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Afganistan (1945-1989)

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Afganistan (1945-1989) T.C. FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI AFGANİSTAN (1945-1989) DOKTORA TEZİ DANIŞMAN HAZIRLAYAN Prof. Dr. Ömer Osman UMAR Burhanettin ŞENLİ ELAZIĞ-2017 II ÖZET Doktora Tezi Afganistan (1945-1989) Burhanettin ŞENLİ Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı Elazığ-2017, Sayfa: XX + 518 Bu doktora tezi, İkinci Dünya savaşından yani 1945 yılında sonra başlayan soğuk savaş dönemi ile bu dönemin sonu ve SSCB’nin dağılmasının başladığı kabul edilen 1989 yılında Rus işgalinin bittiği dönemde Afganistan tarihini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Öncelikle Afganistan’ın tarihi ve coğrafi yapısı incelenmiştir. Daha sonra Afganistan’ın Jeopolitik yapısı ele alınmış ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ile yakın tarihlere rastlayan kuruluşu anlatılmıştır. Özellikle Atatürk döneminde Afganistan-Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ilişkilerine kısaca değinilmiştir. Afganistan’daki siyasi hareketler ile Afganistan’ın Sovyetlere yaklaşması geniş bir şekilde incelenmiş, bilahare Rus işgali ile geri çekilmesi yine geniş bir araştırma sonucu Rus ve Doğu Bloku ülkelerinin arşiv kaynaklarına ve diğer kaynaklara dayanarak incelenmiştir. Daha sonra Rus işgaline karşı büyük güçlerin tepkisi ve ABD’nin işgale verdiği destek ile mülteciler sorunu ele alınmıştır. Bu arada Afganistan’ın idari ekonomik kültürel ve dini yapısı kısaca incelenmiştir. Son bölümde Afganistan’ın dış politikası, komşuları ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti olan ilişkileri ortaya konmuştur. İncelemede elde edilen veriler sonuç bölümünde açıklanarak ortaya konmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Afganistan, Sovyet İşgali, Rus İşgali III ABSTRACT Ph. D. Dissertation Afghanistan (1945-1989) Burhanettin ŞENLİ Firat University The Institute of Social Sciences The Depertmant of History Elazıg -2016, Page: XX + 518 This doctoral thesis (Ph. D. Dissertation) aims to examine the history of Afghanistan during the period of the Cold War, which began after the Second World War in 1945, and the end of that period and the Russian occupation in 1989, when the dissolution of the USSR began. First of all, the history and geographical structure of Afghanistan has been examined. Later on, the geopolitical structure of Afghanistan was discussed and the institution that coincided with the recent history of the Republic of Turkey was explained. Especially during the Ataturk period, relations of Afghanistan and Turkish Republic were briefly mentioned. The political movements in Afghanistan and the approach of Afghanistan to the Soviets have been extensively studied and the withdrawal by the Russian invasion has been examined again based on archival sources of Russian and Eastern Bloc countries and other sources. Later on, the reaction of the great powers against the Russian occupation and the support given by the US to the occupation, and the problem of refugees were addressed. In the meantime, the administrative, economic, cultural and religious structure of Afghanistan has been briefly examined. In the last part, the foreign policy of Afghanistan, its relations with its neighbors and relations with the Republic of Turkey have been revealed. The data obtained in the review are explained in the conclusion section. Key Words: Afghanistan, Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, Russian Invasion of Afghanistan IV İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET .............................................................................................................................. II ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. III İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................. IV RESİMLER LİSTESİ.................................................................................................... X ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................ XII KISALTMALAR ..................................................................................................... XVII GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 I. AFGANİSTAN ADININ ANLAM ve KÖKENİ ...................................................... 1 II. AFGANİSTAN’IN COĞRAFİ YAPISI .................................................................. 3 II.1. Afganistan’ın Yeryüzü Şekilleri ve İklimi ........................................................ 3 II.2. Afganistan’ın Jeopolitik ve Stratejik Durumu .................................................. 5 III. TARİH İÇERİSİNDE AFGANİSTAN .................................................................. 9 III.1. İlkçağlarda Afganistan ..................................................................................... 9 III.2. İslam Hâkimiyeti Döneminde Afganistan ..................................................... 10 III.3. Gazneli Hâkimiyeti Döneminde Afganistan .................................................. 11 III.4. Cengiz ve Timur Hâkimiyeti Döneminde Afganistan ................................... 12 III.5. Babür ve Dürraniler Döneminde Afganistan ................................................. 13 III.6. İki Dünya Savaşı Arasındaki Dönemde Afganistan ...................................... 16 III.6.1. Amanullah Han Dönemi ......................................................................... 16 III.6.2. Beçe-i Saka (Habibullah Kalakani) İsyanı ve Amanullah Han İktidarının Sonu .................................................................................................................... 25 III.6.3. Nadir Han İktidarı ................................................................................... 29 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM 1. SOVYETLERE YAKINLAŞMA ............................................................................ 31 1.1. Zahir Şah Dönemi ................................................................................................ 31 1.2. Afganistan’ın Sovyetler Birliği’ne Yaklaşması ................................................... 36 1.2.1. Afganistan’ın SSCB ve ABD ile İlişkileri .................................................... 37 1.2.2. Pakistan Sınırı Problemi ve Sovyetlere Yaklaşma ....................................... 40 1.3. Afganistan İle Sovyetler Birliği Arasındaki Siyasi İşbirliği ................................ 42 1.3.1. İlk Demokrasi Denemesi, Afgan Komünist Partisinin Kuruluşu ve Liderleri .................................................................................................................. 42 V 1.3.2. İslami Hareketin Doğuşu .............................................................................. 48 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM 2. 1973-1978 YILLARI ARASI DÖNEMDE AFGANİSTAN .................................. 50 2.1. 1973 Darbesi ........................................................................................................ 50 2.2. Davud Han Dönemi ............................................................................................. 51 2.2.1. Sovyetlerin Davud’a Karşı Tutumu .............................................................. 54 2.2.2. Davud’un Devrilmesi .................................................................................... 56 2.3. Afganistan’da Komünist İhtilal Ve Komunistlerin Faaliyetleri .......................... 57 2.3.1. ”İnkılab-ı Savr” (Nisan Devrimi) ................................................................. 57 2.3.2. Nisan Devrimi’nden Sonra Batının Tutumu ................................................. 63 2.4. Muhammed Nur Taraki Dönemi .......................................................................... 68 2.4.1. Komünist Rejimin Yaptığı Toplu İdamlar ve Tutuklamalar ........................ 68 2.4.2. ABD Büyükelçisi Dubs’ın Öldürülmesi ve Ayrıntıları ................................ 70 2.4.3. Bu dönemde Afganistan’da yaşanan gelişmeler ........................................... 73 2.4.4. Komünistlerin Yaptığı Sözde Reformlar ...................................................... 76 2.5. Hafizullah Amin İktidarı ...................................................................................... 79 2.5.1. Amin’in İktidar Hazırlığı ve Sovyetler Birliği: ............................................ 81 2.5.2. Sovyetlerin Amin’i Devirme Girişimleri ve Taraki’nin Devrilmesi ............ 88 2.5.3. Amin’in İktidara Gelişi ve Taraki’nin Öldürülmesi ..................................... 93 2.5.4. Kaçan Bakanları Amin’den Kurtarmak İçin Yapılan Sovyet Operasyonu . 101 2.5.5. Amin’in Kendini Kurtarma Çabaları ve Sovyetlerin İşgal Hazırlıkları ...... 102 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM 3. SOVYET İŞGALİ VE SONRASI .......................................................................... 122 3.1. Sovyetler Birliği’nin Afganistan’ı İşgalinin Sebepleri ...................................... 122 3.2. Sovyetler Birliği’nin Afganistan’ı İşgali ........................................................... 136 3.2.1. İşgalin Genişlemesi ..................................................................................... 147 3.2.2. Sovyetlerin Uyguladığı Strateji .................................................................. 152 3.2.3. Yapılan Tutuklamalar ................................................................................. 160 3.2.4. Sovyetler Birliği’nin Yayınladığı Bildiriler ................................................ 161 3.2.5. Halktan Gelen İlk Tepkiler ......................................................................... 165 3.2.5.1. KGB’nin Aldığı Propaganda Tedbirleri .............................................
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