Him., Apidae) De La Fauna Española

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Him., Apidae) De La Fauna Española UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS TESIS DOCTORAL La subfamilia Bombinae (Him., Apidae) de la fauna española MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Concepción Ornosa Gallego DIRECTOR: Salvador Vicente Peris Torres Madrid, 2015 © Concepción Ornosa Gallego, 1983 TP Conc«pcl6n Ornoaa GAllego ZC3> llllllllllll 5309867141 * UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE LA SUBFAMILIA BOMBINAB (HIM., APIDAE) DB LA FAUNA BSPAfiOLA mmcmm Depmrtamemte de Zoologie de Inrertebredos Artr6podoa Fecuited de Ciencles Bioidgicaa UnIveraided Coaplutenae de Madrid 1984 Coleccl6n Teals Doctorales. N* 203/84 Concepcion OrnosA Cmllego Edita e imprime la Editorial de la Universidad Compluten se de Madrid. Servicio de Reprograf(a Noviciado, 3 Madrid-8 Madrid, I984 Xerox 9200 XB 48O Dep6 sito Legal* M-2oAo4-i984 l l l W .. il Concepcion Ornosa Gallego U LA SUOFAPIILA BOPIBINAE (HIM., APIDAE) DE LA FAUNA ESPANOLA Tesis doctoral dirigida pgr: Dr. Salvador-V. Peris Torres Realizada en la Catedra de Entomologie Facultad de Biologia Universidad Complutense^d^ Madrid 1983 A la memoria de mi madré y 8 mi padre. Al concluir este trabajo, qulero expresar mi agradecimiento mas sincero a todas aquellas personas o institucdones que, de - un modo u otro, han hecho posible su realizacion. En primer lugar, al Dr. Péris, el director del mismo, que - fué quién me inicio en el mundo de la Entomologfa y en este gru - ■ • - po en particular. Al Dr. Espanol, al Dr. Escola, a la Ora. Mingo y al Dr. Mo ri sorrat por haberme facilitado la consulta de las colecciones a- su cargo. A las Catedras de Salamanca, de Murcia y de Santiago que me proporcionaron material para su estudio. También quiero agradecer a 0. Leopolds Castro y al Dr. Ason sio que pusieran a mi disposicion sus colecciones particulares- y toda la informacion que me ha sido de gran utilidad. Y, por ultimo, a todos mis companeros de esta Catedra y --- otras, que bien con ejemplares recogidos por ellos o con conse- jos, opiniones y aliento, me han permitido la conclusion del — mismo. JNDICE INDICE 2E* Introduccion. ..... 1 Material y Metodos........... 10 Morfologia, , ................................... 15 Subfamilia Bombinae ...... 27 Género Bombus .............. 34 Seccion Anodontobombus ..... 48 Subgénerd Bombus . ...... 49 B. (B.) terrestris ........ 51 B. (B.) l u c o r u m ........ 72 B. (b .) ma gnu s ........ 80 Subgénero Kallobombus ........... 85 B. (K«) soroeensis....... 85 Subgénero Cullumanobombus ......... 93 B. (C.) cullumanus...... 93 Subgénero Melanobombus ..................... 98 B. (M.) lapidarius .................... 99 B. (M.) sicheli ......................................... 110 Subgénero Pyrobombus .......... 116 B. (p.) hypnorum ........... 119 B. (P.) lonellus...................... '......... 123 B. (p.) pratorum .................... 125 B. (p.). monticola .... 131 B. (p.) pyrenaeus ....... 134 Subgénero Alpiqenobombus .............................. 138 B. (A.) uurfleni ........... 138 Subgénero ConFusibombus ....... 144 B. (C . ) confusus ..... 144 VI Subgénero Mcndacibombus ......... .. .... ..... .. 148 8. (M.) mendax ...... 148 Seccion Odontobombus ....... 15? Subgénero Meqabombus ....... 153 B. (M.) h o r t o r u m ...... 155 B. (M.) ruderatus ....................... 166 B. (1*1.) qerntaeckeri ...... 175 Subgénero Subterranoobombus 178 B. (s .) subterfaneua^. ......................... ...... 170 Subgénero Thoracobombus 183 B. (T.) sylvarum .......... 187 B. (T.) ruderarius ....... 196 B. (T.) inexpectatus ..... 203 B. (t .) humilie ............. 206 B. (T.) m u s c o r u m ........ 215 B. (t .) pascuorum ....... 223 Subgénero Rhodobotnbus . ..... .... ...... .. 250 8 . (Rh.) mesomelas ............... 250 Subgénero Laesobombus ..... 256 B . (L.) laesus ........ 256 Subgenero Mueidobombus ........... 261 B. (m .) mucidus ....... 261 Género Psithyrus .......................... 266 Subgénero Psithyrus 272 p. (p.) rupestris . .. ... ..... 272 Subgénero Fernaldaepsithyrus............. 270 P. (F.) s y l v e s t r i s ....... 280 P. (F.) quadricolor ....... 283 P. (F.) norveqicus .................................... 287 P. (F.) flavidus ........... 289 un Subgénero Allopsithyrus ....... 292 P. (A.) barbutellus ....... 293 P. (A.) tnaxillosus ........ 296 Subgénero Ashtonipsithyrus 300 P. (Ash.) vestalis ............... %...... 301 P. (Ash.) bohemicus ...... 304 Subgénero Metapsithyrus 308 P. (H.) campestris ...... 308 Bibliografla ....... 312 Resumen y Conclusiones 332 INTRODUCCION En este trabajo se hace la révision para Cspana de la siibf^ milia BOMBINAE. que fue establecida en 1895 por DALLA TORRE y - FRIESE, para los animales pertenecientes a los géneros Bombus - LATREILLE, 1802 y Psithyrus LEPELETIER, 1832 ^ que vulgarmente, son conocidos como abejorros. El primero de ellos comprends las especies de ” verdaderos abejorros" con comportamiento eusocial, es decir, que producen individuos machos, hembras y obreras que forman colonias, mientras que el segundo abarca aquellas espe— cies que, carentes de casta obrera, parasitan el nido de las es pecies de Bombus. Siguiendo la sistematica tradicional, la subfamilia BOMBI — NAE junto con la subfamilia APINAE. que incluye el género Apis- LINNEO, 1756, constituyen la familia APIDAE, que a su vez es en globada en la superfamilia APOIDEA y esta en el Orden HIMENOPTE RA. La eleccion del tema se encuadra dêntro de une de las li--- neas de investigacion de la Catedra de Entomologie de esta F a— cultad, que persigue el conocimiento de la fauna entomologies - espahola. El interés de toda revision radies en la utilidad de la mi_s ma\ El objetivô que se persigue es inmediato: conocer y orrienar las especies que integran un grupo zoologies en une zona deter- minada y proveer a los futuros interesados en el tema, de la ma yor cantidad de informacion posible. Los abejorros, ademas, son un grupo interesante en si mis— mo, por varias razones: tienen un comportamiento social comple— jo, son victimas del parasitisms de muchos otros animales y, e^ pecialmente, porque son polinizadores por antonomasia. Visitan gran cantidad de flores y algunas de ellas de forma especifica, como sucede con las especies del género Aconitum — que son polinizadas exclusivamente por una especie de abejorro. Igualmente, visitan numerosas plantas cultivadas y de interés - para el Iiombre, taies como alfalfa, orquideas, manzanos, gro--- sellas y frambuesas» POSICION SISTEMATICA Desde que fue establecldo el género Bombus por LATREILLE, - en 1802, la clasifIcacion de estes abejorros ha supuesto un pro bloma dificil de acometer. En 1832, LEPELETIER DE ST. FARGEAU - créa el género Psithyrus para aquellas especies que, similares- en su aspecto externe a las de Bombus, carecen, sin embargo, de casta obrera y parasitan sus nidos. A partir de ese moments, la clasificacion de uno y otro gé­ nero es tratada por numerosos autores. En un principio, se ba— San en rasgos de coloracion, aunque ya THOMSON en 1872 y RADOS- KOUSKI en 1884, observas las semejanzas entre determinadas es— pecies, siendo este ultimo quién apunta la existencia de " gru- pos de especies", por las similitudes en las capsulas génitales de los machos. En 1911, VfOGT reunio las especies proximas en subgéneros, - lo que dio lugar a correcciones y ampliaciones posteriores de - los especialistas (FRANKLIN, 1913, BALL, 1914, 5K0RIK0V, 1914,- FRISON, 1927, RICHARDS, 1927 y 1928, etc.). En 1917, KRUGER a— grupa los subgéneros de Bombus en dos secciones: Anodontobombus y Odontobombus, por la ausencia o presencia de una espina pateri te en el basitarso de las patas médias de estos animales. Esta- division en secciones ha sido comprobada genêticamente, por el- estudio de aloenziroas, gracias a PEKKARÏNEN, 1979. En 1922, SKORIKOV, va mas alla, elevando a rango genérico - los subgéneros de V/OGT y creando otros nuevos. Esto supone el - que posteriormente surjan dos claras tendencies a la hora de — considérer el grupo: una primera, en la que se reconocen los — dos géneros tradîcionales con sus correspondlentes subgéneros,- seguida por autores como PITTIONI, 1939, KRUGER, 1951, 1954, — 1956, etc. y una segunda en la que la subfamilia es elevada a - familia BOMBIPAL y varies de los subgéneros de Bombus, asimis— mo, elevados a géneros. En 1961, MILLIRON sorprende a los especialistas con una nuie va clasificacion de los abejorros en dos tribus: Bombini y Psi- thyrini. que comprenden, respectivamente, très géneros la prime­ ra, Bombus, Meqabombus DALLA TORRE, 1880 y Pyrobombus DALLA --- TORRE, 1880 y uno solo la segunda, Psithyrus, aunque, los cua— tro géneros englobarian, a su vez, varies grupos de especies c£ da uno, Por los errores y omisiones de la misma, esta clasifica^ cion fue discutida y rechazada por RICHAROS, 1928, quién, ado— mas, hizo una revision mondial de los subgéneros de Bombus, ba- sada en un concienzudo trabajo de SANDHOUSE, 1943. Asi, el gén^ ro quedo dividido en 35 subgéneros, con perfecta ideniidad cada uno de ellos. La clasificacion de RICHARDS es seguida por auto­ res como YARROU, 1970 y 1971, LOKEN, 1973, PEKKARÏNEN, 1979, — etc. Sin embargo, la tendencia a considerar varias géneros en la subfamilia, también ha tenido éxito. Por ejemplo, TKALCU, 1974, mantiene las dos tribus de MILLIRON y considéra para Bombini — los géneros Alpiqenobombus SKORIKOV, 1914, Alpinjbombus SKORI— KOV, 1914, Bombus LATREILLE, 1802, Confusibombus SCHENK, 1859,- Meqaboinbus DALLA TORRE, 1880, Mendacibombus GER5TAECKER, 1859,- Qrientalibombus RICHARDS, 1929 y Pyrobombus DALLA TORRE, 1880 y para Psitbyrini. el género Psithyrus
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