubic meters or surface area less than 8 square kilometers Irrigation and drainage projects serving less than 15,000 Yes hectares

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Other Environment Related Legislations 53. Table 2.4 below provides a summary of all legislations, guidelines, conventions and corporate requirements.

Table 2.4: Environmental Guidelines and Legislations

Legislation/Guideline Description The Forest Act (1927) The Act empowers the provincial forest departments to declare any forest area as reserved or protected. It empowers the provincial forest departments to prohibit the clearing of forest for cultivation, grazing, hunting, removing forest produce, quarrying and felling, lopping and topping of trees, branches in reserved and protected forests

The Antiquities Act It ensures the protection of Pakistan’s cultural resources. The Act (1975) defines “antiquities” as ancient products of human activity, historical sites, or sites of anthropological or cultural interest, national monuments, etc. The Act is designed to protect these antiquities from destruction, theft, negligence, unlawful excavation, trade, and export. The law prohibits new construction in the proximity of a protected antiquity and empowers the GOP to prohibit excavation in any area that may contain articles of archaeological significance. Under the Act, the project proponents are obligated to ensure that no activity is undertaken in the proximity of a protected antiquity, report to the Department of Archaeology, GOP, any archaeological discovery made during the course of the project. Pakistan Penal Code It authorizes fines, imprisonment or both for voluntary corruption or (1860) fouling of public springs or reservoirs so as to make them less fit for ordinary use. The Public Health These two laws cover the presentation and spread of human (Emergency Provision) diseases, safeguarding the public health and providing and Act 1954 read with West maintaining adequate medical services and other services essential Pakistan Epidemic to the health of the communities in the project area. Control Act 1958 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND CONSERVATION STRATEGIES National Conservation Before the approval of NEP, the National Conservation Strategy Strategy (NCS) was considered as the Government’s primary policy document on national environmental issues. At the moment, this strategy just exists as a national conservation program. The NCS identifies 14 core areas including conservation of biodiversity, pollution prevention and abatement, soil and water conservation and preservation of cultural heritage and recommends immediate attention to these core areas. Biodiversity Action Plan The plan recognizes IEE/EIA as an effective tool for identifying and assessing the effects of a proposed operation on biodiversity. Environment and There is a well-established framework for environmental Conservation management in Pakistan. The Ministry of Environment deals with

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Legislation/Guideline Description environment and biological resources. Within the ministry, the NCS unit established in 1992 is responsible for overseeing the implementation of the strategy. Two organizations, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) and the Pak EPA are primarily responsible for administering the provisions of the PEPA, 1997. The PEPC oversees the functioning of the Pak EPA. Its members include representatives of the government, industry, non- governmental organizations and the private sector. The Pak EPA is required to ensure compliance with the NEQS, establish monitoring and evaluation systems, and both identify the need to and institution of legislations whenever necessary. It is thus the primary implementing agency in the hierarchy. The Provincial Environmental Protection Agencies are formed by the respective provinces.

ADB’s ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES Safeguard Policy ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 provides guidelines Statement (SPS), 2009 for environmental assessments of development projects. These guidelines help prospective projects identify impacts they will have on various environmental receptors. The guidelines call for carrying out EIAs or IEEs of projects based on severity of their impacts. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS

The Convention on The Convention requires countries to take action to avoid Conservation of endangering migratory species. The term "migratory species" refers Migratory Species of to the species of wild animals, a significant proportion of whose Wild Animals (1981.21) members cyclically and predictably cross one or more national jurisdictional boundaries. The parties are also required to promote or cooperate with other countries in matters of research on migratory species. There are no endangered species of plant life or animal life in the vicinity of the Project. Convention on The convention requires Pakistan to impose strict regulation International Trade in (including penalization, confiscation of the specimen) regarding Endangered Species of trade of all species threatened with extinction or that may become Wild Fauna and Flora so, in order not to endanger their survival further. (1973) International Union for Lists wildlife species experiencing various levels of threats Conservation of Nature internationally. Some of the species indicated in the IUCN red list are and Natural Resources also present in the wetlands of Pakistan. Red List (2000) Convention on wetlands This Convention enjoins upon signatory factions to provide and of international protect the habitats of migratory waterfowl. importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat (RAMSAR 1971)

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Project Features 54. Raghagan Dam Project is located across Babukara Khwar, a left bank tributary of Bajaur Khwar, which ultimately falls into Panjkora River. The dam is located in Salarzai area of Bajaur District. The villages located in the vicinity of dam are Raghagan, Charghurai Marusa, Mullah Killi and Qazi Dheri. 55. Two canals i.e. left bank and right bank off takes from main dam to irrigate the command area which is located at both banks of Babukara Khwar. Both these canals run in cut, while the left side is in deep cut in some reach. Water conveyance from channel to the fields is the crux of the problem and such arrangement do not exist within the ambit of the FATA Development Authority. Command Area Development and OFWM was not part of the original project proposal and therefore, the objective of the project is said to be partially achieved, after release of water in the system. At present without fixing the links it is envisaged that full maturity of command will certainly take a long period. 56. Since the dam, allied structures and right and left bank irrigation channels including cross drainage structures are part of the PC-I of Raghagan Dam which is prepared and executed by FATA Development Authority. Our scope of work is to fix the missing links between the command area and the main irrigation channels including On Farm Water Management. The present study did not intervene the part of the project which was executed by the FATA Development Authority. 57. The project is divided into seven (07) number of chunks totaling gross command area of 1,113 ha and cultivable command area of 929 ha. This Project includes development of command area by providing irrigation network from the Raghagan main right and left irrigation channels though outlets either by lift or through gravity. After the successful completion of the Raghagan Dam Project, the proposed system under study will be able to irrigate 929 ha. This project involves construction of secondary distributary system which is inclusive of primary and secondary water courses/channels having a length of 31.50 km and tertiary distribution system which comprises tertiary water courses having length of 41.20 km. It is to mention here that due to topography of the command area, these water courses/channels have allied structures such as stepped fall structures, aqueducts, syphon’s, road culverts, drainage culverts, sumps for lifting, lifting pipes, solar panels, accessories, naccas and washing pads etc.

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58. The existing cropping intensity for unirrigated lands is 45% while for the irrigated land it is 72%. Future irrigation intensity of project is proposed as 130%. Total length of primary and secondary water courses under this project is 29.5 km. The benefits from Command Area Development of Raghagan Dam subproject can only be accrued after the completion of main Raghagan Small Dam Project, irrigation system and allied structures by FATA Development Authority, therefore the completion of Raghagan Dam Project need to be ensured by the line departments. 59. The project cost is estimated to be Rs. 430.672 million and is anticipated to take 18 months period to complete. The results of the economic analysis show that the project is economically viable (EIRR 12.24 %). The financial analysis also indicates the safe investment with FIRR as 10.21 %. 60. Command Area Development of Raghagan Dam sub project on account of its construction volume would not require elaborate arrangements for construction of labour camps. Bearing in mind quantum of work no large size labour camp will be established as non-technical labour to be engaged would be of local origin and as such would not require housing. Storage sheds for construction materials would be constructed in the vicinity of construction sites. 61. All the land required for different sub project components is community owned land which would be provided voluntarily; no land base infrastructure will be affected during construction as well as operational phases of the sub project. 62. The Salient Features of the project are given in the below Table 3.1.

Table 3.1: Salient Features of the Sub Project

Sub Project Features Command Area of Raghagan Dam Development

Gross Command Area 1113 ha

Total Command Area 929 ha

Present Irrigated Area 243 ha

Present Barani Area 686 ha

Irrigation Intensity (proposed) 130 %

Irrigation Crop Water requirement for 929 ha 622 ha-m

Command Area Under Gravity Scheme 779 ha

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Command Area Under Lift Scheme 150 ha

Secondary Distribution System 31.50 Km

Tertiary Distribution System 41.20 Km

Estimated Project Cost (Rs.) 430.672 Million

Structures Aqueducts, Syphon Aqueducts, Stepped Fall Structure, Water courses and Sumps

Construction Period 18 months

EIRR 12.24 %

FIRR 10.21 %

63. The location of the project is shown in Figure 3.1 and sub project layout plan on satellite image in Figure 3.2:

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Figure 3.1: Sub Project Location Map

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•

Figure 3.2: Satellite Image of the Project Area

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Project Location 64. Bajaur Tribal District, Smallest of the tribal districts in KP, has a hilly terrain and covers an area of 1,290 km2 and is located between latitude 34o 30’ and 34o 59’ N and longitude 71o 14’ and 71o 48’ E. Bajaur Tribal District is divided into Seven Tehsils, which are Barang, Nawagai, Khar, Mamund, Salarzai, Utmankhel and Chamarkand. 65. Northern part of the district is drained by the Bajaur stream and its tributaries, while the southern part drains into Swat River. Nawagai, Charmang, Khatai, Watalai and Babukara streams join the Bajaur stream and eventually fall into the Panjkora River. 66. Raghagan Dam Project is located across Babukara Khwar, a left bank tributary of Bajaur Khwar, which ultimately falls into Panjkora River. The dam is located in Salarzai area of Bajaur District. The villages located in the vicinity of dam are Raghagan, Charghurai Marusa, Mullah Killi and Qazi Dheri. 67. The coordinates of Raghagan Dam Command Area sites are;

S. No. Longitude (m) Latitude (m) 1. 734060.005 3851812.240 2. 736034.496 3848332.633 3. 745827.699 3853889.752 4. 743867.430 3857377.429

Project Objectives 68. The main objective of the Command Area Development of Raghagan Dam sub project is to is to fix the missing links between the command area and the main irrigation channels including On Farm Water Management for assured irrigation supplies to Culturable Command Area (CCA) of approximately 929 ha downstream on left and right side of the khwar. The present cropping intensity in rainfed and irrigated agricultural area are 45.0% and 72.0% respectively. Regular and dependable irrigation water availability with the construction of irrigation network in the Command Area Development of Raghagan Dam sub project will greatly increase cropping intensity to 130 % and production in the currently un-irrigated command area. Due to timely and regulated water supplies there will be substantial improvement in agriculture production. This will transform the below subsistence level rain-fed farming lands into productive irrigated agriculture.

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Construction Planning 69. Irrigation channel of Raghagan Dam is constructed on both left and right side of Babukara Khwar. Command area under the current study is divided into seven (07) segments / Chunks, two (02) chunks are proposed on right side, namely Right Bank Channel Gravity 1 and Right Bank Channel Gravity 2, and five (05) chunks on left side of the Dam, namely Left Bank Channel Gravity 1, Left Bank Channel Gravity 2, Left Bank Channel Gravity 3, Left Bank Channel Lift 1 and Left Bank Channel Lift 2. Parabolic Precast segments are proposed with gravity flow and HDPE pipe for lift schemes. The gross command area of this plain is about 1113 Hectare, out of which 929 ha has been selected as good cultivable command area (CCA) based on availability of water for Irrigation. 70. The chunk wise break-up of the sub project activities for construction purposes is briefly described below: RBC Gravity 1 71. RBC Gravity 01 is located on the right side of Babukara Stream and is proposed to be irrigated from the right bank channel of Raghagan Dam. Its command area is 203.02 ha. The watercourses offtake from Raghagan right bank channel through outlets at different locations. Three (03) primary watercourses are proposed having lengths of 3,605m, 1,130m and 2,334m. Longitudinal slope of these Primary Watercourses are adopted as 1 in 1,000. 72. Primary Watercourse 01 (PWC 01) has a discharge of 39 lit/sec and is proposed to be constructed from parabolic type D segments. From RD 0+000 to 0+160 this watercourse will pass through cultivable lands where side by side consent of the locals will be taken before construction stage of sub project and rest of alignment will follow the Riwaj Abpashi system. From RD 3+080 to RD 3+480 plum concrete retaining wall is proposed to protect the watercourse. This Primary Watercourse consists of 41 number of falls. 73. Primary Watercourse 02 (PWC 02) is so designed to carry a discharge of 16 lit/sec and parabolic type D segments will be used in its construction. The watercourse is 1,130m long from RD 0+000 up to RD 0+500 will need cutting. This Primary Watercourse consists of 6 number of falls. 74. Primary Watercourse 03 (PWC 03) is designed to pass a discharge of 20 lit/sec and is proposed to be constructed from parabolic type D segments. It is 2334m long. Primary Watercourse 03 (PWC 03) originates from tail end of Right Bank Channel of Raghagan Dam with a cascade fall on a compacted fill material. The primary watercourse consists of 09 numbers of falls.

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Figure 3.3: RBC Gravity 1 Layout Plan

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RBC Gravity 2 75. RBC Gravity 2 is located on right bank of Babukara Khwar and will be fed from right bank channel of Raghagan Dam. Its command area is 82 ha. The primary watercourse off takes from Raghagan right bank channel through an outlet at RD 2+400 and will follow a contour path. From RD 0+000 to 0+380 and 0+560 to 0+680, this Primary Watercourse will run through open deep cut. Various alternatives were studied and this deep cut is only an economical and technically viable option to be adopted otherwise this 82 ha would be irrigated through lift. Therefore, the option of open cut is proposed, for which the local community will be taken on board. In some parts, this Primary Watercourse is proposed to pass through a vertical ridge which during execution will require compacted fill for watercourse safety. The watercourse is designed to carry a discharge of 34.2 lit/sec and will be of precast parabolic type D segments. It is a 2,100m long with longitudinal slope of 1 in 1000. The watercourse consists of 140m long aqueduct.

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Figure 3.4: RBC Gravity 2 Layout Plan

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LBC Gravity 1 76. LBC Gravity 1 is located on left bank of Babukara Khwar and is proposed to be fed from Raghagan Dam Left Bank Channel. Its command area is 208 ha. The primary watercourse off takes from Raghagan left bank channel through an outlet at RD 0+700. This Primary Watercourse has a design discharge of 99 lit/sec and longitudinal slope of 1 in 1000. The length of this watercourse is 5,600m and precast parabolic type D segments will be used for construction. The Primary watercourse consists of 62 number of falls. The proposed Primary Watercourse will follow the existing alignment as per their old Riwaj Abpashi system.

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Figure 3.5: LBC Gravity 1 Layout Plan

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LBC Gravity 2 77. LBC Gravity 2 is located on left bank channel of Raghagan Dam. Its command area is 76 ha. The Primary watercourse off takes from Raghagan left bank channel through an outlet at RD 4+075 and will follow contour path. This Primary Watercourse has design discharge of 32 lit/sec and longitudinal slope of 1 in 1000. The length of this Primary Watercourse is 1,680m and is proposed to be lined with parabolic type D segments. The watercourse consists of 40m long aqueduct and three (03) syphon aqueducts having lengths of 55m, 80m, 55m and 3 number of drainage culverts.

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Figure 3.6: LBC Gravity 2 Layout Plan

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LBC Gravity 3 78. LBC Gravity 3 is located on left bank of Babukara Khwar and is to be fed from left bank channel of Raghagan Dam. It is located at the tail end of the Raghagan Left Bank Channel. Its command area is 209 ha. The Primary Watercourse has design discharge of 88 lit/sec and longitudinal slope of 1 in 1000. The length of this Primary Watercourse is 3,180m and is proposed to be lined from precast parabolic type B segments. This Primary Watercourse consists of 10m long aqueduct and three (03) syphon aqueducts having lengths of 61.8m, 43.1m, 63.1m and 2 no of drainage culverts. Five (05) no of secondary watercourses are proposed to irrigate the command area under the chuck.

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Figure 3.7: LBC Gravity 3 Layout Plan

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LBC Lift 1 79. LBC Lift 1 is located on left bank of Babukara Khwar and is to be fed from left bank channel of Raghagan Dam. Its command area is 94 ha. This area will be irrigated through the outlet at Raghagan Left Bank Channel at RD 2+086. This outlet will discharge water to proposed sump, where 3 no. of pumps will be installed to lift the water up to head of 50m at elevation 875.5m amsl. Length of each delivery pipe is 1,500m with inner diameter of 0.254m. The water lifted will be collected in sump 02 from which a Primary Watercourse is proposed with discharge of 145.9 lit/sec and longitudinal slope of 1 in 1000. The length of this Primary Watercourse is 950m and precast parabolic type D segments will be used in lining. Watercourse consists of 80m long aqueduct and eight (08) number of fall structures. Three (03) number of secondary watercourses are proposed to irrigate the command area.

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Figure 3.8: LBC Lift 1 Layout Plan

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LBC Lift 2 80. LBC Lift 2 is located on left bank channel of Raghagan Dam. Its command area is 56 ha. A sump at RD 2+750 is proposed on Raghagan left bank channel, where 1 no. of pump will be installed to lift the water upto head of 12m at elevation 834.15m amsl. Length of delivery pipe is 170m with inner diameter of 0.254m. The water lifted will be collected in sump 02 from which a primary watercourse is proposed with discharge of 87lit/sec and longitudinal slope of 1 in 1000. The length of this watercourse is 810m and is proposed to be lined with parabolic type C segments. This primary watercourse consists of 80.5m long aqueduct and 80m long syphon aqueduct. Three (03) no of secondary watercourses are proposed to irrigate the command area of this chunk.

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Figure 3.9: LBC Lift 2 Layout Plan

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Figure 3.10 Layout Plan of Aqueduct

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Sub Project Implementation 81. The sub project implementation would be carried out in accordance with Project Administration Manual (PAM) framed under FWRDP PPTA by ADB. The sub project construction would be completed in eighteen (18) months.

Table 3.2: Personnel Requirement

Sr. No Position Nos 1 Project Manager / Project Engineer 01 2 Construction Supervisor 02 3 Site Engineer 01 4 Environmentalist 01 5 Health and Safety Officer 01 6 Surveyor 02 7 Quantity Surveyor 01 8 Site Inspector (Environment) 01 9 Skilled Labor 20

Table 3.3: Equipment Requirements

Sr. No Equipment/Machinery Type Nos 1 Front End Loader 01 2 Excavator/Backhoe/ Jack Hammer 01 3 Dumper 03 4 Water Tanker 03 5 Mixer 02 6 Generator 02 7 Tractor along with Trolley 02 Executing Agency 82. The Merged Areas Secretariat will be the executing agency. A Project Management Unit (PMU) will be established in the Planning and Development Department (P&D Department) of the Merged Areas Secretariat. Project implementing agencies include the Directorate of Irrigation, which will be responsible for the improved irrigation infrastructure and on-farm water management components with the latter effort supported by the Department of Agriculture. The Department of Forests will be responsible for the watershed management component.

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Design Consultant 83. The design and residency supervision of these sub projects would be carried out by FWRDP design consultants. The consultants will carry out screening of the sub projects as per selection criteria. Accordingly, feasibility study of the sub projects fulfilling the selection criteria would be framed. Provincial Development Working Party 84. The Provincial Development Working Party (PDWP) would approve the feasible sub projects of FWRDP. The PDWP would be delegated special powers to approve FWRDP sub projects costing more than the threshold approval limit of PDWP. The project will also be implemented in cooperation with local community organizations (COs) established under the FRDP and will be key partners in the new project. The COs will enter into Terms of Partnership (TOPs) with the Merged Areas Secretariat for the preparation and implementation of all sub-projects to be financed under the project. Such TOPs were already signed with COs for the 3 pilot sub projects, and are the model to be followed for subsequent sub-projects. The COs also would be responsible for maintenance of completed sub-projects under the main project. Prior to the commencement of each proposed sub project, the Merged Areas Secretariat and the relevant Community Organization will have entered into a TOP setting forth, among other relevant terms, the details of the preparation and implementation of such sub project (including information on any land to be voluntarily contributed by the community for such sub project) and subsequent operation and maintenance of the facilities financed under such sub project, which such TOP will have been approved by the District Administration. Terms of Partnership 85. TOP for a sub project involving the construction of irrigation channel will stipulate that the relevant Community Organization will be responsible for operation and maintenance of irrigation channel from such Community Organization’s own funds, provided, that, any major repairs to such facilities shall be carried out by, and at the expense of, the Merged Areas Secretariat, through its Irrigation Department. Operation and Maintenance (O&M) 86. The beneficiaries have signed TOP with the District Administration of Bajaur District and Irrigation Directorate. The TOP clearly states the roles and responsibilities of each stake holder. Most of the O & M activities at secondary and tertiary level would be carried out by the beneficiary through Village Organization/CO.

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DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

General 87. The purpose of this chapter is to establish baseline conditions for the physical, biological and social aspects of the environment of project area. The data were collected regarding the physical environment, biological environment and social aspects of the study area from field surveys, desk studies and visits to the Government departments, other relevant agencies, and discussions with the main stakeholders of the area. The purpose of baseline study is to fulfill the following objectives. a. To get the data about the physical, biological and socioeconomic environment of the project area. b. To understand the current situation of the area comprehensively. c. To rationalize the decisions according to the ground realities. 88. Information sources for this IEE also include: i. Water Assessment Study & Management Plan, Bajaur, Khyber and Mohmand, published by ADB and former FATA Secretariat, produced under the ADB FATA Rural Development Project (FRDP). ii. Forest Atlas of Pakistan iii. GIS Database developed by the PPTA GIS Specialist iv. Primary Surveys conducted under PPTA by Environment Specialist v. Hydraulic Design Feasibilities conducted under PPTA by Hydraulic Design Specialist vi. Agriculture and Geological Studies conducted under PPTA by Agricultural Specialist and Geologist 89. The main environmental conditions, likely to be affected due to project execution are: a. Physical Environment b. Biological Environment c. Socio-economic Environment Baseline Survey Methodology 90. A survey was carried out in the project area for field studies including physical, biological and social impact assessment in March and April, 2019. A summary of the main activities undertaken during the visit have been enlisted below:

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i. Collected information and required data from the project area for preparation of Initial Environmental Examination report. ii. Identified site-specific issues of the proposed project. iii. Information obtained regarding existing infrastructure in and around the project area. iv. Requirements of necessary mitigation measures to be integrated into the overall plan were identified. v. Consultations with the population settled in the vicinity of the project. vi. Survey of nearby Environmental Sensitive receptors. vii. Vegetation Survey viii. Different forest classes were identified and the degraded areas and scrubs were delineated. The grasslands/ alpine pastures and agricultural areas were also identified and delineated. The non-forest land cover was also delineated. ix. Interviews of the local for the presence and relative abundance of various animal species within each locality were also taken to have firsthand information. x. Data collection was carried out on habitat condition, animal presence by direct sighting and indirect evidences. 91. The section on climatology has been taken from the Project Hydrology Report made by project hydrologists. 92. The regional geology and seismic-tectonics of the region are discussed based on the various available data sources and reports. Particularly, the discussion on project geology has been based on the data available in the Project Geology Report and field observations made in selective pockets of different project affected sites. 93. Land use and land cover mapping was carried out by standard methods of analysis of remotely sensed data followed by ground truthing. 94. Forest types and plant species were recorded during the field visits and the floristic data for the catchment were sourced from the published literature. Based on the field data and available literature, frequency, density and cover of each species were calculated. 95. Rare and endangered species were identified as per IUCN Red list, 2017. 96. In order to collect the information on the fauna (mammals, avifauna, herpetofauna) in the area, primary as well as secondary sources were utilized.

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97. The Forest Working Plans of the Forest Divisions falling in the project area were referred to for secondary information on the wildlife of the area. 98. The environmental testing (air, noise and water) at site has been carried out. Study Area 99. The studied area for this IEE was broadly the Bajaur Agency and more specifically sub-project location including Raghagan, Charghurai Marusa, Mullah Killi and Qazi Dheri settlement. 100. The required information/ data of a baseline study were classified into two main categories i.e. Primary data and Secondary data. The primary data was collected directly from the concerned communities and direct observation, secondary data was the information gathered through secondary sources such as census report, research publications, topographic sheets, other published data related to the project such as wildlife, livestock, forestry, agriculture, horticulture, climate etc. 101. The project Area of influence (AoI) is referred to all those areas in the region within 0.5 km from the project corridor and which may be affected directly or indirectly by the project activities. 102. For the purpose of this IEE, detailed deliberations were held with relevant stakeholders from the state, civil society and academia. A focused primary survey was also conducted to ascertain species distribution and abundance along with a very basic hazard mapping exercise. 103. As a result, an effort was made to establish a baseline or state of environment for the three selected agencies, with a focus on subproject site locations. Having stated the above, there are still limitations to the accuracy and authenticity, since in numerous cases, sources for data are singular and cannot be cross verified due to paucity of reliable sources. Physical Environment Topography 104. Bajaur Tribal District, smallest of the tribal districts in KP, has a hilly terrain and covers an area of 1,290 km2 and is located between latitude 34o 30’ and 34o 59’ N and longitude 71o 14’ and 71o 48’ E. Northern part of the district is drained by the Bajaur stream and its tributaries, while the southern part drains into Swat River. Nawagai, Charmung, Khatai, Watalai and Babukara streams join the Bajaur stream and eventually fall into the Panjkora River. The total cultivated area of the district is

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about 75,350 ha5, while the forest area is about 26,471 ha. The major crops grown are wheat, maize, vegetables and orchid. The elevation of Bajaur varies from 762 to 1,220 m asl with varying slope. Climate 105. Bajaur Tribal District is located at the extreme end of the Himalayan Range which creates variations and uncertainty in the monsoon rains from month to month and year to year. Nevertheless, on account of the peculiar geographical position of the area, Bajaur does get its share of rains with winter and spring rains being more predictable than rains at other times of the year. Rabi crops have a good chance of reaching maturity, but variations in the timing and amount of precipitation create risks and lead to variable yields. 106. There is no climatological station located within the catchment of the sub project. The climate of Bajaur District is semi-arid, subtropical continental highland type. Precipitation over the basin mainly occurs in two seasons, Monsoon (July to September) and Spring (February to April). 107. Rainfall in the district is maximum on high mountains in the north and decreases towards south, and is well distributed over the year. Snow also falls in the winters on the mountains, with valleys getting frosty. 108. There is no climatological station located within the catchment of the project. The climate of Bajaur District is semi-arid, subtropical continental highland type. Precipitation over the basin mainly occurs in two seasons, Monsoon (July to September) and Spring (February to April). Mean annual rainfall over the watershed has been estimated as 29.5 inches using the long-term rainfall data at Malakand station (1961- 2006) which is about 24 air miles from dam site. The winter is very cold with severe weather conditions which prevail from November to March. Over the catchment, maximum temperature of 32°C occurs in the mouth of July and minimum of -0.5°C in January6. Hydrology 109. The catchment area of Babukara Khwar upto dam axis is 192.62 square kilometers (74.04 square miles). 110. Water availability of Raghagan Dam is obtained from Feasibility/Detailed Design Report obtained from FATA Development Authority. The estimation state that annually 5,162 ha-m (41,833 Ac ft) water is available.

4FATA Development Statistics 2012

6 Hydrological Studies Feasibility Report (Data Source: FATA Development Authority)

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111. The maximum irrigation requirement works out to be 112 ha-m in the month of Aug and 99.6 ha-m in September followed by 94.38 ha-m in July. In the month of June maximum irrigation requirement remains about 54 ha-m. The annual water requirement is estimated as 680.32 ha-m. A total of about 1,753.57 ha-m (14,239 AF minimum annual runoff) water is available out of which 680.32 ha-m will be utilized for the suggested cropping pattern. Regional Geology 112. The Bajaur Tribal District in which the Command Area Development of Raghagan Dam sub project has been proposed lies in the region which is close to the collision zone of the Indian and Eurasian Plates; the collision process started in the late Eocene to Early Oligocene with the formation of Himalayan Ranges and this process is still going on. Relative to Eurasia, the Indian Plate is still moving northward at a rate of about 4 cm/yr. The subduction of the Indian Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate has resulted in folding and thrusting of the upper crustal layers near the collisional boundary. The thrusting has been depicted from north to south in the shape of Main Karakoram Thrust (MKT), Main Mantle Thrust (MMT), Main Central Thrust (MCT) and Salt Range Thrust (SRT). Geology of the Project Area 113. Bajaur area falls in the western tip of Kohistan with Main Mantle Thrust (MMT) running EW, following the course of Bajaur Khwar. The area is overlain by tectonic slices which moved from NW to SE during past diatrophism. • The rocks exposed in the area belong to Igneous and metamorphic origin. • Nawagai Limestone of Silurian-Devonian age lies to the south-west. • The peletic sediments include amphibolites, epidote, chlorite schist, phyllitic schists, talc carbonate schists, graphitic schists and slates. • Extensive distribution of the garnet schist is observed in the Shamozai area, lying to the SE. • The Igneous masses comprise granites, diorites, ultrabasic and volcanic rocks. • The intrusion of diorites started sometimes in the Late Cretaceous, while the whole magnetism ended with the last phase of granitic stocks and dykes in Middle Eocene. • The Late Upper Cretaceous to Eocene Oligocene Ultrabasic phases of serpentine, peridotite and pyroxenite/ hornblendite lie “Interbedded” with the metasediments.

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• Eocene to Oligocene volcanic rocks of andesitic, rhyolitic and tuffaceous compositions are also present. Soil 114. Medium textured soils are found in all parts of the central plains of Bajaur Tribal District. Water torrents erode the hilly soils which deposit coarse material at the foot of the mountain's slope. The upper and middle valleys of Bajaur Tribal District consist of silt clay loam which is generally drainable. The upper southwestern portion of the district comprises of gullied land, which has been severely eroded due to the excessive slope of the mountains towards the Bajaur Khwar. Although there is a wide range of soil types, over 60 percent of the area ranges from moderately coarse to medium fine in soil texture. All these soils are suitable for irrigation from a textural standpoint and can produce very good crop yields if managed properly. 115. The command area of the sub project is designated as piedmont plain, deposits comprise of clay, gravel, cobbles, boulders with sands alternated by clayey layers at various depths. 116. Judicious use of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers is required to improve soil physical conditions and soil fertility. Seismology

117. Figure 4.1 shows the tectonic map of the area. The area falls moderate to severe seismic zone Formations in the study area are highly folded and faulted due to tectonic movement. A large variety of rocks occur together in a very disturbed manner. The country rocks are diorites, granite phyllites and amphibolites with limestone, schist and phyllites.

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Figure 4.1: Tectonic Map of Pakistan7

7 Source: Pakistan Meteorological Department

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Ambient Air Quality and Noise 118. Sources of air and noise pollution around the sub-project area are minimal. The area is predominantly rural, with no major industrial setups, apart from small scale marble cutting and polishing units. The NEQS for noise in residential areas is 55 dB (A) in the day time and 45 dB (A) at night. Traffic is low, with heavy traffic being minimal. The ambient air quality and noise at site was conducted at a 10 m distance from the main irrigation channel as most of the construction activities will be done in the channel. The sampling location (Figure 4.2) were selected keeping in view: (a) the Sensitive Receptors and (b) magnitude of construction activities. 119. These locations will be helpful for construction phase impacts monitoring and comparison of the results with the baseline situation. The ambient air quality and noise tests at site were conducted Table 4.1, the result reveals that the air quality and noise in the area is within the permissible limits of NEQS.

Table 4.1: Ambient Air and Noise Quality of the Project area

S. No Parameter UoM Results NEQS Method

1 Carbon Monoxide (CO) mg/m3 1 5 Non- Dispersive Infrared Spectrophotometry (NDIR)

3 2 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) µg/m 17 120 UV Fluorescent

3 3 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) µg/m 12.9 80 Chemiluminescence

4 Nitric Oxide (NO) µg/m3 14.1 40 Electrochemical

5 Combined Oxides of µg/m3 27 120 Electrochemical Nitrogen (NOx)

3 6 Particulate Matter PM10 µg/m 12 150 Beta-Attenuation

3 7 Particulate Matter PM2.5 µg/m 11 35 Beta-Attenuation

8 Suspended Particulate µg/m3 119 500 Gravimetric Matter (SPM) Sampling

9 Noise dB(A) 60.4 75 ASTM E-1124

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Figure 4.2: Environmental Testing and Sampling Map

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Water Resources 120. A number of springs and streams of sweet water flow throughout the district and serve as clean water sources for drinking and irrigation. Rud is the major stream, which drains the main Khar – Nawagai valley and flows from south west to north – east and discharges into Munda Khwar at a village called Kulala (Bajaur). 121. Drainage pattern plays key role in the ground water system. The perennial Nullah on which the Raghagan Dam is constructed. The nullah is flowing almost in the center of the command area namely Babukara Khwar. The Nullah is flowing from West to Southeast. The Nullah originates in the Western Mountains and is joining Bajaur Khwar, further joining Panjkora river, Leaves the district boundary at the village Bandagai.

Surface Water

122. The Water Assessment Study & Management Plan, published by former FATA Secretariat and ADB in 2010 is the most detailed and reliable study conducted for water resources development and management for the three tribal districts of KP. According to the Study, there are a number of streams and their tributaries in the project area of Bajaur District that have perennial flow from snow melt. 123. Panjkora River originates from the mountains between Dir district and Afghanistan, and flows as a boundary river between Dir and Bajaur for a short distance. Jandul Khwar or Jandul River is the other perennial stream that joins Panjkora in Dir. There are no active irrigation canals on Panjkora River, but a large irrigation scheme is under construction namely Balambat Irrigation Scheme. This scheme will divert 124 cusecs of water to irrigate 4,400 ha of agricultural land in and around the District Dir. There are 15 watersheds in Bajaur District, which amount for total surface water available in a given average year as approximately 291 MCM, where 87.5 MCM is already being utilized for irrigation purposes while approximately 204.3 MCM flows out of the District unutilized. 63% of this outflow water is from perennial sources, while the remaining 37% is generated from rainfall. Average net surface water available in 15 watershed ranges between 39 MCM in Charmang watershed to 0.3 MCM in the Chamarkand watershed. The distribution of watersheds and their salient features are given below:

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Table 4.2: Details of Watershed

Confining Coordinates S. No Watershed Area of Longitude (E) Latitude (N) Watershed Degree Degree (km2) 1. Chamarkand 71.17-71.23 34.65-34.80 17.42 2. Targao 71.63-71.77 34.65-34.75 94.39 3. Main Barang 71.55-71.67 34.70-34.75 91.23 4. Alizai 71.55-71.64 34.58-34.73 55.70 5. Hayatai Bandagai 71.61-71.79 34.74-34.80 43.67 6. Kamangara 71.23-71.33 34.67-34.79 51.36 7. Arang 71.61-71.81 34.54-34.70 90.10 8. Mandal Burthrus 71.46-71.57 34.51-34.64 55.87 9. Asil Targhao 71.53-71.65 34.66-34.77 76.02 10. Salarzai-III 71.47-71.69 34.66-34.75 194.07 11. Charmang 71.22-71.48 34.85-34.95 197.27 12. Loi Mamund 71.27-71.49 34.76-34.98 162.96 13. Wara Mamund 71.30-71.46 34.73-34.85 88.50 14. Salarzai-I 71.46-71.56 34.73-34.88 61.24 15. Salarzai-II 71.43-71.51 34.83-34.93 45.70

Ground Water

124. In the sub project area of Raghagan dam, 287 open wells/dug wells and hand pumps were counted in the field, out of which 56 numbers representative open wells were measured for depth to water table. 125. The area located at higher elevation has deep water table in the range of 30-35, 60-63 meter and 40-45 meter in villages Sheikhano, Kandaro and Mula kallay respectively. 126. Depth to water table in the command area is in the range of 17-58 m below the land surface. Deep water table in the command area is due to thick clay deposition in the proposed command area. The Open Wells located near the Nullah Bank have shallow water table whereas the Open Wells away from the nullah at higher elevation have deep water table. The average discharge of the Open well is in the range of 200- 300 Gallon per day whereas the pressure pump yield has been estimated at 2000 Gallon per hour approximately. 127. Rain and Snowfall is the main source of recharge in the command area. The command area of the sub project area is situated on the recharge boundary of the Sub Watershed B 1 Babukara Khwar in which the estimated recharge has been computed 16.52 (mcm). The above estimation is for wet year and has been estimated for the whole watershed. The previous record indicates that the area under report is under stress with respect to ground water potential.

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Water Quality

128. The ground water sample was collected from the Mula Kalay and Kandaro settlements of the sub project and analyzed in the Laboratory to determine the baseline condition of the water quality in the area. Furthermore, these locations will be helpful in making comparison of water quality at construction stage and to determine whether the activities of the proposed sub project have any adverse impacts on the water quality of the area. The result shows (Table 4.3) that the water quality is not fit for drinking purposes as the water is contaminated with E.Coli and coliform bacteria while the chemical parameters are within NEQS limit. It requires proper treatment e.g. chlorination before drinking.

Table 4.3: Water Quality analysis result for Raghagan

S. Parameters UoM Methods NEQS Results Results No Drinking Drinking Water Water Mula Kandaro Kalay Kalay

1 E.C µS/cm APHA 0 557 490

2 pH -- APHA 6.5-8.5 7.7 7.7

3 Total Dissolved mg/l APHA <1000 351.95 322.94 solids (TDS)

4 Total Hardness mg/l APHA <500 309.08 259.23 as CaCO3

5 Sodium mg/l APHA 200 19.94 19.94

6 Potassium mg/l APHA 12 2.49 1.59

7 Sulphate mg/l APHA 250 4.28 2.79

8 Chloride mg/l APHA 250 14.95 19.94

9 Alkalinity mg/l APHA <500 6.77 5.58

10 Color TCU APHA Non- Complies Complies objectionable

11 Odor APHA Non- Complies Complies objectionable

12 Taste APHA Non- Complies Complies objectionable

13 Nitrogen- mg/l APHA 50 2.29 5.58 Nitrates

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14 Turbidity NTU APHA <5 4.2 4.5

15 Bicarbonate mg/l APHA -- 338.99 348.96

16 Calcium mg/l APHA -- 55.83 59.82

17 Carbonate mg/l APHA -- BDL BDL

18 Magnesium mg/l APHA -- 41.18 26.65

19 Total Coliform Cfu/100 APHA <1/100ml NT 06 ml

20 E.Coli Cfu/100 APHA <1/100ml NT 02 ml

Land use and Land Cover 129. The data pertaining to land use is required to understand that how much area at present is put directly under different crops. Culturable area, cultivated and unculturable areas are also known to see the extent of increase in cropped area, which may be achieved with the provision of project conditions. Similarly, culturable waste and forest, if any, are also taken into considerations. Supply of irrigation water would increase the cultivated areas. Some areas may be cultivated more than one time resulting in increased cropping intensity. The statistics regarding the present land use in the study area are presented in Table 4.4.

Table 4.4 Land Use Statistics of Bajaur District 8

Bajaur District Area in Hectares Total Reported Area 129035 Cultivated Area 75945 (i) Net Sown 55108 (ii) Current Fallow 20837 Cropped Area 68776 Un-Cultivated Area 53090 (i) Culturable Waste 10590 (ii) Forest 23371 (iii) Not Available for Cultivation 19129

8 Source: Development Statistics of FATA (2012-13 to 2014-15)

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Biological Environment 130. The natural environment of the Project area has undergone severe degradation due to intensive use of ground water resources, miss management of watershed resources, over grazing of range lands and uncontrolled cutting of forest trees9. The agriculture, irrigation, forest range, and forestry interventions in terms of tree plantation in the Project area will restore the lost eco-systems. Flora 131. Ecologically, this area falls within the main group of Dry Subtropical Broad- leaved Forest 10 . The sub–group is Monotheca Scrubs. Generally, the vegetation is thorny evergreen shrubs, which are capable of developing into small trees, even under harsh climatic conditions and social pressure (heavy grazing /browsing). 132. The main tree species are, Ber (Ziziphus nummularia), Bakain (Melia azedarach), Tooth (Morus), Chinar (Platanus Orientalis), Popular (Populus), Nakhtar (Pinus), Khobani (Prunus armeniaca), Shaftaloo (Prunus persica), Akhrot (Juglans regia), Alocha (Prunus domestica), Zaitoon (Olea europaea) and Badam (Prunus dulcis). 133. Some important shrubs are, Adhatoda vasica (Bahker), Calotropis spp (ak), Rhazya spp (vena), Rumex hastatus (khatumaal), Carrisa spp (granda), and Capparis spp (karir). 134. The common grasses are Heteropogon, Cymopogon, Saccharum clumps (munja). The ground vegetation makes appearance after the spring rains in the month of January and February. Some of the tree species, which have been planted by the forest department and local community are, eucalyptus, bakian, mulberry, shisham, and popular. 135. No endangered species have been reported in the sub project area by the locals. Sub Project area and the study area are free of forest cover. Overall natural vegetation, including shrubs, bushes and grasses can

9 PC-I Proforma for Fata Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP) 10 (Forest Types of Pakistan by Champion, Seth and Khattak, 1965)

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be aptly termed as potential rangelands which provide grazing habitat for livestock. Following are some species of trees and shrubs found in the project area:

Table 4.5: Common Trees Species in Project Area

Local Botanical Name Local Status IUCN Staus Picture Name

Karkana Zizypus Rare NE

Pepal Ficus religiosa Rare NE

Safaida Eucalyptus Common LC

Zaitoon Olea cuspidate Rare DD (olive)

Ber Ziziphus Rare NE nummularia

Farash Tamarix spp Rare LC

Mesquite prosopis spp Rare NE

Sufidar Populus Common LC (hybrid poplar)

Kikar Acacia nilotica Common LC

Toot Morus Common LC (Mulberry)

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Local Botanical Name Local Status IUCN Staus Picture Name

Arjun Terminalia arjuna Rare NE

Bakain Melia azedarach Common LC (dhraik)

Palosa Acacia Modesta Rare NE

Chinar Platanus Common Orientalis

Nakhtar Pinus Rare LC

Khobani Prunus Common LC armeniaca

Shaftaloo Amygdalus Common LC Persica

Akhrot Juglans regia Common LC

Alocha Prunus domestica Common LC

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Local Botanical Name Local Status IUCN Staus Picture Name

Badam Prunus dulcis Rare LC

*NE: Not Evaluated; LC: Least Concern DD: Data Deficient as per IUCN Red List, 2017.

Table 4.6: Common Grasses Species in the Area

Common Botanical Name IUCN Status Picture Name

Baruwa Saccharum NE grass clumps (munja)

Suryalla Heteropogon NE ghass contortus

lemon grass Cymbopogon LC

NE: Not Evaluated; LC: Least Concern as per IUCN Red List, 2017.

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Table 4.7: Common Shrub Species in the Project Area

Local / Botanical IUCN Status Picture Common Name Name

Bahker Adhatoda NE vasica Justicia adhatoda

Ak Calotropis spp NE

Vena Rhazya spp NE

Khatumaal Rumex NE hastatus

Granda Carrisa spp NE

Karir Capparis spp NE

Karkanrha Zizyphus NE Nummularia

NE: Not Evaluated as per IUCN Red List, 2017. Fauna 136. No baselines on wild mammals, birds and fish species are available for erstwhile FATA. No comprehensive survey has ever been conducted in the territories by any line department or NGO. For the purpose of this IEE, a primary survey was conducted by subprojects` environmentalist during 2019 to ascertain the distribution of species, and to collect

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evidence of any sightings in consultation with local residents, the following animals have potential to be in the area.

Table 4.8: Fauna of the Project Area

S. No. Common Name Scientific Name 1 Mammals i) Jackals Canis aureus (LC) ii) Foxes SSP. Vulpes (LC) iii) Field rats Rattus norvegicus (LC) iv) Hare Lepus nigricollis (LC) v) Porcupine Hystrix indica (LC) vi) Hedge Hog Erinaceinae (LC) vii) Wild cat Felis chaus (LC) viii) Brown Monkey Ateles hybridus (LC) 2 Reptiles i) Cobra snake Naja (LC) ii) Rat eating snake Colubrinae (NE) iii) House gecko Hemidactylus frenatus (LC) 3 Amphibians i) Common Toads Bufo bufo (LC) 4 Others i) Scorpions Scorpiones (NE) ii) Spiders Araneae (NE) *LC: Least Concern NE: Not Evaluated NT: Near Threatened as per IUCN Red list, 2017. Avifauna 137. Avifauna of the area is highly diversified and colorful, which is widely dispersed in gardens, cultivated fields, streams and hill slopes. Common species are given in Table 4.9.

Table 4.9: Avifauna of the Project Area

Common Name Scientific Name S# Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax (LC) 1 Long Legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus (LC) 2 Sparrow Hawk Accipiter nisus (LC) 3 Rose Finch Carpodacus erythrinus 4 (LC) Indian Blue Robin Luscinia brunnea (LC) 5 Red Headed Bunting Emberiza bruniceps 6 (LC) Crested Bunting Melophus lathami (LC) 7 Grey Tit Melaniparus afer (LC) 8 Blue Throated Fly Catcher Cyornis rubeculoides 9 (LC) White Throated Dipper Cinclus cinclus (LC) 10 Green Warbler Phylloscopus nitidus 11 (LC) Himalayan Tree Creeper Certhia himalayana 12 (LC)

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Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis 13 (LC) Rosy Pastor Pastor roseus (LC) 14 Common Babbler Turdoides caudata 15 (LC) Rufous Backed Shrike Lanius schach (LC) 16 Hoopoe Upupa epops (LC) 17 Red Vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer (LC) 18 White Cheeked Bulbul Pycnonotus leucotis 19 (LC) Grey Partridge Perdix perdix (LC) 20 See See Partridge Ammoperdix 21 griseogularis (LC) Grey Lag Goose Anser anser (LC) 22 Wigeon Mareca penelope (LC) 23 Pintail Anas acuta (LC) 24 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos 25 (LC) Grey Heron Ardea cinerea (LC) 26 Black Winged Stilt Himantopus 27 himantopus (LC) Great Egret Ardea alba (LC) 28 Flamingo Phoenicopterus 29 roseus (LC) Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus 30 (LC) Curlew Numenius phaeopus 31 (LC) Red-Wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus (LC) 32 Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius 33 (LC) Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava (LC) 34 Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax 35 (LC) Little Egret Egretta garzetta (LC) 36 White Breasted King Fisher Halcyon smyrnensis 37 (LC) *LC-Least Concern: VU-Vulnerable: EN-Endangered, NT: Near Threatened as per IUCN Red List, 2017. 138. The hotspots for these birds and waterfowls are irrigation dams, khwars and river beds and banks. Endangered Species 139. No threatened or endangered species were observed in the sub project area, as per IUCN red list classification of 2017.

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Protected areas / National sanctuaries 140. As stated earlier, there were no wildlife or forest laws enacted for erstwhile FATA. After merger of Tribal district with KP the wildlife and forest laws are extended to the district. However, in the recent past, Governor KP has issued a notification, declaring all wetlands in erstwhile FATA as Community Game Reserves. Hunting shall only be allowed with joint agreement of local communities and authorities. Moreover, a separate notification has also been issued declaring trade in body parts (pelt, skin, stuffed bodies, trophies, etc.) of all wild fauna including migratory birds as illegal. Both of these are attached as supporting documents in Annex-IV. As per Governor KP notification, there are about 5 wetlands in Bajaur district. But there is no wetland to be affected due to the construction work of Raghagan sub project. Socio-Economic Environment 141. Bajaur District is divided into Seven Tehsils, namely; Barang, Nawagai, Khar, Mamund, Salarzai, Utmankhel and Chamarkand. Its border with Afghanistan's Kunar province makes it of strategic importance to Pakistan and the region. 142. Bajaur is about 45 miles (72 km) long by 20 miles (32 km) broad, and lies at a high level to the east of the Kunar Valley, from which it is separated by a continuous line of rugged frontier hills, forming a barrier easily passable at one or two points. Across this barrier, the old road from Kabul to Pakistan ran before the Khyber Pass was adopted as the main route. 143. To the south of Bajaur is the wild mountain district of the Mohmand. To the east, beyond the Panjkora River, are the hills of Swat, dominated by another Pashtun group. To the north is an intervening watershed between Bajaur and the small tehsil of Dir. It is over this watershed and through the valley of Dir, there is the new road from Malakand runs to Chitral. The drainage of Bajaur flows eastwards, starting from the eastern slopes of the dividing ridge, which overlooks the Kunar and terminating in the Panjkora River, so that the district lies on a slope tilting gradually downwards from the Kunar ridge to the Panjkora. Nawagai is the chief town of Bajaur, and the Khan of Nawagai was previously under British protection for the purpose of safeguarding of the Chitral road11.

11 Holdich, Thomas Hungerford. "Bajour". In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopedia Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 226.

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Administrative Set Up 144. Previously the Political Agent was the over all in charge for the agency administration, assisted by Assistant Political Agents. The district headquarter is located at Khar. 145. The 25th Constitutional amendment like 18th Constitutional amendment which resulted in abolition of concurrent list and devolved 47 subjects to provinces, is a paradigm shift where under Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) stand integrated with and merged in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. 146. The executive authority previously exercised by the Governor Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in respect of FATA under Article 247 of the constitution has been done away with. Now being part of the province, the executive authority is shifted to the Chief Minister and his cabinet. The Merged Areas have no longer special status or dispensation. All provincial laws shall equally be applicable to these areas and on mainstreaming of erstwhile FATA due representation (about 16 general seats) shall be given in the Provincial Assembly. 147. The colonial legacy in the form of political administration under the unbridled powers of Political Agent is no longer there. The office is re- named as Deputy Commissioner and Assistant Commissioner. Similarly, the Century old FCR is no more. The tribal people will have fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution and of which they were deprived till now. The introduction and presence of criminal and judicial system will ensure their fundamental rights like other citizens of rest of the Country. Demographic Profile 148. Bajaur is inhabited almost exclusively by Tarkani (Tarkalani) Pashtuns, and there are three main sub-tribes in Bajaur: Utman Khel, Tarkalani, Mamund (Kakazai, Wur and Salarzai) as well as a small population of Safis. The Utman Khel are at the southeast of Bajaur, while Mamund are at the southwest, and the Tarkani are at the north of Bajaur12. 149. Erstwhile FATA had a unique governance status in the past, whereby all land is owned by tribes inhabiting the areas since generations. Any physical activity hence carried out needs the agreement of the locals, as well as land donation by them. Since it is an egalitarian society,

12 Historical and administrative profile of the Bajaur Agency (fata.gov.pk)

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chances of elite capture are minimum and major decisions are taken by Jirga, the tribal administrative and management body. 150. More recently the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) government on extended land laws to erstwhile Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) districts through a notification issued by the provincial Board of Revenue. This notification enabled administrative officers to collect land revenue and tribesmen to challenge their land disputes in courts under the KP government’s tenancy act. Following the notification, district commissioners, tehsildars and additional district commissioners have been empowered as district collectors, sub-divisional and tehsil collectors. Previously FATA had no official land records except for the Kurram district. Land has been distributed as per the tribal system whereby land is allocated to entire tribes instead of individuals13. 151. The Malik (chief/elder) serves as an intermediary between the tribe and the district administration, in exchange for a regular allowance with which to meet social and leadership obligations. The more weapons at Malik’s disposal and the more men he can command to bear arms when needed, the greater is his stature within the tribe. The jirga plays an important part in tribal society as a traditional mechanism for conflict resolution. 152. Tribal people are accustomed to managing their own resources and solving disputes without outside intervention. They act collectively to assist others in the group and help fulfill social obligations. Marriages and deaths, for example, draw support from all members of the tribe, as do everyday activities such as harvesting and threshing, laying and clearing irrigation channels, carrying out flood protection, maintaining paths, cutting grass, and constructing hujras (meeting places), mosques or other buildings. Population 153. Total population of the district according to 2017 census is about 1,093,684 persons, out of which 51% are males and 49% are female14, with growth rate of 3.25%. 154. The sub project site is situated in the east of Tehsil Khar at a distance of approximately 10 km. Total population of the area is 12044 persons and 1165 households 15 . Tarkalani, Mamund (Kakazai, Wur and

13 https://tribune.com.pk/story/1920791/1-k-p-govt-extends-land-laws-fata-districts-post-merger/

14http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf

15http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/bwpsr/fata/BAJAUR_BLOCKWISE.pdf

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Salarzai) as well as a small population of Safis are residing in the sub project area.

Table 4.11: Population Details of Bajaur District

Household Population Male Female Sex Population 1998- 2017 Ratio 1998 2017 Average Annual Growth Rate

120,457 1,093,684 557,160 536,520 103.85 595,227 3.25

Family Size 155. The average household consists of 9.07 individuals in the above mentioned three selected tehsils of the district. The male and female ratio is 103.85 males to 100 females14. The analysis of the available data shows that 22% out of male population is below 18 years old while 29% of female population is below 18 years indicating a female dominated youth population bulge. The data further reveals that one (01) out of 500 persons lives with disabilities in Bajaur district. The large number of youths, mostly females and significant number of physically challenged persons will further escalate the population vulnerabilities in the coming years which need to be addressed through appropriate measures16. Dwelling 156. Mostly the houses are made of mud throughout the district. The houses are called Qila that is fortresses, which encompasses a number of houses inside. A house generally consists of two or three rooms with a verandah in the rear and front. Joint family system is in vogue in the district. Every cluster of houses has a common sitting place called Hujra where the male members daily meet, discuss and share views on variety of local, national and inter-national issues with each other’s. It is a common place and is also used as a guest room. The young spend winter nights in Hujra and arrange for themselves music programmes or dishes as a pass time activity. It is an important part of Pakhtoon culture, which is unfortunately changing with the modern times as people have begun to prefer using personal gust-room. 157. Majority of the houses (73%) of the study area have ordinary construction (Katcha structure) with timber roof and mud mortar, whereas moderate standard buildings with cement masonry (pacca

16 FATA-Rural Livelihood and Community Infrastructure Project (RLCIP)

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structure) and dry-stone masonry (semi-pacca structure) are 10% and 17% respectively. Language 158. Pashto is the main language of the area, with a softer form spoken in the north and a harder dialect in the south. The Family System 159. The area has a predominant tradition of joint families with male siblings residing in one household even after marriage. New life style has motivated people towards a nuclear family system, but economic compromises and cultural values restrain them from adopting this type of family system. The family ties are still good and relatively less materialistic. As a social institution, the family is still very strong. 160. Men are the dominant force in the household, with final say in the affairs of all members of the family. Women, by comparison, play a subservient role and observe strict purdah (veiling). Although divorces or separations are extremely rare in tribal households, a husband is free to take on additional wives. Livestock 161. The erstwhile FATA, being mostly dry hilly terrain, has little land for crops production whereas sizeable land is available for grazing. The land-less and small holders (more than 85% of farmers) are mostly dependent on Livestock production. Livestock provides employment to 50% of the population either directly or indirectly. About 80% of the income of trans-hum ant families accrues from Livestock. 162. The people of Bajaur are hardworking and are well aware of the benefits derived from livestock. The commonly found local livestock are buffalo, cattle, goat, sheep and poultry. 163. There is a good enough network of Veterinary Institutions in erstwhile FATA established since years, providing Veterinary services to the poor Livestock Farmers; but due to meager amount of operational funds, lack of access to appropriate know how the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) is not up to the required level. See Table 4.12 below for the status of veterinary services in Bajaur district.

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Table 4.12: Veterinary Service available in Bajaur District

Conflicts Resolution Mechanism 164. Erstwhile FATA region was traditionally based on the principle of close association by tribe or kinship. The people of erstwhile FATA have long been accustomed to witnessing violent conflict between the members of different tribes and clans. Inter- or intra-tribe conflict may range from minor family disputes that create tensions and uncertainty to full-blown armed clashes that result in irreparable losses. While for many generations the people have managed to build their lives in this climate of instability, today there is growing awareness that internecine conflict of this sort is a waste of resources and a major obstacle in the way of development. The tribal elder (Malik) often serves as an intermediary between people and the local administrative structures for identifying the priorities. The tribal council of elders (Jirga) is the main mechanism for decision making on behalf of the local population and is also considered the key entity for conflict resolution and providing judgment for punitive actions. The Jirga is essentially the only mechanism for out- of-court settlements over enmities that span generations. The tribe’s identity in erstwhile FATA is the key to how local communities exercise their right to and ownership of natural resources and other assets. The tribal identity as depicted through the Malik and Jirga is therefore essential for access and use of resources and is often seen as the only safety net available to poorer segments of the population. This intricate community system has survived for centuries with adequate legitimacy by the administration as well as acceptance by local communities as it continues to exert its influence on communal life. In more recent times, some development projects 17 working in the tribal districts have invested in forming local community-based groups and indigenous organizations that have cooperated with the local Jirga as well as the administration for implementing their programs.

17 For example the ADB supported the FATA Rural Development Project in Khyber, Bajaur and Mohmand agencies that implemented the project interventions through Community Organizations for delivering services including drinking water supply schemes; irrigation and small dams; natural resource management e.g. raising forest nurseries; etc.

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165. Now the tribal people have fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution and of which they were deprived till now. The introduction and presence of criminal and judicial system will ensure their fundamental rights like other citizens of rest of the Country. Religious Beliefs 166. A primary survey was conducted as part of the Social Feasibility Study. All the respondents of the Social Assessment Primary Survey, reported to be Muslim. People generally have conservative outlook on life and are particular in observance of religious ceremonies. Majority of the respondents normally offers prayers and keep fasts during the month of Ramzan. Religious extremism was in full swing for last few years, but the situation is relatively better now. Majority of the population belong to Sunni sect of Islam. They believe in Hanfi interpretation of Shariah. Majority has a religious disposition and practice Islam according to its fundamental principles. Inheritance is divided according to the Islamic principles and daughters are given their property right accordingly. Water Supply and Sanitation 167. Springs, streams, rivers and perennial watercourses serve as the primary source of water for drinking and domestic use. In mountainous areas, where natural surface and ground sources are not available, people rely on rain-water ponds. In the plains where surface water is scarce, shallow wells allow the people to meet their basic requirements. A combination of factors, including the large-scale movement of displaced persons from neighboring Afghanistan, has adversely affected forest reserves which are critical for watershed protection. The depletion of forest resources has reduced the water retention capacity of the soil, while ecological and climatic conditions have led to the low recharge of groundwater sources. As a result, many springs, streams and perennial watercourses have dried up, forcing people to turn to deep groundwater sources. Official records for 2004–05 show that 56 per cent of the population is covered by water supply schemes, mainly through community tanks and taps. Just 27 per cent of supply through these schemes consists of individual residential connections. Some 85 per cent of public-sector schemes rely on groundwater, while the remaining use surface sources18. The majority of groundwater schemes consist of tube wells, while dug wells and infiltration galleries using electric or diesel pumps are few in number. The normal water table in

18 Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA); Rural Livelihood and Community Infrastructure Project, FATA Secretariat.

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most parts of erstwhile FATA is between 300 and 500 feet. Surface schemes are gravity-based, using slopes and gradients to carry water to distribution points. Sources developed by the works and services department are analyzed for physical and chemical properties alone, and these results show that the water is fit for human consumption. 168. Traditionally, settlements in the tribal areas have always been widely dispersed. For reasons of security, meanwhile, communities have generally preferred to build their houses on mounds and hill-tops. In such areas, the drainage of rainwater and domestic wastewater was never a problem. Perhaps as a result, most communities failed to pay much attention to sanitation infrastructure. But as the population has grown and settlements have expanded, this arrangement is no longer safe or practicable. 169. The physical growth of settlements without any provision for basic sanitation is degrading the living environment and polluting water sources. Commerce, trade and business activities, and related services, add to the congestion. Today, the lack of adequate sanitation infrastructure poses a serious health hazard. Children, women and the elderly are particularly vulnerable. 170. Recent figures on sanitation coverage in erstwhile FATA are not available. Results from the 1998 housing census show that 36.86 per cent of houses have “separate” latrines, 6.99 per cent have access to shared latrines and 56.15 per cent have no latrines. No details about the type of latrine (flush or pit) are given in the census report, making it difficult to assess what percentage of the population has access to hygienic sanitation facilities. Overall, it appears that just 10 per cent of the population has access to adequate sanitation in the form of toilets, sewerage, drainage and solid waste disposal. Poverty 171. The former FATA region has historically remained amongst the poorest parts of Pakistan. There are serious disparities in service provision as compared to the rest of the country. The absence of visible progress and the perceived lack of interest by both sub-national and federal governments in redressing the disparities have consequently deteriorated citizens’ trust in the ability of government institutions to meet the basic needs of the population. The general lack of basic services and weak institutional capacity to provide these have been recognized as drivers of crisis creating conducive environment for opportunistic militant groups whose economic incentives for potential

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recruits greatly outweighed the alternatives available to the people for their livelihoods. 172. The militancy crisis in KP and erstwhile FATA is a key contributor to stagnant growth and high unemployment. The ranks of the unemployed have risen with the intensification of the crisis in 2009/10, and even are likely to continue rising. These conditions have created a conducive environment for opportunistic militant groups whose economic incentives for potential recruits greatly outweigh alternative available options. Many are dependent on the black economy, drug trafficking and criminal activity for survival. 173. Official statistics on rural income and poverty in the area are quite weak. Factors underlying the region's poverty include (i) historical, political, and social isolation; (ii) a legal system reliant on executive and judicial authority administered through civil servants preferring to maintain the status quo; (iii) poor quality and coverage of institutions responsible for the provision of basic services; (iv) social practices that preclude women’s participation in economic life; and (v) lack of effective institutions for skill training to enable the labor force to shift from low to high-productivity sectors. 174. Poverty has to some extent made the population vulnerable to extremist tendencies and criminality. In the absence of viable options to earn a living, the lure of illicit activities such as smuggling (consumer goods, weapons) and drug trafficking is as difficult to resist as the call of extremist elements. Health facilities 175. Health indicators for erstwhile FATA are incomplete and, in many cases, only estimates are available. These highlight the poor state of the health care system. Infant mortality is estimated to be as high as 87 deaths per 1,000 live births, while maternal mortality is thought to exceed 600 deaths per 100,000 live births. Access to health services is severely limited.

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176. According to Agency wise socioeconomic indicators of FATA 2016, there are 02 main hospitals with a capacity of 463 beds. Beside this there 08 dispensaries, 19 Basic Health Units (BHU19) and 03 Rural Health Centre (RHCs20), 03 TB clinics and 11 community Health centers reported in the year 2016 for every 50 square kilometers of area, and these facilities concentrated near the settled areas. 177. The Basic Health Unite facility is present in the subproject area for female and children. People of the area are deprived of basic needs of life; they have to travel for treatment to Khar District Headquarter Hospital (District Bajaur) or Timergara (Lower Dir) in any type of emergency. The sources and ways of communication are serious issues of the local community, because they face and suffer in patient treatments like delivery cases, child health care and other diseases. Social Organization 178. Society is structured on kinship basis in the project area. Most of the decisions are made at the household level. The rich and influential people are accepted as community leaders, especially in collective welfare and development of the area. Also, the traditional leader in the village is the “Malik”, the elder who commands respect in the community. Agriculture 179. The agricultural status of the sub project area at present is very poor. Currently two cropping systems are followed by the farmers. Firstly, agriculture in rainfed area and secondly agriculture in irrigated area. In rainfed conditions maize and wheat are grown in summer and winter seasons respectively. The crop yields are extremely poor as compared to normal crop yields obtained in agriculturally developed areas where timely and regular irrigation water supplies are ensured. Rainfall water in the area is not sufficient. 180. In irrigated areas, although irrigation water is available in the command area but it is not sufficient for normal crop raising. The supply is irregular and undependable. Therefore, some cropped fields go without water, resulting in crop loss due to insufficient erratic supply. At present mainly two crops are grown i.e. maize and wheat in summer and winter seasons respectively. In addition, Rabi fodder (Berseem) is

19 A BHU is a first level health care facility, located at the village level. It is supposed to have a medical practitioner to provide first aid and refer cases to higher level facilities 20 RHCs function primarily at tehsil level to offer services for population ranging from 60,000 to 100,000. They are supposed to be equipped with x-ray equipment and laboratory facilities and to include some in-patient care with approximately 10 beds per center

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grown on very limited areas. Vegetables are raised on a negligible area for domestic use only except khwar banks where a little more area are put under vegetables and Rabi fodder. 181. In Babukara Khwar, perennial flow exists. Since there is abundance of water for the farmers located at the khwar banks, this strip continues for a reasonable length. Farmers located on this belt grow vegetables and fodder (berseem) for commercial purposes. However, this situation will discontinue when the dam water is controlled accordingly through sub-project and the agriculture scenario on the khwar will altogether change. Similarly, rice is also grown in this khwar belt in low lying fields because the water supply is available in abundance. With the reduction in water supply and levelling of fields the rice cultivation will be stopped in the khwar belt. 182. Orchards (except one persimmon garden) are not established in an organized way. Fruit trees of different kinds are seen in the sub-project area in a scattered form. It indicates that orchards can be developed on sustained basis with sufficient timely supply of irrigation water. The farmers of the area are showing interest in establishing the orchards in future. Both the vegetables and orchards being cash crops must be encouraged with the implementation of the sub-project. The crop cultivation is done in an orthodox way without the use of advanced technologies. Similarly, the water management level is also very poor lowering the water use efficiency drastically as indicated from the poor crop yields. Education 183. The people in the district are not widely educated. The total number of schools in Bajaur district is 513 where 144160 students are enrolled with total teaching staff of 1209 where one teacher is available for every 48 students. Beside that the comparison of schools and enrollment of male and female students highly speaks of gender discrimination. The following table shows the education statistics of Bajaur district.

Table 4.14: Education Statistics of Bajaur District21

Schools Enrollment Teaching Staff Students/Teacher

Male 338 99299 847 117

21 Important Agency/FR wise Socio-Economic Indicators of FATA 2016

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Female 175 44861 362 123.93

Occupation 184. The livelihood opportunities are very limited in the sub project area. Main source of income of the local people is agriculture. People of the site are living near the District headquarter therefore few individuals are also engaged in local trading on small scale, such as shop keeping, general stores and furniture manufacturing. etc. some locals are also engaged with unplanned mineral mining. 185. According to Primary Social Survey of the project area, 60% households were found to be involved in farming activities, 20 percent as daily wage laborers while 6 % were employed in public and private sector. About 07% of the population reported to be small traders or vendors engaged in small scale business (shops, stores, auto workshops, hotel etc.), while 2 percent were found to be involved in trading within the village. 03 percent earnings were coming from abroad while 2% remittances are from other cities of Pakistan. Food 186. Simplicity is the haul-mark of the food of the people of Bajaur. Rice is a staple dish especially for dinners22. Maize bread with local vegetable Saag and Lassi is offered to guest as a seasonal specialty in summer. Dress and Ornaments 187. People wear the traditional Pakhtoon dress of Shalwar Kameez and head-wear. Generally, the people wear handmade Dir caps while notables wear Pagri and Kula, but this tradition is gradually fading out. Women folk wear Shalwar Kameez and Chadder/veil and for Purdah they use Burkas (veil). Mining 188. Extensive deposits of marble are found at several places in Bajaur district. The marble is associated with the calcareous rocks in the malange zone. The marble is processed in different green and black colors. The marble is processed in different marble factories in KP, and in other parts of the country.

22 https://www.facebook.com/The-Bajaurians-Society-132388113479230/

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Roads 189. According Important Agency/FR wise Socio-Economic Indicators of former FATA Secretariat, total coverage extends to 568.07 kilometers of blacktop and another 263.66 kilometers of shingle roads in Bajaur district reported in the year 201623. Telephone Facilities 190. Landline telephone facilities and cellular networks are available in the area. Sites of Historical Significance 191. Sikandaro is the area historically known for arrival of the Alexander the Great to this area in pursuance of his conquests. A few shrines in the district are also historically known. These are Ghazi Baba, Sakhi Baba, Shiekh Baba and Mir Ali Baba. Besides, the tomb of sakhi Arab Khan, Governor of this area under Mughals at Naway Dhand on outskirts of Khar is also of some historical importance. 192. No sites have been reported around the sub project area of any cultural and social significance. Gender Issues 193. Tribal society is dominated by men. Cultural tradition, social practices and low female literacy have left women in a vulnerable position. They are for the most part restricted to performing household work, and are excluded from decision-making both on the domestic front and at the community level. Women’s access to education and health care is limited because such services are not available close to home. 194. Women in the area play a dominant role in running the household, rearing and guiding children, managing household finances, and providing much of the labor for agriculture and animal husbandry. They do not normally have a public role, particularly in interactions with the broader society.

23 Important Agency/FR wise Socio-Economic Indicators of FATA 2016

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES

Impact Assessment - Overview 195. The Environment Assessment study has disclosed that the sub project is not likely to have any severe negative impacts on the environment and people of the area. All the potential impacts which have been identified during the present assessment are associated with the construction stage, and minor to moderate in severity; and can easily be avoided (through good design and construction planning) or mitigated (through proper implementation of the EMP). On the other hand, the project will be beneficial particularly for the local population on creation of job opportunities and extremely beneficial for irrigation. Significant indicators of the project benefits are mentioned below: ▪ Reduction in water losses. ▪ Most beneficial impacts associated with the improved channel condition, management and efficient and equitable water distribution are of long-term in nature. ▪ Additional area will be brought under cultivation for wheat, fodder, vegetables and other crops ▪ Increase in cropping intensity ▪ Increase in crop yield The improved water supplies will boost the agriculture and improve the living standard of the community in the project area. ▪ The project will also help to regulate the groundwater abstraction to neutralize the lowering trend. 196. The project will also provide unskilled jobs during the construction phase and a limited number of jobs in operations. This will be a bonus for the people of the area, many of who are used to having to travel down country for employment. Impact Area 197. The sub project impact area mainly comprises of Aqueducts, Syphon Aqueducts, Stepped Fall Structure, Water courses, Sumps, command area, borrow/query areas and labor camps. Exhibit below demonstrates the location of these structures and the command area that will be developed by using the irrigation water. The area as can be observed is vegetated; however, no felling of trees is involved.

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Figure 5.1: Project Impact Area

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198. Table 5.1 considers the potential impacts at various stages of the project, and assesses the category of the impact, classifying them as negligible, moderate or high. Each category is defined as under: Negligible: No or minimum impact Moderate: Potential impact but can be mitigated (Site Specific) High: significant adverse environmental impacts that is irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented 199. The section further goes on to explain the table, by describing those impacts that have moderate to high impact, but can be mitigated.

Table 5.1 Screening of Environmental Impacts; Construction and Post Construction Stages

Potential Environmental Impacts Project Stage Impact Categorization N=Negligible M=Moderate H=High 1. Land resources 1.1 Excavation Construction M 1.2 Waste generation and disposal Construction N 1.3 Labor camps, storage, approach roads Construction M 1.4 Soil pollution due to fuel and oil spillage (related Construction M to construction machinery) 1.5 Agriculture land damage Construction N 1.6 Earth Borrow Site Construction M 1.7 Installation of cement mixing plants Construction N 1.8 changes in Soil Characteristics due to labour Construction N camps, and machinery yards 1.9 Leaching of soil nutrients and changes in soil Post Construction N characteristics 1.10 Soil pollution due to excessive application of Post Construction M fertilizers and pesticides 1.11 Land Transformation and Fragmentation Post Construction N

1.12 Command Area Development Post Construction H (Positive)

2. Hydrology and Water Resources 2.1 Contamination of surface water due to washing Construction N (machinery and other related materials) 2.2 Drinking water supply Construction M 2.3 Municipal waste disposed into the stream Construction N 2.4 Excessive use of irrigation water for cultivating Post Construction M high delta crops 2.5 Contamination of water due to farm runoff Post Construction N 3. Air Quality and Noise Pollution 3.1 Dust and smoke and other Construction M pollutants from plants and equipment 3.2 Smoke from burning of waste or firewood Construction M 3.3 Noise control from use of old and/or outdated Construction M machinery

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3.4 Dust Emission from Stone quarrying and Construction M transportation

4. Biological Resources 4.1 Damage to flora and fauna Construction N 4.2 Habitat fragmentation Post Construction N 5. Socioeconomic and Cultural Issues 5.1 Tribal tensions and rivalries All stages M 5.2 Impact on civic infrastructure (education, Construction N health, roads, water supply, electricity) 5.3 Gender issues and community privacy and Construction M disconnection or distance of community etc. 5.4 Community safety risks due to both accidental Construction and M and natural hazards Post Construction 5.5 Health and safety of labor and employees at Construction H construction site 5.6 Aesthetic/scenic value Post Construction N 5.7 Employment of alien labor Construction N 5.8 Community health Construction M Negligent: No adverse impact, Moderate: Potential impact but can be mitigated, High: Definite impact but can be mitigated

Pre Construction Stage Assure Compliance with Relevant Construction Field Legislation 200. There are certain laws and regulations in the country before undertaking any construction work of developmental project. Therefore, No Objection Certificates (NOCs) will be required as legal complications may lead to delay in sub project construction. Mitigation • Acquire construction permit/ Environmental Approval/ NOC from local authorities. • Preparation of SSEMPs for each site and get them approved by the Consultant, before the construction works start. • Provide Water management guidelines if subprojects are executed near surface watercourse. Development of Strategies 201. Some strategies need to be developed prior to the construction of the project as problems may arise due to non-compliance. It will help the project staff to carry out the construction and of the sub project in organized manner. This will be highly beneficial in long terms.

202. An ‘Operation Environmental Action Plan’ (OEAP) needs to be prepared demonstrating the manner in which the Contractor/Operator will comply with the requirements of management plans proposed in EMP/SSEMP.

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203. The following strategies and procedures will be developed prior to the commencement of Project operations: • Project specific security and public access control strategy; • Project specific waste management strategy • Project specific air and noise control strategy; • Project specific traffic control strategy; Construction Stage Impacts on Land Resources Excavation 204. The sub project will require excavation for alignment of irrigation channel, water courses and land leveling. The quantity of excavated material in channels and water courses at Raghagan command area development is 59486.9 m3. Most of the excavation work will be done manually whereas machinery will be used where required and accessible. Such physical work has the propensity to alter the landscape, due to cutting of trees and/or leveling mounds and hills, and also create dust pollution. In case of Command Area Development of Raghagan Dam sub project, the proposed irrigation network sites do not have extensive vegetation in terms of trees. 205. Any excavation work during the construction activities, whether permanent or temporary, may lead to loss of soil. Erosion of soil can also occur from removal of vegetation cover, runoff from unprotected excavated areas, etc. Excavations on slopes would also decrease its stability. It is expected that minor level of short-term risk is associated with the type of construction activities that are likely to take place. The current land formation is fairly stable therefore no major impact is associated with regards to slope stability. Mitigation 206. Vegetation loss will be avoided as much as possible and limited to demarcated construction area. Slope stabilization measures will be adopted such as adequate vertical and horizontal drains, cross drainage etc. Slope movements will be monitored around excavation work areas. 207. Excavated material will be reused for backfill and embankments formation after approval from quality control engineer. The rest of excavated material will be safely dumped and levelled and location of the dumping area should be provided in the contractor’s SSEMP.

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208. Top six inches soil should be protected before excavation and should be placed back after completion of construction work. Waste Generation and Disposal 209. During the construction phase, most of the waste generated will be related to construction. Construction waste will involve debris due to cutting of stones, residual RCC material and other associated waste. The domestic waste generated from kitchen etc. will be less than 01 cubic meter as no large scale labour camp will be established bearing in mind the quantum of work. This is a significant impact but can be mitigated. Mitigation 210. To minimize environmental impacts and avoid any need for disposal of earthwork materials or the importation and unnecessary storage of earth, the project will maximize the reuse of excavated materials. 211. All of the construction activity will be contained inside construction area. 212. Solid waste generation should be reduced and should be reused and recycled. Any residual spoil will have to be disposed in environment friendly manner, where it will be leveled and landscaped. The dumping sites must be approved by CSC environment specialist.

213. To be made contractor’s obligation through contract document, as an SSEMP will be prepared by the contractor and waste management plan will be a part of it. Soil pollution due to fuel and oil spillage from Construction machinery 214. At places, it may be inevitable and may exceed to the maximum permissible limit. In case it is allowed to be as per rule rather than an exception, the dumping of oil will permanently create contamination along with allied physical, biological and social losses. This can be mitigated through effective application of the maximum spill regulations.

215. “Guidelines for Oil Spill Waste Minimization and Management issued by International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association24 are as follows: 216. Soil contaminated by minor spills/ leakages (defined as leaks from vehicles, machinery, equipment or storage containers such that the area and depth of contaminated soil is less than 10 sq. ft. and 3 inches

24 http://www.ipieca.org/resources/good-practice/oil-spill-waste-minimization-and-management/

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respectively) is to scraped and disposed of accordingly in environmentally friendly manner to ensure protection of water sources. 217. Moderate spills defined as spills of volume less than or equal to 200 liters is to be contained and controlled using shovels, sands and native soil. These equipment’s and materials are to be made available at camp sites during the operation. The contaminated soil is to be excavated and stored in a burn area lined with an impermeable base. Depending on the volume, the contaminated soil is either disposed-off through by specialized treatment such as bioremediation or through approved contractor. 218. Major spills (defined as spills of volume much greater than 200 liters) require initiation of Emergency Response Procedures and Oil Spill Contingency Plan. These spills are to be handled and controlled according to the Plan and require special treatment such as bioremediation and through approved contractors. Mitigation 219. Strict rules will be imposed on workers and laborers to ensure that no such spills are caused. If the spills take place, it must be followed by treatment prescribed above as per the degree of spill. Specific mitigation measures to be part of Contractors site specific environmental management plan are: • Spill prevention trays will be provided and used at refueling locations • On-site maintenance of construction vehicles and equipment will be avoided, as far as possible. • Regular inspections will be carried out to detect leakages in construction vehicles and equipment. • Fuels and lubricants will be stored in covered and dyked areas, underlain with impervious lining. • Spill control kit (shovels, plastic bags and absorbent materials) will be available near fuel and oil storage areas. • Contaminated soil will be removed from the site and disposed in a manner to ensure protection of water sources. • Emergency plan for spill management will be prepared and inducted to the staff for any incident of spill. • The bottom of any soak pit or septic tank will be constructed at least 100 meters away from springs and water bores.

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• Record of spills and Volume of removed contaminated soil will be maintained. • Record of remedial measures taken will be maintained. Agriculture Land Damage 220. Land leveling, construction of access road, excavation and construction of channels may cause damage to agricultural land. In case of this sub project, there will be no agricultural land damage as cultivated area is away from the project site. Mitigation 221. It is contractors` obligation not to cause such damage and strictly follow the design and avoid use of heavy machinery within agricultural land. 222. Top six inches soil will be protected and land will be restored to its previous condition after completion of construction works. Construction material leftovers 223. Construction material leftover may likely happen after the closure of temporary construction sites. This might have short term and minimal insignificant impact on the project area. Mitigation • All shivers and material that remain after the closure of temporary construction sites are to be removed from the location and re-used/recycled where possible. • All remains are to be disposed of in a manner that will not be harmful to environment. Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources

Drinking Water Supply for Contractor’s Crew 224. Since the sites and adjacent area is away from settlements, there is no connection available to a water supply scheme. There are springs on the banks of the khwar, but they can be far off. Stream and or spring water will need to be tested and used for drinking purposes. Mitigation 225. Contractor, under the guidance of Environment Specialist of CSC, will get stream/ spring water tested for chemical and biological contaminants, and assist in providing filtration to make water drinkable. 226. There are numerous cost-effective water treatment models available in order to mitigate chemical and/or biological contamination. Sand

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filtration, Chlorination, UV treatment and oxidation are a few such methods. Impact on Air Quality and Noise Pollution Dust from construction activities 227. Due to nature of the construction, involving excavation, land leveling and clearing, a lot of dust will be produced. Heavy machinery will be used to carry out these activities which will result in vehicular emissions as well as other exhaust fumes. Mitigation

228. Contractor’s contractual obligation will include keeping the dust within permissible level by using machinery, which is well maintained and with low noise. 229. Land, all katcha roads and paths will be sprinkled with water after regular intervals. Noise from use of old/and or out dated machinery 230. Old and poorly maintained machinery generates higher decibels of noise and cause noise pollution for workers in the close vicinity of heavy machinery. Mitigation

231. Contractor’s contractual obligation is to use new, well maintained and low noise machinery preferably during day time. 232. The drivers, operators and workers working on or near the heavy machinery must be provided with ear plugs. 233. The contractor will ensure use of newer, well maintained machinery that creates minimum noise and emissions, as per National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS 2000) 234. Environment Specialist of CSC will ensure that this clause is added to the bidding and contract document. 235. Night time construction activities will be strictly discouraged, and may only be carried out in exceptional cases, with prior permission of Resident Engineer. 236. Noise monitoring will be carried out near sensitive receptors on a quarterly basis. 237. The NEQS for noise in residential areas is 55 dB (A) in the day-time and 45 dB (A) at night. It is recommended that noise levels close to

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sensitive receptors do not exceed 55 dB (A) during the day time as required by the NEQS. Impact on Biological Resources 238. No major change is expected in the habitat of the natural flora or fauna. There will be no tree to cut for the project construction. Small readjustment of place may be made by some birds and rodents. Similarly, negligible impact on aquatic life is anticipated. Mitigation 239. Environment Specialist together with line departments will ascertain the status of the site area in terms of occurrence of wildlife species, flora. And in accordance, recommend a watch and ward system that will be based on partnership between communities, wildlife, forest departments and district administration. Each partner’s roles will be specified at the onset, and responsibilities assigned. 240. Till the completion of the survey, contractor will ensure no extraction takes place from the surrounding vegetation for fuel wood or hunting of any birds by the labor employed. If such a case is witnessed, it will be brought to the notice of the project management as well as the concerned authorities. Contractor’s obligation is to strictly restrict the limits of construction site. 241. Cutting of trees will be strictly prohibited and if no alternate is available plantation of trees will be done in case any tree is cut for project activities. Tree cutting will be restored by planting four trees against each tree cut. 242. Borrow areas with least vegetation cover will be selected. The project will have a soft start for allowing time to reptiles to move away from the project site. There will be restriction and prohibition on hunting, shooting, trapping, and poaching of wild species. No night time activity will be carried out. 243. Photographs of the project area will be taken at pre and post project stage. Continuous inspection of the area will be carried jointly with other agencies involved in maintenance of protected areas. Impacts on Socioeconomic, Cultural and Archaeological Issues Tribal Tension and Rivalries 244. Since the project will benefit a certain number of beneficiaries and their agricultural land, a tendency of rivalry exists which can cause tensions amongst neighboring tribal households. Although terms of partnership

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have been signed with the intended beneficiaries, the risk will still remain. 245. Other socio economic cultural and archaeological impacts can be: • Disturbance to existing services: education, health, electricity, water supply or signboards. • Aggravation of any disputes on land ownership. • Any need for land acquisition. • Access to other construction materials. • Adverse effects on known archaeological sites. • Dealing with chance finds. • Problems to Health and Safety of labour and employees on construction work and provision of safety equipment to workers on site. • Employment of locals on the project. • Possibility of spread of HIV/AIDS amongst the project labour and adjoining population. • Rise in prices of essential commodities. • Gender Issues. • Recreational facilities for public. • Any spots of religious significance e.g. Mosques, Tombs and Shrines etc. • Discovery of Antiquities Mitigation 246. For matters pertaining to social obligation and benefits of the communities, if needed, a social Framework Agreement shall be signed by the RE with communities to ensure their participation and full satisfaction in matters pertaining to them. All matters where contractor is involved, these should be made as his contractual obligations. 247. Project Team along with the Social Development Specialist will ensure continuous liaison with the communities throughout the construction phase of the project, so as to identify any such incident in time. Relevant authorities will be kept abreast of the progress, as well as any such issue if in making. 248. If, during the execution of the activities or excavation, any material is discovered onsite, which may be considered of historical or cultural

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interest, such as evidence of prior settlements, native or historical activities, evidence of any existence on a site, which may be of cultural significance, all work shall stop and the supervising contracting officer shall be notified immediately. The area in which the material was discovered shall be marked and the evidence preserved for examination. 249. The contractor is required to develop Chance Find Procedure as part of the SSEMP. Gender issues, community privacy and disconnection or distance of community etc 250. During construction stage, there will be moderate impact on gender issues and community privacy. The distance or disconnection will have no impact, because these are minor channels or water courses, where the water will be available at both sides and crossing/communication will also not effect. Mitigation 251. The contractor will ensure and will take care of the community privacy, especially the movement of women in the area. Most of the labor force will be hired from local peoples. The movement of labor will be restricted at construction sites only. Community safety risks due to accidental or natural hazards 252. Although there are no settlements near the construction site, but there is always some risk involved with construction activities. Also, since the area is prone to natural hazards including floods, earthquakes and drought, the construction team will pay heed to this risk as well. Mitigation 253. The contractor will ensure proper signage and fencing in order to limit public access to the construction site. Especially during activities such as excavation, access will be strictly restricted. Construction site will have a first aid facility with certain staff trained to handle emergencies. The design of the lift irrigation scheme has been tested for 25 years return period, but at the same time, an emergency response plan will be prepared by project in order to respond to any hazard caused naturally or otherwise. Health and safety of labour at construction site 254. Since the project is being constructed at a remote site in the tribal areas, safety of labor will be of prime concern. In addition, adequate

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measures related to Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) will have to be provided for the labor employed. Mitigation 255. The contractor will ensure that proper HSE protocols are in place, including protective gear, drinking water, sanitation, energy supply and overall safety for the labor. Evacuation plans in case of fire or any other accidents will also be prepared, and drills carried out to ensure the labor is aware of responding to such a situation. A detailed HSE Plan will be formulated in SSEMP. Community health 256. During construction stage there will be moderate impact at the vicinity of construction sites with dust pollution due to construction machinery and traffic movement. The viral diseases may also impact the community health. Mitigation

257. The proper sprinkling of water at the main village road and access roads for the construction sites will be ensured by the contractor. Moreover, special care will be taken for the labor/management health for prevention of viral/communicable diseases. Operation Stage Impacts

258. Various operational activities will invariably create environmental disturbances, which may have impacts on the people working in the area nearby communities and flora and fauna. Such impacts include the following: Soil pollution due to excessive application of Pesticides and fertilizers 259. Pesticides and herbicides are applied to agricultural land to control pests that disrupt crop production. Soil contamination can occur when pesticides persist and accumulate in soils, which can alter microbial processes, increase plant uptake of the chemical, and also cause toxicity to soil organisms. Pesticide leaching occurs when pesticides mix with water and move through the soil, ultimately contaminating groundwater. The amount of leaching is correlated with particular soil type and pesticide characteristics and the degree of rainfall and irrigation. 260. Only a fraction of the nitrogen-based fertilizers is converted to produce and other plant matter. The remainder accumulates in the soil or lost as runoff. High application rates of nitrogen-containing fertilizers combined with the high water-solubility of nitrate leads to increased runoff into

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surface water as well as leaching into groundwater, thereby causing groundwater pollution. The excessive use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers (be they synthetic or natural) is particularly damaging, as much of the nitrogen that is not taken up by plants is transformed into nitrate which is easily leached. Mitigation 261. Agriculture Directorate shall introduce Agriculture extension programs targeting use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), green manure, and limiting use of pesticides/ fertilizers to required levels only will target farmer communities to inform and train them. In general, in tribal area the farmer uses mostly the Farm yard manure or green manure. The pesticide use is also rare, because of less vegetables and fruit production. Use of additional irrigation water for cultivating high delta crops 262. With additional guaranteed supply of irrigation water, there is strong likelihood that the farmers will cultivate high delta crops. Such practices will not be sustainable in longer term, since the water inflow into the reservoir is dependent which will limit the irrigation capacity of the sump. In such a situation, high water demand crops will consume maximum share of irrigation water supply, and leave the farmers unattended for future cropping seasons. Water balance models for the area will need to take heed of this factor, and cropping pattern will have to be developed. Mitigation 263. Cultivation of high delta crops will be strictly discouraged keeping in mind the appropriate use of the water for maximum are under cropping, and the water balance model25. Cropping pattern in accordance with the water balance model will be suggested and promoted with the help of the Agriculture Department. Monitoring Programmes 264. The following monitoring programs will be developed prior to the commencement of project operations; • Landslide monitoring • Water quality monitoring • Watershed and flood telemetry monitoring

25 Water balance models were prepared as part of the Water Assessment Study and Management Plan, 2010

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Training/ Educational programmes 265. The following educational programs will be developed prior to the commencement of project operations; • Employee induction program on environmental awareness • Employee code of conduct

• Health and Safety training program. Command Area Development 266. The main objectives of improving the utilization of created irrigation potential, optimizing agriculture production and productivity from irrigated agriculture through a multi-disciplinary area Development. Mitigation 267. The development of command area will be carried out through different measures like land levelling, conservation of land and water, construction of field channels, construction of field drains and warabandi programme etc. It is further be improve through facilitation of bank loan to the farmers for awareness and training of proper seed, fertilizer, pesticides and other agricultural practices. 268. There will be no negative impact with the command area development, but all are positive impacts i.e. uplift of socio-economic of the command area peoples, employment opportunities and technical skills for the command area vicinity peoples. Land Transformation, Land use and Fragmentation 269. There will be no impact on land transformation and fragmentation, However the land use will be change. The rainfed/ barani one season crop area will be converted to irrigated agricultural cropping and high values crops will be grown like vegetables, fruits and cereal crops. Mitigation 270. The impact on land transformation and fragmentation will be negligible, while at land use there will be positive impact i.e. development of barren land into agricultural land and rainfed agricultural land into irrigated agriculture. The socio-economic conditions of the peoples will be raised.

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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

General 271. This Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is produced as a complementary part of Detailed Design, as a free-standing document. It ensures incorporation of the relevant environmental factors into the overall project design and will identify linkages to other safeguard policies relating to the project.

Mitigation Measures 272. Based on the preliminary assessment, key mitigation measures recommended under this EMP are listed as follows: a. Identify and locate on project plans any sensitive natural resources in the project area including but not limited to patches of natural habitat, bird colonies, and wet lands, unique plant communities etc. (consult with local nature protection authorities). b. Identify local access routes through and around cultivated land and pasture. c. Minimize requirements for temporary or permanent alteration of lands. d. Provide zones for preliminary accumulation of wastes that will cause no damage to the vegetation cover and other components of the environment. e. Transport and disposal of construction concrete rubble, debris and spoils in approved paths and landfills/ dumpsites. f. Delineate access roads/ work areas carefully and prevent their expansion. g. Rehabilitate access roads and work areas after work completion (scratch soil with special engine, put fertile topsoil in place, etc.). h. Use closed/covered trucks for transportation of construction materials. i. Clean the surrounding area from dust by water sprinkling, removal of excess materials and cleaning of sites upon completion of activities. j. Restoration to original conditions of landscape after completion of construction and rehabilitation works. k. Arrange necessary preservation measures (establish protection zones, by-pass these areas during transportation and other). l. Cease the works at once, historical and cultural monuments are encountered during earthworks and provide relevant information to

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the State Agency for Historical and Cultural Monuments Protection. m. Conduct mid-term and end-of-project inspections to the sites during construction works. 273. The parameters, mitigation, monitoring and responsibility will be discussed in detail in the EMP. Residual Impact 274. Residual impacts are defined as those impacts that remain following the implementation of the mitigation measures proposed. Residual impacts refer to those environmental effects predicted to remain after the application of mitigation outlined in this IEE. The predicted residual effects are considered for each Project phase (Construction, Post Construction, Pre-Operations and Operation, as per the Impact screening presented in Table 5.1, the significance has been determined for each residual adverse effect. Institutional Arrangements Management Responsibilities

275. The Merged Areas Secretariat is the project’s executing agency (EA). It established a Project Management Unit (PMU) in the Planning and Development Department of the Merged Areas Secretariat. The PMU will; (i) be responsible for sub-project preparation including feasibility studies; (ii) monitor implementation of all project activities; (iii) undertake all procurement activities; (iv) coordinate and monitor the required civil works and project facilities; (v) undertake financial accounting and reporting; and (vi) ensure the project is implemented in compliance with ADB Safeguard policies and procedures. 276. Project implementation unit (PIU) is established in each of the three districts for execution of the project at agency level. The three PIUs will have core staff comprised of a project manager assisted by account and administration officer, monitoring and evaluation coordinator, and social organizers. Project implementing agencies include the Directorate of Irrigation, which will be responsible for the improved irrigation infrastructure and on-farm management components with the latter effort supported by the Department of Agriculture, and the Department of Forests, which will be responsible for the watershed management component. The IAs will coordinate with the PMU and PIUs to ensure

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project activities are reflected in their annual work plans, along with requisite financial and human resources.

Environment and Social Management Unit

277. For an effective compliance of an EMP, roles and responsibilities need to be defined at the onset, with relevant professionals hired as project team members at the executing or implementing agency (E/IA) levels. Moreover, these professionals are to be placed in the project hierarchy in such a way whereby they cannot be influenced by the operational teams (engineers, procurement, contractors, etc.) in order to lessen their compliance monitoring responsibilities. 278. For the Project, an Environmental and Social Management Unit (ESMU) is proposed to be set up within the Project Director’s (PD) Office at the E/IA level, with direct reporting line to the PD. An Environment Specialist and a Social Development Specialist will need to be a part of the ESMU so as to ensure compliance to both parts of the EMP. 279. The responsibilities of ESMU will be the following, but not limited to: o Ensure effective compliance of EMP as per ADB Safeguards Policy requirements o Provide technical assistance to the Project Team, in matters related to EMP in particular, and to environmental and social safeguards as a whole o Put in place reporting mechanism and monitoring regimes for project staff as well as contractors o Ensure that EMP related clauses specifically, and environment related clauses in general, are part of all the tender/bid/RFP documents. o Provide technical input to the various training programs proposed as a part of the EMP o Ensuring that all regulatory clearances (for example, Pak EPA) have been obtained before starting civil works for the Sub Project. o Conduct on site spot checks to check the compliance level, as well as for any outstanding issue not being covered by the EMP o Regularly report to PD as well as ADB and EPA on progress related to EMP Compliance

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o Immediately report any unanticipated environmental impact to ADB.

The Consultant

280. The Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC) will ensure the implementation and regular monitoring of the EMP in true letter and spirit during execution of the civil works and shall submit periodic reports to ESMU of IA regarding the EMP implementation status. The Consultant will engage qualified Environmental Specialist and Social Specialist who will be responsible for EMP implementation and reporting any non-compliance to the Engineer of the Project and the ESMU. a. The Contractor

281. The contractor will be responsible for on-site implementation of the EMP of the sub-project environmental protection liabilities. They will be responsible for compliance of EMP provisions under contractual obligations. The contractor will train their crew/ staff in implementation of the EMP through capacity building interventions. 282. The EMP will be an integral part of the contract document. The bid should include a detailed environmental mitigation budget as part of the engineering costs of the respective works. Contractor will engage social and environmental managers to realize the above requirements. 283. A site-specific environmental management plan (SSEMP) will be prepared and submitted/approved to CSC by the contractor at least 10 days before the commencement of civil work. b. Environmental Management Plan

284. The mitigation plan, being a key component of EMP includes measures to mitigate potential negative impacts and enhance its positive impacts during construction phase of the sub-project. The contractor is responsible for implementation of EMP with the cooperation of executing and implementing agencies, client staff, social and environmental consultants and local community of the project. 285. The Environmental Management Plan, shown in Table 6.1, which also covers monitoring, will therefore form the basis of the environmental and social protection measures implemented by ESMU and Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) contractor that will be employed. The implementation of the EMP ensures that environmental, health, safety (EHS) and social performance is in accordance with provincial EPA and International (ADB Safeguard Policies) standards and best practice.

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286. The Table 6.1 states the environmental management plan for the impacts along with mitigation plan, as well as the institutional responsibility.

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Table 6.1: Environmental Management (Mitigation) Plan (Construction & Operation)

Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Pre-Construction Stage Assure Legal • Acquire construction Before the Minimization and continued improvement in EPC ESMU/ compliance complications and permit/ Environmental construction of Number of reported number of reported non-compliances Contractor Consultant with relevant delay in project NOC from local authorities. the project non-compliances construction • Preparation of SSEMPs for activities. field each site and get them legislation. approved by the Consultant, before the construction works start. • Provide Water management guidelines if subprojects are executed near surface watercourse. Development Problems arising • An ‘Operation Pre-Operations Implementation Beneficial in long terms with the implementation ESMU PMU & ADB of Strategies. due to non- Environmental Action Plan’ Operation of Operation Environmental Action Plan’ (OEAP) compliance (OEAP) needs to be Environmental prepared demonstrating Action Plan’ (OEAP) the manner in which the Contractor/Operator will comply with the requirements of management plans proposed in EMP/SSEMP. • The following strategies and procedures will be developed prior to the commencement of Project operations: • Project specific security and public access control strategy; • Project specific waste management strategy • Project specific air and noise control strategy;

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FATA Water Resources Development Project CARD Sub Project Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented • Project specific traffic control strategy; Construction Stage Impacts Impacts on Land Resources Excavation • Noise & • Vegetation loss will be During • Implementation Not Significant (Minimal) EPC ESMU/CSC Vibration avoided as much as Construction of SSEMP Target = zero Threshold 1, with agreed Contractor • HSE issues possible and limited to before start of mitigation demarcated construction works area. • Annual reports • Slope stabilization and measures will be adopted documentation such as adequate vertical of safety and horizontal drains, inspection cross drainage etc. • Workforce • Slope movements will be /Community monitored around complaints excavation work areas. • Top six inches soil should be protected before excavation and should be placed back after completion of construction work. • Excavated material shall preferably be reused after approval of quality control engineer of CSC. • Non-reusable excavated material shall be safely dumped and leveled in barren land with approval from Environment specialist of CSC and dumping location should be provided in SSEMP. Waste • Waste • To minimize environmental During • EPC’s Site Not Significant EPC ESMU/CSC Management Pollution impacts and avoid any construction officer and EHS (Minimal) Contractor need for disposal of stage officer in place earthwork materials or the

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FATA Water Resources Development Project CARD Sub Project Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented importation and • SSEMP unnecessary storage of including Waste earth, the project will Management maximize the reuse of Plan excavated materials. • Zero Complaints • All of the construction from Community activity will be contained & Workers inside construction area. • Internal auditing • Solid waste generation and reporting by should be reduced and EPC should be reused and recycled. • Any residual spoil will have to be disposed in environment friendly manner, where it will be leveled and landscaped. The dumping sites must be approved by CSC environment specialist. To be made contractor’s obligation through contract document, as an SSEMP will be prepared by the contractor and waste management plan will be a part of it. Soil pollution • Soil pollution • Strict rules will be imposed Because the Spill contingency Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC due to oils and • Water on workers and labors to area can be plan is available at (Minimal) lubricants / pollution ensure that no such spills subject to un site equipment are caused. seasonal heavy Properly poor • If the spills take place, it rain plan before paved/cemented maintenance must be followed by and during mechanical and repairs / treatment prescribed construction workshop refueling at the above as per the degree of (cut and fill, land No water bodies construction spill. reclamation near the working site. • An Oil Spill Management etc.) while area Plan containing specific considering the Staff Training over mitigation measures to be climatic oil spillage part of contractor site conditions. 97 | Initial Environmental Examination

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FATA Water Resources Development Project CARD Sub Project Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented • Record of spills and Volume of removed contaminated soil will be maintained. • Record of remedial measures taken will be maintained. Heavy • Agriculture • It is contractor’s obligation Construction • Monthly Reports Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC Machinery Land Damage not to cause such damage and post (EPC) (Minimal) near and strictly follow the construction • Supervision by agricultural design and avoid use of Consultant land heavy machinery within • EHS officer agricultural land. implementing • Top six inches soil will be SSEMP protected and land will be Information Events restored to its previous for work force condition after completion of construction works. Construction Waste generation • All shivers and material Completion of • Site Inspection Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC material due to closure of that remain after the Construction • Implementation (Minimal) leftovers and site closure of temporary of Environmental Short term during construction phase site restoration construction sites are to be Enhancement Occupation of removed from the location Program Beneficial in long terms with the implementation usable land. and re-used/re-cycled of Environmental Enhancement Program

where possible.

• All remains are to be disposed of in a manner that will not be harmful to environment. Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources Drinking Water • Water borne • Contractor, under the Before • Documentation Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC supply for diseases & guidance of Environment construction of audit and (Minimal) contractor’s other water Specialist of CSC, will get and during the remedial actions crew related issues spring/stream water tested project where for chemical and biological activities. necessary contaminants, and assist in • Grievance’s providing filtration to make record water drinkable. (Target=0, Threshold 1 with

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FATA Water Resources Development Project CARD Sub Project Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented • There are numerous cost- agreed effective water treatment mitigation) models available in order to mitigate chemical and/or biological contamination. Sand filtration, Chlorination, UV treatment and oxidation are a few such methods. Impacts on Air Quality and Noise Pollution Dust Emission • Air pollution • Contractor’s contractual During • Water sprinkling Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC from • Lung obligation will include Construction. Records (Minimal) construction Diseases keeping the dust and Water sprinkling • Monthly reports activities smoke within permissible to be done on EPC level by using machinery, regular/daily • Site Inspection which is well maintained basis. and Audits and with low noise. • Monthly • Land, all katcha roads and Monitoring paths will be sprinkled with Reports by EPA water after regular certified intervals. Laboratory Operation of Noise pollution • Contractor’s contractual During • EPC Site Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC heavy obligation is to use new, Construction Manager and (Minimal) mechanization well maintained and low stage EHS Officer in and noise machinery preferably Place generators. during day time. • Audit and • The drivers, operators and Inspection workers working on or near record of heavy the heavy machinery must mechanization be provided with ear plugs. and generators. The contractor will ensure • Monthly Noise use of newer, well level Monitoring maintained machinery that Reports by EPA creates minimum noise certified and emissions, as per Laboratory National Environmental • No. of Quality Standards (NEQS Grievance’s 2000) (Target=0)

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FATA Water Resources Development Project CARD Sub Project Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented • Environment Specialist of CSC will ensure that this clause is added to the bidding and contract document. • Night time construction activities will be strictly discouraged, and may only be carried out in exceptional cases, with prior permission of Resident Engineer. • Noise monitoring will be carried out near sensitive receptors on a quarterly basis. • The NEQS for noise in residential areas is 55 dB (A) in the day-time and 45 dB (A) at night. It is recommended that noise levels close to sensitive receptors do not exceed 55 dB (A) during the day time as required by the NEQS. Impacts on Biological Resources Multiple project • Damage to • Environment Specialist Rerouting and • EPC internal Not Significant (Minimal) Contractor ESMU/CSC activities Flora and together with line site monitoring and during construction phase Fauna departments will ascertain identification monthly reports the status of the site area during design • Site auditing Beneficial in long terms with the implementation in terms of occurrence of stage and other • Photographic of Environmental Enhancement Program wildlife species, flora and matters during record of pre fisheries. And in construction of and post project accordance, recommend a relevant • Implementation watch and ward system activities of Environmental that will be based on Enhancement partnership between Program communities, wildlife, forest & fisheries departments and district 101 | Initial Environmental Examination

FATA Water Resources Development Project CARD Sub Project Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented administration. Each partner’s roles will be specified at the onset, and responsibilities assigned. • Till the completion of the survey, contractor will ensure no extraction takes place from the surrounding vegetation for fuel wood or hunting of any birds by the labor employed. • If such a case is witnessed, it will be brought to the notice of the project management as well as the concerned authorities. • Contractor’s obligation is to strictly respect the limits of construction site. • Cutting of trees will be strictly prohibited and if no alternate is available plantation of trees will be done in case any tree is cut for project activities. • Tree cutting will be restored by planting four trees against each tree cut. • Borrow areas with least vegetation cover will be selected. • The project will have a soft start for allowing time to reptiles to move away from the project site. • There will be restriction and prohibition on hunting, shooting, trapping, and poaching of wild species. 102 | Initial Environmental Examination

FATA Water Resources Development Project CARD Sub Project Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented • No night time activity will be carried out. • Photographs of the project area will be taken at pre and post project stage. • Continuous inspection of the area will be carried jointly with other agencies involved in maintenance of protected areas. Impacts on Socioeconomic and Cultural Issues Project • Tribal tensions • For matters pertaining to Before and • Continued Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC Activities and rivalries social obligation and During Community (Minimal) benefits of the construction Consultation communities, if needed, a Records social Framework • Implementation Agreement shall be signed of Community by the RE with Liaison Plan by communities to ensure EPC their participation and full • No. Of satisfaction in matters Grievance’s pertaining to them. All (Target=0) matters where contractor is involved, these should be made as his contractual obligations. • Project Team along with the Social Development Specialist will ensure continuous liaison with the communities throughout the construction phase of the project, so as to identify any such incident in time. Relevant district authorities will be kept abreast of the progress, as well as any such issue if in making.

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FATA Water Resources Development Project CARD Sub Project Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented • If, during the execution of the activities or excavation, any material is discovered onsite, which may be considered of historical or cultural interest, such as evidence of prior settlements, native or historical activities, evidence of any existence on a site, which may be of cultural significance, all work shall stop and the supervising contracting officer shall be notified immediately. The area in which the material was discovered shall be marked and the evidence preserved for examination. • The contractor is required to develop Chance Find Procedure as part of the SSEMP. Project • Gender • The contractor will ensure During • Site inspection Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC Activities issues, and will take care of the Construction • No. Of (Minimal) community community privacy, Grievance’s privacy and especially the movement of (Target=0) disconnection women in the area. Most of or distance of the labor force will be hired community from local peoples. The etc. movement of labor will be restricted at construction sites only. Multiple project • Risk of injuries • The contractor will ensure Prior to • Site Inspection Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC activities at work that proper HSE protocols commencement • Monthly EPC (Minimal) related to HSE are in place, including and during Reports protective gear, drinking construction • PPEs issuance water, sanitation, energy records

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FATA Water Resources Development Project CARD Sub Project Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Implement MM Indicator Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Responsibility Responsibility Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented supply and overall safety • Health and for the labor. safety Plans in • Evacuation plans in case Place and of fire or any other Implemented accidents will also be • Implementation prepared, and drills carried of Construction out to ensure the labor is Site aware of responding to Organization such a situation. Plan • A detailed HSE Plan will be formulated in SSEMP. • Community • The proper sprinkling of During • Health and Not Significant Contractor ESMU/CSC health and water at the main village construction safety Plans in (Minimal) disease road and access roads for Place and spread the construction sites will Implemented be ensured by the • Continued contractor. Community • Moreover, special care will Consultation be taken for the Records labor/management health for prevention of viral/communicable diseases. Operation Stage Impacts and Maintenance (O&M) Earth and Borrowing • Soil pollution • Agriculture Directorate Post • Agriculture Minor Agriculture Irrigation activities, due to shall introduce Agriculture Construction extension Directorate Department fertilization for excessive extension programs program crops application of targeting use of Integrated developed fertilizers and Pest Management (IPM), before pesticides green manure, and limiting completion of use of pesticides/ fertilizers construction to required levels only will target farmer communities to inform and train them. In general, in erstwhile FATA area the farmer uses mostly the Farm yard manure or green manure. The pesticide use is also 105 | Initial Environmental Examination

Effect on The following educational Operational Implementation of Highly Beneficial Irrigation Irrigation Training/ employees` programmes will be developed stage Training Events and Department Department educational efficiency during prior to the commencement of Programs programmes. project Project operations: • Employee induction programme on environmental awareness; • Employee code of conduct; • Health and Safety training programme Command Positive impacts • The development of Operational Site Inspection Highly Beneficial Agriculture Agriculture Area on Socioeconomic command area will be stage Monitoring Reports Directorate Directorate Development uplift carried out through different measures like land levelling, conservation of land and water, construction of field channels, construction of field drains and warabandi

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Monitoring Activities 287. For each of the environmental components, the monitoring plan specifies the parameters to be monitored; location of the monitoring sites and duration of monitoring. The monitoring plan also specifies the applicable standards, implementation and supervising responsibilities. 288. In addition to the critical locations selected during design stage, the environmental monitoring will also be done at the construction camp site and any other plant site as determined relevant during rehabilitation works stage. Performance Indicators 289. A key aspect of monitoring is defining relevant indicators. A Performance Indicator is a measurable value that demonstrates how effectively the EMP is achieving its key objectives, evaluated against the criteria defined in environmental management Plan.

Table 6.2 Environmental Monitoring

S No. Test Frequency Parameters Location of Number of Monitoring samples 1 Water Bi-annually pH Drinking 01 Ground Quality water water and or Color sample from surface water Odor Labor camp of stream/spring Electrical Conductivity water sample Turbidity from contractor’s Alkalinity camp Bicarbonate Carbonate Calcium Sodium Potassium Hardness Sulphate Nitrates TDS Total Coliforms & E-Coli 2 Air Bi-annually Carbon Monoxide (CO) 10 m from 01 Quality for eight the main Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) hours at construction construction Nitrogen Oxide (NO) site site Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

PM10 Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)

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3 Noise Bi-annually Quarterly and whenever 10 m from 02 Quality for eight required in an emergency construction hours at or exceeding the NEQS site construction limits site Project Enhancement Plans Restoration Plan 290. If during construction, further material is required or contractor needs to borrow material from any other site, then the contractor can acquire private land in accordance with the lease agreement with the land owner. Photographic record will be kept before and after the land use as borrowing area. The contractor will not leave borrowing pit in such a condition that they are unusable and could be filled with rain water and provide breeding place for mosquitoes or cause any health and safety issues. Agricultural land should be restored such that it can be re-used for the agricultural purpose. The topsoil of agricultural land, if used as borrow area, should be removed up to 6 inches and kept separate on site for its re-spread back on the leveled borrow area. After removal of top soil, excavation may be done up to maximum 3 feet. Then the site area should be leveled for placing the topsoil back. Reports

291. The consultant’s environmental team will produce daily, monthly reports, as well as a final report of the project based on the information collected. The Table of Contents (TOC) of Monthly Environmental Progress Report (MEPR) is annexed as Annex-V. The list of distribution reports is given in Table 6.3.

Table 6.3: Distribution of Reports

Report Prepared by Reviewed by Distribution

Weekly Checklist Contractor’s Contractor`s Resident Engineer HSE/Environment Environment Officer and officer Consultant’s Environment Specialist

Monthly Environment team of PMU`s Environment Project Director the Design & Specialist Construction Supervision Consultants

Effects Environment team of PMU`s Environment Project Director Monitoring the Design & Specialist Construction Supervision Consultants

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Change Environment team of PMU`s Environment Project Director Management the Design & Specialist Construction Supervision Consultants

Biannual Environment team of PMU`s Environment ADB through the Design & Specialist Project Director Construction Supervision Consultants Final Environment team of Reviewed by ESU of ADB through the Design & EMU Project Director Construction Supervision Consultants Training Schedule 292. Environmental training will form part of the Environment Management Plan. The training will be conducted for all personnel involved in the project works. The key objective of training program is to ensure that the requirements of the EMP are clearly understood and followed throughout the sub project. The trainings to the staff will help in communicating environmental related restrictions specified in the EMP. The contractors will be primarily responsible for providing environmental training to all project personnel on potential environmental issues of the sub project. Responsibility of trainings related to public safety lies with PIU. In addition to the training specified in the training log, special/ additional trainings will be provided during the sub project activity. Estimated Implementation Budget 293. Contractor will be responsible for the implementation of environmental mitigation plan. Most of the mitigation measures are covered in the engineering costs of the respective works. The following EMP Cost reflected in Table 6.4 deem to cover in the engineering cost, the contractor will not claim this amount as a direct cost, while the environmental monitoring cost26. (Table 6.5) to be claimed as a direct cost, when to be carried out at site. The appointment of Environment Health & Safety (EHS) staff is already included in the contractor Employees/personnel requirement. The afforestation cost will be covered as part of Watershed Management component for the project catchment area.

26 Note: All the budgets are calculated in 2019 without any escalation rates and taxes. Actual budget will be provided by the Contractor at the time of implementation.

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Table 6.4: Estimated Budget for Environmental Management

Serial No. Description Amount in PKR 1 PPEs 50,000 2 Safety Banners & Sign boards and Site 30,000 Fencing 3 Medical facility (First Aid) at site 10,000 4 Water sprinkling 1,00,000 5 Fire protection equipment’s 10,000 6 HSE Training 60,000 7 Misc. (Unforeseen) 50,000 Total Amount 310,000

Table 6.5: Estimated Budget Environmental Monitoring

Item No Item Parameters Frequency Rate As per Contract Description (Rs) Amount Quantity Amount 1 Air Testing 1. Carbon Bi Annually 8000 3/18 24000 at site Monoxide (CO) for eight months 2. Sulfur Dioxide hours at (SO2) construction 3. Nitric Oxide site (NO) 4. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 5. PM10 6. PM2.5 2 Noise 1. Noise Quarterly 500 6/18 3000 Testing at for eight months site hours at construction site 3 Water 1. Total Coli form Bi Annually 11000 3/18 33000 Testing in 2. E. coli months Lab 3. pH 4. Total Dissolved solids (TDS) 5. Total Hardness as CaCO3 6. Sodium 7. Potassium 8. Sulphate 9. Chloride 10. Alkalinity 11. Color 12. Odor 13. Taste 14. Nitrogen- Nitrates 15. TSS Total 60,000 Contingency 3000 Cost @5% Grand Total 63,000

Third Party Monitoring 294. The purpose of third-party monitoring is to ensure that the project is implemented with the due concern for Environment and Social Safeguards according to ADB’s Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS) 2009, and specifically to ensure that these issues are adequately

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addressed in compliance with the approved EIA/IEE reports and Environment Management plan (EMP). The third-party monitoring consultant will check / validate these reports during the construction phase of the project to ADB and also the Project Completion Report. 295. As per TOR of the Contract the Third-Party Consultant will perform the following key tasks. i. review the sub-project's environmental performance to ensure that it complies with the national environmental legislation, requirements under Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, ADB's environmental safeguards as stipulated in Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) and relevant environmental documents (IEE, EIA, Site specific EMP, Environmental Assessment and Review Framework); ii. monitor and participate in selected sub-projects' design and construction stage consultations; iii. monitor the performance of consultants in delivering the services and the performance of EA/PMU/PIUs and IAs in delivering their roles and responsibilities so that the project stay compliant with ADB environmental safeguards; iv. monitor on sample basis EMP compliance at a construction site; v. in the case of unpredicted environmental impacts occurring during project implementation, provide guidance on the preparation of a corrective action plan, and monitor its implementation; vi. support the PMU in information sharing and disclosure of environmental safeguard documents, training on environmental management, and health and safety aspects to project staff; vii. if required, participate in the ADB project review missions to assist in due diligence reviews and analyses; viii. identify implementation capacities gaps, recommend improvements and troubleshooting to address bottlenecks and emerging issues that affect project management; 296. The Consultant will deliver (a) third party monitoring detailed plan in consultation with the EA, PMU, PIU and IAs; (b) biannual external environment safeguards monitoring report; and (c) collate and provide input to the final TA report. The Consultant will report to ADB Project Team Lead in PRM Islamabad.

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PUBLIC CONSULTATION

General 297. Public Consultation is a process to disclose project information to the local communities and other concerned stakeholders and record feedback regarding the proposed sub project and preference. It brings new ideas and information in a dynamic and integrated way. It also educates the community towards type and objectives of the Sub Project and persuades them to be rational to participate in the sub project activities. 298. The public consultation process was commenced in the initial feasibility stages (prior to construction) in order to disclose the project information to the stakeholders. The stakeholders involved in the process, were the population likely to be impacted, the village leaders and relevant departments. 299. Prior to the implementation of the sub project, the consultations have been carried out to support this EMMP. The focus of attention has been the population near the sub project area that may be affected by the sub project. The level of engagement varied from the stakeholder to stakeholder with some registering no major comment but it is noted that none registered any outright opposition to sub project. 300. The disclosure of the sub project intervention and subsequent consultation with stakeholders is imperative for the environmental assessment and mitigation of impacts. Public consultation can also provide a conduit for the improvement of the sub project implementation to better serve the stakeholders. In this EMMP, the consultation process was performed to achieve the objective of ADB Safe guard’s policy statement 2009. 301. The main objectives of public participation and consultation are to achieve the following: • Ensure public and community participation in the sub project environmental policy objectives and decision making. • Ensure public confidence in the administration of the environment by demonstrating the role of government to enforce the environmental stewardship of government agencies and organs, corporate citizens and elite organizations; • Grant the citizenry access to environmental information and data, thereby promoting the quality of environmental management and compliance monitoring.

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• Provide key project information and create awareness among various stakeholders about project intervention; • Have interaction for primary and secondary data collection with project affectees and other stakeholders; • Begin establishing communication and an evolving mechanism for the resolution of social and environmental problems at local and project level; • Involve project stakeholders in an inclusive manner; and • Receive feedback from primary stakeholders on mitigation and enhancement measures for environmental and social impacts. 302. Community engagement provides a valuable link between the stakeholders of the Sub Project and serves by: • Enabling the community to be better informed • Reducing the level of misconception/ misinterpretation or deception • Ensuring commitment and greater ownership of the final decision by the community • Strengthening relationships between project cycle and the community • Encouraging the community to put forward ideas • Assembling better understanding of local needs

• Helping to identify issues which may not otherwise have been considered Identification of Stakeholders 303. Stakeholders are persons or groups who are directly or indirectly affected by a project as well as those who may have interests in a project and/or the ability to influence its outcome, either positively or negatively. Stakeholders of the Sub Project include locally affected communities, local government authorities, and civil society organizations, groups with special interests, the academic community, or businesses. (Figure 7.1). 304. During the field survey, different stakeholders identified, were the villagers, local residents, government officials, farmers, public representative, NGO’s and general public. All those stakeholders had different types of stakes according to their professions. 305. Two types of the stakeholders were identified: the primary stakeholders, who would be directly affected by the sub project; and the secondary stakeholders, who would be indirectly affected by the sub project.

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Figure 7.1: Identification of Stakeholders

306. These stakeholders were contacted by the consultants. Their views and reservations/ concerns about the sub project were taken into consideration. Consultants also interacted with the community-based organizations that can support the community during the execution of the sub project. 307. Tribal society is dominated by men with final say in the affairs of all members of the family. Women, by comparison, play a subservient role and observe strict purdah (veiling). They are for the most part restricted to performing household work, and are excluded from decision-making both on the domestic front and at the community level. Keeping in mind the above background, women of the subproject area could not be consulted.

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Methodology 308. To carry out stakeholder consultations, the survey team adopted a strategic and flexible approach, where influential were earlier briefed and taken into confidence for holding community level meetings and followed by candid meetings with residents and small group meetings with locals. 309. Initially two number of comprehensive consultations were carried out with the sub project stakeholders at various locations during the preparation of environmental and social impact assessment. These consultations were carried out during June, 2019. The consultation and scoping sessions were designed specifically to provide sub project information to the public. These sessions were informal so as to encourage friendly social environment in which participants may feel comfortable in raising questions, expressing their opinion and concerns about the sub project besides seeking clarification regarding their concerns. The focus group discussions were instrumental in the process, whereas one-to- one meetings were also held with the institutions. 310. The sub project survey was carried out to cover socio-economic condition of the area and to assess the farmer community’s demands and difficulties with the consideration of the following protocols: • The meeting was freely formatted so as to avoid any uneasiness of local farmers and to provide them maximum freedom of speech. • Survey team has highlighted the potential benefits of project implementation and noticing any aspects which would need to be covered in greater detail during execution stage. • Discussions were also made regarding the proposed rehabilitation of irrigation system and feedback /suggestions based on historical knowledge of area were recorded.

• Preliminary assessment of community’s willingness was assessed to contribute to project implementation in the form of local labour with the Civil Works Contractor. Agenda of Consultative Session 311. The agenda for the consultative session with local farmers was prepared after investigating all existing irrigation infrastructure in the area. Similarly, an informal interview guide was used to obtain views of key informants on the issues of irrigation in the project area. Data obtained helped the facilitator in drafting and adopting the following agenda for the community meetings.

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➢ To assess the apprehensions and aspirations of the local farmers regarding improvements to the existing irrigation infrastructure;

➢ To assess indigenous knowledge of potential improvements in irrigation system

➢ Knowledge and experience of any similar works undertaken by government agencies, NGOs and other technical institutions.

Local Farmer Views 312. The local farmers openly expressed their views that farmers understood fully that improved and ensured surface water supply is the only way to improve agriculture and rural livelihood. The improved surface water supplies will contribute to minimize reliance on ground water abstraction thus, resulting into improved income and regulated ground water regime. The peoples told that the tail end users will not receive water, as experience of surrounding irrigated area. Farmers termed the uncertain and unreliable supply of the canal water. No one has directly or indirectly indicated any negative feelings towards the proposed intervention. Table 7.1 shows the farmers views for dissatisfaction with canal system.

Table 7.1: Farmer Reasons for Dissatisfaction with Canal Systems

Grievances % Farmer views

Katcha water-courses 25%

Poor timing management 7%

Water theft 25%

Inadequate supply 35%

Water wastage 2%

Mogha Problems 6%

313. Relations between farmers and Irrigation Department officers are generally poor. Rural farmers have little trust in government generally and in the Irrigation Department in particular. Therefore, the proposed sump will be supervised by the farmer community. The irrigation Department will arrange only the major repair in future.

314. When asked whether a Farmers’ Organization (FO) would be useful or not, respondent answers were largely in favor (90%). Farmers want FOs to share

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the resolution of issues like water theft, cementing of watercourse etc, agricultural issues (e.g. marketing) and credit etc. 315. The participants were in complete agreement about the benefits of the project and expressed full support to the project. Qualitative assessment during the field survey indicates that the community is willing to contribute to sub-project implementation by working as unskilled labour. The preference is to work during the agricultural off-season. Training in labour-based construction works will be needed in order to implement the project efficiently. This will also result in necessary basic skills transfer for future maintenance of the scheme. Consultation with Other Stakeholders and Their Response 316. The potential stakeholders were inhabitants, field staff of Irrigation Department and other relevant departments working in the sub project area. During the consultation, maximum information about the sub project was shared. 317. The local community were consulted about the proposed subproject. Salient features of the subproject and requirement of ADB SPS were discussed. Sub project does not require land acquisition and no resettlement of the people is involved. Public consultation was also made with the local people residing in the adjacent and surveyed villages in the sub project area. The discussion was focused on the impacts of the proposed subproject. 318. The people were pleased to know about the proposed sub project. They appreciated the efforts of taking-up the sub project for providing benefits to the public. 319. The stakeholders were asked about the likely impacts of the proposed sub project during construction/ execution phases. Most of the people have knowledge about the subproject. The people of the area were briefed about the both negative and positive impacts of the sub project during construction. They responded that the negative impacts like noise and dust are very minor and temporary issues as compared to the positive impacts which will help them to improve their socioeconomic conditions. Their concerns were noted and were shared with the design team and their queries about the subproject were answered to their satisfaction. Suggestions were also sought from the locals for incorporating mitigation measures in the EMP. The community expressed the following issues/concerns associated with the proposed sub project.

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Table 7.2: 1st Stage Consultation with the Community S. Village/ Date No. of Main concern of the Response No. Tribe Participants participants 1 Mullah 27.06.2019 26 • The length of the The issue will be Kalay irrigation pipe provided discussed with the in the design should be design team and if it increased so that it can is technically irrigate the lands on possible and higher elevation and economically viable that can bring more then the length of area under cultivation. the irrigation pipe • The final layout of the will be increased sub project should be and the final layout shared with the of the project will be community. also shared with the • Our agricultural land community. should be used The contractor will according to the design strictly follow the of the sub project and design and no should not be agricultural land damaged. damage will occur. • If the construction of No heavy machinery water courses is will be used within possible without agricultural land and intervention of heavy any such damage machinery, we will will be avoided. appreciate it. 2 Mian 27.06.2019 30 • We have small pieces The proposed Kalay of land and any deep irrigation channel Kandaro excavation cut for does not involve any irrigation channel will deep cutting or not be allowed. excavation and the However, if the size of agricultural land will irrigation channels is not be damaged. small, we are willing to They were assured provide the land that the sub project voluntarily as this will activities would not bring major change in pose any threat to the socioeconomic the health and conditions of the area. safety of community. • The deep cut or excavation also pose threat to the health and safety of the community as well as our livestock.

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Table 7.3: List of Government Officials Contacted

S. No Name Designation Department Contact No 1 M. Ismail Agriculture Officer 0301-5028860(0942- Agriculture 220445) 2 Abdur XEN 03009065647(0942- Irrigation Rahman 220393) 3 Hayat ali DFO 0303-9292900(0942- Forest 221290) Table 7.4: List of Community Consultation Participants

S/No. Name CNIC No. Cell No. 1. Abdul Haseeb 21103-2296225-1 0306-8006842 2. Tajbar khan 21103-8811466-5 0341-2057505 3. Abdul wahab 21103-1859561-1 0308-3787239 4. Nimatullah 21106-8579312-5 0305-9077038 5. Syed Maroof jan 21103-2307625-7 0307-7141919 6. Lal Muhammad 21103-2307625-7 0305-5007271 7. Rahmat ullah 21103-2299036-1 0301-8535543 8. Adbullah 21106-9915173-1 0302-3529048 9. Gul zada 21103-3330461-3 0304-9703972 10. Madar khan 21103-0386988-1 0306-8538805 11. Adbul Rashid 21103-2370168-5 0301-3025092 12. Qadar khan 21103-0716163-9 0301-5928088 13. Muhammad khan 15304-2669651-3 14. Luqman Hakeem 21103-5044081-5 15. Fazli Haq 21106-8002889-5 16. Zubir 17. Bunner Gul 18. Shan zeb 21103-9989088-9 19. Amin-ul-Haq 21103-5273238-3 20. Usman ullah 21103-2431936-5 21. Ikramullah 22. Ismail 15704-9081987-1 23. Hussain Bacha 15702-2521347-3 24. Khasita haseeb 21103-0586749-9 25. Riaz ahmad 26. Jan muhammad

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27. Khan muhammad 28. Muhammad hussain 29. Ihsanullah 30. Muhammad khan 31. Noor ullah 21103-4330059-9 32. sulmanullah 21103-5528944-7 33. Said habib 21103-7178050-9 34. Sajjadullah 35. Muhammad Sadiq jan 21103-1864188-5 36. Rool ullah 37. Umar Khan 38. Farmanullah 21103-0274050-3

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Figure 7.2: Community Meetings at Raghagan

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GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

General 320. A Grievance redress mechanism (GRM), consisted with the requirements of ADB safeguard policies will be established to prevent and redress community concerns, reduce risks, and assist the project to maximize social and environmental benefits, in addition to serving as a platform to resolve grievances, for this purpose a public complaint Centre with public complaint committee will be established in all concerned Agencies where the project activities are in progress. Generally, all project staff, management staff involved in the project, and government administrators will take on grievance handling as a responsibility. The GRM members should be qualified, experienced, and competent personnel who can win the respect and confidence of the affected communities. Criteria for selecting members of GRM could include the following knowledge of the project, its objectives, and outcomes; technical knowledge and expertise, e.g., irrigation, engineering, environmental, geological; understanding of the social, economic, and cultural environments and the dynamics of the communities; capacity to absorb the issues dealt with and to contribute actively to decision- making processes; social recognition and standing; and an equitable representation of the community. 321. Composition of following committee members are being proposed for public complaint Centers at concerned Agencies where project activities are prevailing, 1. Chairperson, Project Director-FWRDP. 2. Member, community elder/Malak, Religious leader. 3. Member, Social Development Officer/ Resettlement officer - FWRDP. 4. Member, Environment Officer - FWRDP 5. Member from village organization (one for Executive body and one for general body) 6. Member, PIU (Project Manager, Monitoring officer and Social organizer) 7. Member from Contractor/Environment Specialist/Manager 8. Member District Representative 9. Member from Line Department

Objectives of Grievance Redress Mechanism 322. The main objective of establishing GRM is to resolve problems in an efficient, timely and cost-effective manner in a cordial environment with the

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participation of all stakeholders including affected parties. Under the GRM, it shall describe the options available to the project for grievance redress. Any environmental or social impacts that would be adversely affecting the general public in the project area should be resolved at the GRC. 323. The PIU shall indicate how these would be disseminated and accessible to affected parties in a way that should be clear and understandable to the Implementing Agency (IA) also. The grievance redress mechanism should also have an in-built monitoring mechanism to check on responsiveness to complaints or grievances lodged. The different forms of receiving the complaints should be clearly described together with the different stages of going through the process. In addition, the redress mechanism shall indicate alternatives, in case the proposed mechanism, for any reason, does not respond to all grievances and complaints. GRM should be able to provide benefits to both the project and affected parties by setting up following objectives,

• Provide a forum for redressing grievance and disputes at the lowest level. • To build up productive relationship among the all stakeholders including affected parties. • Provide access to affected parties to negotiate and influence the decisions and policies of the project which might be adversely affected to them. • Mitigates or prevents adverse impacts of the project on communities and produces appropriate corrective or preventive action. • To harmonize both project and affected parties activities. • open channels for affective communication, including the identification of new social and environmental issues of concern arising from the project: • The GRM will be accessible to diverse members of community, including more vulnerable groups such as women and youth • Opportunities for confidentialities and privacy for complainants are to be

honored where this is seen as important

Awareness of GRM 324. GRM should be widely publicized among stakeholder groups such as the affected Communities, government agencies, and Community organizations. Lack of knowledge about GRM results in people not approaching and using

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them, and they eventually lose the importance and the validity of the purpose for which they were created. People should also be informed about their options, depending on the types of complaints, but should not be encouraged to submit false claims. Criteria for eligibility need to be communicated. An effective awareness campaign should be launched to give publicity to the roles and functions of the GRM and should include the following components: • How complaints can be reported to those GRMs and to whom, e.g., phone, postal address and email addresses, of the GRMs as well as information that should be included in a complaint; procedures and time frames for initiating and concluding the grievance redress process; boundaries and limits of GRMs in handling grievances; and Roles of different agencies such as project implementers and funding agencies. • A variety of methods can be adopted for communicating information to the relevant Stakeholders: • Display of posters in public places such as in government offices, project offices, Community centers, etc.; distribution of brochures; • P.O BOX number should be established to receive the grievance of the affected community through mail in all concern agencies • Community-based organizations; and print and electronic media, including radio.

Implementation of GRM Stage 1:

325. When a grievance arises, (Social & Environment/Any) the affected person may contact directly with the contractor/operator and the project manager to resolve the issue of concern, if the issue is successfully resolved, no further follow up is required. Stage 2:

326. If no ad hoc solution to be found the affected person/s will submit an oral or written complaint to the Public Complaint Centre (PCC) by themselves, for an oral complaint the PCC must make a written record, for each complaint PCC must investigate the complaint, assess its eligibility and identify an appropriate solution, it will provide a clear response in five working days to the complainant, the PCC will instruct the contractor to take corrective action. The PCC will review the contractor response and undertake additional monitoring, during the complaint investigation, the PCC will work in close

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consultation with the contractors and the supervising engineer (during construction). The contractor during construction and the IA during operation should convey the outcome to the PCC within seven working days. Stage 3:

327. If no solution can be identified by the PCC or if the complainant is not satisfied with the suggested solutions under stage 2, the PCC will organize within two weeks a multi stakeholders meeting under the auspices of the irrigation department, where all relevant stakeholder (i.e. the complainant, IA, contractor/operator, relevant local government offices) will be invited. The meeting should result in solution acceptable to all, and identify responsibility and action plan. 328. The contractor during construction and IA during operation should implement the agreed upon redress solution and convey the outcome to the PCC within seven working days. Stage 4:

329. If the multi stakeholder hearing process is not successful, the PCC will inform project steering committee (PSC), A Project Steering Committee headed by additional chief secretary, Planning and Development Department (P&DD) KP, will provide policy guidelines for smooth running of the project activities, the Members of PSC include the secretary, P&DD, KP, Secretary finance KP, Secretary Irrigation KP, Secretary Agriculture KP, Secretary Forest KP, Director General projects, Merged Areas , Representative of Planning & Development Division Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Deputy Commissioner of Khyber, Bajaur, Mohmand Districts, representatives of all concerned line departments and representative of ADB, PRM Islamabad. The Project Director will participate as PSC Member cum Secretary. The PSC will meet at least twice a year or more frequently, whenever issues requiring resolution are submitted for its consideration. The PSC will organize special meetings to address the problem and identify its solution. Stage 5:

330. If the affected people are still not satisfied with the reply in stage 4, he or she can go through local Tribal Jirga and or judicial proceedings.

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Registration of Grievance through PO BOX 023

Assessment and action taken directly by the

contractor/operator and the project manager Stage 1

Yes

Grievance Resolved

Public Complaint Centre (PCC)

Stage 2

Yes

Grievance Resolved

Multi stakeholders meeting under the auspices of the irrigation department

Stage 3

Yes Grievance Resolved

Project Steering Committee (PSC)

Stage 4

Yes Grievance Resolved

No Grievance Local Jirga and or Judicial Proceedings Stage 5 Settled

Figure 8.1: Proposed GRM

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CONCLUSION, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Findings and Recommendations 331. The assessment of potential impacts of the proposed Command Area Development of Raghagan Dam sub project reveals that this sub project will generate only minor to moderate adverse environmental impacts. These adverse impacts will be mostly confined to the construction works and will be temporary in nature. The predicted adverse impacts will be minimized and reduced by implementing the prescribed mitigation measures and will be continually monitored by implementing and updating the EMP. 332. The overall finding is that the beneficial gains provided by irrigation sub project will by far exceed the negative impacts – most of them being short- termed and without major interference to both the bio-physical and human environment. All mitigation measures proposed in the Environmental Management Plan are deemed to be appropriate. The Environmental Monitoring Plan represents the basic verification tool for ensuring the effectiveness of the proposed measures. 333. It is emphasized that the success of the EMP depends on the respective line agencies and institutions identified as key players in the implementation of the EMP. The timely and complete inclusion of the EMP’s compliance clauses in the Contractor documents is mandatory to ensure the success of all environmental safeguard measures. Conclusions 334. As the project is exclusively an irrigation system, all identified adverse environmental impacts during the rehabilitation and improvement works of the project will be of minor to moderate in nature, easily to be mitigated by adequate implementation of the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans. Entire command of the sub project components does not include any environmentally sensitive areas. The measures taken to adequately mitigate negative impact in the construction phase will be the most important task. Implementation of proposed mitigation measures are deemed to be sufficient for negating the potentially identified impacts. The supervision of the mitigation measures provided in the contractor’s documents is the key for completing this sub project in an environmentally sound manner. 335. The final conclusion is that, the sub project is environmentally safe and socially acceptable project. A few, essentially minor, negative residual impacts identified in the Impact Assessment during the feasibility study design are all unavoidable and there are no technically or economically feasible alternatives which would remove them altogether.

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ANNEXURES

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ANNEX I Environmental Testing

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ANNEX II Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist

The projects are screened through Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist to determine environmental categorization. The environmental and social rapid screening depicts that:

(i) the subproject will not require any land acquisition; (ii) the subproject will not involve any involuntary resettlement; and (iii) the subproject does not fall in any protected area.

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks A PROJECT SITING

IS THE PROJECT AREA ADJACENT TO OR

WITHIN ANY OF THE FOLLOWING ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS? ▪ PROTECTED AREA  ▪ WETLAND  ▪ MANGROVE  ▪ ESTUARINE  ▪ BUFFER ZONE OF PROTECTED AREA  ▪ SPECIAL AREA FOR PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY  B POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

WILL THE PROJECT CAUSE… ▪ loss of precious ecological values (e.g. result of encroachment into forests/swamplands or historical/cultural buildings/areas, disruption of  hydrology of natural waterways, regional flooding, and drainage hazards)? ▪ conflicts in water supply rights and related  social conflicts? ▪ impediments to movements of people and  animals? ▪ potential ecological problems due to increased soil erosion and siltation, leading to decreased  stream capacity? ▪ Insufficient drainage leading to salinity  intrusion ▪ Over pumping of groundwater, leading to Use of surface water have no salinization and ground subsidence? effect on salinization, as the  area has no salinity/alkalinity problem. No pumping of water will be required. ▪ Impairment of downstream water quality and therefore, impairment of downstream beneficial  uses of water?

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Screening Questions Yes No Remarks ▪ Dislocation or involuntary resettlement of No dislocation or involuntary people? resettlement of people will occur; however, land  acquisition will be involved in some part/segment of the irrigation channel construction. ▪ Disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, Indigenous Peoples or other  vulnerable groups? ▪ Potential social conflicts arising from land Land acquisition will be tenure and land use issues? required only at some parts of  the irrigation channel construction. ▪ Soil erosion before compaction and lining of N. A

canals? ▪ Noise from construction equipment? It will be managed through  mitigation measures and will be documented in EMP ▪ dust during construction? It has moderate Impact for labors during construction, but It will be managed by water sprinkling and wet earth. Dust  generated will be managed through sound planning and good management practices with implementation of EMP ▪ Waterlogging and soil salinization due to  inadequate drainage and farm management? ▪ Leaching of soil nutrients and changes in soil characteristics due to excessive application of  irrigation water? ▪ Reduction of downstream water supply during  peak seasons? ▪ Soil pollution, polluted farm runoff and groundwater, and public health risks due to  excessive application of fertilizers and pesticides? ▪ Soil erosion (furrow, surface)?  ▪ Scouring of canals?  ▪ Clogging of canals by sediments?  ▪ Clogging of canals by weeds?  ▪ Seawater intrusion into downstream freshwater  systems? ▪ Introduction of increase in incidence of  waterborne or water related diseases?

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Screening Questions Yes No Remarks ▪ Dangers to a safe and healthy working The subproject does not have environment due to physical, chemical and usage of any hazardous biological hazards during project construction chemicals during construction. and operation? However, health and safety  measures for laborers will be taken to implement HSE Plan that will be developed and documented in EMP ▪ Large population influx during project Local people will be employed construction and operation that causes as much as possible from increased burden on social infrastructure and  close by villages/ towns and services (such as water supply and sanitation the same will be documented systems)? in EMP ▪ Social conflicts if workers from other regions or Priority will be given to local for countries are hired?  employment and the same will be documented in EMP ▪ Risks to community health and safety due to Risk may likely lead to a very the transport, storage, and use and/or disposal minimum and short time for of materials such as explosives, fuel and other community during construction chemicals during construction and operation? time, however, Health and  safety Plan and Emergency response procedures will be prepared and implemented. The same will be documented in EMP. ▪ Community safety risks due to both accidental Safety measures for and natural hazards, especially where the community will be taken to structural elements or components of the avoid any risk and project (e.g., irrigation dams) are accessible to consequence. It will be members of the affected community or where documented in EMP. their failure could result in injury to the  However, it has major positive community throughout project construction, impact, because the operation and decommissioning? construction of the new weir will save community/infrastructure from flood threat if any.

Climate Change and Disaster Risk Questions The following questions are not for environmental Yes No Remarks categorization. They are included in this checklist to help identify potential climate and disaster risks. • Is the Project area subject to hazards such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, tropical cyclone  winds, storm surges, tsunami or volcanic eruptions and climate changes? ▪ Could changes in temperature, precipitation, or extreme events patterns over the Project lifespan affect technical or financial sustainability (e.g., increased glacial melt affect delivery volumes of  irrigated water; sea level rise increases salinity gradient such that source water cannot be used for some or all of the year)?

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▪ Are there any demographic or socio-economic aspects of the Project area that are already vulnerable (e.g., high incidence of marginalized  populations, rural-urban migrants, illegal settlements, ethnic minorities, women or children)? ▪ Could the Project potentially increase the climate or disaster vulnerability of the surrounding area (e.g., by diverting water in rivers that further  increases salinity upstream, or encouraging settlement in earthquake zones)? Note: Hazards are potentially damaging physical events.

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ANNEX III National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS)

Table 1: Effluent Discharge Standards (NEQS 2000) Applicable to the Works

Sr. No. Determinant NEQS 1 Temperature 40 OC =≤3 deg. 2 pH 6 – 9 3 BOD5 80 mg/l 4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 150 mg/l 5 Total Suspended Solid (TSS) 200 mg/l 6 Total Dissolved Solids 3500 mg/l 7 Grease and Oil 10 mg/l 8 Phenolic compounds (as phenol) 0.1 mg/l 9 Ammonia 40 mg/l 10 Chlorine 1.0 mg/l 11 Chloride 1000.0 mg/l 12 Sulphate 600 mg/l 13 Manganese 1.5 mg/l 14 Fluoride 10 mg/l 15 Cyanide (as CN’) total 1.0 mg/l 16 An-ionic detergents (as MB As) 20 mg/l 17 Sulphide (S-2) 1.0 mg/l 18 Pesticides 0.15 mg/l 19 Cadmium 0.1 mg/l 20 Chromium trivalent and hexavalent 1.0 mg/l 21 Copper 1.0 mg/l 22 Lead 0.5 mg/l 23 Mercury 0.01 mg/l 24 Selenium 0.5 mg/l 25 Nickel 1.0 mg/l 26 Silver 1.0 mg/l 27 Total Toxic metals 2.0 mg/l 28 Zinc 5.0 mg/l 29 Arsenic 1.0 mg/l 30 Barium 1.5 mg/l 31 Iron 8.0 mg/l 32 Boron 6.0 mg/l

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Table 2: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) for Gaseous Emission (mg/Nm3, Unless Otherwise Defined)

Sr. Existing Revised Parameter Source of Emission No. Standards Standards 1 2 3 4 5 40% or 2 Ringlemann 40% or 2 1. Smoke Smoke Opacity not to exceed Scale or Ringlemann Scale equivalent smoke number (a) Boilers and Furnaces (i) Oil fired (ii) Coal fired (iii) Cement Kilns 300 300 Particulate 500 500 2. Matter (b) Grinding, crushing, clinker 200 200 (I) coolers and Related processes, Metallurgical Processes, 500 500 converter, blast furnaces and cupolas. Hydrogen 3. Any 400 400 Chloride 4. Chlorine Any 150 150 Hydrogen 5. Any 150 150 Fluoride Hydrogen 6. Any 10 10 Sulphide Sulfuric acid/ Sulphonic acid

plants Sulphur Oxide 7. (2) (3) Other plants except power 400 1700 plants operating on oil and coal Carbon 8. Any 800 800 Monoxide 9. Lead Any 50 50 10. Mercury Any 10 10 11. Cadmium Any 20 20 12. Arsenic Any 20 20 13. Copper Any 50 50 14. Antimony Any 20 20 15. Zinc Any 200 200 Nitric acid manufacturing unit. Other plants except power Oxides of plants operating on oil or coal: 16. Nitrogen Gas fired 400 400 (3) Oil fired - 600 Coal fired - 1200

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Explanations:- 1. Based on the assumption that the size of the particulate is 10 micron or more. 2. Based on 1 percent sulphur content in fuel. Higher content of Sulphur will case standards to be pro-rated. 3. In respect of emissions of sulphur dioxide Nitrogen oxides, the power plants operating on oil and coal as fuel shall in addition to National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) specified above, comply with the following standards.

Table 3: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2009) for Vehicular Emission

Sr. Standard (Maximum Parameter Measuring Method Applicability No. permissible Limit) 40% or 2 on the To be compared with Ringlemann Scale during Immediate 1 Smoke Ringlemann Chart at a distance engine acceleration effect of 6 meters or more mode. Carbon Under idling condition: Non- 2 Monoxide 6% dispersive infrared detection (CO) through gas analyzer. Sound Meter at 7.5 meters from 3 Noise 85 dB(A) the source

Table 4: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2010) for Noise

Effective from 1st July, Effective from 1st July, Sr. Category of Area / 2010 2013 No. Zone Limit in dB (A) Leq* Daytime Night-time Daytime Night-time 1 Residential Area (A) 65 50 55 45

2 Commercial Area (B) 70 60 65 55 3 Industrial Area (C) 80 75 75 65 4 Silence Zone (D) 55 45 50 45 Note: 1. Daytime hours: 6:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. 2. Night-time hours: 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. 3. Silence Zone: Zones which are declared as such by the competent authority. An area comprising not less than 100 meters round hospitals, educational institutions and courts. 4. Mixed categories of areas may be decided as one of the four above mentioned categories by the competent authority. *dB (A) Leq: Time weighted average of the level of sound in scale “A” which is relatable to human hearing.

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Table 5: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2010) for Drinking Water

Sr. Standard Values Properties/Parameters WHO Standards Remarks No. for Pakistan BACTERIAL All water is intended for Must not be Must not be Most Asian Countries drinking (E.Coli or 1 detectable in any detectable in any also follow WHO Thermotolerant Coliform 100ml sample 100ml sample Standards bacteria) Treated water entering the distribution system (E.Coli Must not be Must not be Most Asian Countries 2 or Thermotolerant detectable in any detectable in any also follow WHO Coliform and total Coliform 100ml sample 100ml sample Standards bacteria) Must not be Must not be detectable in any detectable in any 100ml sample. In 100ml sample. In case of large case of large Treated water entering the supplies, where supplies, where distribution system (E.Coli Most Asian Countries sufficient samples sufficient samples 3 or Thermotolerant also follow WHO are examined, must are examined, Coliform and total Coliform Standards not be present in must not be bacteria) 95% of the samples present in 95% of taken throughout the samples taken any 12-month throughout any 12- period. month period. PHYSICAL 4 Colour ≤15 TCU ≤15 TCU Non Non 5 Taste Objectionable/ Objectionable/ Acceptable Acceptable Non Non 6 Odour Objectionable/ Objectionable/ Acceptable Acceptable 7 Turbidity <5 NTU <5 NTU

8 Total hardness as CaCO3 <500mg/l --- 9 TDS <1000 <1000 10 pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 RADIOACTIVE 11 Alpha Emitters bq/L or pCi 0.1 0.1 12 Beta Emitters 01 01 CHEMICAL Essential Inorganics mg/liter mg/liter 13 Aluminum (Al) mg/l ≤0.2 0.02 14 Antimony (Sb) ≤0.005 0.02

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Sr. Standard Values Properties/Parameters WHO Standards Remarks No. for Pakistan Standard for Pakistan 15 Arsenic (As) ≤0.05 0.01 similar to most Asian developing Countries 16 Barium (Ba) 0.7 0.7 17 Boron (B) 0.3 0.3 Standard for Pakistan 18 Cadmium (Cd) 0.01 0.003 similar to most Asian developing Countries 19 Chloride (Cl) <250 250 20 Chromium (Cr) ≤0.05 0.05 21 Copper (Cu) 2 2 Toxic Inorganics mg/liter mg/liter Standard for Pakistan 22 Cyanide (CN) ≤0.05 0.07 similar to most Asian developing Countries 23 Fluoride (F) ≤1.5 1.5 Standard for Pakistan 24 Lead (Pb) ≤0.05 0.01 similar to most Asian developing Countries 25 Manganese (Mn) ≤0.5 0.5 26 Mercury (Hg) ≤0.001 0.001 27 Nickel (Ni) ≤0.02 0.02

28 Nitrate (NO3) ≤50 50

29 Nitrite (NO2) ≤3 3 30 Selenium (Se) 0.01 0.01 0.2-0.5 at 31 Residual Chlorine consumer end 0.5- --- 1.5 at source Standard for Pakistan 32 Zinc (Zn) 5.0 3 similar to most Asian developing Countries Organics PSQCA No. 4629- 2004, Page No.4, Pesticides 33 --- Table No. 3, Serial Annex-II mg/L No. 20-58 may be consulted Phenolic Compounds (as 34 --- ≤0.002 Phenols) mg/L Poly nuclear aromatic 0.01 (By GC/MS 35 hydrocarbons (as PAH) method) g/L ***PSQCA: Pakistan Standards Quality Control Authority

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Table 6: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2010) for Ambient Air

Concentration in Ambient Air Time-weighted Method of Pollutants Effective from Effective from average Measurement 1st July 2010 1st January 2013 Sulphur Annual Average* 80µg/m3 80µg/m3 Ultraviolet

Dioxide (SO2) 24 hours** 120µg/m3 120µg/m3 Fluorescence Method Oxides of Annual Average* 40µg/m3 40µg/m3 Gas Phase Chemi Nitrogen as 24 hours** 40µg/m3 40µg/m3 luminescence (NO) Oxides of Annual Average* 40µg/m3 40µg/m3 Gas Phase Chemi Nitrogen as 24 hours** 80µg/m3 80µg/m3 luminescence (NO2)

3 3 Non disperse UV Ozone (O3) 1 hour 180µg/m 130µg/m absorption method High Volume Suspended Sampling, (Average Particulate Annual Average* 400µg/m3 360µg/m3 flow rate not less than Matter (SPM) 1.1m3/minute)

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ANNEX IV Supporting Documents

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ANNEX V Table of Contents Environmental Compliance Monitoring

Monthly Progress Report

CONTENTS OF MONTHLY ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING REPORT

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CONTENTS

Part I Introduction ......

Description of the Subprojects …………………………………………….…………….…………...

Environmental Monitoring………….…………………………………………………..……………...

Part II Environmental Monitoring ......

Environmental Monitoring Summary......

Environmental Trainings……………………………………………………………………………….

Noise and Vibration ......

Water Quality ......

Air Quality ......

Flora and Fauna Monitoring ......

Fuel Consumption ......

Water Consumption ......

Solid Waste Management ……………………………………………………………………………

Part III Environmental Management ......

Site Inspections and Audits ......

Non-Compliances Notices, Corrective Action Plans ......

Table

Table-I Oustanding Issues ......

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………..

Annexure

Weekly Monitoring Checklist

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ANNEX VI Photo Log

Raghagan Dam

Reservoir Area

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Down Stream View of Dam

Irrigation Channel deep cut Excavation in Command Area

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Command Area

Deep Channel in Command Area

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