Towards an Ecological Network for the Carpathians II

This publication is the result of the project entitled „Building of Carpathian Biodiversity Information System and design of the ecological network for Western Carpathians“ funded by Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt (DBU). Towards an Ecological Network for the Carpathians II

Contributors: Country experts on species and habitats: Czech Republic: Jiří Koptík, Pavel Marhoul, Jan Dušek (all Daphne CZ) Hungary: István-Csaba Botos, Csaba Szigetvari, David Kováts (E-misszió) Poland: Wojciech Mroz, Anna Zięcik, Kamil Najberek, Joanna Perzanowska, Katarzyna Staszyńska, Grzegorz Cierlik, Hanna Kuciel (all Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences) Slovakia: Katarína Hegedüšová, Ivan Jarolímek, Milan Valachovič (all Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences), Tomáš Dražil, Michal Adamec (both State Nature Conservancy), Ján Kliment (Comenius University Bratislava) PR expert: Martina Brinzíková-Badidová (Daphne SK) German project partner: Axel Paulsch, IBN – Institut fűr Biodiversität Regional coordination team: Viera Šefferová-Stanová, Ján Šeffer, Milan Janák, Rastislav Lasák (all Carpathian Ecoregion Initiative and Daphne SK), Anna Guttová (Carpathian Ecoregion Initiative)

Citation: Šeffer J., Lasák R., Šefferová-Stanová V., Janák M. & Guttová A. 2010: Towards an Ecological Network for the Carpathians II. Carpathian Ecoregion Initiative, Bratislava.

Photo credits: © Anna Guttová (page 1, 2, 8, 14, 23, 24, back cover), Viera Šefferová-Stanová (page 7, 11, 13, 15, 21), Richard Watzka (page 3, 8, 9, 16), Daniel Dítě (imprint page, page 22, 37), Katarína Hegedüšová (front cover, page 12), Peter Olekšák (page 10, 20), Mária Boďová (page 19), Mirko Bohuš (page 18), František Divok (page 17) Drawing credits and layout: © Richard Watzka, RWdesign Printing: CICERO, s.r.o., Bratislava

This project has been carried out and financed by Deutsche Bundesstifftung Umwelt (DBU). Table of Contents

Table of Contents

1. Preface ...... 2

2. Carpathian Biodiversity Information System ...... 3 2.1 Introduction ...... 3 2.2 Organisation of data collection ...... 4 2.3 Information system development ...... 5 2.4 Contents of the CBIS ...... 6 2.5 From CBIS to ecological network design – a method...... 6 2.6 Purpose, benefits and limitations of the CBIS...... 7

3. Results of the analyses and the proposed ecological network ...... 8 3.1 Carpathian habitat types...... 9 3.2 Important Carpathian animals...... 15 3.3 Carpathian plant species...... 21

4. Recommendations, relevance for Carpathian Conventions and further steps ...... 23

5. Annex ...... 24 5.1 List of alliances ...... 24 5.2 List of animal species ...... 29 5.3 List of plant species ...... 34

6. References ...... 37

1 Towards an Ecological Network for the Carpathians 1. Preface

The Western Carpathians are an outstanding area within the The idea of ecological network sensu lato emerged in differ- Carpathian arch, which is along with the Alpine one, the most ent parts of Europe long time ago (e.g. Lithuania and Estonia projecting mountain system in Europe. They represent one in the 70’s, the former Czechoslovakia was one of the first of the most significant natural refuges of the continent with countries where the idea of ecological network was integrated rich biodiversity, considerable range of forests, meadows, into the conservation policy). It was not until 1995 (3rd Minis- diverse scale of wetlands and a number or further interesting terial conference in Sofia) when up to 54 European countries biotopes. WWF included the Carpathians within “Global 200” endorsed the action to establish the Pan-European Ecologi- worldwide list of ecoregions noted for exceptional levels of cal Network as a part of the Pan-European Biological and biodiversity. Twenty three Western Carpathian biotopes, thir- Landscape Diversity Strategy. A part of the task set was to teen animal and twelve plant species are priority in terms of establish this ecological network within 20 years. In the Car- European Community legislation. A great contribution for un- pathian scope the task is underlined in the Article 4.5 of the derstanding the overall situation in the Carpathians is provid- Carpathian Convention stating, that the parties shall cooper- ed by “The Status of the Carpathians” (Webster et al. 2001), ate in developing an ecological network in the Carpathians, as which was prepared by WWF in 2001 as a result of two year a constituent part of the Pan-European Ecological Network. intensive work. Local experts of all the Carpathian countries CERI’s goal is to lead the design and development of a robust evaluated the knowledge on biodiversity and significant social ecological framework for a Living Carpathians and supported and economic factors which influence its status. This initial and inspired its implementation in all seven Carpathian Coun- stage was followed up by the BBI-Matra project, the aim of tries. Building bricks how to achieve this goal are the activi- which was to contribute to the design the Carpathian Ecologi- ties leading to the design of the regional – Carpathian ecological Network in Romania, Ukraine and Serbia. This project cal network. In the period of 2006 - 2009 CERI implemented significantly contributed to the safeguarding of a coherent the project “Development of a Carpathian Ecological Network” action in building an ecological network in the Carpathians of Wageningen International, supported by BBI-Matra. By (Zingstra et al. 2009). means of CERI’s member organisations and cooperating organisations (Orbicon, Daphne, Alterra, ECNC, Interim Secre- The aim of international treaties and conventions (e.g. the tariat of Carpathian Convention, WWF-DCP) biodiversity and Convention on Biological Diversity, Ramsar Convention, the socio-economic data collection was realized on the territories Carpathian Convention, Alpine Convention, etc.) is to make of the three South-Eastern Carpathian countries – Ukraine, the process of protection and sustainable use of bio- and Romania and Serbia so as to build up joint Carpathian Biodi- landscape – diversity more effective. An effective protection versity Information System (CBIS) as a basic precondition to or conservation stems from sufficient knowledge and un- work out a concept for a Carpathian Ecological Network. derstanding of current status of biodiversity, the processes, which shape it as well as the manners how the biological It was, however, desirable to start complementary process of diversity is used. the design of an ecological network in the remaining Carpathi- an countries – in Slovakia, Poland, Hungary and the Czech Re- The area of the Western Carpathians stretches through the public. This important step was supported by DBU (Deutsche territories of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland and Hun- Bundesstifftung Umwelt) as a project Building of Carpathian gary, which predestines common action and policy to solve Biodiversity Information System and design of the ecological the problems. The CERI’s attitude towards the protection of network for the Western Carpathians (“Aufbau des Carpathian this area is based on cooperation and participation, large Biodiversity Information System und Vorschläge für einen scale action range and common vision. This approach is in grenzüberschreitended Biotopverbund in den Westkarpaten”) full accordance with the concept of ecological networks, the realized by core team of IBN – Institut für Biodiversität, CERI, aim of which is to provide a planning framework for sustain- Daphne SR – Institute of Applied Ecology, Daphne CZ – Insti- able development and biodiversity protection within the core tute of Applied Ecology, Institute of Botany – Slovak Academy areas, containing important ecosystems, habitats, landscapes of Sciences, E-misszió Environmental Association and Institute and/or species populations through their mutual interconnec- of Nature Conservation – Polish Academy of Sciences. The re- tion by corridors, but also beyond them as well. sults of this fruitful cooperation are presented in this report.

2 2. Carpathian Biodiversity Information System 2. Carpathian Biodiversity Information System

2.1 Introduction

Carpathian Biodiversity Information System (CBIS) is a tool units and altitudinal range of distributions (based on the af- gathering published or recorded but non-published data on finity of habitats and species to altitude) were gathered. As the occurrence of the selected elements of the Carpathian bio- a result of this process, the CBIS acquired the information diversity, namely the plant and animal species and habitats. on distribution of 513 species and habitats in more than It is being built by country experts with practical experience 13 thousand sites. This system was made available for anyone with these natural elements in the field, benefiting also from interested through http://www.carpates.org/cbis.html. Selec- the existing national and international databases. The CBIS is tion of species and habitats followed the requirement that managed by Daphne – Institute of Applied Ecology on behalf they should help to define the areas that must be included of CERI. in the ecological network, being the central building blocks. There must be sufficient knowledge of them, including their The process of building the CBIS initiated in 1999, in the distribution and status, to allow them to be mapped and un- course of preparation of the report “The Status of the Car- derstood. By the end of the project, the CBIS developed into pathians”. It was assumed that careful planning in the region a unique database presenting information on the treasury of needs to be based on a full outline of its unique wealth of bio- biodiversity across the Carpathians. One of the advantages diversity. Thus Focal Species (4 species of large carnivores, is also that it presents a compatible habitat descriptions and 8 other mammal species, 22 bird species, 7 species of reptiles interpretation across the country borders. However, there and amphibians and 20 species of invertebrates) as well as are still its limitations, which are intended to be eliminated Focal Habitats were selected. Information on their occurrences with future work. This database, along with a robust pool of in the Carpathians was collected on the level of orographical data on socio-economic aspects of the territory, enabled to units, as working spatial units, which created the basis of the design the proposed ecological network for the Carpathians in CBIS. This data enabled to characterize the biodiversity value Ukraine, Romania and Serbia. of these units. Next, incorporating a set of socio-economic data into the system, the “Priority Areas for Nature Conserva- One of the crucial tasks of the current project was to collect tion”, encompassing the most important natural Carpathian and feed the CBIS with compatible information from the ter- large-scale areas with the most urgent need of protection ritory of the Western Carpathian countries – Czech Republic, were identified through GIS technology. They constituted 15% Poland, Slovakia and Hungary. The work was coordinated by of all the area of the Carpathians (33 462 km2). These areas Carpathian Ecoregion Initiative. The data gathering was per- covered 43% of the declared protected areas (26 178 km2). formed by the CERI members, in each country represented by contracted experts. Each expert team included a GIS expert, Activities realized under the project “Development of an Eco- zoologist, botanist and an expert on vegetation. The purpose logical Network for the Carpathians”, which was implemented of the data gathering was further analysis to design a pro- from April 2006 to April 2009 and funded by BBI-Matra, posal for ecological network, as a planning instrument for meant a significant step forward in the building of CBIS. The sustainable development in the Western Carpathians. The Car- base of data was substantially enriched and comprised the pathian Biodiversity Information System is available through facts on the occurrence of 148 habitats, 201 plants, 133 ani- the CERI website http://www.carpates.org/cbis.html. The Sys- mals and 31 freshwater features. Their occurrences were tem is flexible and living, intended to be regularly updated. recorded again in orograhical units, the delineation of which, however, undergone substantial refinement in GIS environ- ment. For Annex I and II priority habitats and species of the EU Habitats Directive, precise information on the location was collected. Besides this, the affinity to CORINE Land Cover

3 Towards an Ecological Network for the Carpathians II

2.2 Organisation of data collection

The organisation of the data collection was compatible with per pixel). The country GIS experts checked and refined the the one from the project carried out in the South-Eastern borders and also the names of the orographical units. They part of the Carpathians, with some improvements, consider- delivered it to the CERI GIS expert for further processing into ing the lessons learnt. The first step of the data gathering the database. The project area covers 148 orographical unit process was assessment of availability and reliability of data on the total area of 72 978 km2 (Fig. 1). on biological and geographical aspects in the four countries, The working checklists for habitat types, plants and animal including availability and reliability of maps and databases species were assembled and spread to country experts, who storing biodiversity data. This was done through standard revised them. The revised checklists include (cf. Annex): work-sheets prepared for country experts. The experts collected far up to 250 references on vegetation, plants, animals, zz169 endemic and Habitat Directive II plant species water, abiota, maps and geodata and existing databases. (240 species were revised) These references were incorporated into the databases on the zz137 semi-natural and occurrences of species and alliances by CERI GIS expert. The natural habitats, rep- databases were later distributed back to the country experts resented by alliances, and they were filling in the data on distribution of the species including Habitat Direc- and alliances. tive Annex I habitat Next a pair of parallel running activities followed, namely types (147 alliances refinement of the borders of the orographical units (basic spa- were revised) tial working units) and preparation of reference lists of plant zz248 focal species (im- and animal species and habitats per country. The division of portant for biodiversity the Carpathian area into orographical units was used also in of the Carpathians) the South-Eastern part of the Carpathians. The package of and Habitat Directive source documents was prepared for country GIS experts to Annex II animal spe- perform the work – existing boundaries of orographical units cies (256 species were in “Pulkovo_1942_GK_Zone_4” and “GCS_WGS_1984” pro- revised) jection systems. Further resources which were needed for the work were general geographical map or other GIS resource Fig. 2. User data form in scale 1:200 000 (e.g. Digital Elevation Model with 90 m of the alliance database.

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4 2. Carpathian Biodiversity Information System

2.3 Information system development

For enhancement of the existing CBIS with the data from the Braun-Blanquet approach for vegetation research, is the the Western Carpathian countries, four national databases vegetation unit, which was used for interpretation of the were tailored and distributed to the country teams through habitats of European conservation interest within the Natura CERI website. Into the database, the information on the oc- 2000 network. For clear understanding of the alliance con- currences of the species and habitats per orographical units cept, a short description was added to each of the alliance. were entered, as well as the affinity of the species or habitat Description of alliances was mainly following publication of to the main CORINE Land cover types and to altitudinal range. Rodwell at al. (2002), but in several cases national vegetation This enables to produce distributional maps for the species literature was used. Vegetation classification system differ and habitats. For priority species and alliances, moreover, the slightly between countries and it was important to agree on precise spatial data (geographical coordinates) were collected. the same ecological understanding and definition of alliances. Alliance (in few cases level of sub-alliance was used), an eco- For each species and alliance an information on relevance to logical unit within the classification of the vegetation through NATURA 2000 was filled in (Fig. 2 ). Our focus was only on natural and semi-natural alliances. Ruderal alliances which are stronly influenced by human activities were excuded and data on occurrences were not collected. Plant species diversity is highlighted by endemic and Natura 2000 plant species. Problematic species, varietas and apomictic species (as Ru- bus, Alchemilla, Taraxacum) were excluded. Data on type of endemism were collected also. Our focus was on Carpathian endemic and subendemic species. Among them are endemics with a wide distribution in the whole Carpathians, Western or Eastern and Southern Carpathians, and also stenochoric endemics limited to particular Carpathian ranges. Endemic species of other phytogeographical units (for example Pan- nonian), even occuring in the Carpathian orographical units were excluded. Definition of type of endemism was mainly following publication of Kliment (1992), but in many cases national references were used.

Czech Republic p3 Pogórze Ciężkowickie p33 Pogórze Spisko- s23 Podtatranská brázda s55 Volovské vrchy c1 Jablunkovské mezihoří p4 Rów Skawiński Gubałowskie (východ) s56 Starohorské vrchy c2 Mikulovská vrchovina p5 Pogórze Wielickie p34 Rów Podtatrzański s24 Podtatranská brázda s57 Horehronské podolie c3 Ždánický les p6 Pogórze Wiśnickie p35 Tatry Zachodnie (západ) s58 Myjavská pahorkatina c4 Litenčická pahorkatina p7 Podgórze Wilamowickie p36 Tatry Wschodnie s25 Levočské vrchy s59 Považský Inovec c5 Chřiby p8 Pogórze Rożnowskie Slovakia s26 Považské podolie s60 Veporské vrchy c6 Kyjovská pahorkatina p9 Pogórze Śląskie s1 Oravské Beskydy s27 Popradská kotlina s61 Kremnicke vrchy c7 Vizovická vrchovina p10 Pogórze Przemyskie s2 Podbeskydská brázda s28 Zapadné Tatry s62 Stolické vrchy c8 Bílé Karpaty p11 Beskid Mały s3 Jablunkovské s29 Žilinská kotlina s63 Muránska planina c9 Javorníky p12 Beskid Wyspowy medzihorie s30 Strážovské vrchy s64 Revúcka vrchovina c10 Podbeskydská p13 Beskid Makowski s4 Moravsko-sliezske s31 Malá Fatra s65 Malé Karpaty pahorkatina p14 Kotlina Jasielsko- Beskydy s32 Belianské Tatry s66 Zvolenská kotlina c11 Hostýnsko-vsetínská -Krośnieńska s5 Turzovská vrchovina s33 Vysoké Tatry s67 Vtáčnik hornatina p15 Obniżenie Gorlickie s6 Kysucké Beskydy s34 Chočské vrchy s68 Poľana c12 Moravskoslezské p16 Beskid Śląski s7 Podbeskydská s35 Biele Karpaty s69 Žiarska kotlina Beskydy p17 Kotlina Żywiecka vrchovina s36 Veľká Fatra s70 Slovenský kras c13 Slezke beskydy p18 Pogórze Jasielskie s8 Oravská kotlina s37 Bukovské vrchy s71 Rožňavská kotlina c14 Jablunkovská brázda p19 Góry Sanocko- s9 Ondavská vrchovina s38 Liptovská kotlina s72 Tríbeč c15 Rožnovská brázda -Turczańskie s10 Laborecka vrchovina s39 Turčianska kotlina s73 Štiavnické vrchy Hungary p20 Pogórze Bukowskie s11 Busov s40 Bachureň s74 Rimavská kotlina h1 Mátra p21 Kotlina Rabczańska s12 Javorníky s41 Beskydské predhorie s75 Javorie h2 Bükk p22 Kotlina Sądecka s13 Kysucká vrchovina s42 Branisko s76 Pliešovská kotlina h4 Hevesi-dombvidék p23 Pasmo Babiogórskie s14 Ľubovnianska vrchovina s43 Šarišská vrchovina s77 Bodvianska pahorkatina h5 Aggtelek-Rudabányai- p24 Beskid Niski (východ) s44 Kozie chrbty (východ) -hegyvidék p25 Gorce s15 Ľubovnianska vrchovina s45 Košická kotlina s79 Bodvianska pahorkatina h6 Tokaj-Zempléni- p26 Beskid Orawsko- (západ) s46 Ďumbierske Tatry (západ) -hegyvidék -Podhalański s16 Pieniny s47 Hornádska kotlina s80 Pohronský Inovec h7 Cserehát p27 Beskid Żywiecki s17 Spišská Magura s48 Kráľovohoľské Tatry s81 Ostrôžky h8 Börzsöny p28 Działy Orawskie s18 Oravská Magura s49 Slánske vrchy s82 Zemplínske vrchy h9 Cserhát p29 Beskid Sądecki s19 Oravská vrchovina s50 Žiar s83 Lučenská kotlina h10 Borsodi-dombság p30 Bieszczady Zachodnie s20 Skorušínské vrchy s51 Slovenský raj s84 Krupinská planina Poland p31 Kotlina Orawsko- s21 Spišsko-šarišské s52 Hornonitrianska kotlina s85 Cerová vrchovina p1 Pogórze Strzyżowskie -Nowotarska medzihorie s53 Čierna hora s86 Ipeľská kotlina p2 Pogórze Dynowskie p32 Pieniny s22 Čergov s54 Vihorlatské vrchy s87 Burda

5 Towards an Ecological Network for the Carpathians II

2.4 Contents of the CBIS

Habitats zzNumber of occurrences in orounits: 1 690 zzNumber of alliances: 137 (147 checked) zzNumber of precise locations GIS layers: 7 zzNumber of occurrences in orounits: 3127 Animal species zzNumber of precise locations GIS layers: 34 zzNumber of animal species: 248 (256 checked) Plant species zzNumber of occurrences in orounits: 5 443 zzNumber of plant species: 169 (240 checked) zzNumber of precise locations GIS layers: 10

2.5 From CBIS to ecological network design – a method

The results of the planning system developed for South- 1. significance of the species/habitats: -Eastern Carpathians pointed at several pecularities of the zzCarpathian scope → endemics, Carpathian mountains. Main specificity is “too natural”, or zzNatura 2000 scope → Annexes “too much biodiversity” character of this area, comparing to the other regions, where the method for design of ecological 2. occurrence of species/habitats in the country taking into network was applied. Benefit of the applied approach was, account its total distribution: that it provided objective/”more objective” selection of suit- zz(widely spread in the country and also in the surrounding able core areas. This is, however, in the natural conditions of country, edge of its distributional area – thus rare in the the Carpathians still a preliminary step, because additional country, centre of distribution in the country, rare in the information from zoologists, botanists and habitat experts country and only there) was needed for more detailed selection of “spots” from the 3. if there are only a few localities (e.g. 5) all of them are preselected “cloud”. This was an incentive for the discussion included to explore the possibilities for further work with data collected from the Western Carpathians searching for an alternative approach. A 3-criteria approach for a sufficient ecological network was considered: 1. it covers sufficient area of distribution of the species/ habitat (sufficient means at least 20%, and 60% for important or priority species/ habitats) – this equals the targets set for the system, which was used for South- Eastern Carpathians (Zing- stra et al. 2009 with the references there in). 2. it covers top localities (in this case orographical units) of the species/habitat 3. it is coherent – meaning it evenly covers area of distribution Taking into consideration these assumptions, the focus was tar- geted on the following items:

Fig. 3. Example of on-line system of CBIS for habitat types

6 2. Carpathian Biodiversity Information System

Following these assumptions, country experts selected top The experts, based on their knowledge and experience, select- orographical units for species/habitats (Top orographical ed so called „top-orographical units“ for the selected species units mean, that if these are not included, the “network” is and habitats. Draft maps were prepared, featuring the ele- not sufficient). To secure coherence of the “network”, it was ments of endemism, NATURA 2000, habitats (with subgroups important to include orographical units throughout the whole of alpine and subalpine habitat types, forest habitat types, distributional area. The information on top orographical units open and semi-natural habitat types, grassland habitat types, was given for selected species/habitats from the lists: wetland habitat types and NATURA 2000 habitat types) and all habitats and species. These were commented by experts zzplants – Annex II species and Carpathian endemic plants from the region on a meeting and then finalized so as they zzanimals – Annex II species and birds depict the most accurate assessment of the situation. zzhabitats – Annex I habitats For determination of the areas with the highest biodiversity further information was collected from the experts through an interactive on-line system, which was developed for this purpose (see Fig. 3).

2.6 Purpose, benefits and limitations of the CBIS

Carpathian Biodiversity Information System is: Besides the fact that the CBIS is the best available data source for the distribution of biodiversity data across the Car- zza unique database presenting information about the pathians, one should take into account that: wealth of biological diversity for the whole of the Car- pathians zzonly published data and involved experts opinions are zza solid basis for the creation of a list of Carpathian en- used, data were not verified in the field demic plants, animals and habitats zzthe methodologies of gathering and assessing the data in zzan indispensable tool for careful planning of various the Carpathian countries differ slightly kinds of infrastructure, the development of tourism, min- zzblank spots on the distribution maps (indicating no ing activities and the development of agriculture records of that conservation target) occur possibly due to zzthe advantage of the CBIS is that it presents a compat- a lack of research in that area, with the result that there ible habitat description and interpretation across country may be no data available borders zzland cover and altitude affinities result in potential distributions zzaffinities to land use and altitude are based partly on estimates zzas a result of previous points, potential distribution can be overestimated Towards an Ecological Network for the Carpathians II 3. Results of the analyses and the proposed ecological network

Suggestions from the project experts were collected and existing habitats than the restoration or creation of artificial cor- incorporated into the Carpathian Biodiversity Information ridors. The design of the ecological network in the Carpathians is System as well as to the process of elaboration of the project more about predicting the decline of natural habitats and species. results – a set of synthetic maps being the first step to the identification of core areas and corridors of the ecological network. In the synthetic maps, the areas are assigned to the three categories: “not important“, „very important“ and „important“. This is based on the number of conservation features (e.i. species/habitats) in the orographical units, using the scaling of the data set through natural breaking method. The maps show that the area of Western Carpathians remains relatively rich in biodiversity. Thus, the design of an ecological network on one hand is easier than in other areas, as there is a greater number of areas to choose from, but on the other hand the concrete allocation of core areas and corridors will be more complicated. Crucial aspect is to find management solutions to .JF MF D 

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3.1 Carpathian habitat types

Database of Western Carpathians contains 137 habitats (al- Alpine and subalpine habitat types liances) in total (see Annex 5.1), which is a great habitat diversity. Very important and richest are following orographi- 30 habitats are occurring in subalpine and alpine zone of cal units: Veľká Fatra Mts. (60 alliances), Západné Tatry, Malá Western Carpathians, some of them are partly endemic or Fatra and Ďumbierske Tatry (more than 50 alliances per endemic. The Tatry Mountains, constitute a mountain range unit). Those mountain ranges are rich in geological substrate, which forms a natural border between Slovakia and Poland. predominantly calcareous, which is reflected in species and This is the highest mountain range of the Carpathians. Al- habitat diversity. Malé Karpaty and Muránska planina (Slova- though considerably smaller than the Alps, they are classified kia), Bükk and Tokaj-Zempléni-hegyvidék (Hungary) contain as having an alpine landscape. The Tatry Mountains together between 45 to 49 habitats. with Ďumbierske Tatry (part of the Nízke Tatry Mountains) are the most important in respect to occurrence of alpine and subalpine habitats. Festucion carpaticae, Festucion versicoloris, Juncion trifidi and Seslerion tatrae are endemic Juncus trifidus natural grassland communities occurring on alpine belts of central mountains of Western Carpathians. Papaverion tatrici Papaver is endemic alliance of alpine limestone-scree communities of tatricum Tatry Mountains.

Sesleria tatrae Ďumbierske Tatry

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( Z P S ,JMPNFUFST  # VE B Q F T U  9 Towards an Ecological Network for the Carpathians II

Forest habitat types Natural forests are important feature of the Carpathians. 26 forest habitat types – from low mountain oak forests, through beech-oak mixtures to beech, beech-conifer mixtures to conifer woodland. The forests show an incredible natural diversity. Biggest diversity of habitat types was recorded in Volovské vrchy, Malé Karpaty, Malá Fatra, Veľká Fatra, Veporské vrchy, Západné Tatry, Ďumbierske Tatry, Muránska planina, Popradská kotlina and Považský Inovec in Slovakia, Bükk, Matra, Tokaj-Zempléni-hegyvidék in Hungary and Pien- iny in Poland. The largest part of deciduous woodland of Car- pathians is composed from beech woods, which are divided into tree ecological groups. Beech and mixed beech-fir woods are within Fagion sylvaticae alliance. Luzulo-Fagion alliance represents acidophilous beech forests and Cephalantero- -Fagion are thermophilous beech forests mostly on limestone. Pulsatillo slavicae-Pinion are relict pine and larch forests on calcareous substrate in the Carpathians. It is endemic habitat which provides good ecological conditions for many endemic species. As an example we can mention Pulsatilla slavica, which is Western Carpathian endemic.

Pulsatilla slavica Pulsatillo slavicae-Pinion

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( Z P S ,JMPNFUFST  # VE B Q F T U  10 3. Results of the analyses and the proposed ecological network

Open and semi-natural habitat types Of the 137 habitat types identified, 78 % are open and semi-natural habitats, which support valuable biodiversity. Very important orographical units are Veľká Fatra, Ďumbierske Tatry, Západné Tatry, Muránska planina, Malé Karpaty and Malá Fatra in Slovakia, Tatry Zachodnie and Tatry Wschodnie in Poland, Cserhát and Tokaj- Zempléni-hegyvidék in Hungary. It includes the whole scale of habitats from fresh water habitats, mires, grasslands, screes and scrubs. For example, Salicion herbaceae are dwarf-willow and moss dominated communities of snow-beds on lime-poor soils and rocks.

Salix herbacea

Západné Tatry

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( Z P S ,JMPNFUFST  # VE B Q F T U  11 Towards an Ecological Network for the Carpathians II

Grassland habitat types Meadows and pastures are the most widespread semi-natural habitats in the Western Carpathians. They were created by man and conditioned by traditional and present management. Meadows are mostly species-rich and greatly enhance local species diversity. We have 21 grassland alliances in the database. From the map showing the data on the distribution of these features in the Western Carpathians it is evident that very important orographical units are Veľká Fatra, Liptovská kotlina and Biele Karpaty in Slovakia, Cserhát, Mátra and Tokaj-Zempléni-hegyvidék in Hungary, Bílé Karpaty in the Czech Republic, Pieniny in Poland. For example montane mesophilous meadows of the alliance Polygono bistortae- -Trisetion flavescentis are typical semi-natural grasslands occurred mainly as small islands over calcareous bedrocks. In the past the meadows were cut twice a year in combination with occasional grazing. Recently, most of these meadows remain unmown and they are seriously endangered by succession and afforestation.

Trisetum flavescens

Polygono bistortae-Trisetion flavescentis

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( Z P S ,JMPNFUFST  # VE B Q F T U  12 3. Results of the analyses and the proposed ecological network

Wetland habitat types Wetlands in the Carpathians are usually small scale, but their diversity is high. We have 51 wetland habitats in the database. From the map showing the data on the distribution of these features in the Western Carpathians it is evident that very important orographical units are Cserhád in Hungary, Popradská kotlina, Liptovská kotlina, Turčianska kotlina, Revúcka vrchovina, Veľká Fatra and Biele Karpaty in Slovakia, Bílé Karpaty in Czech Republic and Gorce in Poland. Fens are typical small scale wetlands of the Carpathians, characteristic by accumulation of peat in anaerobic conditions. Alkaline fens of Caricion davallianae alliance is a community of open low- -growing small sedge vegetation. Caricion fuscae is vegetation of acid oligo-mes- Carex davalliana otrophic fens.

Rakša, Turčianska kotlina

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( Z P S ,JMPNFUFST  # VE B Q F T U  13 Towards an Ecological Network for the Carpathians II

Natura 2000 habitat types Vegetation classification is a basis for interpretation of habitats of European conservation interest within Natura 2000 network. We have recorded 99 habitats of European importance and out of them are 32 priority habitats within Western Carpathians. Very important orographical units are Bükk, Cserhát and Tokaj-Zempléni-hegyvidék in Hungary, Tatry Zachodnie and Tatry Wschodnie in Poland, Veľká Fatra, Zá- padné Tatry, Malá Fatra and Muránska planina in Slovakia. For example habitat 6210 are Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco- Brometalia). It is defined as priority habitat when it is important orchid site. It covers range of dry grassland alliances as Bromion erecti, Cirsio-Brach- ypodion pinnati and Festucion valesiacae. They are among the most species-rich plant communities in Europe and contain a large number of rare and endangered species.

Festuca valesiaca

Bromus erectus Hrdzavá dolina, Muránska planina

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( Z P S ,JMPNFUFST  # VE B Q F T U  14 3. Results of the analyses and the proposed ecological network

3.2 Important Carpathian animals

In order to identify the core areas for conservation of animal Wetland and fresh water animals diversity in the Western Carpathians the 258 focal animal taxa were divided into 6 ecological groups with the following From the map showing the data on the distribution of these number of taxa included: features in the Western Carpathians it is evident that very important orographical units for wetland and fresh water ani- Ecological Number Number mals include Aggtelek-Rudabányai-hegyvidék, Borsodi-domb- group of taxa of endemic taxa ság, Börzsöny, Bükk, Cserehát and Tokaj-Zempléni-hegyvidék Alpine 28 17 in Hungary, Bieszczady Zachodnie and Pasmo Babiogórskie Forest 104 47 in Poland and Beskydské predhorie, Bukovské vrchy, Košická Non-forest 44 12 kotlina, Laborecká vrchovina, Ondavská vrchovina, Považské Underground habitats 3 1 podolie and Turčianska kotlina in Slovakia. These orographical units are important for number of animal taxa, such as en- Water 51 17 demic fresh water lamprey Eudontomyzon danfordi, number Wetland 18 4 of fish e.g. Barbus meridionalis (B. carpathicus), Gobio TOTAL 248 98 albipinnatus, G. kessleri, Misgurnus fossilis, Sabanejewia aurata, Zingel streber, amphibians e.g. endemic Triturus montandoni, invertebrates – Coenagrion ornatum, Leucor- The data on the distribution of animal taxa in the Western rhinia pectoralis, Unio crassus, Vertigo angustior, V. geyeri, Carpathians were then compiled into several synthetic maps V. moulinsiana, Sadleriana pannonica. based on the affiliation of taxa to the ecological group and endemism. Special synthetic map presenting data on the 96 Habitats Directive Annex II taxa of all ecological groups was also developed.

Unio Vertigo Eudontomyzon danfordi crassus geyeri .JF MF D 

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( Z P S ,JMPNFUFST  # VE B Q F T U  15 Towards an Ecological Network for the Carpathians II

Alpine animals In case of animal taxa connected to alpine habitats the most and Muránska planina in Slovakia. These units represent vast important orographical units in the Western Carpathians mountain ranges with presence of noteworthy species such are Tatry Wschodnie, Tatry Zachodnie, Pasmo Babiogórskie, as Anthus spinoletta, Prunella collaris, Clubiona alpicola, Bieszczady Zachodnie in Poland, Vysoké Tatry, Západné Tatry Faustina rossmaessleri, Bombus pyrenaeus, Branchinecta and Belianske Tatry in Slovakia. Here the alpine habitats paludosa, etc. host several important animal species including endemic invertebrates Duvaliopsis pilosella, Hypogastrura tatrica, Carpathobyrrhulus tatricus, Faustina cingulella, Trechus striatulus etc., but also vertebrates such as Microtus tatricus, Marmota marmota latirostris and Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica. Other important orographical units with presence of animal taxa connected to alpine habitats include Moravsko- slezské Beskydy in the Czech Republic, Bükk and Cserhát in Hungary, Beskid Zywiecki, Beskid Slaski and Gorce in Poland and Ďumbierske Tatry, Kráľovoholské Tatry, Bukovské vrchy, Oravské Beskydy, Veľká Fatra, Malá Fatra, Chočské vrchy

Rupicapra Veľký Choč Branchinecta paludosa rupicapra tatrica .JF MF D 

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( Z P S ,JMPNFUFST  # VE B Q F T U  16 3. Results of the analyses and the proposed ecological network

Endemic animals Based on the analysis the Bieszczady Zachodnie in Poland unanimously holds the highest number of endemic animal taxa (altogether 60 animal taxa). Other orographical units important for animal endemism includes mostly highest mountains such as Pasmo Babiogórskie (29 taxa), Tatry Wschodnie and Tatry Zachodnie in Poland, Moravskoslezské Beskydy (19 taxa) and Bílé Karpaty in the Czech Republic and Buko- vské vrchy (20 taxa), Vysoké Tatry, Malá Fatra, Veľká Fatra, Vihorlatské vrchy, Belianske Tatry, Ďumbierske Tatry, Západné Tatry and Liptovská kotlina in Slovakia, etc. These areas hold many endemic taxa such as Bielzia coerulans, Pseudogau- rotina excellens, Deltomerus carpathicus, Duvalius subterraneus, Carabus obsoletus, Eudontomyzon danfordi, Mar- mota marmota latirostris, Microtus tatricus, Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica, Triturus montandoni, Vestia gulo, Pterostichus tatricus, Sclerophaedon carpathicus, Silpha atrata carpathica, Leptusa carpathica, Spelaeodiscus tatricus, Stenus carpathicus etc. From the view point of endemism also karst areas are important, such as Slovenský kras and Slovenský raj in Slovakia and Aggtelek-Rudabányai-hegyvidék in Hungary. One of most numerous group are molluscs including endemic taxa Vestia elata, V. turgida, Petasina unidentata carpatica, Sadleriana pannonica, Alopia bielzii clathrata, Chondrina tatrica etc.

Triturus montandoni Bielzia coerulans .JF MF D 

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( Z P S ,JMPNFUFST  # VE B Q F T U  17 Towards an Ecological Network for the Carpathians II

Forest animals The largest portion of focal animal taxa (104 out of 248 in hipposideros, Ursus arctos, birds Aegolius funereus, Aquila total) is associated with forest habitat types. The most im- chrysaetos, A. pomarina, Bonasa bonasia, Bubo bubo, portant orographical unit for this ecological group of animals Ciconia nigra, Dendrocopos leucotos, Falco peregrinus, seems to be the Bieszczady Zachodnie in Poland with the Glaucidium passerinum etc., amphibians Bombina variegata, total of 67 taxa present. Other very important orographical Triturus alpestris, T montandoni and many invertebrates e.g. units (with more than 35 taxa present) include Tokaj-Zemplé- Carabus zawadszkii, Cerambyx cerdo, Cucujus cinnaberinus, ni-hegyvidék (46 taxa), Aggtelek-Rudabányai-hegyvidék, Bükk Rosalia alpina, etc. and Mátra in Hungary, Moravskoslezské Beskydy (36 taxa) in the Czech Republic, Bukovské vrchy (44 taxa), Muránska planina, Štiavnické vrchy, Veľká Fatra, Volovské vrchy, Slanské vrchy, Slovenský kras, Vihorlatské vrchy, Malá Fatra, Laborecká vrchovina, Kremnické vrchy, Kráľovoholské Tatry, Poľana, Be- skydské predhorie, Ďumbierske Tatry and Zvolenská kotlina in Slovakia, Beskid Niski (35 taxa) in Poland. These units provide favourable conditions for many noteworthy forest animal species of the Western Carpathians including mammals and large carnivores Bison bonasus, Canis lupus, Felis sylvestris, Lynx lynx, Myotis bechsteini, Myotis emarginatus, Rhinolophus

Bison bonasus Ciconia nigra

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( Z P S ,JMPNFUFST  # VE B Q F T U  18 3. Results of the analyses and the proposed ecological network

Animals of non-forest habitats Western Carpathians are also rich in non-forest habitats such invertebrates Colias myrmidone, Eriogaster catax, Lycaena as grasslands, rocky habitats, screes and ravines etc. These dispar, Maculinea alcon, M. arion, M. nausithous, M. teleius, habitat types host many animal species noteworthy from Parnassius apollo, Isophya costata, I. stysi, Paracalopte- nature conservation viewpoint. According to our analysis the nus caloptenoides, Stenobothrus eurasius, Pseudopodisma highest portion of focal animal taxa associated with non-for- nagyi, Plicuteria lubomirskii, Helix lutescens, etc.; birds Crex est habitats is present in orographical units with traditionally crex, Emberiza cia, Lanius minor, Monticola saxatilis, Tetrao high portion of traditionally used (agri-) cultural landscapes tetrix, Tichodroma muraria, Upupa epops and also mammals such as Bílé Karpaty in the Czech Republic (15 taxa), Tokaj- such as Spermophilus (Citellus) citellus. -Zempléni-hegyvidék (24 taxa), Aggtelek-Rudabányai-hegy- vidék and Bükk, in Hungary, Bieszczady Zachodnie (17 taxa) in Poland, Slovenský kras (16 taxa) and Muránska Planina in Slovakia. Characteristic taxa of this ecological group include

Upupa epops

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( Z P S ,JMPNFUFST  # VE B Q F T U  19 Towards an Ecological Network for the Carpathians II

Natura 2000 animals Analysis of the data on the presence of animal taxa listed in lutra, Lynx lynx, Miniopterus schreibersi, Myotis blythii, Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive 92/43/EC (94 species, M. dasycneme, M. myotis, Rhinolophus euryale, R. fer- 12 of them priority species) shows that the most important rumequinum, Ursus arctos, invertebrates Austropotamobius orographical units are those located on the borders of biogeo- torrentium, Cordulegaster heros, Dioszeghyana schmidtii, graphical regions where both mountain (Carpathian) and Pan- Euphydryas aurinia, Gortyna borelii lunata, Hypodryas ma- nonian elements are present. The highest number of focal HD turna, Leptidea morsei, Lycaena helle, Nymphalis vaualbum, Annex II animal taxa was recorded in Aggtelek-Rudabányai-he- Bolbelasmus unicornis, Boros schneideri, Carabus hungari- gyvidék in Hungary (56 taxa). Other orographical units falling cus, C. variolosus, C. zawadszkii, Cerambyx cerdo, Cucujus into ‘very important’ category are Tokaj-Zempléni-hegyvidék, cinnaberinus, Limoniscus violaceus, Osmoderma eremita, Bükk, Börzsöny, Borsodi-dombság and Mátra in Hungary, Phryganophilus ruficollis, Pholidoptera transsylvanica, etc. Košická kotlina, Bukovské vrchy, Malé Karpaty, Štiavnické vrchy, Beskydské predhorie, Ondavská vrchovina, Slovenský kras and Laborecká vrchovina in Slovakia. The variety of HD Annex II animal taxa present in Western Carpathians include fish and lampreys Aspius aspius, Cobitis taenia, Cottus gobio, Eudontomyzon danfordi, E. mariae, Gobio kessleri, Gymno- cephalus baloni, Lampetra planeri, Zingel streber, Z. zingel, amphibians and reptiles Bombina bombina, B. variegata, Emys orbicularis, Triturus cristatus, T. dobrogicus, mammals Barbastella barbastellus, Canis lupus, Castor fiber, Lutra

Gymnocephalus baloni Myotis myotis

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( Z P S ,JMPNFUFST  # VE B Q F T U  20 3. Results of the analyses and the proposed ecological network

3.3 Carpathian plant species

Endemic plants Database of the Western Carpathians contains 144 endemic and subendemic plant species (see Annex 5.3). From the map showing the data on the distribution of endemic plants it is evident that very important orographical units are Tatry Zachodnie and Tatry Wschodnie in Poland and Západné Tatry, Belianske Tatry, Vysoké Tatry and Belianske Tatry together with Ďumbierske Tatry and Kráľovoholské (part of the Nízke Tatry Mountains) and Malá a Veľká Fatra in Slovakia. High- est parts of the Carpathians exhibit the greatest richness of endemics. For example Delphinium oxysepalum, Dianthus nitidus subsp. nitidus, Pulsatilla subslavica and Saxifraga wahlenbergii are assigned to the group of Western Carpathi- an endemics. Cochlearia tatrae is highly stenochoric endemic limited to a single mountain massif (Tatry Mts.).

Cochlearia tatrae

Saxifraga wahlenbergii

Belianske Tatry

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( Z P S ,JMPNFUFST  # VE B Q F T U  21 Towards an Ecological Network for the Carpathians II

Natura 2000 plants Database of In Western Carpathians contains 38 (7 of them are priority species) plant species listed in Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive 92/43/EC in total (see Annex). Analysis of the data shows that the most important orographical units are those located on the borders of biogeographical regions where both mountain (Carpathian) and Pannonian elements are present. The highest number of focal HD Annex II plant taxa was recorded in Tokaj-Zempléni-hegyvidékin Hungary and in Slovenský kras in Slovakia. For example Onosma tornensis is endemic plant of Slovenský Kras (Slovakia) and Aggtelek- -Rudabányai-hegyvidék (Aggteleki-karszt) in Hungary. It is also priority species.

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( Z P S ,JMPNFUFST  # VE B Q F T U  22 4. Recommendations, relevance for Carpathian Conventions and further steps 4. Recommendations, relevance for Carpathian Conventions and further steps

The fall of the Iron Curtain brought about substantial changes 4 of the Carpathian Convention. This is another platform for in the region’s socio-economic and institutional structures. cooperation towards synchronized actions supporting imple- This triggered widespread land use changes which in turn mentation of the Convention. affected local livelihoods, biodiversity, and the provision of As is evident from the above mentioned, international coop- ecosystem services. Moreover, today’s land use decisions are eration was one of the key issues in the course of the project. affected by global climate change, globalization, and the ac- The activities supported further regional activities in the cession of some countries to the European Union, and cannot Carpathians. The most sound of them is a 5-year programme be analyzed without considering land use legacies from centu- launched in January 2007 by WWF (in the Carpathian region ries of historic land use. coordinated by WWF – DCP) “Protected Areas for a Living The Carpathian Convention is a framework type convention Planet (PA4LP), financed by MAVA foundation. Under the pro- pursuing a comprehensive policy and cooperating in the gramme the Carpathian Clearing-house Mechanism is being protection and sustainable development of the Carpathians. built and the results of our project, namely the Carpathian One of the agreements of the Parties of the Convention is Biodiversity Information System, will significantly contribute to cooperate in developing an ecological network for the to this interactive internet platform. This platform pools Carpathians. This is a great opportunity to tune the activities together key governments, NGOs, scientific institutions and towards design of Carpathian Ecological Network, which con- other relevant civil society partners to harmonize and stream- tribute to implementation of the Carpathian Convention and line activities in the ecoregion, to share experience, galvanize the adopted Protocol on Conservation and Sustainable Use support and build momentum in order to ensure that govern- of Biological and Landscape Diversity (Biodiversity Protocol) ments deliver on the targets of the Programme of Work on and to support synergy. Bearing this in mind, and the scope Protected Areas of the Convention on Biological Diversity. of the project with one of the key-words „ecological network“, Under this program, these stakeholders are involved to ensure the ideas and recommendations presented in this document that protected areas provide benefits to local people and should be incorporated into the road map for implementa- contribute to other international development targets. Link to tion of the Convention. This process brings together leading this project is very important to secure wider audience for the regional and international experts from the fields of land outputs for the work presented in this publication. change science, sustainability science, geography, biodiversity Further actions from this first step in the identification of research, and other spheres to work for better understanding core areas in the Western Carpathians shall be primarily in of human-environmental systems in a currently understudied line with the biodiversity Action Plan related to the ecologi- region of Eastern Europe – the Carpathian Mountains, define cal coherence and connectivity of Natura 2000 system (COM the state-of-the-art in land system analyses in the Carpathians 2006/216) and the Protocol on Conservation and Sustainable and bridge the gap between different disciplines and stake- Use of Biological and Landscape Diversity to the Framework holders to define a research agenda of land change science Convention on the Protection and Sustainable Development for the Carpathians. The presented document is a tool for of the Carpathians, to safeguard the most important habitats the Interim Secretariat of the Carpathian Convention and all and species and to support biodiversity adaptation to climate the parties to streamline the future actions falling under the change, to enhance the existence and movement of species relevant articles of the Biodiversity Protocol and make them outside the sites designated for their protection. Due to the happen. current lack of detailed knowledge of the ecological require- CERI is an observer to the Steering Committee of the Carpathi- ments of many species and habitats particular attention shall an Network of the Protected Areas (CNPA), a thematic net- be paid to scientific work and transboundary cooperative work of mountain protected areas in the Carpathian region, research. Crucial aspect to safeguard the natural treasury of established by the decision of the Conference of the Parties to species and habitats in the identified core areas will also be the Carpathian Convention 1/14. The objective of the CNPA is harmonisation of their protection with the existing systems of to contribute to the protection and sustainable development protected areas, ecological networks and national systems of of the Carpathians, and in particular goals listed in Article ecological stability.

23 Towards an Ecological Network for the Carpathians II 5. Annex

5.1 List of alliances

Name: Aceri tatarici-Quercion Zólyomi 1957 Annex I: yes Name: Arabidion coeruleae Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et Annex I: yes Description: Xerophilous oak woods with priority Jenny 1926 Endemism: dominance of Quercus robur, Quercus cerris Endemism: – Description: Chionophilous communities of endemic and Quercus pubescens of deep soils stabilised screes on calcareous bedrock

Name: Adenostylion alliariae Br.-Bl. 1926 Annex I: yes Name: Arabidopsion thalianae Passarge 1964 Annex I: yes Description: Subalpine tall herb vegetation Endemism: – Description: Acidophilous vegetation of spring Endemism: – therophytes and succulents

Name: Alnion glutinosae Malcuit 1929 Annex I: – Name: Arrhenatherion Koch 1926 Annex I: yes Description: Alder and willow woodlands of Endemism: – Description: Mesophyle grasslands with Endemism: – swamps, fens and wet pastures dominance of Arrhenatherum elatior at lower altitudes Name: Alnion incanae Pawłowski in Annex I: yes Name: Artemisio-Kochion Soó 1959 Annex I: yes Pawłowski, Sokolowski et Walisch 1928 priority Description: Pannonian loess steppes grass- Endemism: – Description: Ash and alder woodland commu- Endemism: – lands of eroded and steep slopes nities of flushed lime-rich soils Name: Asplenio-Festucion glaucae Zólyomi Annex I: yes Name: Alnion viridis Aichinger 1933 Annex I: – 1936 priority Description: Subalpine shrubs with Alnus Endemism: – Description: Sub-pannonic dry steppe grass- Endemism: – viridis lands of vulcanite and serpentine bedrocks Name: Alopecurion pratensis Passarge 1964 Annex I: yes Name: Asplenion septentrionalis Oberd. 1938 Annex I: yes Description: Meadows of moderately to very Endemism: – Description: Low altitude fern-rich crevice Endemism: – nutrient-rich soils dominated by graminoids, vegetation on siliceous substarate located in floodplains Name: Astero alpini-Seslerion calcariae Annex I: yes Name: Alysso alyssoidis-Sedion albi Oberdor- Annex I: yes Hadač ex Hadač et al. 1969 Endemism: fer et Müller in Müller 1961 priority Description: Grassland communities on cal- partialy endemic Description: Open xerothermophile pioneer Endemism: – careous soils in subalpine and alpine zone communities on calcareous or base-rich soils Name: Athyrio alpestris-Piceion Sýkora 1971 Annex I: yes with dominance of spring therophytes and Description: Montane Athyrium distentifolium Endemism: – succulents spruce forests Name: Androsacion alpinae Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et Annex I: yes Name: Atropion Br.-Bl. 1930 emend. Oberd. Annex I: – Jenny 1926 Endemism: – 1957 Endemism: – Description: Communities of siliceous-neutral Description: Herbaceous forest-clearing com- screes and moraines munities associated with deciduous forests on Name: Androsacion vandelii Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. Annex I: yes nutrient rich soils et Jenny 1926 corr. Br.-Bl. 1948 Endemism: – Name: Berberidion vulgaris Br.-Bl. 1950 Annex I: – Description: Open vegetation of siliceous Description: Thermophilous scrub on sunny, Endemism: – rocks in the alpine and nival belt stony slopes

Name: Arabidion alpinae Beguin 1972 Annex I: yes Name: Betulion pubescentis Lohmayer et Tx. Annex I: yes Description: Limestone screes in the montane Endemism: – in Tx. 1955 priority belt in the shaded gorges and partly in sub- Description: Birch-dominated swampy wood- Endemism: – alpine belt lands

24 5. Annex

Name: Bidention tripartiti Nordhagen Annex I: – Name: Caricion gracilis Neuhäusl 1959 em. Annex I: – 1940 em. R. Tx. in Poli et J. Tx. 1960 Endemism: – Balátová-Tuláčková 1963 Endemism: – Description: Pioneer vegetation dominated Description: Tall-sedge wetland communities by nutrient demanding summer annuals on with fluctuating water regime periodically flooded bottoms and edges of water budies Name: Caricion lasiocarpae Vanden Berghen Annex I: yes in Lebrun et al. 1949 Endemism: – Name: Bromion erecti Koch 1926 Annex I: yes Description: Mires developing on more mes- Description: Meso-xeric swards in sub-oceanic priority otrophic peats regions Endemism: – Name: Caricion remotae Kästner 1941 Annex I: – Name: Bromo pannonici-Festucion pallentis Annex I: yes Description: Soft-water spring communities Endemism: – Zólyomi 1966 Endemism: – dominated by phanerogams Description: Open xerophylous rocky calcareous grasslands of sunny aspects on northern Name: Caricion rostratae Balátová-Tuláčková Annex I: – fringes of the Pannonian basin 1963 Endemism: – Description: Tall-sedge wetland communities Name: Calamagrostion arundinaceae (Luquet Annex I: – with high underground water level 1926) Jeník 1961 Endemism: – Description: Tall-grass species-rich communi- Name: Carpinion betuli Issler 1931 Annex I: yes ties on dry soils of the upper montane and Description: Broadleaved woodlands rich in priority subalpine belts hornbeam on lime-rich and neutral mud soils Endemism: – R. Tx. in R. Tx. yes Name: Calamagrostion variae Sillinger 1931 Annex I: – Name: Cephalantero-Fagenion Annex I: Description: Calcareous meso-hygrophilous Endemism: et Oberd. 1958 Endemism: – tall-grass montane to subalpine grasslands in partially endemic Description: Thermophilous beech forets the Carpathians mostly on limestone Name: Charion fragilis Krausch 1964 Annex I: yes Name: Calamagrostion villosae Pawł. et al. Annex I: – Description: Submerged stonewort swards of Endemism: – 1928 Endemism: lime-rich freshwaters Description: Tall-herb and fern communities partially endemic of acidic and more impoverished soils Name: Chrysanthemo rotundifolii-Piceion Annex I: yes Krajina (1933) Březina et Hadač in Hadač Endemism: – Name: Calthion R. Tx. 1937 Annex I: – 1962 Description: Wet meadows and pastures of Endemism: – Description: Herb-rich mesophilous spruce fertile, often manured soils mountain forests Name: Cardaminion amarae Maas 1959 Annex I: – Name: Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati Hadač et Annex I: yes Description: Sciophilous communities of acid Endemism: – Klika ex Klika 1951 priority or sub-neutral forest springs Description: Meso-xeric swards in sub-conti- Endemism: – nental regions Name: Cardamino-Montion Br.-Bl. 1926 Annex I: – Description: Spring vegetation of base-poor Endemism: – Name: Corylo-Populion tremulae Br.-Bl. 1961 Annex I: – waters Description: Secondary forests of disturbed Endemism: – areas Name: Carici piluliferae-Epilobion angustifolii Annex I: – R. Tx. 1950 Endemism: – Name: Cratoneurion commutati Koch 1928 Annex I: yes Description: Herbacous forest-clearing com- Description: Calcareous spring communities, priority munities associated with deciduous forests on commonly dominated by mosses Endemism: – nutrient poor soils Name: Cratoneuro filicini-Calthion laetae Annex I: – Name: Caricion curvulae Br.-Bl. 1925 Annex I: yes Hadač 1983 Endemism: – Description: Alpine acid swards of Alps and Endemism: – Description: Plant communities of high moun- eastern and southern Carpathians tain and mountain oligotrophic springs

Name: Caricion davallianae Klika 1934 Annex I: yes Name: Cymbalario-Asplenion Segal 1969 em. Annex I: – Description: Small-sedge rich vegetation of priority Mucina 1993 Endemism: – calcareous fens Endemism: – Description: Plant communities of walls and rocks. Name: Caricion firmae Gams. 1926 Annex I: yes Description: Calcareous open sedge swards Endemism: – Name: Cynosurion R. Tx. 1947 Annex I: – on terraced slopes in the alpine belt Description: Pastures of relatively well Endemism: – drained, fertile mineral soils at lower altitudes Name: Caricion fuscae Koch 1926 em. Klika Annex I: yes 1934 Endemism: – Name: Cystopteridion Richard 1972 Annex I: yes Description: Vegetation of acid oligo-mes- Description: Crevice communities of shaded Endemism: – otrophic peats or peaty mineral soils calcareous rocks

25 Towards an Ecological Network for the Carpathians II

Name: Deschampsion caespitosae Horvatić Annex I: yes Name: Filipendulenion (Lohmeyer in Oberd. et Annex I: yes 1930 Endemism: – al. 1967) Bal.-Tul. 1978 Endemism: – Description: Oligohaline moist tussocky Description: Tall-herb vegetation, seldom meadows mown or grazed, on moist fertile mineral soils and peats Name: Diantho lumnitzeri-Seslerion (Soó Annex I: yes 1971) Chytrý et Mucina 1993 in Mucina et al. Endemism: – Name: Galeopsion segetum Oberd. 1957 Annex I: yes 1993 Description: Siliceous screes of hills of west- Endemism: – Description: Open or closed grasslands on ern and central Europe calcareous rocky slopes Name: Genistion Böcher 1943 Annex I: yes Name: Dicrano-Pinion (Libbert 1933) Matusz- Annex I: yes Description: Submontane and montane Endemism: – kiewicz 1962 priority heaths Description: Pine and juniper woodland com- Endemism: – Name: Genisto germanicae-Quercion Neu- Annex I: yes munities of acid soils häusl & Neuhäuslová-Novotná 1967 Endemism: – Description: Oak and oak-birch woods Name: Drepanocladion exannulati Krajina Annex I: yes 1933 Endemism: – Name: Geranion sanguinei R. Tx. in Th. Müller Annex I: – Description: Subalpine, nutrient poor and 1961 Endemism: – acid habitats with initial peat formations Description: Drought-tolerant communities in sunny woodland edges on calcareous soils Name: Dryopterido filicis-maris-Athyrion Annex I: yes disentifolii (Holub ex Sýkora et Štursa 1973) Endemism: – Name: Halo-Trichophorion pumili Vicherek Annex I: yes Jeník et al. 1980 1973 priority Description: Fern-rich communities are Description: Carpathian travertine swards Endemism: – confined to treeless talus slopes around the timberline Name: Hydrocharition Rübel 1933 Annex I: yes Description: Vegetation of free-floating aquat- Endemism: – Name: Eriophoro-Pinion sylvestris Pass. et Annex I: yes ic macrophytes Hoffm. 1968 priority Description: Mire pine woods Endemism: – Name: Hyperico perforati-Scleranthion per- Annex I: yes ennis Moravec 1967 Endemism: – Name: Erysimo-Hackelion deflexae Bernátová Annex I: yes Description: Open grasslands on shallow soils et Obuch 1991 Endemism: on siliceous rocks Description: Relict nitrophilous communities partially endemic Name: Hypno-Polypodion vulgaris Mucina Annex I: yes under stone overhangs in calcareous moun- 1993 Endemism: – tains Description: Fern and moss rich communities of shaded crevices in the colline to sub- Name: Fagion sylvaticae Luquet 1926 Annex I: yes montane bells Description: Beech and mixed beech-fir Endemism: – woods Name: Juncion trifidi Krajina 1933 Annex I: yes Description: Herb and grass communities on Endemism: Name: Festucion carpaticae Bělohlávková et Annex I: – siliceous bedrock in the subalpine to subni- endemic Fišerová 1989 Endemism: vale belt Description: Tall grass, chionophilous commu- endemic nities of upper montane and subalpine belts Name: Juniperion nanae Br.-Bl. et al. 1939 Annex I: – of Western Carpathians Description: Juniper scrub of dry, wind-swept Endemism: – habitats Name: Festucion picturatae Krajina Annex I: yes 1933 corr. Dúbravcová in Kliment et al. 2007 Endemism: – Name: Koelerio-Phleion phleoidis Korneck Annex I: yes Description: Tall-herb communities in humid 1974 Endemism: – depressions and gullies of the alpine belt of Description: Steppic rocky grasslands and the Carpathians swards of dry and acidic soils

Name: Festucion pseudovinae Soó 1933 Annex I: yes Name: Lemnion minoris de Bolós et Masclans Annex I: yes Description: Pontic-Pannonian saline pastures priority 1955 Endemism: – of steppic character Endemism: – Description: Duckweed communities of eutrophic and hypertrophic waters

Name: Festucion valesiacae Klika 1931 Annex I: yes Name: Littorellion uniflorae Koch ex R. Tx. Annex I: yes Description: Sub-continental closed fescue priority 1937 Endemism: – pastures and swards Endemism: – Description: Suboceanic hairgrass swards in oligotrophic standing and slow-flowing waters Name: Festucion versicoloris Krajina 1933 Annex I: yes Description: Alpine grassy, cushion forming Endemism: Name: Loiseleurio-Vaccinion Br.-Bl. 1926 Annex I: yes and dwarf scrub communities on steep, ter- endemic Description: Arctic chionophilous heath of Endemism: – raced slopes and stable screes wind-swept exposed slopes and summits

26 5. Annex

Name: Luzulo-Fagion Lohm. et R. Tx. in R. Tx. Annex I: yes Name: Philonotidion seriatae Hinterlang Annex I: – 1954 Endemism: – 1992 Endemism: – Description: Acidophilous beech forests Description: Communities of oligotrophic springs Name: Lycopodio-Cratoneurion commutati Annex I: yes Hadač 1983 priority Name: Phragmition communis Koch 1926 Annex I: – Description: Communities of calcareous Endemism: – Description: Swamps and fens dominated by Endemism: – springs tall graminoids in standing or gently mowing waters and winter-flooded fens Name: Molinion coerulae Koch 1926 Annex I: yes Name: Piceion excelsae Pawłovski in Annex I: yes Description: Wet unmanured low-altitude Endemism: – Pawłovski et al. 1928 Endemism: – meadows Description: Spruce and birch related woodland communities Name: Nanocyperion Koch ex Libbert 1932 Annex I: yes Description: Pioneer dwarf cyperaceous and priority Name: Pinion mugo Pawł. 1928 Annex I: yes therophyte communities on bare, periodically Endemism: – Description: Subalpine silicicolous krummholz priority flooded ground of mountains Endemism: partialy endemic Name: Nardion strictae Br.-Bl. 1926 Annex I: yes Name: Pino-Quercion Kozl. 1925 em. Mat. et Annex I: – Description: Dense chionophilous grassy priority Pol. 1955 Endemism: – swards of the subalpine and alpine belts Endemism: – Description: Acidophilous pine-oak woods Name: Nardo-Agrostion tenuis Sillinger 1933 Annex I: yes Name: Poion alpinae Oberd. 1950 Annex I: – Description: Species-rich mat-grass pastures priority Description: Cattle pastures of heavy fertile Endemism: – in the mountains Endemism: – soils in subalpine bet Name: Nardo-Juncion squarrosi (Oberd. Annex I: yes Name: Polygono-Trisetion Br.-Bl. et R. Tx. ex Annex I: yes 1957) Passarge 1964 priority Marshall 1947 Endemism: – Description: Wet Nardus grasslands Endemism: – Description: Meadows of well-drained, rela- Name: Nymphaeion albae Oberd. 1957 Annex I: yes tively fertile mineral soils in low-input agricul- Description: Communities of rooted aquatics Endemism: – tural systems of montane regions with floating leaves in sheltered nutrient-rich Name: Potamion lucentis Rivas-Martínez Annex I: yes fresh water 1973 Endemism: – Description: Vegetation dominated by floating Name: Oenanthion aquaticae Hejný ex Neu- Annex I: – rooted broad-leaved species häusl 1959 Endemism: – Description: Vegetation of small emergent Name: Potamion pusilii Hejný 1978 Annex I: yes herbs on mud in and by the shallows of Description: Rooted aquatic communities in Endemism: – streams and ponds moderate to deep standing water, often open to winds and waves Name: Oxalido-Piceion Krajina (1933) Annex I: – Name: Potentillion anserinae R. Tx. 1937 Annex I: yes Březina et Hadač in Hadač 1962 Endemism: – Description: Low herb communities of vari- Endemism: – Alpine spruce forest at the upper Description: able habitas with wet-dry conditions limit Name: Potentillion caulescentis Br.-Bl. in Br.- Annex I: yes Name: Annex I: yes Oxycocco-Empetrion hermaphroditi Bl. et Jenny 1926 em. Sutter 1969 Endemism: Nordh. 1936 priority Description: Vegetation of calcareous rocks partially endemic Boreal and high-altitude chamae- – Description: Endemism: and crevices of the subalpine belt phyte-rich raised bogs Name: Potentillo albae-Quercion petreae Annex I: yes Name: Oxytropido-Elynion Br.-Bl. 1949 Annex I: yes Jakucs in Zólyomi et al. 1967 priority Description: Kobresia carpets in windy places Endemism: Description: Xerophile and subcontinental Endemism: – in the alpine belt partialy endemic oak forests with Potentilla

Name: Papaverion tatrici Pawłowski Annex I: yes Name: Prunion fruticosae R. Tx. 1952 Annex I: yes 1928 corr. Valachovič 1995 priority Description: Low xeric shrub priority Description: West Carpathian alpine and sub- Endemism: Endemism: – alpine calcareous scree communities endemic Name: Pulsatillo slavicae-Pinion Fajmonová Annex I: yes Name: Petasition officinalis Sillinger Annex I: yes 1978 Endemism: 1933 em. Kopecký 1969 Endemism: Description: Relict pine and larch forests on partialy endemic Description: Tall-herb vegetation of raw allu- partialy endemic calcareous substrate in Carpathians vium soils on montane streamsides Name: Quercion petraeae-cerris (Lakušic Annex I: yes 1976) Lakušic et B. Jovanović 1980 Endemism: – Name: Phalaridion arundinaceae Kopecký Annex I: – Description: Xero-mesophilous oak woods 1961 Endemism: – with dominance of Quercus petraea and Quer- Description: Riverine reed vegetation cus cerris

27 Towards an Ecological Network for the Carpathians II

Name: Quercion pubescenti-petrae Br.-Bl. Annex I: yes Name: Sparganio-Glycerion fluitantis Br.-Bl. Annex I: – 1932 priority et Sissingh in Boer 1942 Endemism: – Description: Peri-Alpidic basiphilous ther- Endemism: – Description: Vegetation dominated by mix- mophilous oak forests tures of grasses and herbs along fresh-water streams and ditch banks Name: Ranunculion aquatilis Passarge 1964 Annex I: – Description: Crowfoot vegetation of shallow Endemism: – Name: Sphagnion cuspidati Krajina 1933 Annex I: yes water and margins of streams, ditches and Description: Peat moss- sedge communities of priority pools hollows in oligotrophic raised bogs Endemism: – Name: Ranunculion fluitantis Neuhäusl 1959 Annex I: yes Name: Sphagnion medii Kästner et Flößner Annex I: yes Description: Crowfoot and milfoil vegetation Endemism: – 1933 priority of mowing waters Description: Bogs of sub-continental and Endemism: – Name: Rhynchosporion albae Koch 1926 Annex I: yes montane regions Vegetation of stagnant, acid, priority Description: Name: Sphagno recurvi-Caricion canescentis Annex I: yes dystrophic waters in pools of Sphagnum bogs Endemism: – Passarge 1964 Endemism: – on deep peats Description: Small-sedge oligotrophic fens at Name: Salicion albae Soó 1930 Annex I: yes the fridges of bog complexes Description: Willow scrub and woodland of priority sub-montane and lowland river shoals and Endemism: – Name: Sphagno warnstorfiani- Annex I: yes terraces -Tomenthypnion Dahl 1957 Endemism: – Description: Small-sedge olig-mesotrophic Name: Salicion cinereae Th. Müll. & Görs ex Annex I: yes fens developing over siliceous to base-rich Passarge 1961 priority substrates Description: Willow scrub and woodland of Endemism: – mires Name: Spiraeion mediae Borhidi & Varga Z. Annex I: yes 1998 priority Name: Salicion eleagno-daphnoidis (Moor Annex I: yes Description: UA – add description and refer- Endemism: – 1958) Grass in Mucina et al. 1993 Endemism: – ences Description: Willow scrub of montane stream banks Name: Stipion calamagrostis Jenny-Lips ex Annex I: yes Br.-Bl. et al 1952 priority Name: Salicion herbaceae Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et Annex I: yes Description: Thermophilous communities of Endemism: Jenny 1926 Endemism: – calcareous screes partialy endemic Description: Dwarf-willow and moss dominated communities of snow-beds on lime-poor Name: Thero-Airion Tx. ex Oberd. 1957 Annex I: – soils and rocks Description: Ephemeral vegetation of bare but Endemism: – Name: Salicion incanae Aichinger 1933 Annex I: yes stable acid sands or siliceous rocky outcrops Description: Alpine and subalpine river gravel Endemism: – Name: Tilio-Acerion Klika 1955 Annex I: yes communities Description: Sub-montane maple and lime priority Name: Salicion silesiacae Rejmánek, Sýkora Annex I: yes woods on steep slopes with a mild and humid Endemism: – et Štursa 1971 Endemism: mesoclimate Subalpine tall herb-rich willow partialy endemic Description: Name: Trifolion medii Th. Müller 1962 Annex I: – scrubs Description: Fringe communities of central Endemism: – Name: Salicion triandrae Th. Müller et Gors. Annex I: – European mesophilous forests 1958 Endemism: – Description: Willow scrub of river banks be- Name: Trisetion fusci Krajina 1933 Annex I: yes low levées Description: Tall grass communities on alluvi- Endemism: – ums of mountain torrents Name: Sambuco racemosae-Salicion capreae Annex I: – Tx. et Neumann in Tx. 1950 Endemism: – Name: Utricularion vulgaris Passarge 1964 Annex I: yes Description: Seral elder and willow scrub of Description: Free-floating vegetation with Endemism: – nutrient-rich mull soils Utricularia australis and U. vulgaris Br.-Bl. 1949 yes Name: Sedo-Scleranthion Annex I: Name: Vaccinion Böcher 1943 Annex I: – Description: Stonecrop communities of sunny Endemism: – Description:Growts of bluberries on shallow Endemism: – slopes in the alpic valleys skeletal soils in mountain to subalpine zone R.Tx. 1950 yes Name: Senecion fluviatilis Annex I: Name: Vaccinion myrtilli Krajina 1933 Annex I: yes Description: Communities of tall herbaceous Endemism: – Description: Subalpine, acidophilous, mes- Endemism: – nitrophyles around eutrophic lakes and ophilous dwarf shrub heaths of Western Car- ditches pathians and High Sudetes Name: Seslerion tatrae Pawłowski 1935 corr. Annex I: yes Klika 1955 Endemism: Name: Violion caninae Schwickerath 1944 Annex I: yes Description: Chionophilous calcareous alpine endemic Description: Unfertilised mat-grass pastures priority grasslands of the Western Carpathians at lower altitudes Endemism: -

28 5. Annex

5.2 List of animal species

Group Taxon name Annex II Endemism Ecological group amphibians Bombina bombina yes – wetland amphibians Bombina variegata yes – forest amphibians Hyla arborea – – wetland amphibians Rana arvalis – – wetland amphibians Triturus alpestris – – forest amphibians Triturus cristatus yes – water amphibians Triturus dobrogicus yes – wetland amphibians Triturus montandoni yes yes wetland birds Aegolius funereus – – forest birds Anthus spinoletta – – alpine birds Aquila chrysaetos – – forest birds Aquila heliaca – – forest birds Aquila pomarina – – forest birds Bonasa bonasia – – forest birds Bubo bubo – – forest birds Caprimulgus europaeus – – forest birds Ciconia nigra – – forest birds Crex crex – – non forest birds Dendrocopos leucotos – – forest birds Emberiza cia – – non forest birds Falco peregrinus – – forest birds Glaucidium passerinum – – forest birds Hieraaetus pennatus – – forest birds Lanius minor – – non forest birds Luscinia svecica svecica – – alpine birds Monticola saxatilis – – non forest birds Prunella collaris – – alpine birds Scolopax rusticola – – forest birds Strix uralensis – – forest birds Tetrao tetrix – – non forest birds Tetrao urogallus – – forest birds Tichodroma muraria – – non forest birds Upupa epops – – non forest fish Alburniodes bipunctatus – – water fish Aspius aspius yes – water fish Barbus meridionalis yes – water fish Cobitis taenia yes – water fish Cottus gobio yes – water fish Eudontomyzon danfordi yes yes water fish Eudontomyzon mariae yes – water fish Gobio albipinnatus yes – water fish Gobio kessleri yes – water fish Gobio uranoscopus yes – water fish Gymnocephalus baloni yes – water fish Gymnocephalus schraetzer yes – water fish Hucho hucho yes – water fish Lampetra planeri yes – water fish Misgurnus fossilis yes – water

29 Towards an Ecological Network for the Carpathians II

Group Taxon name Annex II Endemism Ecological group fish Pelecus cultratus yes – water fish Rhodeus sericeus amarus yes – water fish Sabanejewia aurata yes – water fish Sabanejewia balcanica – – water fish Thymallus thymallus – – water fish Zingel streber yes – water fish Zingel zingel yes – water invertebrates Abax schueppeli rendschmidtii – yes forest invertebrates Acalles petryszaki – yes forest invertebrates Acerentomon carpaticum – yes forest invertebrates Acerentomon oreophilon – yes non forest invertebrates Acrophylax vernalis (syn. Acrophylax sowai) – yes water invertebrates Alopia bielzii clathrata – yes non forest invertebrates Alzoniella slovenica – yes wetland invertebrates Annitella chomiacensis – yes water invertebrates Apatania carpathica – yes water invertebrates Asiorestia (Neocrepidodera) transilvanica – yes non forest invertebrates Athous mollis – yes non forest invertebrates Austropotamobius torrentium yes priority – water invertebrates Bergenstammia slovaca – yes water invertebrates Bielzia coerulans – yes forest invertebrates Bolbelasmus unicornis yes – non forest invertebrates Bombus pyrenaeus – – alpine invertebrates Boros schneideri yes – forest invertebrates Branchinecta paludosa – – alpine invertebrates Callimorpha (Euplagia, Panaxia) quadripunctaria yes priority – non forest invertebrates Carabus fabricii – – alpine invertebrates Carabus hungaricus yes – non forest invertebrates Carabus obsoletus – yes forest invertebrates Carabus variolosus yes – water invertebrates Carabus zawadszkii yes – forest invertebrates Carilia (Pseudogaurotina) excellens yes priority yes forest invertebrates Carpathica calophana – yes forest invertebrates Carpathobyrrhulus tatricus – yes alpine invertebrates Catops ventricosus rotundatus – yes alpine invertebrates Catopta thrips yes – non forest invertebrates Cerambyx cerdo yes – forest invertebrates Chaetopteryx polonica – yes water invertebrates Chilostoma (Faustina) rossmaessleri – – alpine invertebrates Chilostoma cingulellum (syn. Faustina cingulella) – yes alpine invertebrates Chondrina tatrica – yes non forest invertebrates Chrysolina globipennis – yes forest invertebrates Chthonius heterodactylus – yes forest invertebrates Clubiona alpicola – – alpine invertebrates Cochlodina fimbriata remota – yes forest invertebrates Coenagrion ornatum yes – water invertebrates Coenonympha tullia – – wetland invertebrates Colias myrmidone yes – non forest invertebrates Cordulegaster boltonii – – water invertebrates Cordulegaster heros yes – water

30 5. Annex

Group Taxon name Annex II Endemism Ecological group invertebrates Cucujus cinnaberinus yes – forest invertebrates Dasumia carpatica – yes forest invertebrates Deltomerus carpathicus – yes alpine invertebrates Deroceras moldavicum – yes wetland invertebrates Deroceras praecox – yes forest invertebrates Deutonura stachi – – forest invertebrates Dioszeghyana schmidtii yes – forest invertebrates Donus (Neoglanis) oxalidis – – wetland invertebrates Dorytomus carpathicus – yes forest invertebrates Drusus carpathicus – yes water invertebrates Duvalius gebhardti yes – undergroud habitats invertebrates Duvalius hungaricus yes – undergroud habitats invertebrates Duvalius subterraneus – yes undergroud habitats invertebrates Dytiscus latissimus yes – water invertebrates Ecdyonurus carpathicus – yes water invertebrates Erannis ankeraria yes – forest invertebrates Eriogaster catax yes – non forest invertebrates Euophrys (Talavera) monticola – – alpine invertebrates Euphydryas (Eurodryas, Hypodryas) aurinia yes – wetland invertebrates Evanystes infirmus – yes alpine invertebrates Fitzingeria platyura – – forest invertebrates Friesea handschini – – forest invertebrates Glomeris mnischechi – yes forest invertebrates Gortyna borelii lunata yes – non forest invertebrates Helix lutescens – – non forest invertebrates Heteraphorura carpatica – yes forest invertebrates Hyloniscus mariae – yes forest invertebrates Hypera carinicollis septentrionis/septentrionalis – yes non forest invertebrates Hypodryas maturna yes – forest invertebrates Hypogastrura tatrica – yes alpine invertebrates Isophya costata yes – non forest invertebrates Isophya stysi yes – non forest invertebrates Lathrobium taxi – yes forest invertebrates Leistus montanus pawlowskii – yes alpine invertebrates Leptidea morsei yes – forest invertebrates Leucorrhinia pectoralis yes – wetland invertebrates Libelloides macaronius – – non forest invertebrates Limoniscus violaceus yes – forest invertebrates Liophloeus gibbus – yes water invertebrates Liophloeus liptoviensis – yes non forest invertebrates Lithobius biunguiculatus – yes forest invertebrates Lobrathium sodale distinctiventre – yes water (syn. Platydomene sodalis distinctiventris) invertebrates Lucanus cervus yes – forest invertebrates Lycaena dispar yes – non forest invertebrates Lycaena helle yes – wetland invertebrates Maculinea alcon – – non forest invertebrates Maculinea arion – – non forest invertebrates Maculinea nausithous yes – non forest invertebrates Maculinea teleius yes – non forest invertebrates Mantis religiosa – – non forest

31 Towards an Ecological Network for the Carpathians II

Group Taxon name Annex II Endemism Ecological group invertebrates Morimus funereus yes – forest invertebrates Morulina verrucosa – yes forest invertebrates Mundochtonius carpaticus – yes forest invertebrates Neanura pseudoparva – yes forest invertebrates Nebria fuscipes – yes forest invertebrates Nemoura babiagorensis – yes water invertebrates Neobisium carpaticum – yes forest invertebrates Neobisium polonicum – yes forest invertebrates Nymphalis vaualbum yes priority – forest invertebrates Ochthephilus rivularis – yes forest invertebrates Ocypus biharicus – yes forest invertebrates Ophiogomphus cecilia yes – water invertebrates Orchesella disjuncta – yes forest invertebrates Orthonychiurus rectopapillatus – yes forest invertebrates Osmoderma eremita yes priority – forest invertebrates Othius transsilvanicus – yes forest invertebrates Otiorhynchus kollari – yes forest invertebrates Otiorhynchus obtusus – yes alpine invertebrates Otiorhynchus proximus – yes alpine invertebrates Oxychilus orientalis – yes forest (syn. Oxychilus deubeli, Cellariopsis deubeli) invertebrates Paederus (Paederidus) – yes water rubrothoracicus carpathicola invertebrates Paracaloptenus caloptenoides yes – non forest invertebrates Paranemastoma kochi – yes forest invertebrates Parnassius apollo – – non forest invertebrates Parnassius mnemosyne – – forest invertebrates Pholidoptera transsylvanica yes – forest invertebrates Phryganophilus ruficollis yes priority – forest invertebrates Plicuteria lubomirskii – yes non forest invertebrates Plutomurus carpaticus – yes forest invertebrates Potamophylax carpathicus – yes water invertebrates Probaticus subrugosus yes – non forest invertebrates Pseudanophthalmus pilosellus – yes alpine (syn. Duvaliopsis pilosella) poloninensis invertebrates Pseudanophthalmus pilosellus – yes alpine (syn. Duvaliopsis pilosella) invertebrates Pseudopodisma nagyi – yes non forest invertebrates Pterostichus foveolatus – yes forest invertebrates Pterostichus pilosus – yes forest invertebrates Pterostichus tatricus – yes alpine invertebrates Rhithrogena gorganica – yes water invertebrates Rhithrogena wolosatkae – yes water invertebrates Rhysodes sulcatus yes – forest invertebrates Rosalia alpina yes priority – forest invertebrates Sadleriana pannonica – yes wetland invertebrates Sclerophaedon carpathicus – yes forest invertebrates Silpha atrata carpathica – yes forest invertebrates Sipalia (Leptusa) carpathica – yes forest invertebrates Sipalia (Leptusa) koronensis – yes non forest invertebrates Siro carpathicus – – forest invertebrates Spelaeodiscus tatricus – yes alpine invertebrates Stenobothrus (Stenobothrodes) eurasius yes – non forest

32 5. Annex

Group Taxon name Annex II Endemism Ecological group invertebrates Stenus carpathicus – yes forest invertebrates Stenus obscuripes – yes non forest invertebrates Stenus transsilvanicus – yes alpine invertebrates Stenus vastus – – forest invertebrates Thaumalea vaillanti – yes alpine invertebrates Theodoxus transversalis yes – water invertebrates Tibicina haematodes – – non forest invertebrates Trechus latus – subendemic? wetland invertebrates Trechus striatulus – yes alpine invertebrates Trichia (Petasina) bielzi – yes forest invertebrates Trichia (Petasina) unidentata carpathica – yes forest invertebrates Trichodrilus tatrensis – yes water invertebrates Triplax carpathica – yes forest invertebrates Tubifex montanus – yes water invertebrates Unio crassus yes – water invertebrates Vertigo angustior yes – wetland invertebrates Vertigo geyeri yes – wetland invertebrates Vertigo moulinsiana yes – wetland invertebrates Vestia elata – yes forest invertebrates Vestia gulo – yes forest invertebrates Vestia ranojevici moravica – yes forest invertebrates Vestia turgida – yes forest invertebrates Xantholinus azuganus – yes non forest invertebrates Zercon carpathicus – yes forest reptiles Elaphe longissima – – forest reptiles Emys orbicularis yes – wetland reptiles Lacerta viridis – – non forest reptiles Vipera berus – – non forest mammals Barbastella barbastellus yes – forest mammals Bison bonasus yes priority – forest mammals Canis lupus yes priority – forest mammals Castor fiber yes – water mammals Felis sylvestris – – forest mammals Lutra lutra yes – water mammals Lynx lynx yes – forest mammals Marmota marmota yes priority subsp. latirostris alpine mammals Microtus (Pitymys) tatricus yes yes alpine mammals Miniopterus schreibersi yes – forest mammals Myotis bechsteini yes – forest mammals Myotis blythii yes – forest mammals Myotis dasycneme yes – water mammals Myotis emarginatus yes – forest mammals Myotis myotis yes – forest mammals Nyctalus leisleri – – forest mammals Rhinolophus euryale yes – forest mammals Rhinolophus ferrumequinum yes – forest mammals Rhinolophus hipposideros yes – forest mammals Rupicapra rupicapra yes priority subsp. tatrica alpine mammals Sorex alpinus – – forest mammals Spermophilus (Citellus) citellus yes – non forest mammals Ursus arctos yes priority – forest

33 Towards an Ecological Network for the Carpathians II

5.3 List of plant species

Taxon name Annex II Endemism Aconitum bucovinense Zapał. – Eastern and Southern Carpatnian endemic Aconitum degenii Gáyer subsp. degenii – Eastern and Southern Carpatnian endemic Aconitum firmum Rchb. subsp. firmum – Western Carpathian endemic Aconitum firmum subsp. maninense (Skalický) Starmühl. – Western Carpathian endemic Aconitum firmum subsp. moravicum Skalický yes Western Carpathian endemic Aconitum lasiocarpum (Rchb.) Gáyer – Eastern Carpathian endemic Aconitum moldavicum Hacq. – Carpathian endemic Aconitum moldavicum subsp. hosteanum (Schur) Asch. et Graebn. – Eastern and Southern Carpathian endemic Aconitum nanum (Baumg.) Simonk. – Eastern Carpathian endemic Adenophora liliifolia (L.) Ledeb. ex A. DC. yes – Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. yes – Alyssum montanum subsp. brymii (Dostál) Soó – Western Carpathian endemic Antennaria carpatica (Wahlenb.) Bluff et Fingerh. subsp. carpatica – Carpathian endemic Arenaria tenella Kit. – Endemic of Tatry Mts. Asplenium adulterinum Milde yes – Bromus monocladus Domin – Western Carpathian subendemic Bupleurum dilatatum (Schur) Baksay – Carpathian subendemit Buxbaumia viridis (Moug.) Moug. & Nestl. (o) yes – Campanula glomerata subsp. subcapitata (Popov) Fed. – Eastern Carpathian endemic Campanula carpatica Jacq. – Carpathian endemic Campanula serrata (Kit.) Hendrych yes priority Carpathian endemic Campanula tatrae Borbás – Western Carpathian endemic Western Carpathian endemic (Matra – preCarpathian Campanula xylocarpa Kovanda – endemic) Cardaminopsis halleri subsp. tatrica (Pawł.) Dostál ex Měsíček – Western Carpathian endemic Cardaminopsis neglecta (Schultes) Hayek – Carpathian endemic Carduus lobulatus Borbás – Western Carpathian endemic Carex sempervirens subsp. tatrorum (Zapał.) Pawł. – Western Carpathian endemic Cerastium glandulosum (Kit.) Jáv – Subendemit of Tatry Mts. Chrysanthemum zawadskii Herbich – Endemic of Pieniny Mts. Cirsium brachycephalum Jur. yes – Cochlearia tatrae Borbás yes Endemic of Tatry Mts. Colchicum arenarium Waldst. et Kit. yes – Crambe tataria Sebeok yes – Crocus discolor G. Reuss – Western Carpathian endemic Cyanus montanus subsp. mollis (Waldst. et Kit.) Soják – Carpathian subendemic Cyanus triumfettii subsp. dominii (Dostál) Dostál – Western Carpathian endemic Cyclamen fatrense Halda et Soják yes Subendemic of Veľká Fatra Mts. Cypripedium calceolus L. yes – Daphne arbuscula Čelak. yes priority Endemic of Muránska Planina Mts., Paleoendemic Delphinium nacladense Zapał. – Eastern Carpathian endemic Delphinium oxysepalum Borbás et Pax – Western Carpathian endemic, Paleoendemic Dentaria glandulosa Waldst. et Kit. ex Willd. – Carpathian subendemic Dianthus carthusianorum subsp. saxigenus (Schur) Jáv. – Eastern Carpathian endemic Dianthus nitidus Waldst. et Kit. subsp. nitidus yes Western Carpathian endemic, Paleoendemic Dianthus praecox Kit. subsp. praecox – Western Carpathian endemic

34 5. Annex

Taxon name Annex II Endemism Dianthus praecox subsp. lumnitzeri (Wiesb.) Kmeťová yes Western Carpathian subendemic Dianthus praecox subsp. pseudopraecox (Novák) Kmet’ová – Endemic of Matra mountains (Slovenský kras and Bükk) Dicranum viride (Sull. & Lesq.) Lindb. (o) yes – Draba lasiocarpa subsp. klasterskyi (Chrtek) Chrtek – Endemic of Slovenský Kras Mts. Dracocephalum austriacum L. yes – Drepanocladus vernicosus (Mitt.) Warnst. (o) yes – Echium russicum J. F. Gmelin yes – Eleocharis carniolica W.D.J. Koch yes – Erigeron hungaricus (Vierh.) Pawł. – Carpathian endemic Erysimum pallidiflorum Szépl. ex Jáv. – Matra–preCarpathian endemic Erysimum pieninicum Pawł. yes priority Endemic of Polish part of Pieniny mountains Erysimum wahlenbergii (Asch. et Engl.) Borbás – Endemic of central mountains of Western Carpathians Erysimum witmannii Zaw. – Carpathian endemic Euphrasia exaristata Smejkal – Endemic of Tatry Mts. Euphrasia slovaca (Yeo) Holub – Carpathian endemic Euphrasia stipitata Smejkal – Endemic of Krivánska Fatra Mts. Euphrasia tatrae Wettst. – Carpathian endemic Ferula sadleriana Ledeb. yes priority – Festuca pseudolaxa Schur – Carpathian endemic Festuca saxatilis Schur – Eastern and Southern Carpathian endemic Festuca tatrae (Czakó) Degen – Western and Southern Carpathian endemic Festuca versicolor Tausch subsp. versicolor – Carpathian subendemic Western Carpathian endemic Galium abaujense Borbás – (Matra – preCarpathian subendemic) Gentianella amarella subsp. reussii (Tocl) Holub – Endemic of central mountains of Western Carpathians Gentianella fatrae (Borbás) Holub – Western Carpathian endemic Gentianella lutescens subsp. tatrae (Ronniger) Holub – Western Carpathians endemic Gladiolus palustris Gaud. yes – Hesperis vrabelyiana (Schur) Borbás – Endemic of the Bükk Mts. Hesperis slovaca (F. Dvořák) F. Dvořák – Endemic of Nízke Tatry Mts. Hieracium carpathicum Besser subsp. carpathicum – Western Carpathians endemic Hieracium crassipedipilum (Pawl. et Zahn) Chrtek f. – Endemic of Central mountains of Western Carpathians Hieracium melananthum (Naegeli et Peter) P. D. Sell et C. West – Western Carpathians endemic Hieracium pinetophilum (Degen et Zahn) Chrtek f. – Endemic of Tatry Mts. Himantoglossum caprinum (M. Bieb.) Spreng. yes – Hylotelephium argutum (Haw.) Holub – Carpathian endemic Iris humilis subsp. arenaria (Waldst. et Kit.) Á. et D. Löve yes – Iris hungarica Waldst. et. Kit. yes – Jovibarba globifera subsp. preissiana (Domin) Holub – Western and Eastern Carpathian endemic Knautia kitaibelii (Schultes) Borbás – Western Carpathian subendemic Knautia slovaca Štepánek – Western Carpathian endemic Koeleria tristis Domin – Western Carpathian endemic Lathyrus transsilvanicus (Spreng.) Fritsch – Carpathian subendemic Leontodon pseudotaraxaci Schur – Carpathian endemic Leucanthemopsis alpina subsp. tatrae (Vierh.) J. Holub – Endemic of Tatry Mts. Leucanthemum waldsteinii (Sch. Bip.) Pouzar – Carpathian subendemic Leucojum vernum subsp. carpaticum (Spring) O. Schwarz – Eastern Carpathian subendemic Ligularia sibirica (L.) Cass. yes – Linum extraaxillare Kit. – Carpathian subendemic

35 Towards an Ecological Network for the Carpathians II

Taxon name Annex II Endemism Liparis loeselii (L.) Rich. yes – Luzula alpinopilosa subsp. obscura Fröhner – Carpathian endemic Meesia longiseta Hedw. (o) yes – Melampyrum herbichii Woł. – Eastern and Southern Carpathian endemic Melampyrum saxosum Baumg. – Eastern Carpathian endemic Minuartia pauciflora (Kit. ex Kanitz) Dvořáková – Carpathian endemic Onosma tornensis Jáv. yes priority Endemic of Slovensky Kras Mts. Ophrys holubyana Andras. – Western Carpathian subendemic Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC. subsp. tatrae (Borbás) Dostál – Carpathian endemic Oxytropis carpatica Uechtr. – Carpathian endemic Papaver tatricum (A. Nyár.) Ehrend. subsp. tatricum – Endemic of Tatry Mts. Papaver tatricum subsp. fatraemagnae Bernátová – Endemic of Veľká Fatra Mts. Pilosella ullepitschii (Blocki) Szelag – Carpathian endemic Plantago atrata Hoppe subsp. carpathica (Soó) Soó – Carpathian endemic Poa babiogorensis Bernátová, Májovský et Obuch – Endemic of Babia Góra Mts. Poa carpatica (V. Jirásek) Chopyk subsp. carpatica – Western and Eastern Carpathian endemic Poa carpatica subsp. supramontana Bernátová, Májovský, Kliment et Topercer – Endemic of Central mountains of Western Carpathians Poa granitica Braun-Blanq. – Endemic of Tatry Mts. Poa margilicola Bernátová et Májovský – Endemic of Veľká Fatra Mts. Poa nobilis Skalińska – Endemic of High Tatry Mts. Poa pannonica subsp. scabra (Asch. et Graebn.) Soó – Carpathian subendemic Poa sejuncta Bernátová, Májovský et Obuch – Endemic of Osobitá Mts. Primula auricula subsp. hungarica (Borbás) Soó – Western Carpathian subendemic Primula elatior subsp. poloninensis (Domin) Dostál – Eastern and Southern Carpathian endemic Pulsatilla grandis Wenderoth yes – Pulsatilla patens (L.) Miller yes – Pulsatilla slavica G. Reuss – Western Carpathian endemic Pulsatilla subslavica Futák ex Goliašová yes priority Western Carpathian endemic Pyrola carpatica Holub et Křísa – Carpathian endemic Ranunculus altitatrensis Paclová et Murín – Endemic of High Tatry Mts. Ranunculus carpaticus Herbich – Eastern and Southern Carpathian endemic Ranunculus pseudomontanus Schur – Carpathian subendemic Rumex arifolius subsp. carpaticus (Zapał.) Pawł. – Eastern and Southern Carpathian endemic Salix kitaibeliana Willd. – Carpathian endemic Saxifraga hirculus L. yes – Saxifraga moschata subsp. dominii Soó emend. Pawłowska – Endemic of Central Mountains of Western Carpathians Saxifraga moschata subsp. kotulae Pawłowska – Endemic of Tatry Mts. Saxifraga wahlenbergii Ball – Western Carpathian endemic, Paleoendemic Scabiosa columbaria subsp. pseudobanatica (Schur) Jav. et Csapody – Carpathian subendemic Scilla kladnii Schur – Carpathian subendemic Sempervivum carpathicum subsp. heterophyllum (Hazsl.) Letz – Western Carpathian endemic Sempervivum carpathicum Wettst. ex Prodan subsp. carpathicum – Carpathian endemic Senecio ucranicus Hodálová – Eastern Carpathian Serratula lycopifolia (Vill.) A. Kern yes priority – Sesleria heufleriana Schur – Carpathian subendemic Sesleria tatrae (Degen) Deyl – Western Carpathian subendemic Silene donetzica subsp. sillingeri (Hendrych) Šourková – Matra–preCarpathian endemic Silene nutans subsp. dubia (Herbich) Zapał. – Eastern and Southern Carpathian endemic

36 6. References

Taxon name Annex II Endemism Soldanella carpatica Vierh. – Western Carpathian endemic Soldanella hungarica Simonk. subsp. hungarica – Carpathian endemic Soldanella hungarica subsp. major (Neilr.) Pawłowska – Carpathian subendemic Soldanella pseudomontana F. K. Mey. – Carpathian endemic Sorbus hazslinszkyana (Soó) Májovský – Matra–preCarpathian endemic Sorbus margittaiana (Jáv.) Kárpáti – Endemic of Krivánska Fatra Mts. Sorbus pekarovae Májovský et Bernátová – Endemic of Veľká Fatra Mts. Sorbus scepusiensis Kovanda – Endemic of Volovské vrchy Mts. Symphytum cordatum Waldst. et Kit. – Carpathian subendemic Taraxacum erythrocarpum Kirschner et Štěpánek – Western Carpathian endemic Taraxacum nigricans (Kit.) Rchb. – Western Carpathian endemic Taraxacum pawłowskii Soest – Endemic of Tatry Mts. Taraxacum pieninicum Pawł. – Endemic of Polish part of Pieniny Mts. Tephroseris longifolia subsp. moravica J. Holub yes Western Carpathian endemic Thalictrum minus subsp. carpaticum (B. Kotula) Osvač. – Endemic of Tatry Mts. Thlaspi caerulescens subsp. tatrense (Zapał.) Dvořáková – Western Carpathian endemic Thlaspi jankae A. Kern yes Matra–preCarpathian endemic Thymus alternans Klokov – Eastern Carpathian subendemic Thymus pulcherrimus Schur subsp. pulcherrimus – Carpathian endemic Thymus pulcherrimus subsp. sudeticus (Lyka) P. A. Schmidt – Western Carpathian subendemic Tithymalus sojakii (Chrtek et Křísa) Holub – Eastern Carpathian endemic Tozzia carpathica Woł. yes – Trifolium orbelicum subsp. monticolum (Domin) Májovský – Subendemic of Tatry Mts. Trifolium pratense subsp. kotulae (Pawł.) Soják – Carpathian endemic Trifolium sarosiense Hazsl. – Carpathian subendemic Trisetum flavescens subsp. tatricum Chrtek – Carpathian endemic Trisetum fuscum (Kit. ex Schult.) Schult. – Carpathian endemic

Kliment J., 1999. Komentovaný prehľad vyšších rastlín flóry Slovenska, uvádzaných v literatúre ako endemické taxóny. 6. Bull. Slov. Bot. Spoločn., Bratislava, 21, Suppl. 4., 446 p. Rodwell J.S., Schaminée J.H.J., Mucina L., Pignatti S., Dring J., Moss D. 2002. The Diversity of European Vegetation. An References overview of phytosociological alliances and their relationships to EUNIS habitats. Wageningen, NL. EC-LNV. Report EC-LNV nr. 2002/054. Webster R., Holt S., Avis C., 2001. The Status of the Carpathi- ans. A report developed as a part of The Carpathian Ecoregion Initiative. WWF, Vienna. Zingstra H.L., Seffer J., Lasak R., Guttova A., Baltzer M., Bou- wma I., Walters L. J., Smith B., Kitnaes K., Predoiu G. E., Prots B., Sekulic G., 2009. Towards an Ecological Networ for the Carpathians. Wageningen International, Wageningen.