Sunn ClnNrvoRECoNsEnvarIoN

TheNewsletter and Journalof the IUCN/SSC Mustelld,Vlverrld & ProcyonldSpeclallst Group tucN

NumberI April1993

SPEcrEsSunvtvLL CoMMtssIoN

Spotted llnsang(Prtonodofl pdidkolot) from vlctn.m - Photo by K. Bannauskas

lhe productionand distribution of this issuehas been sponsored by 'Blijdorpzoo', Rott€rdam,Holland and the "RoyalZoological Society ol Antwerp",Antwerp, Belgium Suen CanNrvoRECoNsEnvarroN The Newsletterand Joumal of the IUCN/SSC Mustelid,Vivenid & ProcyonidSpecialist Group

Editor-in-chief: HarryVan Rompaey, Edegem, Belgium

Editors: AngelaGlatston, Rotterdam, Netherlands Huw Griffiths,Leeds, United Kingdom MichaelRiffel, Heidelberg,Germany Amd Schreiber,Heidelberg, Germany RolandWirth, Miinchen,Germany

Thc vie*s erprEssedin this poblicalion arc tho€cof thc authorsand do not neccssarilyrcfled thos€ of rheIUCN, nor the IUCNASC Muslelid,Vivenid & ProcyonidSFcialisl Gmop.

We arE panicularly gmtcful io Walter Rasmusscnfor lEsding the manuscriptsand improving th€ Englishstyle.

The aim of ihis publication is ro off€r rhe filembersof the IUCNASC MV&PSG, rnd thoscwho arE conc€m€dwift mustelids,vivcr ds, aM procyonids,brief pape$, ncws ilems, abdracts,.id litles of rccenl literaore. All readersare invited (o sendmaterial to:

Mustelid,Viverrid & ProcyonidConservation c/o Dr. H. Van Rornpaey Jan Verbertlei,l5 2650Edegem Belgium

Prinredon recycledpaper lssN l0l9-50| Small Carnivore'Camp'Workshop Report

ln Febru.ry the MV&PSC h€ld two cons€cutivework_ els€wherewhen lhe needarose! Pat Turley-Fosler did a Sreatd€al shops,the firsl on conservationAss€ssrnenl rnd MrnagerncntPlsn of travelling to ensurethe oircrs were nell atlended lo, while (CAMP) followed by r Europeannint Populationand Habilrt Rolandwirth went fmm groop to groupsharing his €ncyclop€dic- Viability Asscarneor(PHVA). both at RotterdamZoo. Th€ work- like kno$ledge of ihc small camivores. shops,which ran from the llth lo the 13$ and l3lh to l4lh respecrively,ivere organiz€din collaborationwith lhe IUCN/SSC Coos€rvrtionslaius was det€rmin€d by applying th€ Mac€/ Captive BrE€dingSpecialist Crcup (CBSG) and lead by alschair- l-arde criteria of assessingextioclion ftreats, thereby assigning mao,Dr Ullic seal. eachtaxon |o a calegory(Cdtical, EndanBered,Vulnerablc, Safe). In addilion lo snd ba$d on th€se€xtioction threats,each SrouP The wortshoDs.annoonccd in lhe Oclobcr 1992Newsl€l- attempted to idenlify and ftcommend maoagement,resc:mh, tcr, were w€ll allcndcd wilh dclc8atcs from s.vcral different captive brecding, and informalion-gath€ringpriorities for €ach insliturions and coutries: laroo lh€y eramined. Whilc al dlc sl{rt of lhe CAMP mosl panicipantssppeared vcry r€luctantor concemedaboul lhe validi- . MV&PSC mcmben: John C.mio, ShelaghH€srd (Canada), ty of a$igning populalion numbcrslo specic! abolt which v€ry Tiit Marsn (Bslonia),Dorr Moore (USA), PaulRobinson (UK), litllc is tnown, andnating educatedgucsses al lhe thteatslhey 8rt Viarch€slav Rozhnov (Russi.), Hafry Van Romp..y (Bel- under.it becamecleaf that this wasa trcccssaryfirsl st€pin lhe aim gium),and RolandWi(h (Gemany)l lo evcntually establishaccutate informalion.

. &leg esfronvariousinstilulionsandobs€rven:Ko€nBrcuwet Th€ two and a half day workshopwas fiercfore lhe slaning (Holland), Alfndo Cuaron (Mexico), A. de Jongh (Holludl point of whst will bc a loflg proccas.Oncc th€ information g€ne- Eladio Fcrnrndez-Caliano(Fnnc€), Ajit Kumar (lndia), C. rate/ is compiledinlo a drnft CAMP docutnenl,i( will becirculaled Maizercr (France), Roland Melisch (Gcrmany), Dumilru T. and reviewcd by wildlif€ managcrs,rcs€arch€rs and instilutions Murariu (Rtrmania),Claus Reulhcr (Germsny). Barbel intemationally,wilh thc inlcntimr lhat lhey correct and expandit. Rososchik(Gcrnany), Jordi Ruiz-Olmo (Spsin), M.-C. Saint Thc draft CAMP docum.nt should also be reviewed at re8ional cirons (France),Rudig€r Schropfer(Cemany), Vadim rcview s€ssionsconducted !t CBSC ncelings and wortshops, Sidorovich(B€lorus). T. Tew (UK), PatTurley-Fosier (USA), utilizing lo€al expenise.Thus, this wotkshoPwa! thc first slePin P. van Br€e (Holland), and Daisy Wirth (Cermany). lhe p.oduciionof a documcntwhich will conlinuouslyevolvc as fi€w infomalion becomesavailable. changes occur, and priorities In addilionto tacklingthe business at hand,lheworkshops shift. offercd a mre snd \relcome opponunity for sG members to network informally, b€ginningwi(h a welcomer€ception on fie While somegroups workcd on lhe CAMP rnatedaluntil the l0th at rheZro. The CAMP work.hop wls formally oFned on lh€ lasr day, thosclrilh a spccial inrcrEstin lhe Europ€anmink b€gln momingoflhe I lih witha welcom€ fmm thedircctorofRotterdam rhePHVA onfie | 3lh,neain undcr !h€ Suidmce of Ullie S€al.Tiit zoo, Drs A.H. Dorr€steijnrnd followed by RolandWinh. chair- Maran repotu on this PHVA in this number. man of lhe MV&PSG who s€t lhe CAMP Foccss in conlext. Roland also wamed thosc involved in thc proccasthal, having Gencrousrhanks atE due to Dr AnSelaClatston who did . worked with Ullie Sealoo previousCAMPS , th€rc would b€ latc magnificcntjob organizingall th! logisticsand ensuringthe nighBuntil lhe laskwas compleled! workrhops mn withoul problems.Panicipants were ablc to wotk sieadilythroughout lhe day e/ithoul any wonies and wcrESuaran- The aim of a CAMP workshop is lo pmvid€ strategic te€da constaolsupply of coffeeand nourishmenlto keeptheir Suidanceon int€nsive conscrvation aclion fm thEatened taxa. energygomg. During the CAMP pcoplelhus hadto ass€ssthc cons€rvalionslatus of .ll sFci€s ard subsp€cies(if necessary)of lhc groups in Th€ MV&PSG alsoexiends ils gratiludeto Drs Dorresleijn, qu€srion,which wasno easylask consideringlh€ taxooomicchaos rhe Diftctor of Roiterdamzoo for the ongoing supponwhich the of the small camivores!This plobl€m aside,Ulli€ Sealwas able lo Zoo hasdemonslrated for our 8mup. Not only doesRotl€rdan Zoo guide thc processcxpenly draq,ingfrom his cxperienc€srunning conrriburessignificanlly to lhe Newsleller,bul il Savcgenemusly CAMPSfor a numb€rof bird 8ndmammd ordersover th€ pasllrro of its funds,resources, and slaff time in organizingand hosting years. lhesc lwo very imponant workshops.On behalf of all thosewho paniciparcdin th€workshoF and thos€ who will be involvedin Thetime-consuming lask of consideringall laxawas com- tunh€ractivili$r€lating to th€CAMP andPHVA, we aredeeply plctcd by the parricipaniswotidng in small Itoups, divid€d uP indcbtedlo RolicrdamZoo for ils visible.ssistance and commit' trcording to lheir r€gior of erp€nis€ (Amcrica, Afrrca, EumF, nrcnt lo small camivorc cotls€rvalion. andAsia). while dividingon lhisba3is was nol perfectgivcn lhat many peoptepossess€d sp€cialisl knowledgc on a family or group panicipanls ralhcr than an srEa,it was wotkablc. However,sonc Sh€laghHeard' PO Box 156,Hon€ymoon Bay, visiis abroad to olher "condnents" so rhal h.d to mak€ several BC CanadavoR IYO individualscould sharetheir exp€n knowledg€or offer inPut PHVAWorkshop on the Europeanmink

A "Population and Habilal Viability Ass€ssmentWork- mor€tban 25,000 in othcr statcsof CIS). DurioBlhc last3 to 5 years shop for rhe Europeanmink was held in RotterdamZoo from 13 lhe wild populationsof Eslonia tud BelorussuffcrEd a very mpid ro 14February 1993. Expens from countrieslhat still hav. Euro- d€clinc andare exFcled lo die out within the n€xi fivc yeats.In tftc peln mink in the wild .s w€ll as repr€seniativesof scvcdl natur€ whole of rh€ crdcm ranSe O|c distdbotion is ftsgmeded. ln conservationorganizations and acad€mic instilutions weac prrscnl: Finland,whcre th€ EuroF-Enmitlk waslhoughl lo be cxlinct sincc .,ordi Ruiz-Olmo (Spain, Dir€ccio Gen€rald€l Medi Natural), Dr al le.ri 15 ycars,r wild sFcitrrcn wrs cauShtin April l.sl ycrt. In M-C.SaintGirons (Frsnce),C. Maizrrc! (Francc, GRECE), Dimi- Spain,the Europcanmink's dktribtulion sccmslo spreadinto the rru T. Murariu (Rumania,"Crigor€ antipa"), Tii( Maran (Estonia, soulh. Tallinn Zoo), Dr vadim Sidorovich(Bclorus, Ioslitutc of Zoo- logy),Dr ViarcheslavRozhnov (Russia, A.N. ScvertzovInstilolc Thc mrin caus.sof dcclinc lr/crcestim.red lo be the impact of Evolutionary Ecology & Morphology of Animals), Roland of dl. American mink, habitatlo6s, pollutioo, and humrn intcrf€r- wi(h (Gemrny,IUCN),DtUllic Scal(USA,CBSG), Don Moorc enc€.But it s€emslh&t the clcar mechsnismof dcclirc is not yet ( USA, Bumet Park Zoo), Drs. Koen Brouwcr (N€ihcrlands,EEP krlollrl esp€cirlly lhc rolc of thc Amcricrn minl n€cds funher Headquan€fs),Dr AngelaGlatston (Nclherlands, Rottedam Zoo), invcstigation.Th€ ncccssityto continue lhc coordinatedceplive PaulRobinson (UK, Southponzoo), Johncamio (Canada,Meto bft.ding programmcwas €rprEsstd by the *o*sltop. Corrcming Toronlo zoo), Dr P.J.H. vm BrEc (Nelherlands,Inslituut voar d|€ statusofthe EuroFsn mink in.ist m Europc,lhercsuhB oflhc TaxonomischeZitlogic), Claus Rcuthcr & Batel Rogoschik wortshop show€d that e dctrilcd survcy as well as follow-up (cermany, Aktion Fischotterscbutzc. V. Otterzcntrom),Dr T. E. monitorinS in all ca5temcountdcs, b{rt also studics on scvcnl Tew (UK, Joinl Nature Conservatioo Commiltce), and Prol aspcctsof its biolo8y, arEurgcntly ncd. Thc idca to slan with RijdigerSchitpf€r (Cermany, Osnabruck Univcnity). a globol coordind€d proi:ct fo. conscrvationsrd resafl:h of ah€ hrropean mink in erst€m Europewas put forward. It was statedthai almosl €verywhereti|e Europcanminl's statusis wors€nin8qui.kly. The tolsl numb€rof individuals we.c Tiit Mrr8n, EastEuropern Proj€ct Coordirrtor elrimatedlo bc lesslhan 30,mO (l,m0 in Spain,2,0m in Fianc€, TallinnZoo. Psldiskl Road. 145 200?in Rumania.150-200 in Estonia.150-2m in Belorus,and Talllnn 200035.Estonls

Lesserknown bibliography of raremustelids

Re.cntly Schitfer & Paliochs( 1989)and Youngman ( l99l ) To much of my surptis€ the wo* on thc bibliograPhy is undenookSrEat efforts to conplete biblio8raphicsm lhc Euro- procc€dingfastcr lhqo anticipstcd.As of J.n. 3 I , I 993 th€ biblio- p€anrninl. Thc authon rcdbcove.ld uniquehisto.ical sourc€s and graphyconsistcd of 230 cntri€s,atd wrs lccompaDicdby aboua4{) provid us 'rith a r€fcrcncccollection updatcdfot thc whole of shon Englilh sbcrrrcrs.A bri€f aodysis of lhc first 2m ftbs has s enem E rroF. Challengcdby thescpublicatio$ I rcturn€dto my shou,nthar th€ najority camc fmm lhc fornler soviet union Thc uncomplcicd1989 bibliogmphy of raremustelids with lhe ideaof most exrcnsivclycovered spcci€s was the oller (ll4 ct.ies) updatin8 ir for all th€ arEsof the fonn€r Sovict Unioo 8nd Easl followed by the Europeanmink (52), matbl€dpolecal (28), stePp€ EuroF. Th€ majorily of publicatioN thrr originaIcdfrom tbe 8rca polccrt (27), md honcy-badgcr(5). ir st'll unknownto foreign res€archers:Schrdfer & Paliochr ( I989) do nol lis( a single recentSovicl publicalion. Th€ compilation ot lh€ bibliography involves morE desk wort lhao I would desire.Fo(onalely every time I am gexing bored The goal of ny work is to breat the isolation bas€don fi€ I encountersom€ exciting newsthat keepsme rufiing for th€ nexl languaSebarier (Mustelidaercsearchers study mustelids,rcl fcw houls.My lastfinding wasthe proc€edingsabtract by Sauckiy foreigolanguaSes) and on lhe local chractet ofmony Publicatioits (1989). We.ll .ead sbout th€ EurcFan mink introduclion lo th€ I believe that i( is very impodant th8l ev€ry single pap€r on Ku.il Archipclago,bol il was sortclhing mw to m€ lo Ieam thal a endmgeredsFcics is laken notic€of. Il is ooly larcr lhat somem.y similar inlroduction was carried out in Tajikislan. Het€ 62 Euro- be consideredas lrivial and lhe oth€.s s€lecrcdas valuableones. pean mink were r€leasedncar the mounlain river Shingidan in 1988,and th€ir tracks *€re registeredt monlhs later. My iotention is to record all original papers,proc€€dings, books,popular anicles, field guides.and gar|c Publicationsthal I hopeto complelethe biblioSraphy during 1993. Il will be nEnlion raremu$elids and werepublished rfrcr 1980.Th€ sFcies senlout for comnr€ntsand supplenrentsin lhe summerof | 993. Il of my interest are: Europ€an mink, SlePp€ Polecat, Marbl€d wo ld be a grearhelp if any of lhe newslclrcrtcadeN could s€nd polccar,Honey-badger, and Oller. The areacovered is the fomer nlc abstractsor copies of anicl€s that should be included in ihe So,rietUnion, Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, fofmer bibliography. YuBoslavia,Bulgarir, and Romania.The bibliograPhywill in- cludethe English translstion of thetitle,joumal name, publish€r. Jerzy Romanowski,Institute of EcologyPAS yclr, andolher typical delails,md in addnion:sp€cies mentioied. I)riekan6wL. nesrWarsaw,05-(D2 l,omianki' Pohnd language.and shon English abstract (*hen possible) Observationson procyonidsin Paraguayand adjacentregions

DanielM. BROOKS

Introduction All localesand areaswere driven to by vehicle,and ParaBuay harborsa varied rrpr€sentdiooof thc camivor€ surveycdon foot.Opponunistic sighlings of live individualsand assernblag€(R€dford & Eis€nb.ry, 1992).Alrhough hosic ecoto_ lracks werc logg€d proximal to areas associaledwirh. Fig. I gical panSuayan informationhas been prol/ided for mo6r le.resrrial illus||atesthc r€gion,wirh rccordings.Habitar in lhe paraguayan camivo€ (€.g., tara Berde, 19?8;Brcoks, l9l, 1992),tt|cre are Chaco(west of the ParaguayRiver) hasbeen describ€d elsewherc still excepriorN-nolably lh. Focyonids. Ecotogicay, pocyooids (Brooks,1991, 1992). Less etochasric lhan rh€Chaco. bur more exhibita wide rangeofguilds, spatially(ranging fron: largelyten€s, seasonallydefincd rhao the South-Atlmric min foresr.rhe maiorirv lial to almo$ entirely arbo.ed) ad dielarily (all spcciesarc o.rmi- of rh€ Oriemal(ea!t ot the PsraSuayRivcr) consistsot r; in; vorous,cmsuming varying quadities of plant and rninral matt€r); savannah,punctuared wilh tropical forcsl. Th€ easremOrienral is diebry itemsvafy consilerably(e.g., crush.ivory loj.da & Msrcs, €sscnriallyan ert€nsion of rhehistorically vast, contiguous Sourh_ l99ll. nectarivory{Emlnons & F€er t99ol, erc.),rnd slcnophagy Adanticrain for.st. is cornmonin sorneareas (Redfod ?rdl, 1989).Of rhc s€ven8€n ta identifiedby (192),lwo pamguay. Nowak ar€cxtanr in CRAf,.EATTNC RACCOON P NOCYON C ANCR IVO ROU S Hau,at assoria,ion Herein. basic ecological ioformation is provid€d for the The occurenceof rhis sp€ciesin th€ c€ntral (xeric) region Crab-earing raccoon{Procp, .ol( rivrrdxr) andrl|e SouthAm€ri- of th€ Chaco,*here thc majoity of availablew er is from man- catr (Nasu.t co.ri Msua) in the P.raguay.nChaco, and ! portion of madecrttle pondlets, indicrres that ftis spcciesis nor,....r€strictcd BrasilianSooth-Atlantic rain for€sr.Addiriona y,spcculalionsarc lo wrlersid€habitsts such as swamps, rivcrs, streams, and b€aches". m.de on srarus polential and lhrearsof thesespccics in the r€gion (Emmons& F€€r,l9O). Live individualswerE obs€rvcd ro bc wherefi€y wer€ srudied.TtE prelimioary nsrurc of rhcs€rcs||hs active on thc ground. cannotbe overcmpbasized,as th€ dat! s€tswcl! com€ndive.

Methods Sighringsof live individuals(N=2) werc borh solirary. SFcularionthal pairsmay bond shonly duringlhe brceding season Mcthods have b€en describ€dels€wheE (Brooks, l99l, was b3sedupon incr€ascdft€quency of tracks of morE than one 1992).The cenlral studysite, Esrancia Totedo (22"33'S,6f3O'W, individuelin tbe sime €. durinSthe austmlwinrer. Thus il is 35 km W of the Mennonil€ Cotony of Fitadetfia, Boquercn, probable that animals ar€ solirary, exccpl during the breeding Paraguay).was luweycd for anenrire year (August 1989- Augusr scasonwh€o lhey cone togctherto reproduc€. 1990).Th€ Iguacu r€gion (Zirnm & Sch€r€r, t976) of par.na. Bnsil, whcr€ coatis werc obs€wad,wa$ suraeyed in late Jsnurry Dailj actirity and early F€bruaryof 1990. Althoughlive individualswcre obs€rved ro beacrive diur- nally.rrmks w€re frcquenrly found early jn rhemoming in areas E tvlt wherc they wer€not pr€seotthe prcviousevening, suggesiing rh lhis sFcics is aclivenoctumally as wett.Belausc oflhis, no tirm conclusionscould be madeon p. .an.rivrrrrr acrivirvDaxems. However,ir is intereeingto norethat tracksot onelndividual cxtendedfor more lhan 4 km along an unuseddin road.

Allhough EstsnciaTol€do wassuryeyed evcry moolh for an cnlirc yclr, sign3ofP. carcriyora$ wcrc prescnronly ftom April to Scplcmbcr(mid-rutomn ro carly spring).Thc rcasonfor this may bc due to incr€axcdaclivity du.ing thc cooler pan of thc year (that is, mctabolic constraints -thermoaegulationthrough incr€asing rcfvity). To tcst lhis hypolhesis,monrhly variation of abiotic factorB (tcmpcratur€, rainfall, cloud covcr, and rclalivc wind v€locity) we.c cach paired with relative abundanceof p. crncrivorous lollowing Sokd & Rohlf (198| ). Ternp€mturesig_ nificmdy corchicd n€garively(n=12, F-.9302, p d.05), con, co.dantwith the hyporhesisthar P . cancivorous incrc.s€sactiviry during rhe 'cool€r' pa|t of thc year.

Fig. I- L EstanciaToledo Allhot9h P . cancrivotout docsnot sharcrh€ Dtaslicirv of its ' 2. E3$em Chaco, (Kur€-f x€ric fore$ Rd.) NonhAmencancongcner whh ngardr ro human de;ehpmenr, rhe - 3. Iguacl N.P.,Paran6 Slal€ spccaesdoes nol apFar lo he s€rioustylhrearened (based upon pet uponwild populalionsis untnown lrcquencyof siSn).A potentialthreat lo this speciesmay b€ Dels.The imDact offie lnde coati tarming mayslimulale unreSulaledhunling lor p€llsand spon. if feasableana properiy managed. local economyand provide a rn€ansto avoid taking coalisfrom the sorJllt AMERICANCOATI NASUANASUA wild unsustain.bly. This sD€cieswas scarcelv €ncouncred in the Chaco'and Summary n€ver€ncountet€d al EstancioToledo. N. rarttd probablyoccurs The purposeof lhis was to Providc t'asic ecological more frequenlly along riverine Sallery foresl' which has a higher Pap€r while assessingslatus, and potenlial lhreats for lhe canopyand is mote $ratified than xeric chacofor€sl ln thc east€m information, raccoon rnd (h€ Sou$ American coali in $e Para- chaco a group of two individuals was observedio xcdc forcsi cmb€ating study took frotn August 1989to Augusl (22'30's.59"i3'w), in lhe vicinityof on€of msnyvasl, salin!rcd guayanreSion. The Place central studv sil€ we! EstanciaToledo' localed in th€ lagoons.which mos(likely s€rveas s€nsonal runoffr€s€rvoirs from i9q): 0rc ParaguayanChaco. All opPonunisticsighlings were r€- rheParaguaY Riv€.. cenral

crouos encounter€din ParqueNacional do lSurctio' Paranr' Tenesrially aclive P car.ritaiols werc asso'iated with Brasil(25'35'S, 54'28'W) werc associatedwith multistralalpri- sh.ub. It is probabl€thal this speciesis solitary,excepl marybroadleaf rain forest.Activity of all livc individualstook xenc chrco seasonNo firm conclusionswere eslablish€d placeon rhegmund during tim€ of observatioo(Fig 2) during thc br€eding rcBardingdaify acliviry pal€fts of P. (anctivotous'ahhough one rnaividual'srracks exanded for over 4 km Aclivily increa$s GrouP tonPost.ion 'coolcr' dunng fte of lh€ yea4 signsof P 'an"ivorous *erc All t€€ordedSrouFs compris€d 2-5 individuals Seasoflrl Pln Drescntonlv from mid frll lo early spring P 'dtcr'vor'lr doesnol srouDconDosition has bc€n described in detail for lhe Cenlral to be s€riouslyftrcltcncd in the ccnlral ParaguayanChaco imerican coati (e. g. Russ€ll,lgSl) All grouPsconsliluted appear individualsof two color phas€s(approximately 50% reddish- Temstrially acliveN ndrtid probablyoccurs mon fre_ brown and 5(% grizzled-8raY). oucntlv alonq riverinegallery foresl in lhc chaco. md were i."*i"ea *irtt multisFalal min foresl in Patque Nacional do Groupscomprised 2-5 individuals'of whichappro'(ima- During lime of obs€wation,Chacoan individuals wet' lauacu. tiv 5O* weron,ldistr-brown'and 50% wer€ grirzled-8ray Chacoan acrivecrepuscularly (early dawn), while individuals from lguacu werea. rlvc crepuscularly' whil€ Iguscf individuals wcrc wereac(ive diumally (mid moming). N.iarla activediumally. lf lhis sp€ciesis rssocialcdonly with forest,il may be thr€arei€d with &foreslation of habilat. Thc impacl of fte F! wild is unlmown N. ''asrd ltras otserv€d associat€dsolely wilhin fo'Ested tmdc upofl Populalions habilal. If this sDeciesis stenoeciouswilh r€8ardsto macro_habital Acknowl.d8er, selection, il may b€ thrE ten€d c/ith deforcstation of habital' Fiorr,(' 'n wls providcdby Kun Benirschkeand $e tiowever, N. drra hasreportedly been associalcd with a variely FoundalionI 'er!d Animals. l,ocal logislics w€re pmvr- of hlbitats.nol reslricledto for€st(e. g Emmons& Fe€t' 1990; ded by th€ Z, ,cietyof SaoDicgo'sC.R E S.through the Redford& Eisenberg,1992). Despite multiplc iurveys in unfol€sl€d of I 'gur (th€ Tagua Ptojecl). Than*s lo lhc siqnsoflv. tdrra w€renever eocounter€d li is Possiblethal $rpporl habitar. ,udies Forndation for providing cornpuler rhe high acrivnyhvel whichchffacierizes this sFcies tcduccd Neolropical suPport chan; of encounter(i. e. individualsin the ChacodisapFar€d decpinto the forestwithou( a trace,thc momcn(my prcscncewar Lllerrture realized). B.ri., P. M. l9?8. Ho@ rss. of s vong LnaL Coffrev s cd in Prtgutv |lll:lt2 tt3- well Carniwr. Long rcgatdedfor theit acrobaticanlics, cr"lis arc Bmts. D. M. 199| . Stm n l.s d Lcsrrid mln.lids in thc P'ng!av4 Cheo' known amongSourh Amencsn peoPle'and afe fr€qucnlly l€pt as MnkM & vir.rti.l Cone^ ,4:54 816&, D, M. 1992.F.tiG in tlE P.ng@rd Chp Car "vtNN 16rt9_21 Ennds. L- H, & Fd., F- f99O N.dr.'l,i@l min fot& tuhnab: a t'ld 3ri'L' Unit.Biry or Oicrso Pcs Chica$ Now.r. R. M. 199i. rvdlt f t nmub.y'rh. x dd 5th .d vol 2 JohnH'prjns Uriv.Ent PEs, adit|&. Oin .R.A.&Mms,M.A l99l.AbioSogdpl c-'tvsbofllEmmalsols'lrr PreviN, Arscntin.: Pdt.ms of sF.ics tsobl!8' in the N'olrotca' Se. Publ lil,t f.Qttuh UN 21 r'"1 2 Ih' r.dfonf, i. H. & E snb.rS.l F l$2 adNh ol th' N'dt ry': tBthn cM: ci!. Art.ntitu Utusto, nnd Parasuor unirenitv ol Chcuo DEss,Chic.So "'urPor'rfdx'r'r R.dlsd. X H-M;[:d.A &Tnse'.I C t98a rlE t'nl . mylrMoph.g. tau,ald 531|): I 12_l 14 pmtcrio rus$tl. ,. K. 198| - Ercl6id of .dult nFr. cdlis ftun s oupr: f m ,r!d.lio4., rvdt r,62(|):20C208 sora.r. n.enunt r. t. tstt,id.t'r. w H.FEtu & co. N'wYdt Zins. L & S.h.d. A f 9?6 1, S.nav.n litd: Oonidd'l D'Pdt'htato lq@zu EdkiGJ Mr'vnd. Bl|.fu AiE

Neotropical Faund Studies Foundation Rie; i Tcrrestrially actinc coati associatcdwith multi$rabl r3in 1645West Main # I' Houston,Tx.77006' USA Noteson the ,viouq,activity, and feeding of the Spotted linsang Itrionoilon patilico lor) in captivi$

GermanV. KUZNETZOVand Kazimieras BARANAUSKAS

speciesar€ also interesting.Wllhin a few minutesof b€ing inlroducedto theenclosrr€, lhe linsao8slarted lo marka lemlory. le.vingurine rnd excrerkntin openplac€s lf Blanledor sensing dangcr(e.9. by lhe sudd€napp€aranc€ of a humanor by someother "drumming" dislurbance)fte linsangsqueated, whilst wilh oneor olhcr forcleg on lhe surfaceof any objecl it wason at that momenl. In rhcenclosure th€ animal liked lo asc€ndand descend bougfts xt highsp€€d. and often changed dircclion in midrun wilsl bough- climbing,the linsengusually made jumps of 30 - 50 cm, and sometimesof up to I m. When lree-climbing,lhe long tail served as a brake.when the animal desc€ndedquickly fmm lhe lrunk lo th€ floor, i{ seem€dto "flo\r" down lh€ trunk, holdingonlo boughs andtlrc rooghbark oflhe irunk. At lhat mome fi€ animalprcss€d ib belly .nd the lower pan of its tail lo th€ trunk, andrhen jumFd down on(o ihe floor. When moving on fie floor, the linsang hcld its rail horizontalty.lkhough it sometimesrais€d it upalmo$ veni- cally. Duringr€st IIld sle€p,the .nimrl usuallywoond its tail arodnd irs body. we nodcedlhsa d|e elcrncntof play was alwaysa coflr- pon€ntof rhe limang's behaviour,cornpising beNeen 0.4 - 1.4% per 24 hours.

Whenthe linsrng sawa Ycllow-neckcdmousc fApod?rrtl.t Ia|ico is) ot Bank vole (Clethriononys Slorcolus)on ih€ floor, it slowly d€scendedfrom the tree and jump€d silently to th€ floor froma hcightof halfa tneter.Th€n the animal waited for th€righl moment,and snrppedat the n€ckof the pr€y '.vi6 its teeth.when d€alinewith larger prey (e.9. young rals),lhe animalrushed upon ii wiih a jump, and lh€n, holding thc prcy wilh its paws,fell on hs sidc and kill€d the prey in $is posilion. Whcn rcplctc th€ animal usuallydid not perseculercd€nts and lay up. During each24-hour periodlhc linsangate, on lh€ av€rage,about lm g of food (ils own The Sportedlinsang (Prio, odonpaftlicolor H&8rro, la42) weightwas 600 g) tquivalent to four yellow-neckedmice or sax is a raresp€cies of vivenid from Indochinaranging up io N€pal. bankvoles. The spoted I inang digesled76.5% ofanimalfood. hs The rarily of lhe sp€cies means lhat any obscrvalions of irs favouril€ food wassmall pass€rin€birds, which wereealen almost b€haviourare of special in{er€st. completely,with lhc exceplionof the wing-fealhersand lh€ slomach.Th€ linsang always ate on the floor, never climbing a lree B€tweenFebruary | 988 and Augusl 1989, a femalespotled wilh ils prey.Neither did it hide food rEmains,and only rdrcly linsangfrom vi€ham waso&€o€d in anenclosure measuring 2 retumcd to them. x 3 x 2.2 m. The enclosurewls fumished*ith tr€estumps and venical!runks and boughs (l - l5 cm diardeter).Hollowed logs Desoile$€ facllhat litll€ is knownabout the b€hayiour of (hidingholes) were placed on thefloor ai hcighsofo.s, 1 0, l 5 lhis sp€ciesunder naturrl condilions, on thc basisofour obs€rva- and 2.0 m. The floor of rhe €nclosurcimitated for€sl litter. The lions we can characterizelhc spoxed linsang as a sp€cicsthai lemperatureof lhe enclosureranged fmm 20'C at nighl to 25"C mainly inhabitslhc lower shrublayer. Our observarionaldala during the day, and wasmaintain€d by r th€rmostaticallyconlrol- rcvealedihat during 24 hours,lhe linsangspenl aboul 85% of ils led heater.A I 2: I 2 hour lighl:dffk photoperiodwns maintain€d to timc at h€i8htsof up to I m. This logelherwith th€ app€aranceof imira|econdilions at lh€ localiry i{here lhe spotted linsanglived in theanimal: $e longtail, the struclur€ of lhe claws,its colouralion rhewild. Duringobs€wations of the linsanS,the duralionof all and hsbits, show rhal thc spoll€d linsang is well adaplodlo lhe forms of activity and behaviour within a 24-hour p€riod were pursuitof prey(small birds and rod€nts) in ihe shrublayer. tim€d,vbual obs€Nalionstotalling 245 h. lt wasdetermined that a€livity of rhef€male spotted linsang wss oflftc polyphasetype, bul Germanv. Kuznetzov,A, N. SevertzovInsa. it was moat sclive during lhe night. During an rvemge 24-hour Evolut, Animal Morphol. & Ecol, (32.5%) passive p.riod, th€ linsangwas activc fot 7.8 houls ad RussianAcademy of Sci€nc€s,33 (i.e.at resior sle€ping)for 16.2hours (6?.5%) LeninskyProspect, Morcow Y-71,Russia Thelinsang prefened a heighlI m abov€lhc flmr (18.1h, 75.7%pcr 24 h), wasat other heighh for 2.2h (9.7%)of lhe lim€, KazimierasBaranauskas, Inst. Ecol. and on the fioor for 3.3 h ( 14.6%).Behavioural reactions of this Aksdemijoc2' Vilnius 2600'Lithuania Preliminarydata on the useof spaceand activity of the Eu,.rpeanmink lMustelalutrcola) as rcvealedby radio-tracking

SantiaeoPALAZON and Jordi RUIZ-OLMO

Th€ Europ€anmin* is, wirhoutdoub., one of d|€ nost rhr€a- t€nedmammals in Eumpe,and is proboblythe sFcies which dis- plays rhe most marted distributional regrcssionwithin the arEa (Schreiber?r a/., 1989).Concem over this issu€ led numemus rese chers, groups and adminislralive bodies to pay panicular atlentionlo thesFcies'conservatioi (s€e TenDvsky & Temovskaya 1989;Schriipfer & Paliocha, 1989; Maran, l99o; Camby, 1990i Braun,l9q); Sidorovich.l99l). Thusdle Co ncil of Europ€has promoGdrhe compilation ofa rcporlsummarizing tl|e data accumula- ied o.r tl|e species(Saint-Girons, | 9l ) andhas approved a Recoo- mendatior|to the MemberStat€s (which today o' y affe.6 Fr€nch andSpanish populations; s€€ Must€lid & VivenidConserv.,5:15).

The aforententionedrepon emphasisesth€ deficienciesin lhe availsbleinfonnation with regardlo fte species'distdbution and rophic ecology (see also Camby, 1990; sidorovich, 1992). Behaviouralinfomation is virtuallynor€xislent, leading Sainl- "Europ€an Girons ( | 99 I ) to sayonly th€ following ofl the subject: mink live along wa&rcoursesand near lakes rnd marsheswhos€ banksare covered by d€nsevegelation....They live in holesdugin rh€banks by i$elf or by othermammals. For example,it frEquently usesthose of the muskral,a newcomerio wcslemEurope, but iI cm also be discoveredin reed beds, hollow lr€es and ev€n piles of driftwood'.

Camby (l9q)) goes no funhe. lhan (o suggestthal: "1, vison s'installe dans les teni€rs situasdans la berge€l enlr€ lcs racinesdes arbresd€ Ia ripbylve. ll peur indiff€r€nment crcuser lui'n€meses refuges, ou utilis€r, apras les avoir agrandis, d€s abris amdnaSdspar d'aulresespac€s (rongeurs)..." and her€h€ confin€s himsclf |o quoting the or y estimakd drta which are .v|ilable oo irs hom€ raogc (Novihov, 1939;Novikov, 1975; Danilov & Tumanov.1976).

Re€€nrly,Maran ( 1989)carried out rh€ first studieson lhis animal'sactivity md gr€gariousnessio catsivily, ahhoughit remainslo ba s€eowh€ther these data coiflcide with fte notms for wild nrink.

Material and methods During th€ period frorn Dcccmberl99l (o F€bruary 1992, lrapping was canicd out on diffcr€nt rivers in Nava.m Provincc (nonhem Spain),on which the specieswas known lo tre p.€sent: lheschabirals had Eurosibcdanor sub-Medilefran€ancharl leris- rics (oal and becchwood).Two types of trap werc used: m toorhless-jawlraps (VICTOR & COL. USA: 12cm in diamet€., protect€dby leather,clolh and slicking plast€r,and equippedu/ilh a 35 cm long spring, a chain and a tarabiner), and 20 box araps (given to C. Maiz€retand L. Lafonbine for th€ Franco-Spankh projecr),

Trapping was canied our al lo differ€nt locdions al alli- ludes ranginSberween 475 and 560 metres.Th€re was a toral of I 627lrap nighrs; 1227involving toothlces-jawlr?F. and,m using box lraps. Doring rhc cn(ire period no Eumpcan mink 'rerc capured.and lhe only infornarionga$er€d consisled of a singl€ Fig. L Homc rangesof th€ foui mink studied lrail of tracksfror,, .rle individud.On th€olher halld, 12 geners (Genettagendta,,3 beechmanens (Ma es I weasel foina), e(c.nr.e. ol &lin loc. und. ( Mustela nitolis), utd abllu?zard(Duteo buteo) vtcr. .rptut€d. Box rrapqs€em to bc bcficrrhan toorhless-jaw rraps.

To th€ soulhof the lrappingar€a, thcr€ is an Amcdcanmink (Mustela vitod) farm, cqtlippedwith good sccuriryprccaurions ro prev€nt accid€ntalescaFs, rnd with no escap€i mioks having beenobs€rved lo d.|e. Nev€nhclcss,st a n€arbypoultry farm, mink \^ camer€gularly Io €at chiclcns, young turkcys and ducklings,clc. Sincc this locality was outsidethe known distributional rsnge of lh€ Europ€anmink, ard in a dry arer (total annualninfall ca 4OO- 6m mm), sunound€dby fields of cer€alsand &stnragus.th€ a p.io.' possibililyof this b.in8 du€ to th€ Europ€anspecies was reicled. B€causeof lhis, it wasdccided to lrap thc Amcrican mink in order to confirm ft€ir presence,and (o erradicateth€m. flD {ff.|

It was (hereforea complelc surpriscwhen EuroFan mink Fig. 2. Percentlgeof activeradio-localisations in the four mink, werecaughl with only a few box trrps (initiallyooly six). Six considercdtogetlEr. ditfcrentindividoals *crc caprurEdin this way on 1.25km of rive$ank. Somclrer€ rccaptur€ds€veral times. Folr of rhe mink usedlhc river.ML02 mainly us€d the river, brt wasalso found in werefitt€d with ndiolransmhlcrcollars (URMENSIA, Navafia, an irigation canaland r small srreamentering tlrc right bankof rhe Spain),wcighing 20 I ard broadcastingon I 50,0m- | 5 | ,Un MHz Ega River. In rddilion lo lh€ .ive., fcmale M[.O4 &nd$€ young Itwoaduh nrles (Mm2 andMm3) weighing820 and 720 g, one male M[,0] madeconsidcr0ble use of a small oFn btook *ith female (ML(X) wcighing 460 g, and one yoong malc (MLOI) h€lopfiytic v€gebtion. All th€ femalc'l burmws were situat d in wcighing610 gl. Trackingwas cffried out usinga CE-12CUS- this ar€a. TOMS ELECTRONICSrcceiv€r (URBANA, Ill., USA). Male M1,02also uscd bunows in thc hclophyticv€gctation of a small sireamand of lhc canal.TI|c burows of the orh€rswerc Results locatedin roots and brambleparchcs on lhe banksoflhe river. The four mink (Mml, Mm2, Ml-03, and ML(X) wcrc trackedrnd monitorcd for 25, 58, 4, snd 8 drys r€spccrively.The R.grrding the animals' activilies, Fig. 2 showsthe percen- femal€(ML04) and $€ youngmal€ (MLol) werEfound deadafi€r tage of radio locationsu/ilh associded signs of acriviry (n=421 14 and 5l days of the collar being anachcd.Both wer€ killed Iadiolocations wilh suchinfonnation, i.r. 38.2%).Sornc kind of delibemtely.The fernrle, pregnafl, with fivc embryosin th. effly acrivhy wasdelecled thrcughout lttc wholeday, with a highs levcl stagesof developmenr(and whoscweight hadris€n by 50 I to 5 l0 beinSrEgislercd at ni8ht (45% of thc noctumalradio locations were g) was found dcad besider fishin8 spot, on lhe first day of the active,especiallyduringthe first hours ofrhe niSht and th€ twilight fishing seasonand almost c..tainly killed by a fisherman.The period of rhe moming). ln any case,data a|€ still scarce. youngmale was discovered in an advancedstate ofdecomposilion (skin and bones),on rh€ riv€rbaokjusi oppositelhe poultry farm \rhereit wasfirst c.prur€d; ir wasnol possibl€lo firmly establish Conclusion whal caus€dils dealh.Thc radio transmittersof th€ oth€riwo mink One of the mosl manifestobs.rvrtions is lh€ ralherfearless eventuallyfailcd. b€haviourdisplry€d by this sFcics: threc of lhe specinEnswerc capturedrepealedly in the samearca, and wift thc samelype of Fig. I r€pres€nlsthc home rangeof rhe four mink. For the lrap. Mo.eover,ltro of them were ,lmo$ c€nrinly killed by twoaduh males, this compris€d 6.1 km of riverin MLm and8 km humans, and another was observed on two occasionsby the in MII3, shhoughthe latterwar only monitor€dfor foul days,aftcr autho|s. Withoot r doubr, this wrs favour.d by their daytime whichits lrail waslosr. DurinS this time lhcir home rang€sdid oor b€hrviourand lheir non€-loo-€lusivecharater. This asFcl will n€edto behken inloconsideralionwh€n mar|aging theirpopulations.

The female,however, €xploit€d a muchsmaller at€a around The Europeanmiok's pnctice of entering farms to eat the falm (ca 0.5 km of .iver-coorse).N€vcnhelcss, during the las! dom€sticanimab (behaviourwhich we hav€also observedrepea- days she mov€d upst.eam,being found 4-2 km from the farm, ledlyin Am€ricanmink in theNE of Spain;unpublished dala) had r€presen(irga home rdngcof 4.5 km. not beendescribed in theconsuh€d lirerature (Saini-Girons, I99 | : Camby, 1990).This fact may b€ impodant for its conservation, Fioally, tlrc youngmal€ (MLol ) alsor€msined lintcd lo lhe sincelh€ d.mag€caucd can lendto its p€rs€cutionby th€ farmers environsof lhe farm. on a lot l of 3. I km of rivcr-coursc.On one affecled. of$e nighlswhen moni{oring was carried out, a movcmentof0.T km rcross holm oal wood and farmlard *as dctccrcd,in an area As for the occupationof space,this mustelidapp€ars to slretchingfrcm th€ river lo a small srrEamwhich merg€sdown- dhplayahigh levelof rnoverncntfor its sizewhich is greater,for \kearn of thc river. levcl whh thc farm. example,than th€ Americanmink (Birks& Linn, 1982;Linn & Bi*s, 1980;Lod6, l99l; pcrsonaldata). This may mean thal lhe As for habibl, in all cases (cxc.pt thc one rrcniioned specicab far mor€ vulnerable(possibly linled lo a lesswell, above),mink wer€ found in fluvial habil.ts. Malc ML03 always develop€dknowledS€ of irs tcnirory), bui al the samerime endowedwilh a greater capacity forcolonizing new areas (Schritpfer Nrt resMrrkld viro, so*ic zuihrerRaum- und Zeiloutzung. & Palnrha,| 989:Ruiz-Olmo & Palazon.199 | ).The data oblained Popula,ionsbkologienwrderurtiget SAugetiereX32l -332. hereaplr€ar 10 surpass the av€rage2.4 km of river usedby the Maran.T. 1990.Cons€rvation of lhe Eump€anmink in Estonia. Europeanmiok in Karelia(Danilov & Tumanov,1976). Muslelid& Vive id Consen.,2:12. Mick€vicius,E. & Bamnauskas,K. 1992.Status, abundance and Regardingaclivity, in general ourdatacoincide with Maran's disrributionof m$relids in L:ihuania.Snm Canibre { 1989),wilh the mink displayingactivity throrghout the whole Consen ,, 6:l l-14. day,but b€ingmore ac(ive al night.On th€other hand, there ffe Novikov, G. A. 1939.Euoejaskajo Nerr,d. Itningrdd. l8opp. somediflerences belween the datacollected by Mamn (1989), Novikov,C. A. f9T5.rrbrrsijo lesnghptici zrerej.M(Novr.383W. principallyregarding the secondhalfofthe nighl wher€th€ mink Palaz6n,S. & Ruiz-Olrno,J.1991.Infofilesobreel VisiSn americano in nonhemSpain are somewhat less acrive. In contrasi,lhe mink aMrrrsrd vtJonSch.€ber, 1777) a Catalunya:Periode | 885- we studieddisplay€d grearer aclivity in lhe dawntwilight hours. 1992.Cenerali(a( de Cntalunya. Nevenheless,lhere s€€ms to be a grcalercoincidence in the slan Ruiz-Olmo,J. & Palaz6n,S. 1990.Occurcncc of Europeanmink ofnoclumalaclivity wift theanimals' apparent inactivity during (M uskla lutrc ola) io Caralonia.M iscetuinia 7nol, | 4i249- 253. Saint-Cirons,M.-C. l99l. li \istrf't sawage(Mustela lutreola) erl Studiesare (o be continued,which will providefunher Europe. Col. Sauveqardede la Naturc 54. Cotlncil ol informationapplicablc lo theconservalion biology of thismustelid. Europe.4l pp. Schreiber,A., Winh, R.. Riffel. M. & Van Ronpaey,H. 1989. Acknowledgemcnls Weasels,civ€rs, mongoos€s rnd lheir relativ$. An Action |.C.O.N.A. and Dipuraci6n of Navarraprovided financial Plan fo( rhe Conservationof Muslelids and Viverrids. suppon. We ar€ grat€ful io Enrique Castian and Mr. Ochoa of IUCN, Gland.99 pp. Diputaci6nof Navana for their consranrhelp. fthrbpfer, R. & Prliocho, R. 1989.Zur hislorischenund rezenten Bestandeslnderuogde. Ncnr MusQla h/trcola (L., 1161, Retercnce6 UndMus,.la viro, Schreber,1777 in Eu.opa -eine Birts,t.D.S.&Linn,LJ. 1982.Studiesofhomerangeofthef€ral Hypothcscndiskussion.Pqp u I o t ions ij koI o I ie ne d era 4 i ge r mi]nk,M u;tela vison.Stmp. Zool. Soc.L)ndon 49i23l -257. Siiuge.iere,103-319. Braun,A.J. | 9m. The Europeanmink in Frarrceipast and prcsent. Sidorovich,V. E. 1991.Distribution and slatusof minks in Mustelid & Viveffid Consen.,3t5-8. Byclorussia.ttrrt"lid & Vivenid Consen., 5t14. Camby,A. | 990. ti,e visoo d'EttrotE (Mustela lutreolo Linnaeus, Sidorovich,V. E. 1992.Comparative analysis of thc diets of l16t) Encyclopd.liedes.arnivores de Fruncet3:l-18. EuroFan mink (Must.la luttcolo), Am€ricsn mink (M. Danilov,P.I. & Tumanov,l.L. 1976.Kuni seyrc rapade S.S.S.R. v6on), and Polecat (M. putorius) in Byelo.ussia. Snall bningrad. 245 pp. Cortrivore Conse n., 6a24. Linn,l. J.& Birks,J.D. S. 1980.Obewrdons onthe hotne ranges Tcmovsky,D.V. & Y. C. Temovskaya,Y. G. 1988.Cons€rvation offeral Amcricanminl /Mrr,era v6or, in Devon,England, of cndmgered lpccies -Russian(Europcan) mink. Prrf. as reveafedby ndio lracking Proc.Worldeide Furbearer Conf. Rarc Tenest. vetebr. (Novosibi.sk);26-248. (ln Co"l Marylsnd, USA. Russisn) t d6. T. l99l. ks daplacementsdu vison am6ricain/l4!rr.ld visr,l Schreb€rsuivi par radio trackingsur une rivilre Serveide Proteccioi Gesaiodc le Fauna brEtonrc. M a'ronalia 5( 4),(41 446. Maran,T. 1989.EiniBe AsFkle zum geg€ns€itigenVe.h&llen des Dircccio General del Mcdi Nstural, EuroDaischenN€rzcsMttrr?ldl,.trcolaur Anerikrnischen C/Corsega,329, 5, Barcelona0E{137, Spain

More on the Europeanmink

Theaim ofthe'Crouped€ iravdl surla r6panidoo du vison Severalof th€trapp€d minkshowedslighil€sionson thc lips d'Europe"is to l) completethe aciualdata on th€ dislribution and/or fron! f€eq to avoid !his, improvementsare planned(espe- 2) d€renninethe €cological needsof th€ Europeanmink. cially on the m€tallicttaps).

ln ,anuary,February, and April 1992lrnp6 wer€ uscd in four The rapp€d m.les u/eighedbctwcen 820 and I ,050 B; thc areasof Brillany, six areasof soulheaslFrance, and lwo areasof femalesbetwcen 520 and 6?0 g. The disrincdvewhit€ parch fte Basquepan of Spain. Eighle€nEuropean and two American showcdlinle variabilily:(hc patchon dle upperlip only extends mink werecrughr. As 76%of rh€EuroFan mink wer€€aughl du- ftom th€ lip to th€ snout,and th€ psrchon dl€ low€r lip barcly goes ringlhe first l0 daysit seemslhat this species is mth€r€asy lo irnp. beyondthc chin.

Of the lwo linds of traps used. ihe meGllic ones proved Etude dc la .aprrllllon du vlson d'Europe. DocumenlN'l: morereliable than lhe woodenones. Only in a few cas€sfrcsh fish Pr&entr r des r6rullr.3 de lr pr.mlare rnnde d'6lude, was used: moslly oily pres€rvedsardines were employed. The Nov€mb. ,2.Groupc de lrrvril sur h r€prrlition du Vison generalrrapping prograrnn€ plans ihree trpping campaignsfor d'Eurorl The conservationstatus of the bad.ger Meles meles(L., 1758)in Slovenia

BorisKRY,TUFEK

The Eur.sianbrdgcr is wid€ly distributedin Sloveni. p€r yeff hasrlso declin€d(Fig. 4). Adamic(in Griffirhs,1992) (KryrMtufek. l99l ), b€in8rare or ab8enronly fromlhe mounrains a$ribed declinesin rhe Slovencbadger-bag since 1975 to lhe sndd€foresred plains under intensivc cuhivation. adv€ntof rabies.Rrbies appeared in Sloveniain th€ 1970's,and probably increasedbadger monality and reducedpopula(ion den- lo thespring of 1990,lhe badgerpopul ion waseslimarcd sities,ahhoughlhis \r,as not acluallystudied in Slovenia. at 4,302animals (official s(atisrics ofthe Hunrer'sAssocialion of Slovenia). Sloven€ game-bagstatisrics (badgers killedtear and Thedecreas€ (if gcnuinc)wou ld beexrected to besmall as, spring populalion estimat€s)arc d€rived fron rhe op€iation of over the hsi twenty years,no singlc anicle or nolc on a decr€as€ "dircct" "lrvec", revier hunring.Population €srimsres rr€ brscd on counts in badgernombers has appea.edin the joumal of rhc which provide only a roughe.timste of rcturl badgd deNity. For Hunrers' Associationof Slovcnia. this rerson, th€ annual number of bad8e6 killed is frcque ly consideredlo bc morc rccumt€ as ao irdcx of potxrlationdcnsity In thepedod betwcen 1980-19m, the Faculty of Veterinrry in Sloven€gafic managen€ntpractice. Sci€nc€st Ljubljana scr€en€d30,316 mammds for rabies,inclu- ding 896 bndgefs(2.96%). Of lhes€, 195 badgcrs werc rabies In 1990,?82 brdge.s wcrc killed legally, i.e. 18.2%ofrhe positiv€(i.e. 21.8%of all badgcrs,bur only 0.64%of rlrc loral esrimaled spring population. The averagc animal density *as numberof animalswas tesr€d)- O.25| badScrspcr km' , of which0.034 rnimals w€r€kitled pe. km1. Only the arcaof rhecountry under hunting managcnEnr w.! takcn Fluctuationsin thenumbcr of b0dg€rssent for examinarioo into consid€ration(17,169.98 km . i.c. 84.8%of drc loratal€' of sugge$an epid€micof rabiesamongst bad8crs, with .n ou$r€ak Slovenia). at the beginningof th€ 1980's.

Badgerdensities end th€ numberof brdgerskillcd Fr arca On the olher hand, lhe outbr€akof rrbies drastically rE- uoi( a.c not rcguldly distributedin Slovcnia(Figs. I & 2). In 190, duccd buntcr interest in badBers;Sloven€ huoicrs sr€ well-in- relarivc to their spring dcnsities,rh€ pcrcentrgeof badgerskillcd formedo[ the drngersinvolvri in handlin8camivorcs in areas was belw€en2.9 and 57.7 % in the differ.nr rcBioos.This most infected with rabi$. Only cenain vaccioatedpersonn€l ar€ at- piobably rrflecls defccrs in thc csrimation of spring population lowedto skincamivores, and th€ h€ad ofeach skinned animal must b€ lestedfor rabies.If thc animal is nbies positivc, rhe skin hasto b€ d€stroy€d.All rhis leadslo additionalexpeose, *hil$ lhe However, lhc conelation berwe€nthe e$imared bad8er commercialvaluc oflhe badger'sskin is insignificanl. densityand the number of badgerskillcd perffea unil is positive .nd significrnl(c=0.821, P< 0.ml). Thissu8gests that rh€ annual Thereare also other rcasonsfor th€ loss of interesrin badg€r-bagsdo reflectestimated deNilies. badgersby hunt€rs.The trophy cult is an importantmorivarion for Sloven€hunlers. However, badgersare not regardedar a rrophy The numt'er of badgen hunted per y€ar has decreased speci€s,despile the existenceof formalizri standardsfor awarding during lhe lasl 30 yefs, .lthough lhe numberof r€gistercdhunt€rs medalsfor bolh skullsand skins. The mostimporlanr game species hasincreased during the sameperiod (Fi8. 3). The conelation in Sloveniais the roe deer (42,736 hunted in 1990comparEd ro 782 betweenrhe two variablcsis significant and negative(r = -0.?89, badgers),so the badger-killonly equalled1.83% of rh€ro€ d€€r P< o.ml ). Cons€quenlly,th€ numberof badgcn killed per hunter game-bag.In $e firsthalfofthiscentury the d€n hunting of badgers

Ll [email protected] m o.r,-o.,oo m o.a!{.Do I o.,o' o.'"" I o.roro.bo

Fig. I Populdiondcnsilyofbadgen(snimalsperkmr) indifferent Fi8. 2 BadSershunted p€r l0 kn? in l99Oin lhe hunlingdistricls huntingdisticls of Sloveniain springl99O (bas€d on rh€ ofSlovenia(bas€d on thc officialslarislics ot rhetlunl€rs' officialstatislics of lhe Hunters'Association ofSlovenia). Associalionof Slovenia). Fig. 3 Trcnds in lhe badg€rgam€-bsg and lh€ numb€rsof rc8is- Fig. 4 Declirrc of dE b|dger kill pe. hunter Fr year in Slovenia lercdhunters in Sloveniabetween 1960 and 1991. betw€en1960 and l9l.

(and red fox) was popular, ev€n though much of Slovcoia is Protectivemeasures unsuirablefor this tyF of huntiog,one third of its arta being Badgcrhunlio8 is p€mitted, bot only for r€gbrcredhunlem, karstic.Den hunling reqoires wcll ltaineddogs. which alE owoed in the pcriod bet*€eo August I st shdJanuary I I sI. Snfirs ard olher by very few hunters.Since th€ oulbreakof r.bies in fi€ 1970's,dcn tnps ar! snd the badScrmust be killed by rine Hunting huntinShas been prohibited. Fohibitcd is regulscd rhrouShoulthe country. Und€t mbies conlrol l€8isla_ tioo, bad8en(and othcr camivotes),can bc killed in infeciedsreer Threats al any lime. This is undoubtcdlyon€ of th€ g.eat disadvanlsgesof the curenl legislalion. h l9m there'rere 22,971registercd huolcrs in Slov.nia, equalro a densityof 1.34hunters per km', of hunlingreniiory' In Thc old bcliefs th3t carnivor€sarc hannful, md thal thcir spireof $e largehunter populalion, and fie fact that thcir numbers numbe.ssbould be kept.s low aspossiblc, are slill strongemongsl hale beenincreasing over rEc€ntdccades, the pt€ssurEof hunters Slovenc buntcrs. Th€ Hunle.r' Associrlion of Slovenia doca on badgers(erprcssed €ither as bad8erskilled per hunte. pe. year, cducatcits mcmbc$ on dlc aolc of th€ carnivoresin ccosystcms, or as badS€rskilled p€r y€ar) dec.€as€d arld on the n€edfor thcir cotrs€rvalion.Bcsides orgrnizing rEgular cours€sfor ils members,th€ Associationalso cdil€d a book on one imponanl reason for this decr€aseis ih€ lack of mustelidslivinE in slovenir(KryrM tufck ?. a/., | 986)and prcvid€d acceplanc€by huntersof ih€ badgeras a lrophy sFci€s. PoFrlari- it, fr€c of charg€, to erch of ils 22,0m rr€mbers. Dcspite such zationof th€ shndardsfor bronze,silve., and medalstrnd.rd Sold cffods, a re€cntcall by lhe Nalurc Conscrvancyluthoritics for thc badgerskins and skulls is lhus highly und€sirable,and conlradicls lotal prot€ctionof all Slovenemuslelids was Eje.tcd by hunl€Is. naturc cons€rvalioncffons, Acknowlcdg€menl In the firsl half of lhis century badgerswete as Frs€curcd Huw Criffilhs (Uoiversity of l,ccds) i5 thank d for his crop pe!!s. Although ctop damag€has diminishcd in importmce. commenlsoo an e.dier dmft of this manus.riDt. bdgers continucto be killed by both hunlersand fannersfor crop protccliorl Sincehonte,s must pay for the damagccauscd lo crops nefcrancas by game,lhis aclsss an irrceDtivefor tl|e removalof sPccicswhich Griffiths, H. L l 992. The populationstalus of th€ Eurasianbad8e. are of no specialimponance for lrophies. Mcles meless.l. (L., 1758)(Cmivora; Mustelidae)in Europe.Unpublished MPhil thesis.Universily of Wales, Noneiheless,badgers at€ no( widely p€rsecutcdfor the C6rdiff) damagesthey caose.Some fifty ye{s agolhe badgerwas listcd a! Kryrlrufek, B. 1991.Seslaci Slovenije (Mamnals oI Slovniat. one of the preda(orslhsl shouldbc controlledlo imProv€ro€ deer Prircdoslovni muzej Slovenij€, Ljubljana. 294 pp. (ln numben(Sustenic, l95l). Howcver,th€rc is no ncntion of such Slovenewith English summary) measuresin morc rcccn( litemtur€ (e.9. Simonic, 1976) Kry'Mtuf€k,8.. Krze, B, Honigsfcld,M. & lxslovic, B. 1986.Zlert l. Kune (CarnivorcsI. Mustsl-drr. l,ovska zv€zaSlovenije, Diseasesoth€r than rabies do not apFar lo thEslen the Ljubljma.321 pp. (In Slovcnc) badgerpopulalion of Slovcnia.Since 1986, only fou. cascshave Simonic, A. f9?6. Srrjad, UoloSija in gospodariede (Roede.., beenrecorded by th€ Faculty of velcrinary Scicnc€in Ljubljana: biolouandtBMgemcnt).t vskazvc?.slovenijc,LjublF- caninedistemFr ( | case),anaemia ( I case),Alld (2 P&stcuretlosis na. 606 pp. (ln Slov€nc) cas€s).Wilh r€gardto .abics,an oral vaccinatim programm€has Susiersic.M. 195I . Ndr lo v (Ow huntingt. z'ld ed. Lnvska zvca commenc€drcccndy in Slovenir. LRS, Ljubljana. 468 pp. (ln Slov€nc) prssiveanthropogenic motlality (Griffiths, The infl ucnceof History 1992)upon badger populations is not known Roadlmffi€ ctsual_ SloveneMos€Dm of Natural ties have b€cn .€cotdcd, bul are supposedlytarc. l-andscaF Prefr ernova 20, PO Box 290' 6llXll LJub[ana char8esand th. eff€cts of xenobio{icsale ako believcd to effect Slov€nia badgers,but thesehave nol beensludied yel. n The Europeanmink - Why is it declining ?

RolandWIRTH

A Europeanmink Musrela,||rrold PHVA Wo|tdmp was oflhe Sibeiirnwe.selis indeed nol lhrearcned by lhespread oflhe h€ld in Rotterdam,lhe N€the.landson 13-14Fchuary 1993, Am€ncanmink in lhe RussianFar Easi. supponcdby RottcrdamZoo, th€ P€r€rScot( IUCNASC Action Plan Fund and CBSG. Mink rcs€arch€rsftorn Estonir. B€1oru3. Whal is evid€nt is, that lherc is a complicatedpiclurc of Russia, Rumania, Fmnce, and Sp{in wcre prcscnt, t5 well .s comFtirioo, inleractionrnd/or coexistenceol M. lutrcola,M. biologistsand conscrvalionistswith an intensr in the sFcics fmm fison, M. putoriur, ard M. ribi/icd in various combinationsof sevenoth€r countries. sp€ci€sp.irs and ldos, which is at presenlnol only poorly understood,but may also casily be infiuenced (in a posilivc or lnrcrestin ihe s€riousplight ofrhe Europe$ mink hasdsen negativeway) by humanhabittl modificalion. considcmblyover the five ycars,but d€spiicthis thc cxact causcs of thc declio€of the sp€ciesstill remainunclear and were thc focus Studyingthe interacrion of lhesefour sp€cies in all possible of much discussionduring the wo*shop. Although th€rc is no combinationsof pairs and tiios in dre *ild and in captivity could doubt fta! ihe introduc.d (rnd still sprrrding) Arn€rican mink providc e major hint on how to managcviabl€ populalionsof lhc Mustela t'ison conlributd to ils EuroFan cousin's plight, lhe now highly cndangcredEuropern mink despil€ continuing (and imponance of its impact on thc dccline of Mwaela luar.ola ryptr. ly uncontmllsbl€)cxpsnsion ofM. l,isor in EuroF. Such popularionsand in wharwry it inrcrf€res*ith thc Eoropcrnsp€cies would bc cxtrem€lyfercinating rEsc.rchprojecls for univcniiies, is an issueof consid€rablccontrov€rsy. rnd it b hopcd$at action is takcn soor\ b€forEtimc is runningoul tor on€ot EuroF's mo6tcndrng€rEd mammals. Whilemosl mink exFrts fe€lthat wher€ver Arnerican mink appear,the Europeanmink is dmmcd lo disappearsooner or latcr, nafcftnca al l€ast onc rcsearchcr,Dr. ViatchcslavRozhnov fmrn Mo6cow, Rozhoov,v.v. 1993.Extinction ofthc Eump.an mink: Ecological thinks that the problcmis morecomplicat€d than lhat. Hc sugg€sts calaslrophco. nalunl pnocela'lLutreola l:l(l-16. that th€ EuroFan mink hes bcen in s slow decline (for ai yet undetermincdr€asons) for quitc roltrc !irn€. According |o his Frrnz-Senn-Strasse.14 fteory n is this slow andhrdly noticltblc thidning ourof EuroF€n Efi)0 Miinchen?0, Germany mink populationswhich allows the Amcrican mhk to sp.r.d into rrcw arcas so mpidly, and oncc it is vvell esrablishedth€re, to cornp€t€out the remaining Europcanmink. lutreol& Anotherslill unr€solvedquestion in this cont€xtis th€ impact which th€ Polecar Muttela putorius may V havine onrl]€ Europeanmink. Polecalshavc occuned in sympalry wirh Euro- pean minks for r long tine. but do hybridiz! occasionally.Al- though gen€rally r.re, thes€ hykids !r€ nev€nh€lcssfrEquent enough!o havea nameof theirown in theRussian fur lrade.In an areawilh a Europ€anminl populaliofl in Eltonia wherEAmcrican minks havc recently €slablish€ddrcmselvcs, Estonian bioloSist Tilr Maranunexpecredly capturcd lhr€e EoroFan mink x polecat hybrids.Although this may havej!s( beencoincidcnce, the qu€stionnevenheless aris€s whether lh€ invasiooofthe Amcrican mink hasanything !o do with the suddeosppenr.ncc of Europcan mink x polccet hybrids. Is thcre a complcx inlemlr(ionship ber\aeenM. h/treola, M. vr'ron,tnd llr.zlroritrr, tfiat ne€dsth€ presenceof bolh thc laller spcciesto wipe out the fonnefl

It hasbeen poinl€d out lhat theAmerican mint hasalso b€€n inlroduced to thc RussianFar East, wh€re th€ Sib€rian weasel Mustela sibirica @ctrs. Tiis sFcies is extemcly similar to th€ Europeanmink in ierms of body sizernd ecologicalrequircments, but s€€msto survive well, or cven incleas€,in th€ pEscnce of inrrDducedAmericm mink populalions(Rozhoov, 1993). Subscriptionfo. 1993(rwo numbersplanned) is 20 US$: Inlercstingly enoogh,the Sibcrisn wcascl.which in meny Dr. V.V. Rorhnov- A.N. SevcnsovInstiNte ways can be s€.n ss the ecological couotcrpanof thc European 33.[-eninstyprosp.. ll707l Moscow,Russia mink in tbeerst, is saidio occurin sympalrywilh thelatterspecies in a small areaeast of the Ural. wheth€r rhis is indeeda stablezone UnitcdStates rcsidents plcas€ send a chequefor 20 US$to: of sympary, or whethcrgmdoal r€placcmeni of onespcci€s by the D.. W. Zlcllnstl - RedwoodSciences Laboralory o(hcr is going oo, s€€msnot lo haveb€en studied. Likewise, more USDA ForeslS€rvice - l70OBayvi€w Dflv€ informalion seemslo b€n€€ded lo confi.m lhal the populalionsize A.cara.CA 95521- USA The currentstate of researchinto thi statusof the Europeanmink (Mustelalutreold in Belarus

VadimE. SIDOROVICH

The EuroD€anmink still inhabits north-€astcmBelarus sev€ralpossibly unfivourablc factors,includin8 inlerspecificcom- (Sidorovich,l99l). Herc ftis rare sp€cieslives in a varietyof petition(sidorovich, 1992),water polution and othe. Nntfuopogenic waterMies.mainly small rivers between l0 rnd lm &mlong,6nd trinsfornations ofth€ habi!.t (Sidorovicb& Maran,in prep.),and brooksbe(ween 2 and I Otm long.The Europeanmink alsoinh$ils l€vels of helminth infes(aiion(Sidorovich & Bychkovr, in prcss). rnedium-sizedriv€rs, glacial lakes, brooks lcss than 2 km long, agricultural and for.stry canalsinhabil€d by beavers,ard groupB Followiog six yern of investigalion,wc concludethal th€ of poolsin bogs. main thrcnt to th€ Eumpeanmin* in Bclerus fu lhc cffect of fte Amcdcanmink. The m€ch8nismsby wbich this hsscome about ar€ Myself and Tiit Miran (Estonia)arc invcsti8atingthe highly complcx, and includc: qoality of various waterbodiesin lerms of thcir imponnrce for l. ReFoductivc regulationin Arn€ncanmink u,hich,when undcr- Europcanmink io Belarusand Estonia.This work wiu .lso Soing populatioocxptursion, can grcatly irrcrcas€theL rcpro- investigaGlhe significance of vaaiors environmentalfactoN in ductivc r3te (Sidomvich, in prcss). determining $e suilabilily of va.iow wat€rbodiesfo. Europcan 2. The suFrior sl|€ng$ and grealer sgressionof lh€ Ancricat mink. These facors inclodc the rbundanc€of small .ivers rnd mink (Mar.n, 1989). brooks,their flow ratcs, ard lhe numberof nrcandeBprEs€nt. 3. The gr€atertrophic plairicily of th€ American mink (Sidoro- vich, 1992). The activities of beaversprovide impmved conditions for lh€ EuroFan mink, es the minl |ls€s lhe beaverdam and lodge All th€ remainingunfavourable ccological faclors apFar to during winter. In addilion, bcavcr poodsofrcn coolain many fish, be of minor sigdificarc€. as w€ll ls othersources of food for ninl. Relativelyhigh, sleep banks also favour Eoropeanmink. Th€se b6nks contain large In a€larus,th€ EuroFeanmink is disapp€anogfrom waler- numbersof beaverburrows which the minl usc for sheller. Mies wherelsrge numb€rs of Americm mink occur.This proccss Funhermore,in *inlcr whenmrny rivers araice-tlound, thesc bank usoally heppeosrathe. npidly -within approxim|t€ly 5 to 7 ye{rs. struclurcsallow bett€racc€ss to lhc wa&r for scmi-aquaticcami- Water polutioo and oth€r antfuopoSeniceff€cts that mighl hivc vores.warcrbodics within th. swrmFd floodplain alsoencourage significantly affected popul.tion levels hav. had no obcervsblc Europcanmink. effect.

The numberof E{ropesn mink in BelaruscunEndy equals Funhcnno(€,ther€ b no ma*cd inl€rspccificcornpdhion approrimately150 individuals during drc middleof winler (i.e. with d|c pol€c.t (Sklo.ovich, 1992).IncrE&s€s obscrved in d|e levcls beforethe reproductivcperiod) and ris€s lo between3m lnd 400 of trlmifth infesiatkns in Ermpcrn minl pof aiions probsbly by mid-sumnr€r.However, th€ iotal numb€r of the speciesis also haveoo signifrcanteffcct (Sidorovich& Bychkova,in FEss). dccr€asingin Belarus, and complete disapp€sranccis fotecasl wi$in 5 to lO yea$. Thcsc rcprEscnlour p€limin ry rcsults with reSardlo thc problcm of d€cr€asin8Eorop€an miok numbcrsin Belarus.ln lhc In B€l.rus thc followin8 spproachis us€dto invcstigatclhe future we plan ro srudy thc pmblem in mor. dcrail. p.oblems that have led ro th€ d€crcasein mink numbe6. Mrny invesligatorshave propos€dbypollrcses to cxplsin this, us|lally Rafarcnca! basedoo their knowledgeof th€ specicsunder slablc condilions, Mrran, T. 1989. Ein AsFlt zum BcgcnseitenVerhaltcn dcr and cmphasizingpolcntially unfavournbleenvironmental factors. Europtisch.n (Mus,.la tuarcola) und Amerik.nirchcn There ire obvious pitfalls a&roci.redwilh this appronch,rnd a Ncrzesfilt. vtron, sowic zu ihrcr Raum- und Z€ilnulzong. b€uerundersrandin8 can be gain€d by dircct, d€railcdinv€sli8atioo Pp. 321-332 in M. Srubb€,cd. Populationsdtologic of rhedifferenr ecological asp€lts of min* popularionde{rEasc. To Mard€ranigerslugetiere. Ha e-w iuenbcry wissenschalr. do ihis it is necessaryto examin€ 3ll potentially unfavoutable Rcitr.,19. factorsthat may affect the speci€s,even if intuition suggeststhat Sido.ovich,V. E. l99l. Disrributionand st.tu3 of minks in someof thesefaclors are of minor importaoce. Byeforussi.. //lt!$.ril, Vivcnid Consen., 5114. Sido.ovich, V. E. 1992. Cofiparativc analysis of lhc dieb of we have s€lecteds declining popolation in Belarus for EuroFan mink (t'Iust.Ia htreoLt), Amedcsn minl (lr. delailediovestigation. fie populalioo inhabitsthe uppcrwal€rs of vr'ror), .nd PolccNt(M. putorius) in Byelorussh. Srrarl rhe River Lovd in corcdok District, in ihe Vitebsl Region of Camh'ore Conrcd., 6t24. nodh-easremB€lsrus. Sin€e 1986w€ havc sludied ihe dynmics Sidorovich,V. E. & Bychtov., E. In pr$s. Helminth infestatiorl andabund$ce of Eumpeanmink in this rtea. This hasinvolved lhc io a &clining pop|rlaiion of European mink (MlrsLrd eramination of thos€factors which d€lermirr th€ exploilatioo of Iu,rcolat in B.l'trU6. Snall Carnivorc Conscn. various waterMies by thc apccics -paniorlarly f.rding snd incrspecific compelition(includinS the spcci.s' inlcractionswith Instituie of Zoology th€ Americanmink, thc pol€cai,md lh€ EuroF n tive. ottcr). Wc Eelaruslan Academy of Sciences have also coll€cled data on drc agc and scx slructurc of ih. populaiion,and on reproductiv€biology. we also examind F. Skoriny SL 27, Minsk 22(M2, Belarus t2 Pine marten Marfes martes on the Island of Elba

A.M. DE MARINIS andM. MASSETI

Th€ prcs€oceof the Pine man€n is rccofdcd on ihe fol- only insccdvor€ preyed upon: according lo rh€ lire|arure this lowing Mediter.nean Islands: Majorca and Minorca (Alcovc., speci€sis not preyedupon !t all on lhe mainland. l9?9; ICONA, 1966),Conica (Verb€ek,1974; Choll€y, 1982), Sicily(Toschi, 1965), Sardinia (Schenk, 1976, Hutrercr & cera€ts, The ecologicalhabits of the pin€ manens€em lo chang€in 1978),and Elba (l,anza, l97q VignaTrglianti, 1988). imular conditions and in the abs€nc€of comp€titors,as alrcady obscrvedby Cl€venger(in press)on the island of Minorca (Bal, Th€ islandof Elba (42'47'N, 10"16'E)is locai€din rhe earic Islands). Nonhem Tynhenian Seaapproximat ly 5 mil€s from the ltalian mainland and 27 niles from Corsica. TI|e occur€nce of pine Relcrcnccs manenon lhis islandrras nrentioned in literatuaeonly in fic first Alcover,J. A. 1979.Els Mamif€rsdc lesBalears. Moll. d., Palme halfof the l9th century.Unril now, howevcr, th€re is nopal€onlo- de Mallorca. logical evidenceof th€ occunenceof lhc taron smong rh€ lare Azzaroli,4.,Bolsclli, V. & Rustioni,M. | 90. Nuoviritrcvancnti Pleistocenefossil fauna of th€island (ct Azzrroli?t a/., 1990).Our di fossilicontineali in alcuneisoli minoridell Arcip€lago res€archwas underiaken to outline th€ distribution and th€ fe€ding roscano.Arri Soc.Iorc. Sc Nat.Mem.Setie A9'ltl5-30. ecology of the speciesin order to offer a sianing point for future Choffey,B. f982. Une maflre, Mortes nartes L., en Corse. Mannalio 46/2\267. Clevengea A. P. In press. SFing and summerfood hrbirs and Thc pr€sentwork is bas€dofl ao interdisciplinarymerho- habiraruse ofthc Europeanpinemanen(Maesnm esL.) dology includin8 contactswilh Corpo Forcstal€dcllo Stato and on the isfand of Minorca, Sod'in.l. Znl. landon. e,Gminationof availabl€mstcrial from museumrnd Drivat€ Goszc?yoski,J. | 986. Diet of foxes andmanens in Cenral Poland. collections( I 2 specirn€ns). A a Theriol.-3l(36\:491-506. Hultcrer,R. & Gemets,A. 1978.U€bcrden Baumma et(Ma es Thc distriburion as wcll as ft€ fceding habirsof dl€ pine ndlres) Sardiniens.Z S'ius..icr&., 43i314-380. manen werc studiedcoll€cting scsBin thr€ediffc.€nt arcasof the ICONA. 1986.trrra rrl de los |cftebrados de Espaia.Minislero islandduring the winter of | 992: MonteCalamitr, Montc Capanne, de Agricollura, Pescay Alimcntacioo, Madrid. ard funla Ner.. Th€se €as were s€l€ctedbccause the island l-!na, B. 1970.Nora preliminrr€ sulla fauna tcneslrc dell'isola di habila! typcs werEwell r€prescntcd.Monle Calamitais chamct€F Pianosan€l Mar TinEnoe d€i vicini isolottidella S€ola e ized by shnblaods and conifer pl.ntings; Monrc Capannc is deffa Scarpa.Pp. 3l-43 in Cruppo Ric. Scien!.Tecn. covercd wilh chestnut woodlinds rnd M€dii€nanean maquis, St|Iacqxee-Parco Nazional. Insulare di Pianosanel Mar PuntaNera is characterizedby rocky, coastalshrubland. Tineno. Firenz.. Marchesi,P. & Meinod,C. 1989.Rdgime alimentaire de la mar1rc The pine mrn€n seemslo b€ widespr€adin the *hole bland lvanes martes L.) dans le Juri Suisse(Mammalia, tenitory, from s€al€vel at PuntaNela on lhe weslerncoast to the Mustefidae).R"r. Srirr" ZdoL, 96

A pr€liminary enalysisof EOscats rcvcalcd a p.evalcnccof mammals(89.36% frequcncyof occurr€rrcc)on ins€ctsand birds A. M. DeMarlnis, Mus€um of NaturalHistory (r$Fclively 8.5|% nd 2.l3%).Among mammals rh€ rats (ian |J UnlversiaJ'of Florence,Zoologicsl Section fttttus anrdRattus nonegirrr) ar! th€ mosl common itcm in lhe win!€.die( of rhc pinemarten (52.13%). Thc pr€dationon r.(s is Via Romana17, Florerce 50125 occasionally r€co.ded on lhe nuioland (March€si & Mernod. Italy 1989).Thc Wood micc (,{pod?rn6 ryrvdtirrr) arelhc s€condmost importanlfood c.i.gory (3 I .91%). lrpo| idac s€.m to rcve3la vcry M. Ma$s€ti,Instituae of Anthropology, low frcqueocy of occo.rencr ( L06%). Universityof Florence,Via del Proconsolo12 On the mainland dE pr€&lion oo harcs and rabbir! is Florence50122 ess.ntially rEportcdon juvenil€s drring springtint (cosz.zynski, Iaaly f986). The Itssct toothcd shr'-|9(Crocidura $mE /eff) is ih€ a Delayedimplantation in badgersand othermustelids: A review

M. HANCOX

knownto havedclayed implaniaiiotr A delayof vatisblelength occurs b€Meen fenilization of Tablc L Sunrnraryofmustelids rheegg and lhe implantadonof th€ resultaolembryo wilhin th€ S6i.3 M.ling 't$ ToLl S'srrrio womband the smnof'true gestation'in a widerange of mammals, ro thatoverall geslation is longerthan mighl b€ expecledwhen l0 comparedto evenclosely relaledrac€s or sP€cies.This embryonic Sroarl st lt.rdiwl spri.g-snEr .E 6 | I has b€enrecorded in marsupials'bats, shrews, rodents, Lde kd *(el I^i /'.drar diaDause nmr (M nn.olatviont Lrfin9 | I and variousmusielids Ed;u & A@flcu armadillos,camivores including bears AmricD, $m. Pi* m.n n,S.tL lhe (Tabl€ I ), and p€rhapsPandas, sev€ral seals and s€alions'and (^4ukt anoi.M,loiv, "nt s, tlr.ltiM) NfrGr ?_10 lcl2 ro€ deer llon€ amongslhoofed animals.This odd assoiment of Fi3tE.(lr.P.rdt i) 3Fr! (6do species,toge$er with lhe or abs€nc€of a post-Paium wolv.riE rrlo, PrEsence H*r dt r d,llieda .do.nirt E.sn.l^"stl 5_6 cycles,seasonal or as€asonalbreeding 50 oestrus.and severaloeslrus HoF;dt . ta'. tfv.olaatt $rD8 'urunn led Asdell, on€of the pioneerstudenls of repoductiv€ physiology' eui-i*-t ascitva-*t o spri'!_lutumn l l2tl5' the pmblem as d€fyin8 analFis! Anrc t!ng.]t ttulLo te to describe 2 2 Strip.d itulr Gr.Prlirir t.Pit&) 3FoC (sP,/axz,. 7 3 is now availsble frcm s;r.d trud. *.gcm Pdond A consid€rablelmounl of data r,i ^*.i.d dh rrdrd."md.int rpnn! E 12 the caDtiveand tield sludi$ within fte mustelidshowever' and S.r otid (fnlvdfa /,rtu) e.sdvssal 4_12 re;roductive strategiesmsy now be morc easily understoodin reiation to ecology, sociobiology,and life hisbry criteria such as Much of th€ variationin rEproductivestrategies srcms tiom bodysize. long€vity, and Periodof dme to pub.ny or wemin&/ d€termining female f€cuodity or oulput of indep€odenceof young. tb€ suite of factors vounEDer vcar or in a lif€time ThesmallersFci€s may bG shorl- puuenyealy, md ,t! abl€b rearand weanvoung lo Badgerbreeding biology in psrticular encompass€smucn iiveaiaruln rapidly.Thus. two lilte.s r yearmay bc usualin of thc .ang; of vffit(iofl (Tables I & 2; Hancox, 1987).Ahhough indepcrd€nc; v.alt!]ls tMurt.la altai.o ^nd ,'ivdris.).domeslic fcr.b and Shon' d.lay€d impla alion may havc cvolved s€verallinrcs amongst similarly olh€r small€rsFcies with a gestationof marsupialsand ptacentrlmammals' or b€enlost secondarily clawed ottets. sble to poduce s secondrePlrcencnt litter if within sFcific groilps, lhc pivotal function of diapaus€is $al l-2 monthsmay be is lo3t (M ttela altaica, M a'ersmanni,M. putorivs, M maling time and binhs can vary ind€Fndently in relalion lo th€ first us,tdontt, PoecilosoleMephitis' Pt'rcnutut' '[td stnpi' seasonallyfavourable condiiions. The monEoo6€/civetline h€nce sibirh Eahtdra\. Most mustelids only havc on€ littcr ! vear, rrmrins ess€ntiallyin thc old vrorld tropics,*hereas the muslelids sinely ofien 2{ young, bot whh only a singl€ pup in S€aotter wcrr rblc to colonizo th€ t€mperateholarctic and evcn into S' ho*evcr, muchpartnlsl care,or ! dozer yoong in oth€rsFcies (cven I 8 Am€rica, lhanks 10facultalive delayedimpla dion F€net_bad- and but otberbadgeff in . litter of stoa!and Polec.o Scrslack a diapauseand r€main in soufteaslAsia, have varied delay str.tcgies A secondsuitc of panly iol€rlinted faclors is probebly sociobiologyof the sFcies wilhin rnv Siven Ratelsare paniculffly interestingsitrc€ lhey ranS€from lh€ dclemined by lh€ Manymustelids arE ralh€rsolilary, and males hav' no s€mi'des€tuof Namibia to lhe steppesof Russiaand into India/ ecosyslem. rolein rcaringyoung apan p€rhaPs from lhed€feme o[a l'nitory Nepal. Autumn maling d spring binhs ar' reporied from lhe for a lime with th€ femalc. In such speciesfte most ffi;srasDianUSSR, but lhe captivebrceding from Belesbourn€ shared male r€productiv€strarcSy may be via a posl'partum wasnot so sersonal,wilh births in Febtrlary,March, April' July and successful oestrus which hence occurs during lactalion. This occurs rn October.and knou/nmatings in Oclober-Novemher'And wh€reas ftc Europcanbadg€r sho$/s a o€at seasonalrcveFal with Augusl Trble 2. Zoologicalcolleclions brEeding badgers: American' binhs rt i"lelbournc Zoo inst€edof Februarvones in England'the f€n€i, hog, bor*y. ra{el is lessclearly seasonal:'neonarcs in Decemberin Zambia' a laclatinqsow inNovemb€r in Botswana.matingsin February ' June Tarirlea tatust USA: New York Ceolml Park andDeclmber in S.Africa, and binhsor madng linked lo therainy (Harlow Prival€ collcction)' selson and availability of hon€y io Crntral Africa' MelogaleN\ona\at THAILAND: Bangkok Arctonyxcotlatisi MYANMAR (Burna):Rangooni manensall showdelayed implanlalion, but only one The CANADA: Toronlo; ransesinlo lhc tropics(Table l)' andsimilarly the olrcrs soecres CHINATBeijin8i sirowconsiJerable variar ion. adaplcd lo localcondilions Thus Sea GERMANY: Duisbere; breedas€asonally' bllt wilh a lcndency to APril_'unc orers may GREAT BRITAIN: l,ondon; in lireAleulians o. D€cemb€r'Februarybinhs in Califomia' binhs USA: Milwauke€ andLun a Mnadensisfitay have spring binhs for muchof its range' Metlivoracap.nsis: GREAT BRITAIN| Bekesboume: bui autumn binhs rclatcd to flood condilions in Rorida The ISRAEL:Tel Aviv; 'rrooical'ouers too vary, wilh Giantotter binhs in lhcdry Aogusl' JAPAN:Nagoy!' Yokohama' tlcroter oerioa,Clawless olrcr binhs b€ing aieasonalin West Africa,bur inJuly-Augusl in Zmbia andMarch-Aprilin USanda Europcanbadgers, rodenrs, as well as being the obvious lolution fcmale may be in conlact lo a SEater exi€ in fisher and sable. for pinnipedsin which the s€xesonly meetonce yearly on thc binv whilsi farnily groupsmay remainb8ether lo someexlenl m malinggrounds. Delayed implnnhtion under th€se cirlumstao€es Americanand Yellow-throatedmartcns. Europ€an otters arc may also be a device to prcvent sneak(kleptogamic) matilg by arnongstlhe l€aslsocial of the group,and lack delayed implanta- subdominantmales, and perhapdthe uliimatein tbis vcin is thc rion, th€ N. Ame.icanotler may be slighllymore social and has stoat in \rhich rhc male may mate his daughtclsbeforc lhey arc diapaus€.The rcmaining o(eff arcmor€ social, wilh nale partici- weanedind even befor€th€ir eycs open! pation in rearingyounS in Lutru maculicollisatld L. p.rspici ata, Aonyt, Pterun ftt ^t\d Enhfdm. and frmily group$ nolahly in Malesmay b€ fertile all ycar rolnd in Elriopeenbadger and Sho({lalred and giant olters. seaoll€r, although peak sFrmatogenesismay b€ limircd to 3-4 monthsin mrny species.And tftc lack of a posl-panumocstrus may Tft€ b€wilderi!|g range of variation in r€prcdNtive slra- h€ncc be p€rmissible, .nd lndcr honnonal contrcl linkcd to tcgieswithin thc mustelidsis herce a refleclion of lh€ br€€din8and laclalion.Hence a posl-weaningrut in lar8c spcciesc. g. American sociobiologicalflcxibilily of ihe speciesin adaplalionto local badger and wolverin€. Amenonhoea in man is r 'nalur.l birth ecologicalcondilions. conrml'device, as well as ensurinSthc spacingof childrcn.By conlrasl.a numher of speciesmay have s€veraloestrous periods nefcrcnces followinggiving binh, including$o8t, mink, Americanand pine Hancox,M. | 987. Eurcpeanbadger breedasg in caplivily . I nl. Zoo maden,hog rnd Europ€anbadger, N. Ancrican oller. Th€ cas€of Nel6's2$.19-22. mink is appar€nllyuniquc, since secondafyovulations may yicld Hancox,M. f988. Badgcr'ssocial &haviotlf. Int. zoo Nei's additionalcubs in a litlcr fmm morcthan ooc father(sup.rfoetatiod). AJ6t25-29,2m:m-24. Hancox,M. 1988.Badgcn as socialcami\orcs.Int. zoo Ne$'s Tom Heyd€n and RosemaryWhelan in lrEland have r€- 2l0i22-25. cently showothat bsdgcrsmsy in up to 6% of sovrsincr€asc litter Johnstonc-Scott,R. 1991.Management and b.eeding ofthe Afri- size by polyo€strus,but probably a rnor. furdamental rsFc! of cDlnral€I. Proc. Symp. 5 Ab,tt^klRatel:6-l5iInt.7io lh., s€condarymalings is that immalurc sowscar b€comepGgnant via l5i24l. autumnmatings, and maling may scrve also rs e social bonding Mead,R. A. & Wright,P.L. 1983.RQroductivc cycles of Musle- rankingmcchenism as in baboonsand monkcys, Europcan badgcrs lide3ff;'.Acta Zool . F.,l,ti.d 174:169-t12. arc the most social of lhc group, 3nd polyocatrw b mod markcd Parkcr, C. 1979. Binh, carc and developrncnlof Chinese Hog in rhe highcst dcnsily populatioN (Hrncox, 1988).Hog-badgcN badBers.lnt. Zoo vb., l9tl82-185. arEprobobly similarly social, snd csplivc mrtidgs wcr€ notcd in April, May, July, August, and Scptcmbcrpdor to the Februry 72,Bisley Old RToad,Stroud, Glos. GLs lNB, UK binhs. Similffly rmongst m.n€ns, most E solirary, but mal€ snd

Biological assessmentof Rawa Danau Nalure Reserve,Java

On 16Novemb€r l92l rhc Raws Danaurrca wasgazetted Onepohoned male was prcsented lo lhe AWB teamwhile 1r,cweae a Narure Rcscrvr, while llrc sunounding hills were gazartcd59 stayingal KampungBaru. It had been poison€dwilh Tcmik ycafi laler asGunung Ccd€ Naturc Regcavc, Rawa Danau is the last (Aldicarb= dcliveingr€dien0, a poisoncommonly u$ed in lhearea area of frcshwater swrmp for€st lcfi in Java afier centuriesof for pigs and orchard raiding sFcies such as lhe common palm conveningsimilar ar€asinto poddy fields. It crl€nd .ivet. P . hemaphrcditus is known to beomnivorous and noctumal. of 2,500 hectarEsbordcrcd to the north md to fie east by dle and occursin varioushabitats such as for€sts,gardens, and towns. GunungTukrngh CedeNalurc Rcs€rve(1,7m hectrr* togelhcr). It is believed !o be a vcry importad ,gent of plant dispersal. The Rawa Danau Rcservehas alrcady becn pointcd out in th€ Previousrcpons stal€dlh,.l P. hemmphroditut 6curs al Cunung ''National Consc ation Plan for Indon€sia"(FAO, 1982), TukungGede (PHPA, 1982) and Rawa Danau (UI, | 989:Grmma ihe"Dircciory of Asian Wctlands"( | 989), and in thc "Indon$ian EpsilonP.T., l99l) andaccording to local infomarionit is still Wellandinvenrory" (Silviu! ?t a/.. t9E7) rs s very imponMt quitccommon thmughoul Rawa Danau andCunungTukungCede. naiural heritag€ofl the islmd of Jaw. HcrlcsQs jawnicw jownttrr Javan Inongoose This surveyrcpon wasmadc berring in mird that thc Rawr lrcal namc: Ganggamngan DanauNature Res€rveis still subjecl to lhrcats, bolh by illegal olle individual was cncountercdat | 1.00 hours for five humanactivities, and by the pocsible constnrctionof a dam at s€conds,rushing from thc s'rarnp forcst fringe to a paddy tield in CurugBeIung,lhc oalural oullelofRawa Dsnau. Also. as the bulk Sukatani.Fanncrs in Kaloncing, Seklok. Sukarani, and Prnangkalan of past surveys was concemed with vcgclliion, hydrology or blame tl|c Javan mongooscfor frequenr diumal rdds on lheir avifauna,$c prcs€n!survcy primarily focuss.d uponmammals. It pouftry.Rcmai*ably, this animalis poorlyknown ro rhefarmers is our wish lo show, by rneansof this suwcy repon, tha( lhe area of KampungBaru. rs still wonh conserving,Frhaps evenmorc fian rEalizEdbefore, owing to thc discovcry of somc rarEwildlife spccies.Among lhe Mellsh, R,, Jus Ru$ils Noor, Grlcs.n, W. & Widjan.rli, f,. viverids and hcrpcstidsob6€rvcd werc: 1992. Blologicrl rssessn.nl of Rtwo Drnar Nriure Rererve Pardoxurut h.rm phrdbtLt Comrmi polm clvct rnd rn rvaluallon of presant and pmpos.d resourc€ [se. Drsfl Local names: Crreuh, Luwak, and Musrng (us.d for seveml (in prlna) vivenids).

6 A summaryof ongoingresearch into morphometricvariation among mustelids

JohnM. LYNCH

An aDimalspeciesmay be defin€d asacollectionofactually populalions(Lynch & Hayden, 1993).A hypothcsiswas form!- or potenrially interbr€edingnalural populations,which are fared rhat proposed relic alatus for Stlx'r (Must.la erninea) reproduclivelyisolated frorn orhersuch groops(Mayr, 1963). populations,rnd immiSra stalusfor badgerpopBl.tions. Liltle Ph€notypichomogeneiry among these groups over lh€ enlire evid€nce \ras fouod for coloniza(ion via a landbfidge between distributionofth€ speciesis rarelyobsewed due lo hercrcgeneily Nonh Esstemlrelad and ftotland (th€ previouslyh€ld mclhodof andd iscontinu ities in theenvironmentor, simply, duc to isolalion coloniz{tion), and il w.s rhu6 held that bndSersmay havc b€en by di$tance.aiobgical fofm and itsdiversity hav€ he€n sttdied by intrcduc€dto lrEland by man soine lim€ during lhe pas! 10,000 evolutionarybiologists for many years,using many differeol years.Some colloborative cvidenc€ for lhis hypo$esis is given in techniques.Funhermore, the study of bolhgeognpbic and tempo- Grifnths (1992). Prelininary data suggesla gcnedc basis !o th€ ral variationin form hls lllowed the testingof hypolhes€scotlc€t- variation b€tweenbadger samples (Lynch "l dl., 1992). ningmany aspe€ts ofrhe Neo'Darwinian synthesis ( for review, see Rohlf & Bookslein,1990; Reymenl, l99l). To dale, th€rehas be€nno €xaminationof either moryho- metric or genctic vanalion betwe€nlrish rnd $c otlFr Eumpern 'fofial Momhometricshas beendefined as the treatnenl onet (Lutra lutru) Wptll^tions. Ongoing mullivaiiarc amlyses of of our ideasabour dissimilarily of geom€lricalform among sexualdimoryhism in sir EuroFan otter populdions indicatethat biologicalobjecb' (Rohlf & Bookstein,l99O). Moryhonetrics dimorphismis greatest in lrishotters (Lyncherdl., unpubl.).In lhis bas€don$e mukivaiiat€(i.e. considering manyvariables simuhane- regard,serual dimor?hism in ldsh ottersi3 of panicula.inlerest, ously) treahent of linear nr€arwemenlshas be€o traditionally and ro analysisspecific lo Irish otlers hasbe€n cani€d out (Lynch called'muhivariatemorphometrics'. Such melhodology has been & O'Sollivan,in press). us€din lheexaminarion of manyaspects ofmammalian €volulion. For ei(ample, th€ effects of domesticalion,sexual dimorphism Dimorphismwas s€psded into (i) differencesdue io sizc (wiig, 1986).hybridisation between taxa(Kilchener et al.,1992). (i. e. iocluding shapevariation du€ to sizcchaoBes -allonetry), and thesystematic sralus of tara (Wilson€t a/., l99l), archeological (ii) non-allontetricshape differ€nccs. while sizeclearly s€paraled problemsand geographicvarialion io relationlo environmenlal tb€ sexes, shape diff€rencei accounledfor nesrly 87% of th€ andgen€tic faclors (Reyment, l99l). variation bet*een (h€s€res (Lyn€h & O'Sullivan, in pr€ss).Thus, the larg€rmale craniom is not simply a 'scal€d-up'vcnion of thrt Thereis greatmorphological, ecological, and b€havioutal of thc femal€,but hrs siz€-indepcndenlshape di{T€rEnces, which variationwithin lhe Mustelidae.Forexample, My weigh varies primarily relat€ (o the brcalh of fie arca betwe€nth€ orbits. We from 30 g io the l€ast w€artr.|(Mustela nivolis)ro over45 kg in the suggesl thal th.s€ difTerencesmly allow resour.e Fnitioning se^ otret (Enhrba lutris). Memben of lhe family occupy n€arly bclw€en th€ s€xes,and lhat $e degreeof dimorphism may bc everyhabitat. includinS fr€sh and sall water, and bav€ div€rsified influ€nc€d by historic as well as currenl environmenlalfaclors. intoa numb€rof dieticspecialists feeding mainly on smaller food. In generrl.pi$ivorous muslehds are heavier than camivorous or The studiesoullined above folm pan of a larget quanti- omnivomusspe{ies, perlups due to lheir aqualiclifestyle (Ciltlenan, ficarionof va alionwithin the Muslclidae. D a rr€ conlinuedto 1985). b€collected. and I would bevery gral€ful if any reedercan provide informalion on any suhiantial colleclionsof Europeanmusl€lids. With lhe cxception of th€ Eurasianbadger (M?r"r ,n"l"rr, In panicular, dala on lhe o{ter, badger,polecal, fer€1. 6loat, and musrclidslead an almost solitary existenc€outside tlrc brc€din8 Arnerican mink would bc very grarcfully r€c€ived. ;ason, yethave evolved exlf€mely divenified life-hislory lactics (Gitdeman,1986). h is lhrough this considcrableecological, Ackno*led8cmenlg morphological,and bchaviouraldiversity lhst suchclosely rclarcd Asp€ctsof thb wo.k were undenakenwhile in receipt of speciescan coexid in fie samet€giorl Givcn this high degr€€of funding froln EOLAS (The l.ish Scienc€and TechnolagyBoard) vsriationwithin rbc family, it issom€whd surprising that lhe.e h.3 and The Mammal Socictyof Britain and lreland. Thanksarc also beenlitde $ystematic examinalion of morphologicvarialion wilhin du€ to all ft€ Fople (too numerousto rn€ntionh€re) who 8av€me andb€rween mustelid populations. acc€ssto materialand data in th€ir care.I am panicularly grat€fu| lo Tom Hayd€n, Andrcw Kirchener, Huw Criftilhs. and Liam ln early1990 r studywas begun by lh€ MammalResearch O'Sollivan for varioos forms of assistrnce. Croup (UCD) which arrcmp$lo collecl basicdala on cranial variationwirhin s€lected mustelid sp€€ies. Herein,I wouldbriefly Refcrencer like ro ourlinesome of this oogoingresearch, and in panicula., cittleman, J. L. 1985.Camivore body size: ecologicaland l|xo- illusrrarethe useof cranialmorphometry in lhe examinalionof nomic corrclales.Oe.?rogica 61540-554. (i) therecent history oflrish mustelids,and (ii) serualdimorphism Gittleman,J. L. 1986.Camivorc lif€ hislorypattems: allomclric, phyloSen€tic,and ecologicalassociatioos. Am€r. Ndr., 127:144-11| , Thercexists some coofusion a! |o the meansby which criflirhs, H. l. 1992.PrE- and early historic r€cords ot thcEuralian rammalsrecolonized lreland afier lhe last glacial pcriod. badqet,Meles meles (L., lTs8xcamivora, Mustelidae),m Mullivariatetechnioues have been us€d tocxamine cnnial vana- Bntain. StuAiesin Spel.oldp 9 (ln prEss) tion b€rweenlrish, English.and Scotlishnustelid populations, Kitchcn€r,A. C.,Lynch,J.M. & Mcorist,S. 1992.Morphological resringvarious hyporh€ses conceming the origin of lhe lrish and g€neticdisciminanb of Europ€anwildcatr, F"lit

X' ri/vesrfis, in Grear Briiain. Pp 68-70 i, The UologJ and Rohff,F. J.& Booksrein,F. L. 1990.PtuR..lines ol theMi(higon rcnserration ol the WiAcal (Felis silvestris). Council of Morphome,i$ Wo'tsrrrp.Univercity of Michigan.Mu' EuroF, Srrasbourg(Doc. No. T-PVS 9?69). seumof zoology.Ann Arbor. Lynch,J.M. &Hayden,T.J.ln press.Multivariale morphom€lrics Reyment,R. A. f 99l.Mrrtidinrcntiondlpaleobiok gf. Pergamnon and thc biogeoBr.phyof l.ish musr€lidstn M. J. Cos.ello, Pr€ss,Oxford. ed. Irish Riog?oqrophJ:Past, presen., anl future. l'ish wiiB,O. | 986.Sexual shape dimorphism inthe skull ofthe Hooded BiogeognphicalSocicly, Dublin. sealCrfstophora o istata. Zool. J . Linn. Sot., 88t3!9-341. Lynch,J.M. &O'Sullivan,W.M.In prEss.C.anial foim ands€xual wilson, D. E., Bogan,M. A., Brownell,R. L., Burdin,A. M. & dimorphismin rheIrish ottet (Lutru lutra,L.). BiologJ& Maminov,M. K. I991.Geogr.phic varialion in Seaotters, Em,ironment| . Enhldruhn s.J. Manm. 72:22-36. Lynch,J. M., O'Corry-Crowe,C., Hanis,S., Cheeseman,C. L:, Duke, E. J. & Hayd€n,T. J. 1992.Moryhomeric and UniversiayCollege Dublin geneticvariation amofl8 bsdg€r popolations in T. J. Hayden, Dcpartmentof Zoology,Universiay College ed. The hodSer.Royal kish Acrd€my, Dublin. 4' Ireland U^,Jr, E. 1963.Aninol sp.cier and evolution.Hrward University Beltield,Drblin Press.Canbridge, MA.

New zoo and civet proiectplanned in India

Plansar€ [nder way for a n€w zoo in Coimbatore,a large which will providearea borh for exhibilingmd bre€dingcivel southIndian indusldalcity. The mw zoowas conceiv€d by a gmup sFci€s. A res€archprogl.mmc will be undcrtakento syslemati- of Coimbaloreindusrdalists who h.ve fomted a Register€dSocie- cally breedfie small Indian civet, which is nor particularly rv. rh€ Coimbatorc Zoological Pai Society.They at€ fie sanrc endangercd,so that the basicsof civcl husbandryand manrgement group,byand large, who have becn helping Zoo Oulreach Organi- can be csrablish€d. zationfor thelast cighr years. Being siruaied on degradedland in rh€biospher€ area adja.lnt !o natural forest, and central to many To develop this progmmm€, rhe litentorc frcm other prorecl€dareas, the possibiliri€s for osing$is facility!o slrEngrhcn counlries'facilitid uhich havekcpt civet specieswill be studied I rifir conservatiooefforts arc myriad. In design the zm will along with informalion from our Researchhoject on the practical Incorporalcd|€ innovalive style d€veloFd in India by ihe lndian experienccofindividoals who have tr€€n kceping lhe smalllndian Forc$ S€wice. In activity, lhe zoo will bc a holistic conservrriorl civel for 'civet'collection. In developingbrEeding technolo8y fot renre, shrling with flora and fauna which requirE immediare lhis species,we hop€to improvethe husbandry so thaleven l&al .ons€wation,dev€loping r€s€arch pmj€cls amund sp€cial $Fcies peoplewho keeplhe animalfor 'civct'collection can haveself- andhrbilals and nllowing the zoo !o evolve arouodlhem. Onc of sustainingcollections instead of lhe presenipractice of collecting "Exhibiting rh€ projects we intend to cany out is and breeding andkeeping the animalswithout propagadng lhem io captivity.

In th€ exhibilitself, there is a probl€min ftat civelsarc Thc Malabar civct, Viverro .iy.,rira, suspecredio b€ noctumalanimals and do not mov€aboul much in the light. To exrinclunlil 1987,cvcn now ha5not bcensighred. R€searchers combarlhis exhibitionproblem and to enhanceth€ educalional havefound fresh skins which indicalc that lheanimal slill survives. potentirlof the exhibil,wc pmposeto havetwo vi€win8enclo- Yerylitdesystemalic work has been don€ with any speciesofAsian surE5.One will exhibitthe animal as it livesin thewild in a semi- .ivel, so if a RecoveryProgrammc for the Matabarcivet shoold naturalsetting and another willshow tlrc animal in a lypicalKerala becomepossible, w€ would not know to managc the rEscued villag€house, kept in a smrll cag€in thecomrlound. Educational aninals in caprivity!Even lhe captivchusbnndry o{ rhe Small grrphicswill explaiolhe problemsand porential of this practice. lndian civet,Viwrricula inlica, is not known asil hasnot b€€nkeot Io this way,visilors who miss the animalin thenatural enclosure systemalicallyin any zoo. can havea look at it in rhe K€ralavillage. The rnimalswill be interchrngcdso lhat no individualshave ro spenda lorg rimein a Th€ Zoo Oulr€achOr8anization and thc Socictyfor Conscr- cage.Off-€xhibit facilities in the samecompl€x can hold olher \ ation of Speci$ and Populetioflsirc sponsoringa field res€arch individuals*hich mayor maynot havea tum in lhe viewingarea. projecton the small Indiancivet, not in lhewild, but how il isbeing kepr(illegally) by individualsin villagesfor bcnigncollection of Ullimalelywe hop€td promotesystematic brecding and civel'. Our res€ar€h€rhas collecled nearly 2m interviews *ith cxhibitionofciv€ls in olh€rzoos and even find meansto manag€ p€rsonswho ar€ keeping (nnd occasionallybrEeding) the small thc Ben€licmaterial of the zoo captivepopulation interactively lndiancivet. Our report will ev&luatethis rctivity nd recomrrcnd withthc population keplby th€ musk colleclors.In lhis way we will appmprialelyto rhe wildlife luthorilics.It is po$iblc lhat this gain exp€riis€in the hustandryand managementof rhe more .ould be an oppo(unily for suslainableos€ tha! is nol heing commoncivets which will enableus berlerlo meeithe challenge properlyfocus€d. Being associaled with theembryonic Coimbalore of r recoveryprogamme for lhe Malabarcivet if and when 7-mlogicalPark, wc will combinelhis rcseatchwhh thcir zoo in lhe rollowingway: Sally Walker, Zoo OutreachOrganizaaion A policyd.cision ro fffus on civetspecies of lh€ ar€ahas Convenor.C.B.S.G.. lndia i€en talen. An exhibit$ill b€ includedin lhe zoologicalpark t7 ColombianWeasel Proiect

Taxoo Advisory Groupof lhe The Cofombian wealf"l Mustelafelipei was identilied by Grouo.and with $e SmallCamivor€ "probabblv of Cre{t Britain and lrcland schreibercral.in th€ir l9S9ActionPlan, as theHresl Fcderaliooof Zoological Gard€ns [ 3,0m havc alt€adv carnivorein Sou$ America",md a lop priorily$pecies requ'ring Joinl ManaScmentof Sp€ci€sProgrunrn€ 10,0m budgctfor this first staBeof d|e urgenlsludy. A teamof Britishand Colombian biolagisls now plan beensc.ur€d towards lhe f or fundinSor equipment*ould be ro addressthis needwllh lhe firsl ev€r inl€nsivefield sudy of th€ Droi€cl:any furtlFr donations wishinglo discussthc sri€cies,beginniog in September1993 al Alto de losCalaPagos in mostgntefully received.Anyone PmFct delailed pmpo€al' pleale conlact rhewestem Cordillera oflhe ColombianAnd€s where the sPe'ies funher or to requesta copy of a wrs mostrecenlly found ( in 1986by Dr MichaelAlberico of Valle Universily,Cali).

Effons shall be concentratedon live rapping ard rdio tracking,with parlicular€mphasi3 on relalingthis to habitat pr€fer€nceand population paramel€rs. h is abo inlendedlo analyse diet (from faeces),ecloparasiles, and DNA (for siudyofphylogenelic relalionshipsand poFlation genetics).Assessmenl oflhe cons€r- vationstatus of fte Colombianweasel in lhe arer will include sturlyingthrcats pos€d lo lhe speciesand ils habilal by humanland use.This will be Darliculadvc€ntrcd upon informal int€rvicws with local p€ople.Regular forest userssuch as hunteNand fishermenmay also provide a unique insiSht ioto the Colombian weasel'shabits. which coutd assist th€ ecologicalsludies At the endof the inilial eiEhtmonth study, resulti \,ill b€ discuss€din Colombiaand abroadto d€velopany recommendalionsne€ded to secur€lhe sp€cies'fulure in the studyar€a Regardingth€ wider conservalionslalus of theColombian weasel, the dlta willbe used for initial p.edictionsof populatioodistribulion and density' 8nd funds through sslesof T'shlrts feltu- more accunte estimationof rangeand mrity of lhe speci€sas a we are slso misinS of fte Colonbien we-rs€lby Guy whole(using dala availablc on habitat! aid lmd usethrDughout $e rinq this attractivcdrawing printed on cnvkonm€nl fti€ndlici unbleached nonhem Andeancounri€s). T;ghbr. in black cooo;, siz€'extm large'. Piicc f 8 sterlingeach. (UK ord€rsshould Ovene.s ord€rswill be billcd on The d€velopmenlof a lonS-lermprograrnrn€ to locale md includeadvance F,aymcnt. includecxcess costs) Pl€as€cotrsider ord€ring sludy oth€r populationsof fie Colombianwca|€l will be siarted delivery to Pocrage on our b€half! with r€connaissanceof future sludy sreasin Colombia and Ecua- a bljlk numb€rto sell dor. basedon the experienceand understandingof lhe speciesso far. Planswill be discussedand eqoipmentdeposircd wirh local DaveFrwceta, Colombian Weas€l Project r€s€archersto encounBe their involvemenl in lhis Process The I WootaonWsy, Cambridgc, CB3 9LX' UK. Colonbian weas€l Project $as develoPedpanicularly ihrough Tel. +,14'223-6E590 collaboralionwith lhe Must€lid, Viv€rid & ProcvonidSp€chlist

Requestfor veterinaryinformation

impori re of ohainingvelerintry I write lo you as chairmanof lhe Veterinary Croup !o rsk vourallenlion lo lhc exlrerne wild animalcaplure' lranslocation, rEintrcduc- foryourassisrance in suPPlying us wilh a lisrot anvdiseass which rdvice whcncter pmjeatsare componentsof your Aclion Plans' arep€rceived by any of your membemto be I lhmatto lhe wild don or restoration ooD;lationsotlhe laxain whichyour Sroup has a sFcial inlerest of importanldis€ases of wi "* "t- anxiousto received€lails of lhe causesof any The risk of the transmission ando*er wild animalswh€n wild or morbidity or mo(ality of which your membercmay ttc awate' humans.domestic livesrock, animals l'e translocsted,€ven over shon distances Refercnceto reports, scientific Papers'newspaP€r anicl€s' elc- cartive-bred or biolope to another,can bc considerablcand relarinqto dis€as€in all ils asPectsas it mayaftecl your Croup s from one ccozone by approFialescr€ening, quarantinc and inleresisarc aho ofconcemro usand we wouldbc Sral€tulifvou musl be minimized vaccloatlon. wouldb. kindeoough to drawour atlentionto anysuch publica- where n€cessary, tions or sendus pholocopiesfor our dalabase'if yo hav€ tllem' Pleasealso inform us of anysp€€ialist wildlife dis€es€ diagno6lic Michrel H. Woodford laboraloriesof which you are aware. ChairmsnVeterinaty Group IUCN/SSC 50O23rd Stre€l, N.W.' APt, 8'709 you for In retum, we hope to b€ abl€ lo offcr the s€rvicc WrshingtonD.C. 20037 UsA which our Group was formed We would panicularly like to dtaw t8 Abstracts

First record of the Marbled polecatfor At leasl12 species have t'een introduced to Javalhrough Saudi humanactivities, all of lhemoriginaring from contin€nral Asia and Arabia nonefrom €astof Java.Two camivoresand four ungulareshave The Marbfed pof€cat, Vormelaperegusna lciitd.nstaFldt, beendomesticated bul rheymay alsooccur inlhe wild-Hence th€y 1770),has a wid€geographic distriburion r.nginS from Romania maycause sorn€ confusion while palrollingorlaling plastercasts andfomt€r Yugoslavia to Mongolia,weslcm Pakislrn, and wes- for footprints.Th€ Muridaecomprise rhe most imponanl gmup of remChina. inlroducedanimals as lhey Iive mainlycommensal with humans. Thus they ate known as crop pests and/or veclors of infectious A live specimenwas collccled recently from near Tumyf (11"43'N,38'35'E),norrhem Saudi Arabin. This tocatity is about 295krn E of A in Al Fawar,th€ soulhemmostrecord in Jordsn,and Mrmmds haveheen pd in systematicorder as in Honacki aboul 170 km ESE of an unconfirmedsighling recordfrom e,ar. ( 1982),including infomation for eachspecies about Indone- ShaumariWildlife Rescrvc.Th€ habirat sround Tursyf is s€mi- sianpro{ection sratus (l9l), CITESlisrinC and IUCN "RedLisl arid and $e elevationis abour849 m with an annualrainfall of ThreatenedAnimals" ( 1990). lveraging150 mm. Several subspecies are recogniz€d and lhe new spccimenis refe'red to the nonhcm Arabian sobsDecies.y. Beinga purcchecklist, rhis publicationdoes n€irher give p"reeusnasyriau P&ek, 1916. ary infomatioo about the disrribuiion of mammalson Java, nor doesit describ€whether a sp€ciesis rareoa common on the islrnd, Nader, l. A. l9l. Fhsa rccord of the Marbled pol€.sa Subspecieshave only b€enincluded when specifically menrioned "Red Vormcta p''gusao (ciildema.eda, I7?0) for S.udl Arrbir in th€ IUCN Lisf' ( l9q)). No changehas beeo made since rhe "Red lM.mmaffr: Crrnivors: Mttst lldter, Founa oJ Soudi A',,bia IUCN Lisr" (1988)conceming any mammalsofJava. l2t416-419. As some spccieshave differentvcmacular names, thc Englishnames hrve b€encompiled ra$er thansclecred. Indone- Checklistto theland mammals siannames are given uoderthc speciessectioo and have bcen add€d of Java a5a s€paraleindex. A full rEferencclist is addedas an appendix. SinccSody ( 192?-1938in BcckinS,J. H.09891)and Dan- rn€rnan ( | 929, 193I ) no rec€ntch€cklist lo th€ mammrls of Jav, Raference3 was rvailable. Clras€ll (1940) pobtishcd I hardlist of Matayan Becking,J. H. 1989.H. J. V. Sody( I892-1959),his life and,^ork. mammals,which was supplem€ntcdby Ellcrnmn & Morrison- Brill, l€iden. Scon(1955). van d.r Zrn (1979)and van S(rien (1986) compiled Chas€n,F. N. 1940.A handlistof Malaysianmlmmats. A syste- valuablechccklisls for lrdonesia .hd thc AutralasianArchiFlago maticlistofthe mammals of theMslay Peninsula, Sumatra, rcsp€clircly. Bom€o, and Java, including the adjacenr small islsndt. RuL RafrlesMus.,lst2O9 W, Cranbrook( 1987)publishcd a ch.cklisl ro rhc tand msm- Cranbrook,Earl of. 1981. Richesof the wild -land nanmals of mals of South-EaslAsia. Althoughtftcsc ch€cklists are quite Sozrr-Eaj Ari.a. Singapore. 3ccoralefor Indonesia,tlEre wasa renl needfor a cur€nl comDrc, D.mmcmann,K. W. 1929.Zoogeography ofjava. l. A tisrof the Tnsivelisr forJava, firsr, lo fm ilitatcliterarure research for scien- mammalsknown from J6v^. Trcuhia 2t 33-39. rific purposcs.aod s€cond,to acras a referEncelisr for field reports Dammermann,K. W. 1931.The mammalsof Java.L Rod€nria. coming from the various plns of th€ islnnd. Trc ub ia | 3(3 | 4)t 429 47 0. Efferman,J. R & Morrison-Scott,T. C. S. 1955.Supplment k) For PHPA rangersand officers working only in Javaand not Chasen 11940)A handlitt of Malaysian nannats. The on anyother island it is esp€ciallydifficuh ro d€alwiih lhe huge irust€csof rheBrirish Museum. London. 66 pp. selectionof mammalsin thepublications mendoncd rbove. Unlit Honrcki, J. H., Kinman,K. E. & Koeppt,J. W. (eds.) 1982. now nammals not occuri '\g in lava like Neofelisnebulosa, Fetis Manmalspe.ies ofthe N'orld:A taro onic andseovruphi( aannrota, ^nd Macaca nerr?rtrira can be found in the monrhty rEaerenre.Alleo Press& Associarionof SyslematicsCol- reponss€n! to the hcadoffices of PHPA. On th€ otft€r hand,some lections,LawrEnce. Kansrs. Jcienlific namesused for PHPA r€ponsarE alr€ady old and invalid. IndoncsianProtection Srarus. 199t. KepulusanMenleri Kehui- Nowadaysth€rc is alsoa demandfrom EIA consultingcompanies anan:30 l/Kprs-ll/I99 t. Jakana. is well as from toorisB intercstcdin the nummd fauna ofJara, IUCN. 1990.Red Lis. of thr?at?neda inmls. Camttrid$e. var Stri€n,N. J. 1986.Abbrevialed checktisr of rh€mammals of It is th€reforehoped rhat this chccklisr can acl as a useful the Aushlian ArchiFlago.School of Env.Cons. Bogor. guidelincto thc mammdsof Java. \an det Zon, A. 1979.Mammals of Indonesia.Dmi version. UNDP/FAO Nar. Parl pmject, FO/Insr8D6 | . Bogor. Al the monc of this publiotion thcrE nr ar l€ast 158 q,irh mammalspccies recordcd for Java, 19cndcmic to tlrc island. Melisch,R, lql2, Ch.c}llsr to the bnd mammatsof TIl€ highestendemic f'ercenta8e of sFci€s within an ordcr is hcld J.vr, PHPA/AW8-lndonGsir,Bogor. 43 pp. hy th€ primrte. *irh 50 Frcent, followed by rcdcnrs(22 percenr), .v€n-to€dungularcs (17 p€rccnoand bals (ll p€rcenr)-not ncludinginxoduced species to lm perccnt.

19 Recentpublications

mammals The velvetclaw Hair of WestEuropean

Teerinck,P. A. lggl Hait ofwe Europeanmammals Macdonald,D lg2 fre velvsr.tait BBCl'or on 256pp' A as and identilication guile. Cambrid8eUniversilv Ptess'Cam- 224pp. f31.00. This bookDrovides much background informalion lo accom_ bridge. Danvthe superb lelevrsion series whrch prcsenlsan overview oflhe A mosr unusualwork This book provdes a lhomuSh 2.lt'speciesan,l8 familiesofcamivores living lodav lr is a fitting of lhe hair morphologyof lhe mammalsof nonhwestem 'inrerimrcoon' on sometwenly y€ars research by theauthor' and lrealmenl EumDe.Th€ small camivor€ specicsincluded r'e: P"r)on lo'or' incoroorarer'much ot rhe lalestinformalion on fossilforeb€ars' M us;elaerminea, M. vison'M. pulotius, M nivalis,Martes manes' DNAandotherbiochemical evidence otphylogenies. and a weahh M.foina, Metesn lesut 'llso Lutro lutrc (Ellhottghtwr Mustela otdalaonbasic ecology and behaviouloflhe belterknown species lutrcolo.tot Ge ettagenetta) The booka emptslo providea unifying themeby exPloring The book consisb of b$ic gen€ral introductioaslo hair fte orisins ol so(ialitt withio lhe varied evotutionarvlin€s' and and fotm. and detailsof lh' l€chniquesus€d in lhe the earlier hypoftesis on rcsourcedisp€rsion sugSestcd sroMh amDlifi;s presenation,and examinadon of hairsand hair sam- p,rper Natur€(301:379). This wff bas€doriginally iollection, in a classic in consltuctedkcys to lhe lo containsom€ 24 oles. This is followed by painslatiogly on fox studieslnwhich a basictenitory oughl and patches in i;nous hairs of th€ differeot spcci€s(ircludiog Chiroptera) scrap-producinghous€holds and several worm-rich pair illustratedwith over280 line dnwings. Oxtora suUurtia s ctr a rerritory could accomodatean adult and 2-l daughlerswrlhoul excessive compelilion so lhat Therernainderofthe book consislsofrh€ indr! idual sp€c ies s :Runninewith thefo,( explaineda slructurcdsocial Macdonald EachsPecies is accotdedlwo full pages' fox poPulatiofls Exlending suchhypo- accounls(i.s. ihe allas) dispersionin high densily pholognphsThes€ show lh€ mrjor fensible,and amplify two andeachis fully illu\lraledby theiesto other-camivorefamilics is andin tnd hairlyp€s of eachspecies illuslraled whole longiludinally earlierexDlanations of socialilyin packhunterc such as lioos .erlai section.Thc final s€ctionof $e book includ€sa shon wolv€s where gmup huniing md deferce of prev mav be morc bibliography.sM a glossaryo[ Linneanbinomial names' ac'om- efticient, or grouPguarding from moslly aerial Pr€da(orsis essen- tv rieir equiuafentsin English.German' Dulch' Danish' lial in diumatinseclivorous mongooses or omnivorouscoatrs oaniei and French. whilsl such ideasare very p€rsuasivelhere is an ever treatm€ntof tl€ subject is hh thorooghand many bcnefits may b€ secondaryrather overall, ihe orcs€ntdifficully in that omissionsTeerinck has otprey' sharedguard- s{holarlv.and without any detectable itrancausal: skunks' Iaccoondogs or badgers' andwildlifc biologY. savins in communald€noing in (reriew bt H Gtifri'hs) srral laoarion and svmhronousbreeding in lions' dorncaliccats' coatis. b.dg€n, some canids, monSoos€sand brown hyaenas Recentstudles of lions fot examPleindicale that grouPhuntinB 4-5' and doesnol becomemorc cfficient beyord a group size of how thereare more mouihs to t€ sstisfied and there is a limil lo Thacksof animals manvcan ret mundonc carEasel Besides' il isclear ftd coalitions of mateli-ons or cheerahsare nol huntinScooperatively but ar€ Romsnowski.J. 1990 lrd.*r '/at'mdb KAW' Warsau'a' instead€ngaged in cooperalivedefence of females 135pp. (ln Polish) as Thefundamentalasuc with socialilyin groupsas varied young need A field lo th€ rmcls 6nd olhcr signs of Polish camivores.rcdents, or primales,is lhal helpless Suide The chafl€r on mamruls inchdcs idfornu_ parenlalcare and lhe overell filness'of malesand mammalsanrl binls. Drotmcrcd dict, andbehrviour' Mustelid sPcci€s by diff€rentslralegies Manv such groups tion on distribution,habilals. iemalesmai beanained Martes ma es M'foina' moreor lessadjust€d |o food dealt with areM€Lr neLr, Lutru hrtra. "*rriii, rr"uf" r""il-i"f .arilines ni|atis of lhe populationmay M. t utorius,M. rison,M emittea andM avarlabililv,whereas lhe mal€componenl 'harem- on€_maleor muki-male be disDers€das monogamous. monochrofE end polvgvnv Much will depend.on The book is illustrsted with drawings' r'.r,r",i; *itr' "-i*" J"grees of The guara ec pttemaxly colouroholoqnphs of lracks.feeding siSns and droppings th€ mal€'sability to monopolizef€Itules and on 'copuhtion ttacr anawnire sittmuetres ot animalshclp to idenlifysecliom bv suchd€vices as lock' in canidsot reproducuve text is entirely h Polish, only fte inder givcs i,ir'iuiii.ntt ,r'"rrpr', i"ir' ReProductionistlre kev ro sociahrv most lFcics. Thc l,atin nanlcs. nortood sinie prcdaionofrenlateonlv 5' l0%ofthc availableprEv *orm biomasswhether$ev arc Schaller'sThe Serengeti Lion' or (review b, M Hon(ot) n Recentliterature

Cotofan,V. sr dl. 1988.Cervical and masticabry musculalure in \lustelidae Pitoriusluro.lnst. Asron. lon lonescuBrud.lasi Luu Stiint Ser.Zooteh. Med. vet.,3l:51'55. (In Rumanian,English I non. l99 I . Servicepropod€s to rcintoducc Bla€k-fool€dfenet to summary) the wild as an exp€rimentalpopolatioo. fnddng. Sp. T"cru. Cotofsn,v. era/. 1988.Pelvic limb musclcs in Pxtolirs luro I st B'rlr., l6(6):5. AzrcL lon. Ionest:uBrad. Iasi Lu r' Stiinl. Set Z@teh. Me.l \non. 1992. Nenscn bij Rosmalen.Zoogdier 3l4t lO. (Mustela yst.,3l:63'64. (ln Rumanian,English summary) liran, {In Dulch) Das & Boom. 1992.Dassen viliS op tt'?8. Das & Boom' Beek- \nhur. S. M. ?r dl. 1992.Precision md ulilily of cemcntuman- Ubbergen. nuli for estimatingthe a8eof Fishers.Wirdr. S.,c. Brrl., 20:402- Douma'Petridou.E. & Ondrias,J. C l9SS Coolribulionlo th€ 405. taxonomyand geographicaldislribution ofthe weaselMrrrdld Balerstet,J. er al. l99o. M\lskra'l,Odonota zir?trri.urLinnaeos, ,i|d/ir on the southemBalkan peninsular' &ix8elr.* Milr' 1766and American mink, Marrerd visa Schrebet,1777 in lh€ 33,234-243.O "Druzno l,ake" Reserve.P rzesl. 7noL,341339-347. (ln Polish, Dumanin, B. & Canivec,R l99l Uhraslructuralsludy of Englishsummary) endoth€lial penn€abilily !o macromolecul€sin felal parepla_ Earyshnikov,G. F. & Averionov,A. o. 1990.Milk le€th of cenrafcapilfari€s of EurcPzn badz.t. Plocenla 12$25'635. prcdalorymammals (order Camivo.a). P8n I . Faftily Musleli- Dursun.N. 1988.Macro-enatomical studi€s of the aMominal dae.Trudy Zool. I nst.Acad. Ndxt SSSi,212:73- I 19. (ln Rus' organs of rhe mink (Mustela rlson). Selavk Unir. Vet Fak- sian,English summary) D.rf,., 4:351-361.(ln Turtish, Frcnchsummrty) Eekker,G. J. H. 1991.Badgen and highwrys. Pp. 351-352 i,' J Eartmm.D. S. ?, ol. 1991.Silvicuhurists and wildlife managers: M. Bamard ., ar., eds. Roxter et faune sau\age: octes du Competitors or currtors? Truns. N. Amer. Wildl Nat Res collrqx?. Council of Europe,Stf3sbourg. Conf., 56t640-651.(Martes om.ri&na) Bema.H. J. 1991.First record of lheE.minr lMttrr?la erninea) in Folrrq$ach, H. 1986.Marder im Alpd- uld Ndioflal Park Berch- Ariznn . SouthwestNat.. 361245-246. tesggden.N.P. BerchteseadenF schungsber.,lli52'55. Bissonnctt..J. A. rt a/. Am€rictn mlnefl ' , as€for landscapc_ Ginsborg,L. & Morales,J. 1992.Conlribudon lo lheknowl€dge of l€velmanag€mcnl. Pp. ! l4-134in t.8,, li.k&E. G. Bolen, lhe Europe.n Miocene Musl€lidac, Irocrticris ir.l),icr|J, re- cds.wildlile and ha tars i|.,nanagedlandx apes,lsla Prtf,s, latedand new 8crcra. C. R.Acal. Sci.,(Ser.2)315(l):l I l-l16. Washinglon,D.C. Come., M. & Hekcnlhal, H. 1988. SdugetiercEuropas Fe|ddi' Bi€rtns, I. 1990. Bmin ind rpinal cord lesions in cnccPhalitic nandEnke V€rlag, Stutlgart. 371 pp. zoonosesin mink. Acrd v.,. Scan1., 11t423432. Crant,J. w. A. ?, dt. 1992,Dfend€d vcnus und€fendedholne- 8obck,8., Pcranowski,K. & Re8.lin,W. L., cds.1991. Crobdt raog€sizeof camivores, ungulates, and Primacs. 8?ldv. f{o/. rrendsinwildlife nanapn tr. l8lh.IUCB Congtcss,rr8iello- Sociohiol.,3ll3)tl 49-16l.(Mele s meles,Mustela erniad) nianUniversity, Krat6*, PolandAugust l987.Irdnrdc.. yor. Criffiths,H. I. 1992.The populationstaos of th€Eu.asian badget 1&2. Mele$ neles s. l. lL., l'l'&Xcamivon, Muslelidae)in Europe Bock. F. 1986.Dic bbcnsraumnltzungd€s Dach|es(,lte&r UnpublishedMPhil thesis.Universily of walcs (Collegeof neles). Ersre Erg€bniss€.us dem Raum Berchtesgaden. Cardiff),Crrdiff. 149pp., 3 appendices. Notio^alpa* Bercht.taoden Forcth,tngsbet., I l:,16-51. (ln Criffirhs.H. t. 1992.Police prosecutions and badger p€rsecution G€rlnan) in Engfard and Wales.Anin. Welfitre lt29l-296. Bourard, M. 1989. lz blaircou (Melcs mcles). Mamoirc pour Griffiths.H. I. & Tbornas,D. H. 1993.The statusof the badger I 'obrc ion de la Class€Tcchnicien Sup€rieu.en matiare d€ Meles meles(L., 1758)(Camivora,Muslelidae) in Europe Cyndg6liqueset FauneSauvag€. Syndicet des chass€ursde Mann. Rer.,23:l'l -58. France.Paris. l?80 pp. Hancox.M. 1992.Brockside or brockicide:tl6 millioo waste. Bourand.M. 1989.Situation de I'Hermin€ (Mrrr./d crminea)duts Ratel l9tl5l-152. fa Nierve.Bxl. Trin.st. Soc.Hist. Nat. Amis Mus Aututl Harada.Y. ?t rl. l9m. Cloningand sequenc€analysis of mink t34:25-24. growthhormon€ CDNA. B,ocre'r. Bi.'PhtI Res Conn t, Bozhkov.D.1988. The mnten. P roda (Solia) 37:69-12.(ln l7 3tl2rt-t2{J/'. BulSrrian) Hal€stcad,A. S. 1990.Mobbing ofa Lotgrailed weasel,Mxrr?/d Buddingron,R. K. et al. 1991.Dietary r€gulation of inlestioal /rcndrd.by Columbianground squirfels, S/re,rrdlrrinrr fol,,'n brush-bordersugar and amino acid transpo( in camrvores biensis.Cun. FId. Nat.. l(X:483484. Amer.J. PhJsiol.,261(4)t193'80t. Hffegau,M. & Nishikala,S. l99l. Predationof an intrqiuced Bull, E. L. etar. 1992.Comparison of thr€ercchniqu€s to monitor weas€lupon the lizard Erc€n.n.r otd.lde on M iyakeJ ima. Izu m nen. wildl . Sd . aull., 2O:4O6-4to-( M . amen.dnd) Islands.N.rr. dr. R€r.. l(2)151-51. l Muste la itatsi) Burgmann,P. M. 1991.Restrainl techniques and snaesthesia Hc Jiao& HuangWanpo. 199 L A Pli(renespecies of P,1,rr.?/,i/,r rccornmendationsfor rabbits, rod€n1s,and fetrcls. J. Srndll from Tongshan,Jiangni. ve .ht. Palasiat.,29:303-311. (ln Erct. Anin. Med. lt73-78. Chin€se,English sornmary) Chapman,W. K. & Aptifl,D.l99l. Mamnalsol theAiondotk Hemandez,A. l9m. Obs€rvacioo€ssobre el papeldel lagrrk' Azfield suide. Norrh Coltnry Bools. Utica (NY) 159 pp. tel^do tLo.?rtalepido Da nr.elerw r Erifu ers eur''ttttn: Cohn, J. P, 1991.F€n€ls r€tum from crlinction Biorciance L.ry el rqon(Melesnel.s, cn lad ispersion desemillas r,,i,"tr 41t595-598.( Mustela nigripes) Ada Vert.,17 t235-242. lEnglish summary) 2l llo(,p€r,A. l9tl9. Murualismb€tween man and honeyguide Pp. Mill€r, 8., Biggins,D, wemmer. C., Pow€ll' R.. Calvo. L ' 347-149,,f J. Cfullon-Brock,ed.Theva .inq knler' Patterns Han€bury,L. & Whanon,T. l9q). DeveloPmentof su.vivrl .,1lon6tiuti.'n, pask,tdlisn, and predution. Unwin Hymaa, skifls in caprive'raisedSib.ian polecats(Mustela ewrcnan- ni.,.L Locaringprey. J Ethol,8t89-94 lrvcn,B. 1993.The Zorilla (r.r.,rrr rrridrls) andits husbandryin Mill€r. B. ", dr. 1990.Development of survivalskills in capdve- confinemenr. Rate I 2012),40-46. raisedSib€rian Dolecats fMureld eversnanni).2-Prcd^ol !^Eet,l. A- et ul. 19'90.The cervicalapocrine gland of n€onatal avoidance..r. t rt,l., 8:95'l(X. nink; the effectsof ,)r tltefo respons€!o polychlorinatedbiphe- Minta.S. C.. Minla.K. A. & L-on,D. F l992.Hunting associalions nyfson gl.rndulardevefoprnent. A|d. Vet.Dernntol , I t29o'298 b€rweenBadBers (Iattl€t taxus) utd Co'robs lC oaislatruns ). Jfnsen,S. 1992.Brabantse dassenirnnel in geb ik.z.ngdier J . Monn^ 7314\:815'820. 3{4):35.(Me,er n?kr) (ln Durch) Modden.C. fs9 f. ad'?.n is gamer$ctnenltt Eenn. sp.n.. eine Jedrz€i€wski,w., Jedrzejewska,B. & McNeish,E. | 992.Hunting friihe Muslelide aus der obercligozanenSpallenfiillunB successot the weaselMustele nit.t/ir and escapelactics of Ceimersh€in bei Ingofstsdr.Mitt. BaJer. Statsaanl Palaeon' force rod€nrsin BialowiezaNalional Park. Ac,a Theriol., tol. Hist. Ceol.,3ltl25-147. (hglish summary) 3l(3\t319-t28. Mudway, C. 1992. The leniiorial behsviour of Pine manens Jeffferi€s.D. ,. 1992.Polecats Mustela pulrlirr and pollulants in (Ma es martes) during th€ breeding seasonat the Welsh Wales.Lxrra 35(l ):28-39. M.N ainZcrr.Ratel l9(5):148-15I. Jia. J. 199| . The lrail identificalionof Redfox, Badger,Raccoon Mulder, J. 1990.Th€ Sloat -fle€ing PrEdalorof the dunes.Drir dos in the wild. Cri". Wtt, ., l99l(3): 18-21.(ln Chinese) l3(3):4-?.(ln Dolch) -gon€ KaDlan.J. 8., Benia,M. & Mead,R. A. l99l Prolacdnlevels in Mulder, J. 1990.The Stoat ftom the dune areas.Duin weslemSpott€d skunk: Changes during pr€- and periimplan- l3(4):4-7.(In Dutch) tarion and effecls of melalonin and l€sions lo lhe anlerior Nakamura,F., Kaji, K., Fukunag{S., Kohno,K. & Kondo,K. hyporhalamus.diol. feptod., 44t991-997. 1991.Th€ struclureof anchoringunderfur in outer rmt sh€afi Kompanje,E. ,. & De vries, G. T. 1992.An almosttoothless cells of lelogenmink hai. follicles.Anim. Sci Technol' tiad$et Meles neles. Lu.ra 35ll)t4H3. 6'l:7 l4-1 16. Kon€cny,M. J. 1989.Movemcnl parcms and food habits of four Nie*o. J. M.. Alvarez,C., Flores,J. M. & Ronuno,J. 1991. sympatriccamivore sp€cies in Belize,Cenlral America. Pp Glomerularl€sions io Aleutiandis€asc ot min-k(Mustela 243-264in K. H. Redford& J F. Eisenberg,eds. Advancer i|t viron): A morphologicalard differcntial morphom€lricstudv neotropicaI rnannalogy. SandhillCran€ Press, Gainsvill€, FL. Histol.H istopathol., 6tl4l-148. Obara, Y. l9t. Kffyosystematicsof the must€lid camivorcs of Lammensma,D. 193. Cebruik dagruslplaatrdoor srcenmaiers. lapaul HonJurui Kagaku 30:197'2m. Zoo{diet 3(4)t4-'1.(Mart's /oi,'a) (ln Dutch) oksanen.T.,oksancn, L. & NorberS,M. 1992-Habit useofsmall _a I-an8e-Badrc,B. & Bashz€v.g,D 1989.on someOligoc€ne mustelidsin nonh Fennoscandiantundra lest of tltc hypo{h- camivorous mammds from Ccnral Asi^. Ada Palaeontol esisof prtch €iploiration. Ecognphy 15(2\:237-244.(Mt skla Pol., 14:125-|4A. sedoria) ealaeosole y?r' Lim. Boo Liat. l99l. Mustelidsof Malaysi&Na. Mdlay , 16:62-67. Oxenham,M. I92. Distempervaccination in f€nets. Rtc.' Lips,K. R. l9l. Vcnebtatesassociated with tonois€fcrpi€rur B€lgiumMition 4{?):362. pol)pi?nur) burows in four h{bitats in soulh-ce ral Florida. Pastimac,N. & Crima, R, 1988.TI|e reproduclionin polecal.Prol. J. Herpetol., 25t417481. (Spilogalepubnus ) Anin. Zooteh.Med. Vet., l8:18-27. (In Rumanian) lrd6, T. 1991.Nole sur la posilionrophiqu€ d€ quelquescami- Pigozzi, G. 1992.Frugivory and s€eddisF sal by the Eutopean vores dans l'ou€sr de la Fmrlce. Bu . Soc Sci Nat. ouesl badgerin a Medif€lTancannabir,'r' J. Manm.,13t6yi639. Frdn.? (n.s.)l3: l-lo. (Englishsummary) Pigozzi,C. & Consolati,A. 1991.Variazion€ slagionale n€ll'uso Lukas,,..Cyprich, D. & K mprl,M lryl.Trnhodectesnelis ll. dei sislemi d€ lana del tassoEumFo (lr?r?s 't"l"r L.) in un' C. Fabrecius,lSosxMallophsga, Trichodectidrc)' a newsp€- area a8ricoladella PianuraPadrna (lhlia seltentrionale). cies for lhe ftuna of Slovaki^ Biolosia (Bratisla|a) 46i961' Richerch.Biol. S?lva8.,l9(Supp.):439449. (English sum- 968. (Meles neles) (l^ Slovatian, English summtry) mary, Manin Marco,M. P. & Manilla, G. 1990.Sobrc algunas malfagos Pikulic.M. M. & Sidotovich.V. E. l99l. Evaluadonot suuctural d€ mammit€rosin ltalia. Rn'. Pardfst?ot,5:15l-156 (tn and functional rclalions of populationsof s€miaquadcpreda- (Byclorussi.). Itrlian, Englishsummary) lors 3nd amphibiansin White Ru$ia EtarrSi)d Manynov,M. F.,ed. 198?.TheSable: A bibliogruphv1586'1987. (Se lorsk) t99ll6):28-36.(In Russian) VNIIBTZH,Omsk. 380 pp. (ln Russian) Piotrowski,S. 199I . Grcy herooversus Sloat. J4folt Sirdr 40: 145 Maryushkin,E. N. 1993. Yellow_throatedmatte\ Martes Podushioa,N. A. t988.Must€lids of thePrikarpatian lowffi. Dolr. Prh. Znal.,o1., 1986:55'58.(In Russian) (Charronia) flai)ieuta (Roddaen, l?58) (Mustelidae,Camivom) Mosk.O-vo lspJt (Mdttes in the RussianFar Ensl Luteola l:2-9- Rei8,S. 1992Geogrsphic vatrrtion in Pinemanen ,ttarr?r) Maurel,D., Bonnet,O. & Boissin,J l99l. Eodogenousrylhm of al]dRf',h nmfl1anlM.loitt) lf'.E.r[({€.J. am,13(4rt74+769. gencrallocomotor aclivity and its conlrolby lhe suPrdchaas_Rossi,L. & Dini, V. 1990.Significata d.lcinShiale nell'€pi- maticnucleus in themink lMustela vison).J lnte iscip CJl|le demioloSiadcllr trichincllosisilv€slr€ in Piemod€e Liguri!. iPs..22:31-4O. Porassitoloeia(Ronn) 32t321-126.(English summary) Mccanhy,T. J., Myron,B , Cruz,D , Cru4 C. A. & Dsvies'W Roy, L. D. & Dorranc€,M. ,. 1992.Ellicacy ! seleclivityofcggs B- 1991. Mammal rc$tds oI Otthogeomys,Hoplonys' 8'td andialfow baitsfor skunkc('Ilrol,Wildl. Soc.Bl ,2Ot32G31O. Cafi.rlr for Honduras.Te-rar J. Sci ' 43:429-431. Rozhnov,V. V. 1991.Thc Blsakm'lcf'at. Nov.Zhizni NaukeTcLh- (ln Miller, 8., Wemmer,C., Biggins.D. & Reading,R. 1990 A Se..Airr.. 199l:28-34. Ru$ian) ororosal to conserveBlack_fooied f€n€ls and th€ Prairieiog RozhrDv,v. V. 1993.Extinction ofdrc Eumpean mint: ecological icoivstern.tnv. Mamge.,t4:763,m1 69. c astropheor nalur.l process?Luieolo ltl0-16. Slhmidt, A. 1991.Beobachlung zum Beucfang ein€s ncrlnelins van dcr Rcest, P. 1992. Recordslcrfteonder darsen. Zoogdi?t (Mustelo ermin a), Saugetiefi. 1,f., 3(t5)1333. 3(4).21.(Meles neles) (ln Dlrch, Sergeev,E. G. & Marimov,V. N. 1992.Th€ intaclbody dincn- van dcr Rcest, P. 1992. Dasscn in Noord-B.abrnt. ZooSdt?r sionsin sabf€sard Eizcof tlcit skitr.V.stn. Mostovsk.Univcrs. 3(4r:29, (Mebs n Ls) (ln Dvrch\ Ser.16, Diol., l(3t:49-54. Van dcr Woolf, P. 1990. Spoonbills on Texel in danger from Selass,V. 1991.Social orgmizdion of Pinc martcn.lauu (Oda, fcn€ts.Duin 13(2):8-10.(ln Durch) 44:214-219.(ln Norwcghn,English summaty) Vink, H. & Alleijn,F. 1992.Dass€n in hetCooi. zooSdier 3(3)14- s€lass,V. l99l. Food of Pin€ maneo in south NoIway. Falra 8. (ln Dorch) (Orro) 45: | 8-26. (In Norwegian,English summary) Wskq W. 1992.Thc sluff of |,genls,Nat. Can.(Ouowa)21.51. Shaikov,R. T. 1969.Dislu.bdrce ofrcproductive function ofmink (Gulo sulol with Afeutian dij€a*. Veterimrita (Moscow) 198\l0ri43- walsbcrS,C. E. 1991.Themal effecls of seasonalcoal changein 45. (In Russian) thrEesubrcric mammals..,.Them. Riol., l6i29l-296.( Muttela Shilo,R. A. & Batcncva,M. A. 1993.Or brcedingsornc species of Mustclidac 3t Novosibitsk 7no. Luar.ola li27 . wang,P.,lr. H. & Zl|ao,W. | 988.Energy melat'olism of Mrukrd Slmpson,M. R. 1990.Obs€rvation of ar Arctic ground squinEl. viron du.ing prcgnarcyand lactalion.Actd ft€riol. Srr., 8: I 39- Spcmaphilusp. Nrryi, Shon.lailed*ca!€|, Must la eminea, 145.(ln Chinesc,English summary) inrcra€tion.Con. FA. Na,., 104.473474, Wienz, .r. 1992. De Ncdc.landse drss€npopulalieanno l9m. Stirnisson, K., Cunnasson.E. && Hjanardo(ir, S. 1990. htra 35(2)t15-89.( Meles,ttctur)(In Dutch, Englishsummary) Pbsmocyrosis(Aleutian discasc) infection in f€ral mink in Wilcsnith,J. W. & Clifion-Hirdy,R. S. 1991.obs€watioos fmm Iccland.arvirrndi 1990(3):l13-122. 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SDittler.H. l92.ZurSilualiondes Dachcs inNordrrEin-Westfrlen. Jin.,8:193-198.(ln Chincs€,En8lish summary) Rhcinisch-t+,est.l6ger 1992(12\134-35.(McLs ncles) Zlleng,S., Li, C., Sang,S., Han, Y. & Ma, Z. 1988.Sludy of lhe Stcvca,T., Stricklsd, M. , Frank,M., Raspe.,J. & Dougla!, C. W. ecology of sandbadgcr. Acta Theiol. Sin.,8:65-12. lln Chi- 1991.Organochlorine ins€clicide ad polychlorinaledbidEnyl nese.English sumnary) rEsidu€sin maiens lrld fislErs fronr d|. AlSorquin r€gion of south-cerril Ont{rio. 8u//l. E 1v.Contam. Toticol.,4613f8-373. Sun.H.-Y. "r dl. 199| . Study oo thc lechniqueof artificial taming aM br.edins in pofccar.Crin. Wildl., l99l(5r:21-31.(In Viverridae Chines€) sunquist,M. 8., Sunquist,F. & Daneke,D. E. 1989.Ecological Alvarcz,F.,Iglesias, R. Bos,J. Tojo,J. & Sanmanin,M. L. | 990. s€pamtionin a Veftzuclan llanoscamivorccommunity. Pp. | 97- Newfindings on thehelminth fauna of theCommon European 232 in K. H. Redford & J. F. 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C.r, ( i, Thor,G. 1992.Neues vom Bau.Fuchs und Dachs unter die Erde de Orta, SEt.Znol. l('(l nrt1 -17. EefolgLWiM & Hund 1992(2):14-18.(Meles neles) Fengrianxiong. 1991. A pr€liminarysurvey of the parasit€sin Tumanov.L L. 1993.Ecolo8icrl delermination of the level of Pagt/na lamata in Guangzhou.Arr!. Bu . So(. Parasikn energy meiabolismin some m$lelids' Lutreola ltlT-21. GuangdongPrct., I l-13:196-197.(ln Chinese) lurci, D.,Paunesc, G., Manol€scu, N. & Begnesc,R. 1989.Myelo- Hiscocks,K. & Penin,M. R. I S9|. A dielarycomparison belween monocyrary leucosisin polecd. gull. Acad. Sci. Aeri. For., two sympatricviverrids, ,teryestes parvula (s'tndelall. la46) l8:307-309. a d M ungosnuneo (Ccmelin,l7aqr. J. Aft. Zool.,l0st30'l -312. Um€zu,M.,lshii, S., Furusawa, T. & Masaki.J. 1991.Isolation and Hoaglund,D. B. .r a/. 1989.Biogeography and populalion bio- characterision ofmink growthhormone..4nirn. Sci. ftrindr., logyof themongoos€ in theWesl Indies. Pp.6l l-6341,rC. A. 61:([5-612. Wods,ed. Bioeeoetuphyof |he Wes|Indies: Post, lrtes! t. an.l VanDamm€, D. & Ervynck.A. 1992.Medicvalfenels and nbbils trxr€. SandhillCraic PressGainsvillc, FL in th€ Castleof l-arm€ (East-Flanders,Belgium). A cootribu- Huol, R. M. 1991.Evolution of theaeluiroid Camivora: vive( tion to rh€ history of a predalor and irs ptey. Couoq. Hist. affinitiesof the Miocenecamivoran h€4'eslides. ,4'r?r. Mrr Connaiss. Zoo l.- 3:51-64. Not'itales3m3f -34- cruzi inwild ly'no,N. 1992.Anoldskelchof PagumalarvatainJaP n.Hivoshi Kar$en. V.. Davis.C. & K nlw,R. 1992.Trypanosomd Parusitol.' f,dv.N.ll. S.i., I l:l ll'l 15.(ln Japanese) mccoons and oppossumsin North Csrolina J Karnal. K. a. H. I 990-Ext€nsion lo therecorded distribution of the ?8:541-543. white railed mongooselchneumia albkauda albicouda-J Kilham, L. 1986.Renestings of American ciows in Florida and SuudiArab. Ndt.Hist. Soc ,3:'l,58. predaiionby R.ccoons.fla. Fld Nat.,l4t2l-23 relationshipsof Lim, B. L. t991.MonSoos€s of Malaysia.lvr'r'Malafs.,l6t4'1. 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L'apparition du raton-laveurdans I'es( de la France Palomares,F. & Delibes,M. 1990 Factoresde transformacion Circonia l4il69-110. posturc,aod feedingb€haviotrr para el€afafodc la bioma$ consumidaPar gircla (Geneuo Mccleam, D. 1992.l,momolion, gersrrd) y mefonciflo (Herpestesichn.unon)(Caflivor^' of kinkajous,coatis, and mc$tc'||s. J Maron,73.245-261. -coalis, Mammafia).Mirc. Zool. Barcelona) 14:233-236(English Mc{l€am, D. 1992.Thc ris€ nnd fall of mutualism tapits' summary) and ticks on Bsrro Colordo lsland, Panama Blotrupicd Palomffes.F. & D€libes,M. 1993.D€lermining activity tyPs and 24(2Att2?ll'22t. 1989 Popul&lion budgeisfrom movementsPeed of radio-markedmonsooses- ./. McKeever.S.. Oliv€r,J. H. & Pound,J. M. Island, Wildl. Munaee.,51:l 64.'161 (Heryestesichneumon) changesand mov€mentsof raccoonson Sl. Calherine'3 Rao,A. T. & Acharjyo,L. N. l99 | . Paragonimilsisin som€wild car- Georeia.ca. ./. Sri.,47rl28-135 locrlily nivor€sat Nardankanab.I ndion Vet. J.,68tl9l (HerpestessP.) 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Tenora,F.. Honigora. M. & Stavek,M. l99l. InterEslingfindings Mustelidaeand Viverridae of twospeciesof Ascaridala(Ncmatoda)'pansilcsof camivora in Crrch and Slovak F€dcraliv€ ?.p\tblic. HelnintholoSica ( lotor) Corb€r.C. a. & Hill. J. E. t9p2.The nannols ol the lulnnnlatan (Btutislava) 2atl3l'135. Pro(yon stodieson theRed reRion:a svstenmticrel'reu'. Oxford Univ. Pr€ss'Oxford 488 pp. ThiyaSesan,K. t9l. Dielaryaod b€havioural panda(Aiturus futgens)AtP^i$fionzao. zao' s Print 6\9ril-1 ' Yanoysky,A. A. & Mercolli, C. l9$. Uso del banadoper mammif€ros noclumo, conspecial rcIeft[fi^ ^ Cerdocyon Procyonidae rlottr Linna€us, 1176y Proqon canoirofotrr Cuvier, 1798' Spi.ntr.ur 8:l l-2o. (EnSlishsurnmtry) Andrcws,R. & Clarke,B l99l. Revealingraccoon mvstenes' l()$d Conrerr.,50(l):12-15 Decker,D. M. & Wozencraft,W C. 1991.Phylogenelic analysis General of recentprocyonid g€nera. J. Mann ' 72:42'55. Compper,M. E. & Krinsley,J. S. 1992 variation in so.ial trd Natursl Hislorv behavior of aduh male Coalis (Ndrt,a ,rri.d) in Panamr' Andrews, P. l99O Owts, caves, /osrirr' tnndon. 231. (lchncunoa al cauda, Iionopi 24(2a\:2|6-2t9 Muscun Pubficadon!. penid ata, Genettt Ma e! ,,artcs) Hasbrouck.J. J., clark, w R & Andrews,R. D. 1992.Frctors Cyni.tis Senctto Tubercolosisio dom€sticand zoo animals Ra'?' associatedwilh Raccoonmo(^lity inld^ho J wildl ManaSe, Harrcox,M. | 993. 56{4):691-699. 2o<2\:s8-62 trcPpinSprcqran onttualrepon lgql Hunt,R. H. & Ogden,J. J. l9l. S€lecFdasp€cls of thencsling Proulx, c. l99l.rtxndn? Council (Fores!ry), Edmonlon 16 pp' ecologyof Americanalligators in Okelenoke€Swamp J 9.1. Albena Res€arch (Ma es nm es,PtocJon lotorl Ho p.tol., 2r44a'457.IProcton lotor) J:]cobs,G. H. & tlegan. J. F lq92 Con€ photoPigm€nlsin ncrumal anddiumal procyonids. J. Conp Phvsiol.'l1l(A',1 15t-358. IUCN/SSCMV&PSG membershiP

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