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Classification of the Recent Carnivora

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Classification of the Recent Carnivora APPENDIX Classification of the Recent Carnivora W. CHRIS WoZENCRAFT The following list of species is taken from Honacki et al. (1982). I have compared it with the classifications of Ewer (1973) and Corbet and Hill (1986); these references should be consulted for distributions of Recent taxa and for further taxonomic information. Although Honacki et al. (1982) is used as a basis for discussion, this does not imply agreement with their taxonomy. Their classification was assembled from primary literature through 1980 by several authors who did not necessarily concur on the final taxonomic arrange­ ment. The scheme proposed by Honacki et al. is used here as a yardstick with which additional information is compared at the end of each family list. Ewer (1973) considered the Otariidae, Phocidae, and the genus Odobenus to constitute a separate order, the Pinnipedia, although she stated that it was "customary to classify them as a suborder within the Carnivora" (p. 6). The inclusion of these families within the Carnivora is well established (Tedford 1976; Wozencraft, this volume). Common English names are consistent with Ewer (1973), King (1983), MacDonald (1984), and Corbet and Hill (1986). Families are listed in a phylogenetic order consistent with the hypothesis pres­ ent in Wozencraft (this volume). Species are presented in alphabetical order, grouped by subfamily; where subfamilial classification is uncertain, the taxa are included at the end of the list. In some families (Canidae, Procyonidae, Ursidae, Phocidae) either the branching sequence or lack of consensus in the recent literature does not warrant subfamilial classifications at this time. Spe­ cies names preceded by an asterisk ( •) are discussed in the remarks for each family. Order Carnivora Bowdich 1821 Family Herpestidae Bonaparte 1845 SUBFAMILY GALIIDINAE GRAY 1864 *Galidia elegans I. Geoffroy 1837, ring-tailed mongoose. 569 570 W. Chris Wozencraft Galidictis fasciata (Gmelin 1788), broad-striped mongoose. Includes G. ornata and G. striata listed separately by Ewer (1973). Galidictis grandidieri Wozencraft 1986, broad-striped mongoose. Described since Honacki et al. (1982). Mungotictis decemlineata (A. Grandidier 1867), narrow-striped mongoose. Includes Mungoictis [sic] substriata listed separately by Ewer (1973). • Sa/anoia concolor (I. Geoffroy 1837), Salano or brown mongoose. Includes S. olivacea listed separately by Ewer (1973). S. unicolor (listed by Ewer) is a junior synonym. SUBFAMILY HERPESTINAE BONAPARTE 1845 Atilax paludinosus (G. Cuvier 1829), marsh mongoose. Bdeogale crassicauda Peters 1850, bushy-tailed mongoose. •Bdeogale jacksoni (Thomas 1894), Jackson's mongoose. •Bdeogale nigripes Pucheran 1855, black-legged mongoose. • Herpestes auropunctatus (Hodgson 1836), small Indian mongoose. Includes H. palustris. • Herpestes brachyurus Gray 1837, short-tailed mongoose. • Herpestes edwardsi (E. Geoffroy 1818), Indian gray mongoose. • Herpestes fuscus Waterhouse 1838, Indian brown mongoose. • Herpestes hosei Jentink 1903, Hose's mongoose. Herpestes ichneumon (Linnaeus 1758), Egyptian mongoose. •Herpestes javanicus (E. Geoffroy 1818), Javan mongoose. Herpestes naso De Winton 1901, long-nosed mongoose. • Herpestes pulverulentus (Wagner 1839), Cape gray mongoose. • Herpestes sanguineus (Riippell, 1835), slender mongoose. • Herpestes semitorquatus Gray 1846, collared mongoose. •Herpestes smithii Gray 1837, ruddy mongoose. • Herpestes urva (Hodgson 1836), crab-eating mongoose. • Herpestes vitticollis Bennett 1835, stripe-necked mongoose. lchneumia albicauda (G. Cuvier 1829), white-tailed mongoose. Rhynchogale melleri (Gray 1865), Meller's mongoose. SUBFAMILY MUNGOTINAE GRAY 1864 Crossarchus alexandri Thomas 1910, Congo kusimanse. Crossarchus ansorgei Thomas 1910, Angolan mongoose or kusimanse. •crossarchus obscurus F. Cuvier 1825, common kusimanse. Includes C. platycephalus listed separately by Goldman (1984). Cynictis penicillata (G. Cuvier 1829), yellow mongoose. • Dologale dybowskii (Pousargues 1893), Pousargues' mongoose. • Helogale hirtula Thomas 1904, dwarf mongoose. • Helogale parvula (Sundevall 1846), dwarf mongoose. Appendix: Classification of the Recent Carnivora 571 Liberiictis kuhni Hayman 1958, Liberian mongoose. Mungos gambianus (Ogilby 1835), Gambian mongoose. Mungos mungo (Gmelin 1788), banded mongoose. Paracynictis selousi (De Winton 1896), Selous' mongoose or gray meerkat. Suricata suricatta (Erxleben 1777), suricate or meerkat. The stability in mongoose classification between Ewer (1973) and Honacki et al. (1982) is more a reflection of the lack of systematic studies than agree­ ment with Ewer's classification. Although Ewer considered the mongooses part of the Viverridae, Honacki et al. (1982) and Corbet and Hill (1986) list them separately. The division between the Malagasy mongooses (Galidiinae) and the remaining two subfamilies of herpestids (Herpestinae, Mungotinae) was proposed by Gray (1865) and supported by Pocock (1919) and Petter (1974). There are five species of Malagasy mongooses, one of which, G. gran­ didieri (emendation of G. grandidiensis, see Wozencraft 1987) was described recently (Wozencraft 1986). The Mungotinae is the most diverse mongoose subfamily and differs from the Herpestinae in having a derived dentition and auditory bullae. Relation­ ships among the mungotines are poorly understood. The nature of the charac­ ter differences between Dologale and Helogale species suggest that they are congeneric. The range of variation in skull measurements of the widely dis­ tributed Helogale parvula is inclusive of conditions found within H. hirtula, whose distribution is completely included within that of parvula (Kingdon 1977); more work needs to be done in sympatric areas. Crossarchus obscurus has been divided into two species by Goldman (1984), represented by two allopatric populations separated by the Dahomey Gap, a phenomenon docu­ mented for several other allopatric mammals (Booth 1954, 1958; Robbins 1978). Goldman assigned Crossarchus populations east of the Dahomey Gap to C. platycephalus, despite a 75-80% overlap with C. obscurus in all mea­ sured variables. Furthermore, this gap in the west African high forest zone has been attributed to human habitat modifications (Carleton and Robbins 1985). Therefore, these taxa of Crossarchus are recognized here as subspecies. The Herpestinae has two monophyletic species clusters, the Herpestes­ Atilax clade and the Ichneumia-Bdeogale-Rhynchogale clade. The genus Her­ pestes as classified by Honacki et al. (1982) contains 14 species. The slender (sanguineus) and Cape gray (pulverulentus) mongooses have been placed in a separate genus, Galerella, on the basis primarily of the absence of a lower first premolar in the adults of most specimens and the greater inflation of the auditory bullae (Rosevear 1974). Similarities between other African and Asia­ tic mongooses would make Herpestes a paraphyletic taxon with many striking convergences if Galerella were recognized; therefore, these species are pres­ ently maintained within Herpestes. Watson and Dippenaar (1987) recognize a third South African slender mongoose, H. nigratus, on the basis of a mor­ phometric study of skull measurements. The Asiatic mongooses are repre­ sented by two monophyletic groups, the subgenus Urva (urva, semitorquatus, 572 W. Chris Wozencraft vitticollis, brachyurus, hosei, fuscus) and the subgenus Herpestes Uavanicus, auropunctatus, edwardsi, smithii). Bechthold (1939), in a phenetic study of the Asiatic mongooses, considered javanicus-auropunctatus, vitticollis-semitor­ quatus, and brachyurus-hosei-fuscus as conspecific groups. Honacki et al. (1982) listed three species of Bdeogale, although Kingdon (1977) considered B. nigripes and B. jacksoni to be conspecific. Characters previously used to separate these taxa vary with the age of the animal and habitat (Rosevear 1974), and they should be considered conspecific. Family Viverridae Gray 1821 INCERTAE SEDIS "'Nandinia binotata (Reinhardt 1830), African palm civet or two-spotted palm civet. SUBFAMILY CRYPTOPROCTINAE GRAY 1864 "'Cryptoprocta ferox Bennett 1833, fossa. Eupleres goudoti Doyere 1835, falanouc. Includes E. major listed separately by Ewer (1973). Fossa fossana P. L. S. Miiller 1776, fanaloka or Malagasy civet. SuBFAMILY VxvERRINAE GRAY 1864 "'Civettictis civetta (Schreber 1777), African civet. Corbet and Hill (1986) included this species in Viverra. Genetta abyssinica (Riippell 1836), Abyssinian genet. Genetta angolensis Bocage 1882, Angolan genet. "'Genetta felina (Thunberg 1811), South African small-spotted genet. Ewer (1973) and Corbet and Hill (1986) considered this a junior synonym of G. genetta. "'Genetta genetta (Linnaeus 1758), European genet or small-spotted genet. Genetta johnstoni Pocock 1908, Johnston's genet. "'Genetta maculata (Gray 1830), large-spotted genet. Includes G. rubiginosa listed separately by Corbet and Hill (1986), and G. pardina and G. tigrina listed separately by Ewer (1973). "'Genetta servalina Pucheran 1855, servaline genet. Includes G. cristata listed separately by Corbet and Hill (1986). Genetta thierryi Matschie 1902, Thierry's genet. G. thierryi is the senior synonym of G. villiersi (Dekeyser 1949) listed by Ewer (1973). "'Genetta tigrina (Schreber 1776), Cape genet or large-spotted genet. Genetta victoriae Thomas 1901, giant forest genet. Osbornictis piscivora J. A. Allen 1919, aquatic genet or Congo water civet. Appendix: Classification of the Recent Carnivora 573 Poiana richardsoni (Thomson 1842), African linsang
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