The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806 Brill’s Companions to European History VOLUME 1 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/bceh The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806 A European Perspective Edited by R.J.W. Evans and Peter H. Wilson LEIDEN • BOSTON 2012 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806 : a European perspective / edited by R.J.W. Evans and Peter H. Wilson. p. cm. — (Brill’s companions to European history ; v. 1) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-20683-0 (hardback : acid-free paper) 1. Holy Roman Empire—History— 1517–1648. 2. Holy Roman Empire—History—1648–1804. 3. Holy Roman Empire—History— 1273–1517. 4. Holy Roman Empire—Politics and government. I. Evans, Robert John Weston. II. Wilson, Peter H. (Peter Hamish) DD175.H63 2012 943’.02—dc23 2012009348 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.nl/brill-typeface. ISSN 2212–7410 ISBN 978 90 04 20683 0 (hardback) ISBN 978 90 04 22872 6 (e-book) Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. Koninklijke Brill NV has made all reasonable efforts to trace all rights holders to any copyrighted material used in this work. In cases where these efforts have not been successful the publisher welcomes communications from copyright holders, so that the appropriate acknowledgements can be made in future editions, and to settle other permission matters. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS List of Illustrations and Maps ..................................................................... ix List of Contributors ........................................................................................ xi Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 Peter H. Wilson and R.J.W. Evans SECTION ONE TURNING POINTS The Westphalian Peace: Augsburg Mark II or Celebrated Armistice? .................................................................................................... 19 Lothar Höbelt The Holy Roman Empire as Model for Saint-Pierre’s Projet pour rendre la paix perpétuelle en Europe .................................................... 35 Peter Schröder ‘Once we were Trojans!’ Contemporary Reactions to the Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation ... 51 Wolfgang Burgdorf SECTION TWO HABSBURG GOVERNANCE Inside the Empire and for the House of Austria: The Buquoy Family from the Spanish Low Countries to Bohemia .................... 79 Olivier Chaline The Habsburg Court in Vienna: Kaiserhof or Reichshof ? ................... 91 Jeroen Duindam Bohemia and the Empire: Acceptance and Rejection ......................... 121 Jaroslav Pánek vi contents Bohemia, Silesia and the Empire: Negotiating Princely Dignity on the Eastern Periphery ......................................................................... 143 Petr Matˇa Separation and Symbiosis: The Habsburg Monarchy and the Empire in the Seventeenth Century .................................................... 167 Thomas Winkelbauer SECTION THREE CORES AND PERIPHERIES State-Building within the Empire: The Cases of Brandenburg- Prussia and Savoy-Sardinia ..................................................................... 187 Sven Externbrink Core and Periphery: The Netherlands and the Empire from the Late Fifteenth to the Early Seventeenth Century ............................ 203 Nicolette Mout The Imperial System in Early Modern Northern Italy: A Web of Dukedoms, Fiefs and Enclaves along the Po ..................................... 217 Blythe Raviola SECTION FOUR NEIGHBOURS The Impact of War: The Holy Roman Empire and Poland- Lithuania, c. 1600–1806 ............................................................................. 239 Robert Frost An ‘Old Empire’ on the Periphery of the Old Empire: The Kingdom of Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries ................................................. 259 Géza Pálffy The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Electoral Saxony in the Early Eighteenth Century: Crisis and Cooperation .................. 281 Adam Perłakowski contents vii The Northern Periphery: German Cultural Influences on the Danish-Norwegian Kingdom during the Enlightenment .............. 293 Thomas Munck SECTION FIVE IMPERIAL CULTURE AND IDENTITY Centres or Periphery? Art and Architecture in the Empire .............. 315 Thomas DaCosta Kaufmann Where Did the Jewels of the German Imperial Princes Come From? Aspects of Material Cultural in the Empire ......................... 333 Kim Siebenhüner Portraiture at the Imperial Court in the First Half of the 17th Century ................................................................................................. 349 Friedrich Polleross Epilogue International System and Imperial System in the ‘Short’ Eighteenth Century: Two Worlds? ....................................................... 367 Heinz Duchhardt Bibliography ..................................................................................................... 373 Index ................................................................................................................... 385 Illustration Section LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS Kaufmann 1. Lucas Cranach the Elder, St. Christopher, woodcut. Courtesy of the British Museum. 2. Bernt Notke, St. George and the Dragon, Stockholm, Great Church (Storkyrka). © Jürgen Howaldt 2007. 3. Egidius Sadeler, Prague during the reign of Rudolf II in Dějiny světové Díl III: dějiny novověké, (Prague (1900)). See also http://commons.wiki- media.org/wiki/File:Praha_Hrad_1607.jpg. 4. St. Michael’s church, Munich, interior view of apse (designed by Fried- rich Sustris). © Photo by DAVID ILIFF 2006. License: CC-BY-SA 3.0 See also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michaelskirche_Munich_-zSt_ Michael%27s_Church_High_Altar.jpg. 5. Bernardo Bellotto, View of Schönbrunn Palace and gardens. Courtesy of The Bridgeman Art Library Ltd. 6. View (print) of Zwinger, Dresden, designed by Matthaeus Daniel Poep- pelmann. Courtesy of The British Museum. Siebenhüner 1. Bernhard Strigel (1460–1528), Emperor Maximilian I with his family, after 1515, Inv. Nr. 832. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. 2. Pendant with Saint George as dragon slayer. Germany, end of 16th century. Gold, enamel, diamonds, rubies, emeralds, pearls. Das Neue Grüne Gewölbe, Inv. Nr. 1997/1. Courtesy Staatliche Kunstsammlung, Dresden. 3. Hans Maler (1480–1526/1529), Anna of Hungary and Bohemia, Inv. Nr. 1937.2. Courtesy Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid. 4. The ‘Three Brethren’ and the ‘White Rose’. Watercolor on parchment, Inv. Nr. 1916.475 and 1916.478. Courtesy Historisches Museum, Basel. 5. The ‘Feather’ and the ‘Belt’. After Gerard Loyet, drawings before 1504. Watercolor on parchment. Inv. Nr. 1916.476 and Inv. Nr. 1916.477. Cour- tesy Historisches Museum, Basel. x list of illustrations and maps Polleroß 1. Hans von Aachen, Emperor Rudolf II, painting, around 1603; Inv.-Nr. WM 1509–1948. Courtesy Wellington Museum, London. 2. Wolf Kilian (after Jeremias Günther?), Emperor Ferdinand II, engrav- ing, 1622. Private Collection. 3. Egidius Sadeler after Adriaen de Vries, Emperor Rudolf II on Horse- back, engraving, around 1603. Private Collection. 4. Jan van Hoecke, Archduke Leopold Wilhelm on Horseback, painting, around 1645, Inv.-Nr. 697. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Gemäl- degalerie, Vienna. 5. Jan van Hoecke, Emperor Ferdinand III, painting, around 1645, Inv.-Nr. 3283. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Gemäldegalerie, Vienna. 6. Joannes Meyssens and Cornelius Galle the Younger after ‘Van Dyck’, Emperor Ferdinand III, engraving, 1649. Private Collection. 7. Frans Luycx, Archduke Ferdinand Karl of Tyrol, painting around 1650, Inv.-Nr. 9425. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Gemäldegalerie, Vienna. 8. Joannes Meyssens and Cornelius Galle the Younger after ‘Van Dyck’, Empress Maria Anne, engraving, 1649. Private Collection. Maps 1. The Empire in 1547. 2. The Empire in 1648. 3. The Empire in 1803. 4. The Empire and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1660–1772. 5. Hungary and its neighbours c.1600. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Wolfgang Burgdorf is a lecturer at the University of Munich. He is the author of Reichskonstitution und Nation. Verfassungsreformprojekte für das Heilige Römische Reich Deutscher Nation im politischen Schrifttum von 1648 bis 1806 (1998) and Ein Weltbild verliert seine Welt. Der Untergang des Alten Reiches und die Generation 1806. (2006). Olivier Chaline is professor at the University of Paris IV (Paris-Sorbonne). He is noted esp. as an expert in the central-European Counter-Reformation. He is the author of La