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Technical Manual of Aquaponics Combined with Open Culture Adapting to Arid Regions

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Technical Manual of Aquaponics Combined with Open Culture Adapting to Arid Regions Technical Manual of Aquaponics Combined with Open Culture Adapting to Arid Regions Supervising Edition by Dr. Juan Ángel Larrinaga Mayoral Dr. Ilie Racotta Dimitrov and Dr. Satoshi Yamada Fukui Print Tottori/Japan 1 Technical Manual of Aquaponics Combined with Open Culture Adapting to Arid Regions Publication date: 21th May 2020 First impression of the first edition Supervising Edition: Dr. Juan Ángel Larrinaga Mayoral, Dr. Ilie Racotta Dimitrov and Dr. Satoshi Yamada Book Designe: Ms. Mina Yamada Printing and Publicaion : Fukui Print Miyanaga 21-4 Tottori City, Postal code, 680-0872, Japan Tel +81-857-37-4669 ISBN978-4-9907587-7-6 No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted by any electronic or mechanical means, without the consent of its authors. Recycled paper is used. 2 Table of Contents Preface ....................................................................................................................................2 1. Guideline of Aquaponics Combined with Open Culture Using Saline Water .....................5 2. Technical Manual for Operation of Aquaponics Combined with Open Culture ..................19 2-1 Technical Manual for Tilapia Farming in the Recirculating Aquaculture System .....19 2-2 Technical Manual for Hydroponics Using Aquaculture Wastewater .................... 39 2-3 Technical Manual for Open Culture Using Aquaponics Wastewater ..................... 67 2-3-1 Technical Manual for Water and Soil Management of Open Culture ............. 67 2-3-2 Technical Manual for Chili Pepper Production ............................................. 91 2-3-3 Technical Manual for Coriander Production ................................................. 127 2-3-4 Technical Manual for Table Beet Production................................................ 139 3. Technical Manual for Maintenance and Management of Aquaponics Combined with Open Culture ........................................................................................................147 3-1 Technical Manual for Hygiene Management ...................................................... 147 3-2 Technical Manual for Power Supply System: Maintenance and Management ... 167 4. Technical Manual for Management of Aquaponics Combined with Open Culture ............181 Postface ..............................................................................................................................204 Annex .................................................................................................................................207 1 Dr. Juan Ángel Larrinaga Mayoral Preface The need for the ability to produce food in environments with limited resources such as water and soil are a challenge for any society that demands better living conditions in any part of the world. Intensive food production systems that promote the efficient use of water resources are of vital importance to develop them in arid climate zones, and even more so, that they can be operated with the use of waters of moderate salinity, which are resources not used for food production today. For this reason, the Aquaponics project combined with open cultivation in arid areas, developed by the Government of Japan in conjunction with the Government of Mexico through the University of Tottori, the Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology by the The Japanese Government and the Northwestern Biological Research Center, S.C. (CIBNOR, S.C.), the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT), and the Secretary of Agriculture and Rural Development (SADER) by the Mexican Government, were oriented to develop the Scientific and technical knowledge, as well as actions for the dissemination of technology to local cooperating producers, who are the direct beneficiaries of the scientific work carried out. With this, it is expected to contribute to the well-being of society that requires making adequate use of its soil and water resources, as well as the insertion of its productive activities in the markets to achieve sustainable aquaponics in arid environments. Under this scenario, the results achieved in our studies allowed the use of waters with moderate salt content for the production of fish and vegetables, in addition to being able to give an end use to water in its application to irrigation in crops established in soil under the open culture. The aquaponics system combined with open-field cultivation was verified and its operation was highly adequate for its implementation as a strategy in the sustainable production of food, as well as the possibility of commercial operation in these arid environments. In this manual, a series of instructions are compiled as technical guides for the cultivation of fish and plants, as well as the operation of the energy supply and the observance of the health and safety of the crops, where the interested user can follow instructions for proper aquaponics system operation. It is important to note that, based on this aquaponics technique to produce food intensively, the following was achieved: 1) The use of brackish water, 2) Improve the efficiency of water use, 3) Promote the use of brackish water in the production of food, 4) Harvest food of animal and plant origin in arid areas, and finally, 5) Prevention of salinization in the soil. In addition, with the aquaponics system, it was possible to have zero carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere, with photovoltaic panels for energy supply as an alternative to establish these systems where there is no 2 Preface commercial electricity supply. It is important to highlight that the system needs to be microbiologically monitored to guarantee product safety and with it, the feasibility of proceeding with a certification of systems in organic food production. The results achieved through the research period led us to 1.- establish fish farming, with high density per cubic meter of water, 2.- less time to reach commercial size in tilapia, 3.- ability to offer high quality tilapia to markets and the 4.- feasibility of raising snook fish. For the hydroponic cultivation case, we can say that it is the first case with the purpose of removing sodium salts in the hydroponic cultivation solution and with it, to reduce the environmental impact when the water is transferred for irrigation to the cultivation in open ground - field. This particular management is of high importance in the purpose of salinity mitigation through the cultivation of plants with an affinity for sodium removal and of commercial interest for sale in markets. This particular case of salt removal from the hydroponic section is considered to be the first experiences carried out worldwide. We are confident that aquaponics production techniques combined with open culture have the possibility of being implemented in the State of B.C.S. in a first phase through a series of verification tests in the town of Los Planes, B.C.S. where the model site is located. This action will undoubtedly be a positive result of the project. If this aquaponics is disclosed and developed in the State of B.C.S., it may contribute to the economic development of the region, as well as to the competitive training of producers with an emphasis on quality demands of crops by the markets. In addition, the developed aquaponics system will contribute not only to the economic aspect but also to the environmental aspect. We hope that these results can be appropriated by the largest number of producers in arid zones to substantially improve the ability to produce food through the use of low-quality water that is not used in food production, and thereby providing a system of fish and vegetable production with the possibility of bringing food to the people who need it most. Sincerely, Dr. Juan Ángel Larrinaga Mayoral Research Leader Manager for the Group of Mexican Researchers Researcher, Agriculture Program in Arid Zone, Northwestern Biological Research Center, S. C. 3 4 1.Guideline of Aquaponics Combined with Project Manager;Op en Culture Using Saline Water Project Manager Dr. Satoshi Yamada1) and Dr. Ilie Racotta Dimitrov 2) Aquaculture group; Dr. Francisco Magallón2), Dr. Masato Endo3), Dr. Shigehide Iwata3) and Dr. Ayako Matsui3) Crop cultivation group; Dr. Bernardo Murillo-Amador2), Dr. Satoshi Yamada1), Dr. Mina Yamada1), Dr. Emi Kaburagi1) and Dr. Hideyasu Fujiyama1) Combination technology group. Dr. Enrique Troyo Diéguez 2), Dr. Koji Inosako1) and Dr. Tadaomi Saito1) Sanitary security group; Dr. Ramon Jaime Holguin Peña 2) and Dr. Takashi Baba1) Power supply group; Dr. Joaquín Gutiérrez2), Dr. Miguel Ángel Porta Gándara2) and Dr. Kotaro Tagawa1) Pre-extension group; Dr. Juan Ángel Larrinaga Mayoral 2), Dr. Takayuki Ando1) and Dr. Hajime Kobayashi1) 1) Tottori University, 2) Northwestern Biological Research Center (CIBNOR) and 3) Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology 55 Table of Contents . 1 GENERAL OUTLINE .................................................................................................... 7 2. OVERVIEW ..................................................................................................................... 8 3. IMPACT ........................................................................................................................... 9 3-1 AQUACULTURE .................................................................................................... 9 3-1-1 High rearing density of tilapia .......................................................................... 9 3-1-2 High growth rate and feed efficiency of the
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