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Home , Aluminium nitride, Zirconium carbide, Zirconium nitride

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Index a trichloride abrasion protection 78 as transport agent 63 abrasion resistance 179, 223 ambient pressure drying 211 18 aminolysis 237, 249 Acheson process 18 ammonolysis 32, 249 activated transport 292 amorphous 262 additive manufacturing 38 amphiphile 147, 152, 279 adhesion promoter 183, 224 anodic alumina 364 adiabatic combustion 24 anodic oxidation, of metals 364 adsorbent 102 anodic titania 364 adsorption, hydrogen 84 anticoagulant 35 aerogel 99, 102, 178, 208 antifoam 35 317 antisticking 222 structure 208 apatite 123, 142 Aerosil process 101 aragonite 142 aerosol 69, 73, 107, 178 arsenic oxide aerosol-assisted CVD (AACVD) 74, 97 as fining agent 126 aerosol process 31 aspect ratio 352 agglomeration 35, 36, 106 atomic layer deposition (ALD) 75 aggregation 106 cycle 75 cluster–cluster 189 window 76 cluster–monomer 189 atomic layer (ALE) 75 aging 201, 315 autoclave, filling 163 alkoxysilane 269 Avrami equation 8 alloy 26 alumina b glass former 123 ball milling 13, 16, 340 nanotube 298 86, 94, 95, 353 porous 100, 357, 359, 364 band structure 240 synthesis 170, 342 barium titanate 11 aluminosilicate 43, 51, 54 synthesis 132, 169 21, 82 baryte 142, 154 aluminium film 80 batch melting 124 81 benefication 35 aluminium 21 binder 35, 45, 259

Synthesis of Inorganic Materials, Fourth Edition. Ulrich Schubert and Nicola Hüsing. © 2019 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Published 2019 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. 390 Index

bioactive glass 123 carbon incorporation 80 biodegradation 235 carbon nanotube 357 biogenic material 140 forests 359 biomimetic materials 152 functionalization 360 biomineralization 140, 146 purification 360 biomorph 20 structure 358 blanket deposition 71 carborundum 18 Bloch wall 337 carbothermal nitridation 20, 32 blocking temperature 338 carbothermal reduction 17 boehmite 170 casting 37 bond strength, Si–O 223 lost foam 294 bone nanocasting 302 hierarchical structure 143 catalyst repair 123, 171 for carbon nanotube synthesis substitute 171 359 borate anomaly 118 conversion of polysilanes 247 borazine 252 curing of silicones 232 boric oxide dehydrocondensation 251 glass former 124 diorganosilane coupling 245 structure 117 graphene formation by CVD 88 boron carbide 21 Müller–Rochow process 227 21, 29, 260 photocatalyst 160, 332 nanosheets 369 polysilane redistribution 245 properties 252 ROP 236, 247 synthesis 252 for SLS process 356 borosilicate glass 321 for VLS process 355 Boudouard equilibrium 20 celestite 142 boundary layer 66, 71, 76, 96 cellular solid 289 breath figure 305 cemented carbide 26 Brust–Schiffrin method 346 building block 138, 177, 204, 267 fiber 178, 259 bulk metallic glass 129 film 259 structure 131 forming 35 bulk nanostructured materials 340 method 5 multicomponent 261 c nanocrystalline 331 cadmium sulfide porous 287, 293 cluster 349 powder synthesis 31 345 yield 250, 260 calandering 225 ceramization 262 calcination 35 25 calcite 14, 142 cetyltrimethylammonium bromide calcium carbonate 141 (CTAB) 280 calcium oxalate 141 chain calcium phosphate 142 conformation 240 capillary forces 210 length 230 capillary transport 291 mobility 218 Index 391

packing 218, 241 coagulation casting 37 termination 226, 243 coalescence 106 char formation 375 coarsening 40, 201 chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) 76 coating 37 chemical vapour deposition (CVD) antisoiling 208 133 109 of alumina 75 reflective 80 of aluminium 80 scratch-resistant 207 of copper 68 wear-resistant 86 of diamond 86 cobalt sulfide, hollow spheres 319 equipment 69 cold-wall reactor 70 of 96 collagen 142 of 94 colloid 51, 156, 178 of graphene 88, 366 electrodeposition 159 growth rate 70 colloidal crystal 296 of metal oxides 90 colorant 124 of metals 78 combustion synthesis 22 precursor properties 67 composite 17, 23 selective deposition 71 carbon–carbon 99 of silica 90 ceramic–ceramic 27 of silicate glass 90 ceramic matrix 99 of silicon 79 metal matrix 26 of 93 SiC/SiC 99 of titanium boride 65 compound 95 of 93 condensation, cluster–cluster 341 of tungsten 82 conformation, polyphosphazene chain variables 70 234 of YBCO 91 confusion principle 129 chemical vapour infiltration (CVI) 20, controlled double jet precipitation 99 134, 347 gradient CVI 100 coordination equilibrium 349 chemical vapour transport 57 coordination expansion 182, 193 chlorosilane 269 coordination polymer 219, 255 aminolysis 249 copolymer 221, 240, 243, 244 chromite 31 copper film 83 citrate complex 15 coprecipitation 14 citrate–gel method 16 cord 127 clay 50 core–shell nanoparticle 370 cleavage semiconductor 371 homolytic 241 synthesis 371 P–N bonds 236 corrosion protection 179 Si–O bonds 228 cosmic dust 213 cluster Coulomb blockade 336 growth 198 Coulomb staircase 336 metal oxo 194 crack bridging 375 as MOF building block 271, 276 critical density 162 coagulation 106, 159 critical micelle concentration 280, 314 392 Index

critical point 163, 211 hydrocarbons 359

critical pressure 162, 210 Me3N–AlH3 80 critical radius 119 metal formiate 344 critical temperature 162, 210 metal oxalate 344

crosslinking 35, 220, 231, 250, 261 N2O90 density 205, 230 defect functionalization 361 crown ether 243 deflocculant 35 crystal defoamer 35 colloidal 296 dehalogenation equilibrium structure 135 of chloromethyl(chloro)silanes 247 growth 59 of diorganodichlorosilanes 242 iso-oriented 139 dehydrocondensation 245, 249, 251, monodisperse 133 252, 262 shape 135 dehydrogenation 88 crystal defect 11 delamination 51 crystal field splitting energy 350 dense packing 129 crystal growth 118, 133 densification 14, 40 controlled 149 density 40 kinetics 135 density difference 26 modifiers 136, 349 depolymerization 245 rate 120 diamond crystallinity 226 film 86 crystallization 263 properties 86 biological 154 diatom 141 enantioselective 152 diblock copolymer 280 hydrothermal 165 dielectric loss 222 non-classical 138 222 cullet 125 diffusion 8, 11, 39, 70 cyanamide 250 barrier 11, 78, 83, 93, 154, 179 cyclic oligomer 219, 228, 238, 242, 249 Cu into Si 84 cyclosilane 242, 244 distances 13 cyclosilazane 249, 251 gas 58 cyclosiloxane 228 ions 14, 16 limitation 58 d mechanisms 290 dealloying 322 path 39 decolorant 124 surface 66 decomposition diffusion-controlled reaction 152 electrolyte 46 dip-pen nanolithography 270 gel 15 direct process 227 metal oxalates 14 disilabicyclooctadiene 244 decomposition reaction disilacyclobutane 247 i Al Bu3 81 disilene 244 Cu(I) complexes 85 dispersant 35 CVD precursors 67 dispersion 376

Fe(CO)5 344 disproportionation 63, 85 in glass melts 126 dissociation energy 239 Index 393

Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and eutectic 355 Overbeek (DLVO) theory 157 evaporation-induced self-assembly doctor blading 37 (EISA) process 314 donor–acceptor complex 80 exciton 332, 353 drain casting 37 exfoliation 46, 48, 51, 366, 369, 374 droplet deposition 109 liquid 367 drug delivery 309 mechanical 367 dry forming 36 exohedral functionalization 362 drying extinction coefficient 241 ambient pressure 211 extrusion 37, 225 stages 201 supercritical 210 f dry pressing 36 Faraday, Michael 334 dual polymer network 206 Fermi level 327 dye sensitized solar cell 350 ferrimagnetism 257 ferrite 14, 17, 31 e ferrocenophane 257 eicosyl sulfate 154 6, 179 elastic damping 224 ferrofluid 338, 344 elastomer 226, 233 ferromagnetism 146 electric double layer 158 fiber spinning 246, 260 electrical conductivity 217 filler 102, 223, 225, 233 electrical insulation 225 active 262 electrodeposition 156 films electromigration 78, 82 by layer-to-layer deposition 282 electron delocalization 240 filtration combustion 27 electrophoresis 158 fining electrophoretic deposition 159 agent 126 film thickness 161 of melts 126 electroplating 156 fire protection 217, 224 electroreduction 244 flame hydrolysis 101 electrostatic repulsion 35 fluoroapatite 142, 154 Eley–Rideal mechanism 71 fluorosilicone 227 elimination foaming 300 ß-elimination 67, 81, 91, 96 free volume 219 emulsion 345 freeze casting 306 enamel 154 fuel, for SCS reaction 29 encapsulation 224, 235 energy gap 240 g energy, interfacial 119 gallium arsenide 96 enzyme immobilization 205 nanowire 357 epitaxy 73 gallium nitride 28, 29, 94 biological 147 galvanic replacement 320 equal-channel angular pressing 340 garnet 95 equilibration 228, 229 gas condensation method 341 equilibrium, ligand coordination 194 gas permeability 223, 235 etching 71 gas-to-particle conversion 106 394 Index

gel graphene 88, 365 casting 37 dispersions 367 definition 178 modification 368 network 178 from SiC 367 point 197 graphene oxide 367 time 197 pyrolysis 368 wet 178 reduction 368 gelation 196 graphite 43, 50 giant magnetoresistance 373 electrode 46 glass 113 intercalation 49 bioactive 123 green body, drying 37 borate 117 greigite 145 ceramic 123 grinding 35 chalkogenide 124, 125 growth rate E-glass 123 chemical vapour deposition 70 fluoride fiber glass 123 guests foam 301 in metal–organic frameworks 274 former 118, 123, 124 gypsum 142 from gels 178 halide glass 124 h laboratory glass 123 oxide 90 network former 124 Hall–Petch relationship 331 network modifier 124 halogen lamp 59 porous 321 hardness 86 structure 118 Helmholtz plane 158 transformation 114 heterostructure 373 transition temperature 115, 218, hierarchical porosity 298, 313, 319, 222, 235, 240, 254, 258 324 window glass 123 hierarchical structure 143, 155 gold highly dispersed metal 376 colloid 334 high pressure torsion 341 dissolution 353 hollow particle 298 hollow nanoparticle 321 hot injection method 134, 346 332, 344 hot isostatic pressing 38 nanoporous 322 hot pressing 38 nanorods 353 hot-wall reactor 69 nanowire 357 Hummers’ method 367 Goldschmidt process 27 hybrid material 52 Golgi apparatus 150 hydrogel 235 Grätzel cell 350 hydrolysis 227 grafting 316 hydrolytic stability 235, 236, 239, 254 grain hydrophilicity 217, 235 boundary 39, 40 hydrophobic interaction 268 refinement 340 hydrophobicity 217, 222, 233, 235 ultrafine 340 hydrosilylation 183, 232, 248, 262, granulation 35 269 Index 395 hydrothermal process 161, 276, 363 l crystallization 165 LaMer model 132 hydroxyapatite 142, 171 Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism 71 i lanthanoide halides 63 ignition 23, 33 laser-assisted chemical vapour impregnation 376 deposition 75 incandescent lamp 59 layer-by-layer deposition 282, 299 inductive effect 188, 194 layered compound 41, 52 infiltration layered double hydroxide 42, 51, 52 of porous templates 292 layered structure 151, 365 infrared opacifier 213 laser 38 injection molding 37, 224 Lewis acid 193, 220, 228, 236 inorganic–organic hybrid material Lewis base 85, 192, 220 139, 204 adduct 80, 92 inorganic rubber 236 ligand 73, 80 intercalation alkoxo 185 direct reaction 49 amine 348 electrointercalation 51 ß-diketonate 67, 84, 91, 185 graphite 41 ß-ketoimidate 84 ion exchange 50 bidentate 185, 219, 255 metal dichalcogenides 43, 49 bridging 15, 67, 182, 185 of polymers 51 capping 344 intermetallic 23 carbamate 97 interphase 46, 374 carboxylate 185, 348 inverse opal 296 chelating 67, 185 ion exchange 50, 54 cyclopentadienyl 257 ion mobility 46 dithiocarbamate 97, 99 ion product of water 161 exchange 276, 351 ion pump 150 in metal–organic frameworks 274 iron oxide multidentate 68 transport reaction 58 organosilicate 348 iron oxychloride 49 phosphane 348 isoelectric point 158 phosphinate 348 isoreticular 272 thiol 348 isostatic pressing 36 light-emitting diode (LED) 94, 240 Lindemann criterion 329 j liquid crystal 241 jiggering 37 liquid crystalline phase 280 liquid exfoliation 367 k liquid injection CVD 73, 92 kinetic barrier 119 liquid rubber 223, 224, 232 kinetic control 178, 219, 242, 244 lithium battery 44 kink blocking 136 lithium cobalt oxide 46 Kirkendall effect 11, 319, 357, 372 lost-foam casting 294 Kumada rearrangement 246, 248 low pressure CVD (LPCVD) 73 396 Index

lubricant 35 nucleus formation 118 luminescence 94 quenching 129 rapid solidification 129 m spinning 129 M41S phase 309 meniscus, liquid–gas 163 macropores 290 mesocrystal 139 magnesia synthesis 342 mesopores 290 magnetic domain 337 ordered 308 magnetic hyperthermia 339 organic modification 315 magnetite 142, 145, 152, 338 metal magnetosomes 150 alkoxides, synthesis 182 magnetotactic bacteria 145, 151 chalcogenide 42 manganese sulfide 29 dichalcogenide 42 mass transport 19, 38, 58 halide lamp 62 mechanical attrition 340 foam 301 mechanism porous 40, 287

BaTiO3 hydrothermal 170 thiolate 97 biomineralization process 149 vapour 104 carbon nanotube synthesis 359 metallic glass 129 cyclophosphazene ROP 236 metallization 78, 82 cyclosiloxane ROP 228 metallopolymer 219, 255 i decomposition of Al Bu3 81 metal oxide, mesoporous 313 decomposition of Me3N-AlH3 80 metal–organic compound 84 diffusion 39 metal–organic framework 17, 271 EPD of particles 160 connectors 274 Eley–Rideal 71 exchange reactions 277 GaAs CVD 96 infiltration of guests 279 of gelation 197 linkers 274 graphene formation by CVD 88 porosity 274 intercalation 47, 48 synthesis 276 Langmuir–Hinshelwood 71 topologies 272 particle growth 106 metal–organic MBE 73 polysilane formation 243 metathesis 249, 250 SiC by Acheson process 19 solid state 28 SiC gas-phase synthesis 104 micelle 280 sintering 39 reversed 152, 280, 344 sol–gel reactions 186 microcontact printing 270 titania nanotube formation 363 microelectronics 80 transport through pores 290 microemulsion, water-in-oil 280 mechanochemistry 16 microphase separation 281 Meissner–Ochsenfeld effect 6 micropores 290 melt Mie theory 335 blending 376 mineralizer 166 critical cooling rate 122 Mobil Composition of Matter (MCM) enthalpy 114 142, 308 fining 126 structure types 308 homogeneity 127 molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) 77 Index 397 molecular layer deposition (MLD) 76 gold 357 molecular recognition 267 heterostructure 356 molybdenum boride 25 silicon 355 molybdenum disulphide, nanosheets nebulizer 98 369 network molybdenum trioxide 42 connectivity 118 Mond process 58 modifier 124 monolayer, self-assembled 268 silicate 115 montmorillonite 52 vitreous 115 mould 224 nickel aluminide 25 moulding 259 nickel tetracarbonyl Müller–Rochow process 227, 252 transport reaction 58 muscovite 51, 53 Nitinol 26 nitridation 20, 32, 33 n non-bridging oxygen 117 nacre 145, 147 non-classical crystallization 138 nanocasting 302 nonhydrolytic sol–gel process 203 nanocomposite 51, 374 non-linear optics 239 polymer–matrix 374 nucleation 17, 76, 88, 106 nanocrystalline ceramics 331 barrier 73, 119 nanolithography 269 controlled 147 nanoparticle of diamond 87 aluminosilicate 281 heterogeneous 120 cadmium selenide 347 homogeneous 119 cadmium sulfide 328, 346 oriented 9, 154 core–shell 370 rate 120 electrical properties 336 nylon 52 functionalization 350 gold 332, 344, 346, 374 o indium phosphide 347 oleophilicity 207 lead sulfide 349 oleophobicity 207 luminescence 350 oligomerization 68, 182 magnetic properties 337 metal alkoxides 182 329 opal 142 optical properties 333 organotrialkoxysilane 183 phase transition 329 oriented attachment 139 semiconductor 333 osmotic pressure 150 silver 374 Ostwald–Freundlich equation 330 329 Ostwald ripening 133, 198, 300 surface modification 348 nanoporous solid 271 p nanostructure, hollow 12, 319 paddle wheel unit 278 nanotube 320 particle carbon 357 growth 106 titania 363, 364 hollow 108, 298 nanowire neck 40, 107 array 356 packing 40 398 Index

particle (contd.) poly(oxothiazene) 255 porous 108 poly(silastyrene) 240, 243 single domain 337 poly(silylcarbodiimide) 250, 260 size distribution 40 polyacetylene 240 particle growth polyborazylene 252 diffusion controlled 346 polyborosilazane 260 passivation, selective 72 preparation 250 passivation layer 90 polycarbosilane 260 paste forming 37 crosslinking 261 patterning 71, 75 preparation 245 Pechini method 16, 30 repeat unit 218 peptization 159 structure 246 percolation 197 polycondensation 219, 239 periodic mesoporous silica 317 polydispersity 236, 238, 243-245, permselectivity 290 258 perovskite 6, 11, 179 polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane phase separation 127, 199, 280 (POSS) 189, 207 phase transfer 346 polymer phoryl resin 254 barrier properties 376 phospholipid 152 copolymer 221 phosphoranimine 238 elastic modulus 375 phosphoric oxide, glass former 124 electric conductivity 375 photocatalysis 332 flammability 375 photoconductivity 240 structure 218, 221 photoinitiator 239, 242 two-point 253 photolithography 242 polymerization 219 photoluminescence 371 addition 228 photolysis 241 anionic 229, 244, 251 photonic bandgap 297 degree 218 photonic crystal 296 radical 242 photosensitivity 235 ring-opening 228, 236 phthalocyanine 256 polyolefin 245 physical vapour deposition 76 polyoxometalate 54 6, 179 polyphosphazene 220, 226, 233 pillaring 52 applications 233 pinhole formation 321 bonding 233 planarization layer 90 modification 236 planetary mill 16 preparation 236, 238 plasma-assisted CVD (PACVD) 73 properties 233, 235 plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD) 73 repeat unit 218 plasmon resonance 353 stability 239 plastic deformation 16 structure 233 plastic forming 37 polypropylene 46 plasticizer 35 polysilane Pluronics 311 applications 239 point of zero charge 157 bonding 240 poly(ferrocenylsilane) 257 preparation 242 Index 399

properties 239 pVT-data 161 repeat unit 218 pyrochlore 50 polysilazane 260 pyrolysis, gel 15 crosslinking 262 point of zero charge (PZC) 188 preparation 249 of silica 186 repeat unit 218 perovskite (PZT) polysiloxane 220, 234, 245, 250, 260 179, 185 crosslinking 262 polystannane 239 q polythiophene 240 quantum confinement 327 pore quantum dot 329 characteristics 290 quartz 165 classification 289 crystallization 165 pore structure of aerogels 208 r modification 318 radiation resistance 217 of zeolites 173 radical 246 porosity silyl 241, 243 fundamentals 289 radical reaction 232 nomenclature 290 random network theory 116 ordered 292 rapid solidification 129 porous material 20, 26, 41 rate-determining step 243 porphyrin 256 reaction postsynthetic modification 277, 351 addition 220 potassium graphite anion exchange 63 staging 47 condensation 221 structure 41 diffusion controlled 152 powder sintering 40 diffusion limited 58 preceramic polymer 217, 246, 249, epitactic 9 294, 301 gas phase 101 advantages 258 order 8 precipitation 39 oriented 9 precursor radiation-induced 221 for chemical vapour deposition 67 radical 87 delivery 69 rate 10, 243 metal–organic 73 redox 29 multiple-source 89 self-sustaining 22 organically modified 183 substitution 220, 236 organometallic 73 surface reaction 85 single-source 89, 97, 200 topotactic 7, 9 pressureless sintering 37 reactor pressure sintering 38 Acheson process 18 primer 224 chemical transport 59 protein corona 351 chemical vapour deposition 68 pseudomorphic transformation 170, cold wall 70 317 controlled double jet precipitation pull out effect 375 134 400 Index

reactor (contd.) film 73, 153 furnace reactor 103 nanoparticle 333 gas condensation 341 nanorod 352 gas-phase powder synthesis 103 wide bandgap 86 hot wall 69, 100, 103 setting agent 301 PECVD 74 severe plastic deformation 340 plasma reactor 103 shape memory alloy 26 solvated metal atom dispersion 343 shear 52 rearrangement 246 shear plane 158 recycling, of metals 58 shrinkage 40, 232, 260, 262 redistribution 245 105 redshift 240 sidewall functionalization 362 reduced graphene oxide 368 silane 90, 93 reflocculation 51 silanol 186 refractory material 18 silica 2, 141 regiospecificy 244 biogenic 141 remote plasma chemical vapour deposition vesicles 150 deposition (RPCVD) 75 glass 116 replica technique 293 glass former 124 repulsion hollow spheres 299 electrostatic 157 mesoporous 308, 323 steric 157 precursor for SiC 19 resist 242 pyrogenic 101, 102 resistivity 225 spheres 199 retrograde solubility 168 structure 116 rheology 102, 220, 260 transport vesicles 150 ring-opening polymerization (ROP) vitreous 116 219, 228, 236, 244, 247, 251, silicate 115 257 alumosilicate 172 ripening 201 layered 51, 55 roll-up vector 357 silicon rutile structure 117 film 79 hydrogen-terminated 269 s nanowire 355 salt-assisted aerosol decomposition silicon boronitride, synthesis 263 (SAD) 107 260 saturated steam curve 163 fiber 261 scrap glass 125 porous 20 scratch resistance 179 properties 18 selective deposition 71, 78, 82 synthesis 263 self-assembled monolayer 268 silicon carbonitride 249 functionalization 269 silicon diimide 249 self-organization 221 silicon metabolism 150 self-propagating synthesis 22, 33 silicon monoxide 20, 65 sintering 26 silicon nitride 249, 260 semiconductor 95, 240, 258 applications 93 alloy 94, 333 properties 32 Index 401

structure 32 solar cell 79 synthesis 263 sol–gel process 3, 15, 228, 323 silicon oxycarbide, synthesis 263 aging 201 silicon oxynitride 317 catalyst 191, 197 silicone 116, 233 drying 201 application 222 electrolytes 191 bonding 233 mechanism 186 elastomer 223 metal salts 192 fluorosilicone 227 nonhydrolytic 203 oil 223, 231 parameters 190 preparation 227 precursor mixtures 199 properties 222, 226 precursors 181 repeat unit 218 pre-hydrolysis 200 resin 225, 231 solvent 191 structure 226 steps 180 siloxane 186 transition 196, 323 siloxanediol 228 water proportion 191 silsesquioxane 187 solid casting 37 silver bromide solid solution 14, 27, 47 shape control 137 solid-state metathesis 28, 29, 347 silver selenide 29 solubility silyl anion 244 of quartz 166 silylene 241, 246 retrograde 168 silyl radical 241, 243, 246 solution blending 376 single crystal growth 165 solution–liquid–solid process 356 single domain particle 337 solvated metal atom dispersion method single electron transfer 243, 336 343 single-source precursor 89, 97, 200 solvothermal process 161, 276 sinterability 331 solvothermal synthesis, parameters sintering 26 169 hot isostatic pressing 38 sonification 49 hot pressing 38 spectral bleaching 241 laser 38 spectrum, incandescent lamp 60 liquid-phase 38 spherosilicate 189 mechanisms 39 spinel 9, 14, 31 parameters 40 spinoidal decomposition 127, 323 pressureless sintering 37 splat quenching 129 pressure sintering 38 spray-drying, of sols 178 solid-state 38 spray pyrolysis 107, 109 slip-casting 37 spreadability 222, 223 slip plane 158 spring-back effect 212 slurry forming 37 sputtering 77 sodalite 175 Stöber particle, mesoporous 319 sodium silicate 186 Stöber process 199 soft chemistry 169, 178 stacking 256 sol staging 47 definition 178 step coverage 78 402 Index

step pinning 137 21 steric barrier 157 barium sulfate 154 steric interaction 219, 234, 249 barium titanate 11, 15, 132, 169 steric stabilization 35 boron carbide 21, 105 Stern layer 158 boron nitride 21, 29, 105, 252 striae 127 cadmium selenide 347 structure cadmium sulfide 345, 346

Al13 53 calcium phosphate 171 C8K41 carbon black 101 layered metal chalcogenide 43 chlorosilane 227 layered metal dichalcogenide 42 chromite 31 muscovite 51 copper 83 rock salt 7, 10 diamond 86 self-assembled monolayer 268 ferrite 31 yttrium barium copper oxide 6 gallium arsenide 89, 96, 357 structure-directing agent 177 gallium nitride 28, 29, 94 sublimation curve 163 gold nanoparticles 344, 346 suboxide 21 graphene 88 sulfur nitride 255 hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene 236 superconductor 255 indium phosphide 347 film 109 lead zirconate titanate 179 high-temperature 6 magnesia 342 supercooled liquid 114 manganese sulfide 29 supercritical drying 210 metal alkoxides 182 superparamagnetism 337 metal–organic frameworks 17, 276 supersaturation 119, 126, 133, 168 metal particle 104 supramolecular structure 267 molybdenum boride 25 surface molybdenum carbide 21, 105 area 13, 102, 107, 212 nickel aluminide 25 charge 157 niobium silicide 65 energy 38 polyborosilazane 250 modification 207 polycarbosilane 245 plasmon resonance 335 polyphosphazene 236, 238, 239 structure 9 polysilane 242 tension 201, 222 polysilazane 249 surfactant SiALON 105 interaction with inorganic species silica 90, 101, 308 311 silica-titania 203 monolayer 152, 153 silicate glass 90 types 311 silicon 79 syneresis 201 silicon boronitride 263 synthesis silicon carbide 18, 21, 27, 100, 105, aerogel 208 263 alumina 30, 75, 170, 342 silicone 227 aluminium 80 silicon nitride 21, 32, 93, 105, 263 aluminium boride 21 silicon oxycarbide 263 aluminium carbide 21, 82 silver selenide 29 Index 403

spinel 14, 31 as CVD precursor 91 25, 29 tetraethoxysilane 182 tantalum silicide 29 tetramethoxysilane 182 titania 30, 98, 101, 160, 171, 314, 213 318, 319, 342 thermal expansion coefficient 123 titania nanotube 363 thermal explosion 23 titanium boride 21, 65, 105 thermite reaction 23, 27 21, 23, 29, 105 thermochromism 239 titanium nitride 21, 93, 99, 105 thermoplastic forming 130 titanium silicide 105 thermoplasticity 235 tungsten 82 thixotropy 102 21, 105 time–temperature–transformation tungsten oxide 99 (TTT) curve 121, 128 tungsten silicide 17 tin oxide, fluorine-doped 160 vanadium boride 21, 29 titania 30 21, 105 hollow spheres 299 vanadium silicide 29 mesoporous 314, 318 yttrium barium copper oxide 7, 91 nanotubes 364 zeolite 175 porous 294, 324 ferrite 17 rutile-anatase transition 330 98 synthesis 171, 342 zirconia 29, 30 titanium boride 21 boride 26 applications 65 29 titanium carbide 21, 23, 29 105 titanium disulfide 43 zirconium silicide 29 titanium nitride 21 application 93 t topotaxy 7, 9 tantalum carbide 25, 29 torsional barrier 218 tantalum silicide 29 transamination 93, 251, 253, 262 tape casting 37 trans effect 195 template 154, 177 transparent conductive oxide 160 amphiphilic compounds 307 transport reaction 57, 165 anodic alumina 304 iron oxide 58 breath figure 305 metal chalcogenides 64 ice 306 metal halides 64 polymer beads 297 metal oxides 64 porous carbon 304 metals 64 porous silica 303 nickel 58 removal 296, 312 tungsten 61 sacrificial 295 trialkylaluminum 80 silica spheres 297 triboelectricity 103 templating triethylgallium 96 cooperative self-assembly 311 triple point 163, 210 true liquid crystal 310 tungsten tensile strength 220, 233, 261 chemical vapour deposition 82 tetraalkoxysilane filament 59 404 Index

tungsten silicide 17 weathering 222, 226 wheddelite 142 u whewellite 142 undercooling 120 Wurtz coupling 242 UV adsorption 240 x v xerogel 178, 202 vacancy 11, 39 vanadium boride 21, 29 y vanadium oxide 42 Yajima process 246 vanadium silicide 29 yield strength 332 vanArkel–deBoerprocess 58 yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) van der Waals interaction 42, 43, 84, 6, 91 157 vapour phase epitaxy (VPE) 73 z vapour–liquid–solid (VLS) process Zachariasen rules 116 355, 359 zeolite 41, 50, 274 vapour–solid–solid (VSS) process 356 analcime 175 vaterite 138 basic building unit 172 vectorial flow 149 mordenite 175 vectorial shaping 149 pore system 173 vertical 2D heterostructure 373 secondary building unit 173 vesicle 146 structure 172 viscosity 16 synthesis 175 viscous flow 290 ZSM-5 173, 175 Vitreloy 130 zeta potential 158 vitreous network 115 zirconia 29, 30 V–T diagram, of water 162 zirconium boride 26 vulcanization 223, 231 zirconium carbide 29 Vycor glass 128, 321 zirconium phosphate 54 zirconium phosphonate 54 w zirconium silicide 29 water glass 186 water repellence 222