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Indiana Dunes Indiana Dunes Administrative History A Signature of Time and Eternity: The Administrative History of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Indiana by Ron Cockrell Historian 1988 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Midwest Regional Office Office of Planning and Resource Preservation Division of Cultural Resource Management Omaha TABLE OF CONTENTS indu/adhi/adhi.htm Last Updated: 07- Oct- 2003 Indiana Dunes Administrative History TABLE OF CONTENTS The Dunes are to the Midwest what Grand Canyon is to Arizona and Yosemite is to California. They constitute a signature of time and eternity. Once lost, the loss would be irrevocable. Carl Sandburg COVER DEDICATION PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PART I: THE STRUGGLE TO ESTABLISH AN INDIANA DUNES NATIONAL LAKESHORE INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I: THE EARLY YEARS Settling the Dunes The Early Preservation Movement Stephen T. Mather and the Sand Dunes National Park "First Save the Country, Then Save the Dunes," 1917—1919 Establishment and Development of the State Park Endnotes CHAPTER II: TAKING AIM IN THE 1950s Dorothy Buell's Save the Dunes Council "Indiana's Third Senator" Takes the Dunes Battle to Congress The Great Lakes Survey Endnotes CHAPTER III: PORT VERSUS PARK Three Years of Struggle, 1960—1962 The Kennedy Compromise, 1963—1964 Endnotes CHAPTER IV: AUTHORIZATION OF AN INDIANA DUNES NATIONAL LAKESHORE, 1965-1966 Lyndon Johnson's Program Department of the Interior's Proposal A Legislative Miracle Endnotes CHAPTER V: THE TUG OF WAR CONTINUES, 1967—1968 A Park, But No Money The Marshaling Yard Controversy Support from the Great Lakes Area Field Office Birth of the Indiana Dunes Advisory Commission Endnotes CHAPTER VI: A NATIONAL PARK SERVICE PRESENCE AT INDIANA DUNES, 1969—1971 The First Summer Visitor Season, 1969 Land Acquisition J. R. Whitehouse Arrives The First Operations Evaluation The Nixon Administration's "Lukewarm Attitude" Collapse of Compromise: The Question of Lakeshore Expansion Endnotes PART II: THE STRUGGLE TO ADMINISTER THE INDIANA DUNES NATIONAL LAKESHORE INTRODUCTION Endnotes CHAPTER VII : POLITICS AND PARKS Operations, 1972 Dedication/Establishment Day, September 8, 1972 Endnotes CHAPTER XI: CHAPTER VIII: GROWING PAINS, 1973—1976 Operations, 1973—1976 Nathaniel P. Reed Visits the Dunes Fiasco in Indianapolis: West Beach Development Campaign for Lakeshore Boundary Expansion Endnotes CHAPTER IX: COMING OF AGE, 1977—1979 Operations, 1977—1979 West Beach Dedication Bailly I Nuclear Debate Dunes Expansion Hearings Continue Endnotes CHAPTER X: THE GREAT TURNING POINT, 1980 Operations, 1980 A Future Course: The General Management, 1977—1980 The Dunes Expansion Act of 1980 Endnotes CHAPTER XI: REAGANOMICS OR RETRENCHMENT? Operations 1981—1983 Preservation of South Shore Railroad History Secretary Watt's "Hit List" Triumph of the Bailly Alliance Management Efficiency Endnotes CHAPTER XII : THE SINGING SANDS OF INDIANA DUNES Operations, 1984—1987 Expiration of the Advisory Commission Paul H. Douglas Center for Environmental Education The 1986 Expansion Bill High Lake Levels and Shoreline Erosion Endnotes CONCLUSION: TWO DECADES IN PERSPECTIVE Endnotes PART III: BIBLIOGRAPHY PART IV: APPENDIXES A. Historic and Contemporary Site Photographs B. Legislation C. Chronological List of National Park Service Employees D. Annual Visitation Figures E. Annual Budgetary Figures (ONPS) F. Administrative Positions Charts G. Area and Boundary Maps PART V: INDEX (omitted from the on-line edition) Indiana Dunes Administrative History DEDICATION This administrative history of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore is dedicated to its first National Park Service superintendents: James R. ("J. R.") Whitehouse and Dale B. Engquist <<< Previous <<< Contents >>> Next >>> indu/adhi/adhi0a.htm Last Updated: 07- Oct- 2003 Indiana Dunes Administrative History PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To this day, I'll always feel that I had a partner at Indiana Dunes who really appreciated what we were all about. Superintendent J. R. Whitehouse recalling the role of former Assistant Secretary of the Interior Nathaniel P. Reed at Indiana Dunes. The United States Congress' 1966 authorization of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore represents the culmination of a movement which began in 1916 to establish a "Sand Dunes National Park." It is indeed an honor for this National Park Service historian to compile the first administrative history of this unit of the National Park System because the sand dunes of northwest Indiana were the first new area to be considered by Stephen Tyng Mather, the much revered founder and first director of what has become the nation's principal resource preservation agency. Although the Sand Dunes National Park proposal had Mather's enthusiastic support, national policies as well as world events prevented the addition of the area to the National Park System during Mather's day. The ensuing fifty years spawned an increasingly bitter battle between the forces of conservation and development which did not abate with the November 5, 1966, authorization of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. Having never visited Indiana, or its beautiful lakeshore extending east from Chicago, prior to initiating this project, my perspective in this administrative history is certainly that of an outsider. Mindful of my employment with the National Park Service, I have endeavored to remain objective in this narrative. I have not refrained from reporting on any of the highly- emotional debates, what one dunes—saver aptly called "the knock—down, drag—out fights," nor have I tried to coverup or explain away the mistakes made by park managers. There are many stories intertwined in these pages. Each one would make an interesting book on its own. The principal stories are those at the park level and those at the Midwest Region, Washington Office, Departmental, and Congressional levels. On an intersecting and parallel path are the roles of the Advisory Commission, environmentalists (especially the Save the Dunes Council), industry, State and local governments, and a wide assortment of community groups. While there are many ways this history could be presented, my challenge was to select materials from National Park Service archives and files and recount it from a Service perspective. My audience is primarily Service employees, present and future, who need to know why decisions were made and the background of developments. Two 1983 books have documented the intense battle to establish the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore and subsequent controversies: Sacred Sands by J. Ronald Engel and Duel for the Dunes by Kay Franklin and Norma Schaeffer. This work does not duplicate the admirable efforts of these authors. "A Signature of Time and Eternity" builds upon these two books and portrays Indiana Dunes from the Service's perspective by utilizing as many agency sources (written and oral) as possible. It is not expanded to include the history of the Indiana Dunes State Park, an entity within the national lakeshore's authorized boundaries that remains under the State of Indiana's jurisdiction. I accomplished preliminary research in 1985, with my first visit to the area July 22 to August 2. Upon my initial tour of the national lakeshore, Curator/Historian Marty Marciniak's enlightening commentary proved beneficial to my grasp of the complexity of Indiana Dunes. Upon beginning research, I was absolutely overwhelmed by the quantity of source materials. I have no means to substantiate it, but Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore must rank among the System's "most studied" units. While the volumes of scientific, resource management, and planning documents are impressive, I concentrated on the most significant reports and relied on file materials as basic primary sources. At the time of my research, the national lakeshore had three filing groups: Active Files (1980 to present); Inactive Files (principally the mid to late 1970s to the present); and Stored Files (those deemed unnecessary for operational purposes and stored in an outbuilding at the Bailly Administrative Area). The Superintendent's Management Library and the Visitor Center Library also proved to be excellent archival sources. Progress on this project halted in 1986 as other Regional research priorities intervened. I resumed research and writing in March 1987, beginning with two enlightening interviews with former Superintendent J. R. Whitehouse and Assistant Secretary of the Interior Nathaniel P. Reed in their delightful Florida retirement homes. Additional oral history interviews were conducted in August with Superintendent Dale Engquist, former member and Chairman of the Indiana Dunes Advisory Commission John Schnurlein, Executive Director of the Save the Dunes Council Charlotte Read, and Save the Dunes Council Engineering Chairman Herbert Read. This latter group is to be congratulated for its fortitude and generosity because when the interview tapes were lost by the airlines in the chaotic aftermath of Chicago's flood (at great anguish to the author), all of the interviewees graciously consented to repeat the process the following month. Part I contains the early history of the area to 1971, the year preceding establishment of the national lakeshore. Part II contains events from 1972 to 1987 and focuses on the various aspects of National Park Service administration of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. While this history generally presents events chronologically, certain material must be delivered topically to be understood. Similarly, in Part II, each chapter is headed
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