A Paleobotanical Study of Judith River and Lance Formations Along The

Home , Denver Formation, Eagle Sandstone, Judith River

A paleobotanical study of Judith River and Lance Formations along the Yellowstone River in Montana by Jacob Bauer A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate Committee in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Botany and Bacteriology Montana State University © Copyright by Jacob Bauer (1935) Abstract: no abstract found in this volume A PAtEOBOQMlGAL STOBY OF THE JUBITH HI T O AND LANCE

FORMATIONS AtCEG THE YEttOWSTONE R I T O W

MONTANA

JAGOB B A O M

A THESIS

Submitted to the Graduate Gommittee In partial fulfillment of the requireaeate • for the Degfe# of Master of Seienoe in Botany and Bacteriology at Montana State College

Approved;

^Charge of Major

Bozenan, Montana June, 1935 * t r

-s-

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Introduction ...... 3

Hietorical 4

Materials & Methods ...... • • • 5

Paleobotanical Microtechnique ...... 5

Taxoncany of Fossil Woods ...... 7

G e o l o g y ......

Formations ...... 15

E a g l e ...... 15

daggett ...... 16

Judith Hirer...... 17 4 Bearpaw ...... 35 < Lance ...... 34

General Discussion ...... 46

Sunmary & Conclusions...... 55 9 Literature Cited...... 57 03 r—# Description of Plates ...... 59 =3

50481 'i , A, OE THE JUDim WOR-MBi -T^wnff ■ ■ " : ■ ■ '."’ . ■ ' ' ' / ■• ■ " ' - FOBffiTIOIJS ZIeOHO TH E Ym Q l S T O H E E m m Hf

' ■ .myssk

MEROSUGTKM

Tho ineresaaed knovUeSg© ©f fossil Tlora9 though still far t s m

Somplete9 Ws ©auo©a a .eoasidoraMe number ©f changes % the elsasi-

fication of fossil plants Spring the lfist. dofadeo The, eonteihmtiono

that others have offeredD M v o nesossitated a complete revision of tho

Mole eubjaat and e W p no Ws r s l account of the complete fossil .flora- • . - - . - - f ' ‘ of the Sbdith Kiver and lance Topnations9 including the recent advehoep

in .paleontology exists? the priter therefore proposes- to commence by a

brief enumeration of the characters found in the lnportant genera^ -S- • The primary result of this pork shall be the establishment of the

paleontological ,sections-Mich-shall constitute--the type of sections of

these formations9 for the comparison and reference in the study: and

ccffreMtioa of -other formations such as the Denver, Eagle, Claggett9

^id Bearpac occurring Sn the upper- and lower Gretaceous periods, - '•

She other* largely .Qoncmitaat9. results that are either economical

. ' ' or scientific in their nature M v e also- been,-- reached in the- process of

elaboration of the fossil plants, of the -Judith, Biver and Lanco in their typical regions, & detailed study of the. histologr of certain silicic fled fossil woods are included in this, paper,- .The fossil- wood* which •

.was completely encased and hermetrically 'sealed in, the violent flow

’j \ I - ■ it' . ,< I !!«■«!§ < vK- * 4 ' of magma at the time of volcanic eruptiona, was collected from, deposits in the Boaeman Lake Beds® The questions concerning the general geologic correlation of the Judith Biver and Lance formations depends upon the data Tfoieh determine the age of the se'u format ions— i=ee (a) the time interval representing the type section, and Cb) the relations of the

Judith River and Lance formations in other regions of Montana.

HISTQRIO.AL

According to Khowlton (8), the first record of collections of fossil plants obtained from the Judith River formation were made in the summers of 1888 to 1893 by Mr6 T» E. Stanton and Mce J 0 B 0 Hatcher,

The principle results of their work was the accurate determination of the positions of the Judith River Beds in the upper Cretaceous section, and the removal of all doubts as to the correlation of these beds with the Belly River Beds of Canada. These results are offered as a contri bution to. the Mesozoic history of the northern interior region of

Mbntana0 Both men had previously visited the mouth of the Judith River in the winter of 1903 and 1903 to!establish the facts regarding certain observations made in 1888* In 1888 to 1893 Iffic0 Eateher spent consider able time collecting vertebrate fossils from the Judith River beds, making only incidental observations on tbs stratigraphy of the region, A few of the fossil plants were collected at that time from the mouth of the

Judith River and near. Willow Greek, tributary to the Musselshell River, MATERIALS AME1 MfHOBg ' '

PlBiOBgTMiagL mGROTEGmiOBE

These are t m general methods need in sauing fossil uood= One

is the use of a diamond charged aau running in a Iuhrieant5. The uriter

M s never used this device and believes it. is less suited to the cutting

of such very hard large Specimens9 furthermore the expense associated

tilth the apparatus used by the uriter is materially less than that of

the diamond charged aauo The ean. used consisted of a sheet iron disk,

a rolled copper di# 9 or electrolytic, copper diok0 running in a reservoir

of abrasive Uhi©h pas mixed to a ^!•liquid consistency.

The saning is done tilth the above mentioned Sieha9 SO to 22 guage8

M inches in diameter 9 running at an approximate speed of 1800 r 0pom0

p i # its edge in a reservoir, of liquid, abrasive,,, about the consistency ■

of Cream0 The Xiqgaid abrasive is made of equal parts of Carborundum8

EaOlih9 .Volcanic ash„ and cater® The mounted section rides against the . i .. ■ • sati9 being held in place by its might or by the operator*

The cut surface is ground uith the follcwing grades of earbo®

rundnm; IOO8 ISO8 EW8 and 320O Polishing is done on a revolving'-.,^raes

disk, or on a poplar m o d Uheel8 or on buffers pith a semi-liquid mix

ture of tin oxide end Uater0 On the cut S W f a e e 9 finer grinding io done

by hand upon a glass plate tilth plenty of carborundum* Polishing is

followed in the seme manner as the method of finer grinding* The latter method, grinding and polishing by hand, has a feu advantages over the mechanical method* Eor example? if the section becomes extremely thin a serieo of inapeeticma ean be mafi©p slth the aid ©f a Iaiesoscopas, on=*

ahllng one to grind just to the desired thinness to bring out the desired

Objeet0 tihile ulth the maehanieal Inethod9 the retrolviBg uheel n £ H out

more than desired and as a result the section is Iost0 CS) At high

QpeGds9 often thin sections aro ©racked or destroyed, chile grinding

or polishing by hand allocs one to note hoc the process is progressing,,

CS) Bxtreme care must be taken tiien polishing by the mechanical method

or else the sections d l l be torn off by the speed of the disk8 chile

the method by hand allocs the operator to regulate his speed and pressure?

The polished surface is noc fastened to a Btiero=Glide9 after

gradually heating the slide until it is rather C a m 0 a email ©mount of

shellac (flake)0 or ran balsam or sealing can is placed on the micr-

Slide0 After the fixative is malted, the polished surface is placed in

the melted fixative and the section is pressed very firmly to the slide©

A steel clamp applied to the section insures perfect sealing= . The mounted section is alloued to Cool0 As soon as the section has become

cool the next cut may be made? One precaution must be observed; the

section must not be dipped into cold cater for the purpose of cleaning,

cooling or inspection after cutting or polishingo The section is cleaned

for inspection by oiping off all surplus abrasive with a dry clothe

The cutting process is repeated sauing as close as possible to

the Bxiero=Qlide0 The grinding and polishing process as described before

is repeated? When changing from one operation to another elj of the

loose abrasive is cleaned from the cement? When it becomes necessary to gofteB ar renove the fizativsj, use xylol on. halsam. or absolute alcohol oa

#ollap^ ,0?? B p M W . :M 6sulphite:dn sealing

% e n aeetiona became extremely thin, the surplus ©arborundum rag rashed Off8 the section was then polished with^StaimicrWideuuhtll a velvet lustre rag obtained^ The section uas rashed again and ras allowed to dry thoroughly before mountings The use of balsam for final mounting is de»

Siyable for fossil m o d Sectiongp 4 H sections rare covered with micro? cover glasses Nop O for final permanent work so as to enable one to ex amine them with the. higher powered objectives=

Sections were ground thin enough by this method, for examination with the aid of a 2 millimeter oil immersion Objeetivep Ixcellent photo? micrographs were also obtained from material prepared by this technique.

survey of the literature o# the subject shows a heterogeneity of ideas concerning, the diagnostic data which" must be assembled to describe fossil wood accurately, Mffieulty in comparison has been en countered, due to varying degree of importance placed op features of the fossil wood., According to Bead Cl®), m?a%a8 iothan, Benhallow8 Jeffery, miloy, Bolden, Torrey, and a host of other men have commented on the relative value of the various tissues of the wood for systematic purposes9

Tcrrey has compiled a table of data which is of particular interest and value* The table of data is as follows?

. “Annual rings— present or absent| regular or irregular wood as compared with late woods transition from early to late wood! width of rings I ©ompaetness of early and late modv®-

. l9Hesin ©anals-r— present or absent; normal or traumatic, hori zontal or vertical op both; gize and shape;,-- secretory cells ■ as to size, ghape, thicknes®, of mils, number of row®, thyloges=®

'f9Wood rays-.— Sieriation; height and variability; shape of cells in cross eeotion; attitude- of terminal mile; pitting of lateral, terminal, and upper and lower walls with reference to number, Siaep and character; irregular thickening of wall®; ray traeheids, with reference to distribution type of pitting and thickenings of mils; resinp"

W o o d parenchyma*=-- terminal or diffuse, abundant, or scarce; dis tribution; contents1,, size?#

. KTracheide--* variation in size; bar® of Sanio; pitting, with re ference to distribution of pits in radial and tangential walls in various parts of ^be ring; nature of pits; spiral thickening®; resinous tracheitis;

W L o e e e o ro

isMetiulla- size, sclerotic cells, resinous structureo?

;/• - • ' ■ ' ■ : ..•It tos been the custom to describe fossil woods and designate them with the ending, Qgylonft even when evidence ha® been available to suggest that these were referable to modern genera, .Notable ezoeption® occur, however, for Inatanee0 fossil wood of Sesuoian affinities are usually placed in the genus Sesuoia rather then Sequoiogyldnft ~ even t W u g h pine® from the asm© horison are called Bitdzyloii0 & e h am irregular system is eonfusingo lSb the writer it asms only logical to regard associated ■' ' ■ Woods and leaves as the same species* The fossil wood- deserlbog in this ®ape3? toms- coHeeted from the

Bozeman Bake Beds located in the Mhdison Galley south of Iogame Moataw 9 exempt the Seonoia wood whieh was- collected from the Ihdlth Biver forma" tion $ miles ©ast of 'Soliambuss, Moatana0

The uood collected from Logah9 Iiontana9 belongs in the UlmaceaCo " ' This fossil m o d is mostly silieified and many finer structures such as the details of structure of some of the walls in the tracheal tubes are lost due to petrification? In all eases the annual rings are well de veloped 9 and an abrupt transition between the early and late wood ip noticeable? The tracheal tubes are very numerous and scattered, oeeurr-

Ing most abundantly in the spring and summer wood? # e ..trsnsverse section, CFlate ZVIII9 figure 3) shows the transition between spring and . ■ • - . ■- - - - '■ ■ ■ ■ . • •' . summer wood? The tracheal tubes are elliptical to circular in form?

The xylem rays CFlate- Z H H 9 figure 3) are numerous and form a say of ; . ' I cells 16 to SO cells thick? i. few of the rays that are one-eelled thick extend for a considerable distance adjacent to the tracheal tubeso The individual cells in section are almost square with rounded Corners9 thin

Walls9 and in most cases are filled with a yellow colored matgriaXo'

Uhile the writer was preparing fossil wood sections, brown streaks : '* ' - appeared in the tracheal tubes of the radial sections? Microscopic analysis of these. brown streaks- is described -as follows; In so## of the tracheal tubes (Plate ZVII9 figure 4j9 the material is collected at the ends, but in other tracheal tubes they are only half filled with this colored material? This mass of blackish material has usually <»X0==>-

stelveleS 9om©nhat$ thus leaving a space between it ana the tracheal nailo In. some of the tracheal tubes and- in a fen ray eelle are -blaek jEina yellow globular bodies CHate ZFg fl@ire;3s Hate ZH p figures Ip 30 3? and 4) though others contain a foamy substancep ^ome of the globular bodies seem to be mde up of a series of small® bodies fom»

Ing clusters* According to EhotSton (9), Hnhallon refers to the glo=-

bular bodies-in the cells of Gallizylon newberfyi as starch and resin,

but its chemical nature has: never been determined*

Zn Plate Z H 5 figure F and 5 illustrates a globular body having

a stalk-like projection, the base of the atalk resting on the cell wall

Of a tracheal tube* It is peculiar to find only one of these globular

bodies with such a long stalk which measured 60 microns in length* Some

of the medium sis® globular bodies haws small projections measuring 8 microns in length* On further observation,at a magaifIeation of 960

this stalk-like projection appears to he mad© up of very fine thread like structure resembling strands of mycelium* Due to poor preservation

the writer is unable to determine whether this strand-like material is a mycelium and whether these strands are septate or non-septate* . Ihile otfserving several glides of thread-like strands were found.mostly in

tracheal tubes, however, a few occurred in ray cells* These strands are long and marrow* branching freely and irregularly* BTo thread-like strands , • ' ■ , • • • . . were found to be connected to the globular bodies, except the one mention e d above® The following Is a description of the fossil trood of the Shdith

Biver formtion CEinug and Seoudid ? and Bozemn Lake Beds Cnteush

Tribe Abletineae

. The fbasil representative of the genua Plnus uas described by

Lizmeauso (Plate -ZHl 0 figure I) o

Annual rings---, not observed,

Besin canals*-^ the ray tracheids are- reticulate„ dentate and I Eom© appear smooth ualledoy The pitting appears

to be on some of the nails of the tracheal tubes,

S p m of the cells show a presence of resin Sn the

: . ■ ■ ' raya»

% o d parenehyma— abaento

Trachelds-L-^- The pitting occurs in single rous and seems to

be confined (Chiefly to the tracheal m i l s .

Tribe Tagbdiheae

. The fossil representative of the gmuav Sequoia m s described by

Enoulton in 1935, (Plate O T H a OTHiZa figures 5 & 13,

‘ • ■ ■ - "■■■'/- 1 . Annual rings-?- not ,observed,.

Reein canals— - the canals, are numerous and distinguished by their

dark contents, They occur .mainly in the spring

and sunaaer wood®

ITood rays— — - the linear wood rays are unieeriated although some

appear biseriate, The lateral cell, walls grp pitted alttoufEt a tew ghoo sea© pitting? Era@Mid8^ ”v~-r the traeheida are variable in Stzesi . -Bars- of

’ ■ " Seaio sse .peesent? .■’$& radial are strongly pitted Bith border pit© In ona or tuo roue Coeeaslonally more)?' Bead C11) state© that Ia ©Mae speeies the tangential Balls are pitted Ia the late woodo

.!Ehe fossil representative of the genus DlwiB naa deseribed by

Eelix in 1933„ (Plate X m i ? . figure 2 & 3)?

Annual rings=— » the annual rings are present, a ansi sting of 2 or ■ ■. - - ■ 3 rons of thickened cells= In the succeeding

spring Bood the ducts ere much larger than in

the late wood which makes the annual rings

easily to be seen by the unaided eye=

Eeeia canals— ^ the resin canale-ar© numerous and scattered,

occurring most abundant- in the spring and summer

.pood=- ..!Bese resin canals are almost circular, In

some eases slightly elongated radially= =%%© of

the duet© are arranged in notable radial rpBs=

Some of the resin ducts measure H O microns wide

and 425 microns in length? ^ooci r©ys«»-~ the msdulla^y- rays are numepoua aizd eas ily viglble

to the tmaided s y s o -Ssine of the -medullary raye that

sr© a single sell in -thickness pass for a considerable

distance adjacent to the ducts® The individual ©ells

of the large rays are nearly circular in Qtqbb**

section and are also, thin nailed®

Traeheids-!-- The teachaids are not preservedp probably destroyed

through silieification®,

OOLOGY 'r'. , Me^? mile-post #0 on the Jrorthern, Bacifie r ight=of«yay (east of

Fark Sity) is a cliff about two mil©© west-; ,, consisting .of three beds of sandstone with intervening shale or softer sandstone as shown In figures

I and So The dip is low as the Eagle sandstone approaches the river be neath the Glaggett formation® At mile-post 35 the Eagle sandstone ©an best be seen in the hills on the south side of the Yellowstone Bivere,

The top of the Eagle sandstone passes below -water level at a siding ©ailed

Yomgs-Boint o - : i Beyond Park-Gitys another sandstone and -shale about three hundred feet thick immediately overlies the Eagle sandstone and is visible across the river® These beds make up the lower part of the

Glaggett formation, which dips gently westward and gradually disappears beneath the water level® At mile-post Sg Cweat of Bapids) all of the white sandstone has passed from view and the hill slopes ere composed of the overlying Sudith Biver formation® This formation has no decided — /-f -

F/o. /

Fio. Z »15»

characteristics by which it may be recognized and identified with the

exception of the volcanic material which it contains, however, the underlying Glaggett formation contains no volcanic material* The slopes composing the Judith Elver formation has a whitish grey tint and is rather monotonous in color and appearance* The sandstone coim posing the upper part of this formation is well exposed in Countryman's

Bluff (fig* 3), between mile-post 37 and 39 where the writer6s collection of fossil plants was obtained* The formation yields fresh and brack ish water invertebrates, numerous fragments of fossil plants, and some marine flora*

Turning now- to the geological application of Paleobotany, we may say that this application of the•study of fossil plants makes its strongest appear* The sedimentary rocks, which are practically the only rocks that contain fossils, have been divided by geologists into a. number of major divisions and then again into smaller sub-divisions*

Technically speaking, a formation is defined as a l9Biappable lithogic unit"-- ioS*, it is a bed or layer or rock, or a series of layers, that is sufficiently distinct lithologically from those below or above, and sufficiently large in extent* to permit its representation in an area

(mapped by a separate color or other distinctive conventions)* r' . ' ..

FORMATIONS

Eagle Sandstone * The name EagLe sandstone, according to Khowlton

(T) a wa.s given by W* H, Weed to the formation overlying the Colorado

lMr!1'! l'.-\ .'UH • v; !-Mt! : I IiKfW i- ■ . ys e. sliale in north-central Mbntana0 The typical Eagle formation as defined h,

by Weed; consists of three distinct units containing respectively, ripple

Imarkss cross bedded layers, and marine shales* Weed further states that

the lower member is very persistent and characteristic over a large area

in north-central Mentana, even where other divisions of the formations

are not readily recognized«

According to Khowlton (?}, Stanton and Batcher described the Eagle

sandstone as the lowest formation of the Montana Group, consisting of a

dull grey to brownish massive ledge making sandstone about one hundred

feet thick; the middle division of the Eagle sandstone is a thin-bedded

shaly sandstone, while the upper is composed of rusty—brown concretions,

which are locally very mumerouai The Eagle sandstone is conformable with

the overlying Glaggett formation, .from which it is distinguished by its

lithologic character. Figures I and 2 show the Eagle sandstone east of

Youngs Point, Montana;

QIaggett Formation; According to Khowlton (7), the name Olaggett was given to this formation by Stanton and Batcher. This formation which overlies the Eagle sandstone is separable into two divisions; a lower one of shale and the upper one consisting predominately of sandstone. The lower division of the Olaggett consists of a dark marine ,shale similar both lithologically and paleontologically to the Bearpaw shale.,. At. the top there is a bed of massive rust-brown sandstone ranging from one to twenty feet in thickness* TTiese beds were included in the Oleggett formation by Stanton, and Hatcher in their reports due to the fact that

the formation contained some marine flora*

Judith Eiver Formation* The Judith Hiver formation is chiefly of

brackish water origin and lies between two marine beds,* The formation,

according to Ehowlton (8), was named by Hayden in 1871, but at that time

its stratigraphical position was not understood® According to Mowlton

(?)» in 1903 Stanton and Hatcher determined that the formation was a

member of the Montana group and is possibly equivalent of a part of the

Fierre shales*

The JUdith River formation,according to the above authorities,

consists of alternating beds of light-colored sandstone and clay, in

Which occur thin beds of carbonaceous shale® In the area studied the

formation contains some coal bsit is not known to have coal deposits of

commercial value f although plant material is abundant® The formation

also contains bones of vertebrates, some sicilified wood, and stems,

though'well preserved fossil leaves are exceedingly rare. Ihe sand

stone beds of the formation are hard and form definite benches, but be

cause they are numerous and not separable by thick beds of shale or clay,

most of the beds Join in producing a rough, steep escarpment, which has

the appearance of range hills from a distance® At many places, near the

top of the formation a strata ranging less than a foot to several feet

in thickness is made up of almost wholly of shells* The Judith River

formation is of upper Eontana age and is composed-of continental sedi ments that are intercalated without erosion or apparent interruption -JQ-

? 1&. 3 of deposit ion between the; marine Gleggett formation and the Beaygan- •

shale aboveo Figures Sp & p and § shows the Judith Sdvey formation

near mile-post SfI9

The giants found in the Judith River formation are described ns

follows?

I W i l y FucaeeaQ0- This specialized group of brown alga# is re-*

latively smalio Tfye body of brown algae-is a flat tha-llus which forks

repeat SdJy0 a type of branching called dioho-tomouec,

The fossil representative of the genus Fueus was described in

188? by lasqnereunp This genu# is restricted to the nothern hemi-

■ Sphere9 Fueus Is a tidal form and is not found in S#ep water* This,

specimen has two main branches* two secondaries on each branch and two

tertiaries as shown in Plate I9 figure 1»

Family Schimeaceae0.-* These giants have erect? single, pinnate,, or Siehatomous0 or vine-like, elongate leaves, with sheathed, alternate0 paired, palmtely, lobad or pinnate leafy divisions,, these plants, according to IBhlta £16), are mostly found in the tropical Climates0

The fossil representative of the genu# Meima wgs described by

MowltQtt in 1916p this specimen no doubt belongs to the g a m s Melma

(IS)0 as illustrated in Plat© I0 figures 3 and 40 &ie specimen pro® babSy represents only a fragment of lateral divisions of a comparatively large frond* These ferns are cut deeply into Iinear0 sharply toothed, rather obtuse segnents; apical portion of the frond is well preserved;

.fronds being alternate above and opposite near the bass* The v#!nation •“ 2 0 «»

is ©haracteriatif of the genus. Aaejma (JJS)f eoneisting of a elendar ■

^eoondary raohia or eeeondazy Biavela6 Isaiffig cJoaef paral3,el0 and one©

or twie® forked^ Ehe specimen show in Plate If figures ,3 and 4f has

forking© ohieh arise at very aeffite angleB*

. EamiIy Sphaffionhyllaeeaee.^ The leaves- of the plants that be Jong

# the faatily Sphenophyllaoeae are superposed in Chorlsf erect„ uniform f - ‘ ■ : With yellow veins? Some of these plants have numerous sporangia on the • I ■ ' ■ ■ V • ' . ' ■ . - leaves in long cylindrical ■ floreeoencet

Sphenophyllum tehefrium ladliohef»«» The apioes of these leaves

which are slender and elongated are shown in Plate I/ figure 5P The

leaflets are. usually Wried in the matrix which on being broken-away

often results in so much destruction of the speoimen that to give any

enact and definite description for it# true identification Js very diffl-

cult 9

Thmily EguisetaceaQ0^ The family EculsetaCeae are rush^like - plants, with mostly hollow jointed, single or often much branched

geooved stens? The Jeaves are reduced to sheaths at the nodes or Joints, the- ©heaths are toothed*

The fossil representative of the g e m s Eguisetm was described hy EhottiLton in 1930» The specimen collected by the writer shows-that " ■■ ■ ’ ' ' ■ . ohs-half of the stem has ? grooves, as illustrated in Plates I and I-Zf figures 6 and J 0 At the nodes there are tooth-like projections which connect the Internodes above ami below. One-half of the stem has about

I? teeth at the node* V ; -Sls*-

Family Stermtadeae*- $he planta of this family are now epnfteed

to tropical Asia* !Bhe-,learaa- are for the most part distinguished by the

presence of light horizontal or somewhat descending basilar veins» saner

times by slightly peltate character*

' lteroapeimites minor Ward*- She leaves are rather thick and oblong^

obliquely heartrshaped as illustrated in Plate H 8 figure 2» % e margin

is entire or nearly undulated below* Ho. petiole is attached to the speci men* Teination seems to be pinnate; the midrib is straight, however, the

veins are rather light and "basilar, nearly opposite, curving upward near

the extreme gs

Family Gydadadeae Fontaine*- !Ehe eyeads are tropical plants and

are the modern living representatives of the line that began in the

Paleozoic time* The plants have a tuberous or columnar stem, covered by an armor of leaf base®, and bearing % crown of large branched leaves^

' GycadedmylCML mdmfaha h * sp*- The writer designates these specie- mens as trunks of conifer trees’, Plates H & IIIj,. figures 2 & I, resting.

' ' j ' on the ease of figures of Br* Newberry and Professor Fontaine as die- - cussed by Ward (IS) who, however, regards it as a cydadeomyledn* The

.writer believes these specimens are the remains of, or easts of, partly decayed eycad trunks* % e cigar-shaped prominences of these egecimana . . . - j" are decidedly larger than those of otters described in the literature*

!®t.in seams, of carbonized vegetable matter are irregularly included in the overlapping folds that make the specimen appear as if it was im bedded in coal* .-Sg*

Family gigilarIaceae0^ (Plate U i s, figures 2 ana S)o % © leaf

bases are transverse and. prpminento The leaf soars are .transversely

rhombie or o m l with S. vascular Searsp the .central vascular gear is the

largest, lhile the writer was a m b l e to find any leaves of this plants

according to ,Adams (I)p the leaves are long and single veined. The

other structures of the specimen clear3y place it in this family,

Family ,GixUsggmaeeaec- The leaves of this family are notched on

the margins and appear similar to an expanded paper fan.

Ginkgo laramiehsis Ward.,? This species, according to Ehowltm (9),

as Prof essor Ward has pointed bnt @ is undoubtedly very closely ,related " •' - ; • . to Ginkgo adiahtoidea..(Uhg, I Hear, the main differences being the size

of the leaf. They are moreover not so abruptly narrowed to the petiole^

being more nearly .wedge-shaped than Ginkgo Miahtdides (f), ..In outline

the leaves of this species, as illustrated in/Plate 17, figure I, differ

among themselves, as do the leases of the living Ginhgd (7),

■ Family Pjnaeeae,- % e pin© trees are r e ^ h o u s ..^ees aud shrubs,

mostly evergreen, with a narrow or gcale-li# leaf, , These trees or

shrub© bear fruit, a cone with numerous, several, or few, woody, papery,

or fleshy, scales; sometimes berry-like,

GurinfhgKamites .slegahs - {Gords0 ). EnaLemann,- The collect of speci

mens contains branches that are rather .thick and closely beset with

. long narrow leaves, . The writer believes that they must be referred with

out doubt to this species, T m best specimen is shown in,Plate 17, figure

Eo “ 3 5 *»

, CunMnghanitee puciiellus B^owltoja9- The branches are apparently

V elen6er» -leaves alternate* somewhat remote, broad end thick at the bass*

turning abruptly at right angles to the stein? The leaf is very Iong6

narrow, and sharp*?poiated at the ap@Zo % e texture Is rather thiek

and deeply channeled above; - leafabases are large, oblong, obtusely SQutep

Iceeled6 and provided in the lower part with several ,fin© .Strias0 . This

fossa is represented by several -very well-preserved branches^ the best

of which is shown in Plate H 0 figure 3» Apparently the apace between .'■v - ■ r ‘ " , - . ■ '' th§ leaves may be seasonal growth= -In this tease the specimen would

show a second season* a .growth* disposed spirally, with'enlarged ,leaf

bases closely oppressed to the branch Just above which they turn abruptly at right angles and are then straight- or sometimes slightly depressed«

.Soquoia Btagaifolia Ihiowlton^ These cones are of a carbonaceous

torture, very STagnentary6 rather oblong, - and conical shape as illus

trated in. Plat© H * figures 4 Si- So The difficulty of any attempt to

identify these cones definitely with those of described species of

Ssdudiao unless they are Siund actually attached to leafy .twigs* ■ may W v- ■ ■ appreciated by con^aring them with certain published figuresp

. Zf the specimens Bhould be found on which -coafs are definitely

associated with identifiable foliage e distinct species might be feasible;

but under existing conditions any such attempt would be purely arbitrary*

Taxodium distiehum Biehsrdo- The branches of this specimen have

alternate spirally arranged sessile linear or seals-like leaves, spread

ing a© as to appear 3-reogked» The cone of this specimen is globose or «*34-

nearly s»p the scales appear t h i c k rInmboMa fitting close together

by their Bstrgias3 each marked with a triangular sear at its ba@©0 ‘ ^ Family Ealaaeeae&- These plants are sometimes tree«=likea seMom

branchings occasionally with lengthened internodes and ©limMng? , Falnm are a i m characterized by their fan-ribbed shaped Ieayesa with large

sheathing basesa which invest the young flower clusters*

The fossil representative of the genus Sabal was described by

SnowLton in 1916* Ibst fossil palms are very difficult to identify*

The leaves are commonly of. very large sine and it is difficult to obtain

specimens that are anywhere near perfect* The essential characters of this specimen are lacking* £ specimen perhaps no larger than ,one9 a hand from a leaf that was probably 5 feet in diameter cannot fail to convey a very inadequate idea of its Charaeter8 particularly to variation*

The specimen figured in Flate Y 9 figures 4 & §9 ere fragments

from Allen Sulch and measure about 14 centimeters I m g from the attach* monte of rays* .%c ^eciman probably is-from near the tip of the leaf*

The specimen seems to belong to what has W e n named Sabal by Biewlten

. (IS)9 as based on a considerable number of examples from different localities*

Family Qbmmellnaceae*- -These leafy herbs are short petioled or have sessile leaves* The flowers are in sessil cymes subtended by

spath-like bracts* -The herbs are erect ascending or procumberent, and

somewhat succulent* »85«»

Paliasya apMablepia Eaowltoa,- $his apseImoa akaua the prInei-

pie stem to tiiioh the pinnultimate tuiga are Bttaehei0 The tnigs on

both sides show that they are very stout& nhile the maim stem is less

thickly covered with leaves* % e larger stems are represented mainly by

their imprints, bat in some places a portion of the carbon material re

mains are present as illustrated in Plate VI, figure 1» The leaves are

dioecious in the plane of cleavage of the rock*

Family PohterdeEiaeeae0- The plants in this family are found in

bogs0 The leaves are petIoled0 with thick blades, or long and grass-

like* The leaves have many parallel veins* The - stems are erect with

several sheathing bract-like leaves at the base of the nodes*

HGteranthera eretaeeae KhQuXton0- The leaf is evidently thick

in texture, elliptical or very slightly ovate-elliptical, abruptly narroued or rounded to a very narrow, short basal portion being slightly pointed at the apex* Three veins arise in the basal portion of the blade or petiole9 one passing up the center of the blade and the other two dividing-the space between the first and the Dmrgin0 From these three veins several other veins arise of equal strength running parallel to the tip of the blade* There are 11 to 12 nerves in this leaf* This curious little leaf is almost elliptical end absolutely perfect except a minute portion of the tip is destroyed as illustrated in Plate H , ... ' . -Ii figure S*

Family.Halieaeeae*- The willow family are dioecious trees or shrubs with brittle twigs, bitter bark, alternate stipulate leaves* 53j© stipules are often: minute^? Flowers are found on. both sexes in aments

solitary in the a^ial region of each braeto The trees of this genus

Eomlus have scaly resiimous budsv

B>mlus obovata Khowltonn~ The leaf is of firm texture, obvate

or nearly elliptical in general outline, being abruptly Wedga^sMpedc, At

the base the leaf is obtuse* % e apex shows the entire margin while the

valuation is nearly equally four palmate from the base, with a straight

midrib. The secondaries curve around: and pas? near the apeg, the other

pairs divide the space between the second pair and the margin? All of

the secondaries are emspedodrome and forking. The finer veins are not

preserved? The entire leaf is nearly all preserved, lacking only a

petiole and a side of the margin SM illustrated in Elate 11, figure 4? ■' .. . ' ■ ■■ - Bdpulus speeiosa Ifarda- The leaf appears to be long petioled which Si'** "'.v' ■ • ~ , ‘ ' . . , • ' iiv* . T is about S 9S centimeters in lengt%? The blade being a little longer* father rounded,? sinuate or cremate except nearly at the horizontal base

which is palmately veined'? The inner pair of veins appear stronger,

TSxile the outer pair appear delicate? The tertiary veins are barely Visir ble which probably terminate near the margin of the leaf as shown in

Blat© T p y figure I?

Tdmily FagaceaeThe oak family are trees dr shrubs? The leaves are alternate, petioled, single, dentate, serrate, lobe#, cleft or enr tire, p innately veined, the stipules if any, are deciduous,

^uerCus baueri Kaa wit on? *» The IoSf is small, of coriaceous texture, ovate-elliptical and about equally rounded to the M s e as well as to the apex uhlch is Spmeuhat rouMedo. The base Is rounded with an entire margin! The petiole is prpbably long and very stout3 although it is

not present in this Bpecimen0 Secondaries are very numerous* stout*

prominent on the lower surface of the leaf, ringing from opposite to

alternate* The veins are straight in their course from the midrib and beeomp eemptrodome in the marginal region* The tertiaries are well de fined, partioularly on the lower surface of the leaf as shorn in Plate

Till, figure 4o

Quercua Wlbruaifoilia Eesguereuz0- The apex of this leaf is rather obtuse and the base is wedge-shape^ The margin is entire below* sharply and somewhat irregular toothed above; petiole being slender; veination.

is pinnate, which consists of heavy midrib with 5 pairs of sub-opposite or alternate secondaries* which end in the marginal teethp Plate Will, figure 5, shows the lower secondaries associated with several outside veins*

Family Mdraeeae6- The mulberry family are trees or shrubs with milky sap* The leaves.are alternate, petloled stipulate, the stipules . ; .... ■ . are fUgaeeious, The leaves are often dentate and lobed, 5 veins, the midrib being stouter than the laterals,

Flcua dawsonehaiB Khowltoa.- The leaf is thick, broadly ovate, rounded and deeply heart-shaped gt the baserounded and obtuse-at the apex; margin absolutely entire* The midrib la rather slender* Fqur • '' ■: pairs of thin secondaries rise near the top of the petiole, which gives the leaf a 3 ribbed aspect* Sn Plate IZ9 figure 3, the finer veins are »28-

oi?somreo

Moiia planicostata lbsqueg©uz:tt°> This collection was obtained

of Miskos,hbatana, which contains a number of specimens that are re

ferred with more or less hesitation to this Speciea0 They differ con

siderably in sine as shown in Plate %, figure,I,

tieua psuedopopnlua Spowltoni- The leaf is of medium size,

palmately veined,. broadly ovate in general outline, narrowed a^d pro

bably aocuminate at the apex, truncate or more or less- deeurrent at the , /. r. ■- baseo The texture of the leaf -is subeoriaeeous, being stout and slightly ’• •' ' -hf' . [ - curved a The midrib is stouter than the laterals as shorn in Plate Z,

figure go The two lateral veins diverge from the midrib just above the

top of the petiole and join, the- secondaries further aboves although the

veinlets are thin, precurrent and closely at right angles to the pri

maries and secondaries*

truncate or slightly heart-shape. The base is probably obtuse aboves

: ... . valuation is strong with three-ribs being stronger, with several pairs

Of gub-opposite secondaries joining above the base; small veinlets are

numerous, strong*, and. mostly unbroken* The leaf is longer than broad &@

shown in KLate Z, figures 0 &. 4*'

Kicus rhamaoldes Zbowltom0- The. leaf is thick, oblong-lanceolates

- in outline; margin entire, except for the right side which ip,destroyed*

..The petiole is thick, ,straight and curves near the apex* There are about

IO pairs of secondaries which are alternate at right angles to the midrib* % e nervilles are very Jiumeroua0 although many are precurrent as shpra

In .Blate XE-, figure Il9

Bieus aquarroaa EnoltTtone- These specimens, from fensley .OreeK8

V. ' ' ' are no doubt related to this species* The leaf is of medium thickness and quadrangular in outline, broadly rounded at the base= Blate XE, figure 8,. shews the leaf being .palmately three-veined»

Family Kjnaphaceaee- The water lily family are aeaules,eent herbs, with more or less elongated tuber bearing rootstocks«, The leaves are alternate, leathery^ while those In the water are membraneous and deli cate, all with a sinus at the base9 '

KelUtobQ intermedia BhQwltoh0- The leaf has a tM n h i s h character, . 'i... nearly circular, slightly undulate on the margin; centrally pellate,

Joined- With shout 18 or IS regular radiating veins* The veins are rather

W@a&* These veins form an irregular polygonal network of large aeroles*

Khis specimen is represented in the collection by some ^eagnentany ex- ampies* The point at which the petiole was attached.is very nearly the center from which the 18 or 13 nerves radiate Sn a regular mapner toward the margin of the leaf as illustrated in Elate XI, figure ^0

Family Eaufaceae *- The laurel family are aromatic trees and shrubs,

Wfth single, alternate (very rarely opposite) leaves* The leaves are thick, evergreen or deciduous and punctate* The flowers are sometimes

Peaielad9

This genus dimatootoun was described by Knowlton in 193Q9 These two specimens apparently belong to the genus GiimamoimM0 # e leaves are -50-

regular, wedge-shape base aw shorn In Elate -XII, figure I 0 She midrib

IR strong with 2 or 5 pairs of secondaries.in the upper portion of

the leaf* She lateral ribs are lighter than the midrib and pass up

nearly to the margin of the blade*

Family Eutaceae*- She Bue family are trees and shrubs, rarely

herbs, with heavy seented and glandular punctate foliage* % e leaves

are alternate or opposite, mainly Cpmpotmd0

Bagara eatahoulenaig Berry0- She leaflets are glandular, punctate,

I A , averaging of relatively large size, ovate-lanceolate -and slightly in

equilateral in outline, with an acutely pointed apex end a rounded base*

She margins are almost entire, petiole stout, and the leaf is of- a cor-

; iaeaous texture* She midrib is stout, prominent on the lower surfaces of

the leafletSecondaries are stout and prominent, about 6 pairs, sub?

opposite below and usually alternate abovej they are for the most part

curved, upward and sub-parallel as illustrated in Elat© XIII, figure 2*

Family Bhaxmaceaa0- She Buckthorn family are erect or climbing • • ■ T T -■ - - ■ ' . . ' 'v\ shrubs or small trees, often thorny* She leaves are simple stipulate, mainly alternate and often 3 to 5-veined* fhe stipules are small and

deciduouso . Ealiurua catahoulehsia BPrry*- In Elate XIII, figure 5, the 1 Y ~ ' J- ■' ■ i ^ r^V J . I;"' specimen is a slender flezuoue thorned stem that is placed tentatively

to the genus Ealiufus0

Family Biftefoearyaceae*- She leaves are cup-shaped, five in a ■ ■ • ' : - . . ' ■ ' ' ' . cluster, wing-like in structure with the exception that they are some- elongated Iongitudinally9

D W a r a aricularia Enomlton,- Flate X H I 9 figure 4P atom that - " ’ ' ' * ' s ' the ©one aeales are broad and very thick at the apex uhleh narrows down

below into a borad, thick, basal portion? apex being broadly rounded*

Which is provided in the center with a long* slender* acute, apparently

depressed awn* The body seal® has 8 to 10 strong concentric ribs* which

ST© pressed close together and then pass down the basal portion as thin

Striae0

Family ^dfpdaryadeae9T She leaves are cup-shaped0 Best-of these

plants are aquatic* The plants produce edible seeds' or fruits,

Teapa mief6phylla~FeaquereauxB- The sise> shape, and veination

; • • % ■ ' of these leaves are substantially identical withthe other specimens

: collected* This perfect specimen in Flat© H F * figure I, shows the nature

of the plant as' well as living specimens, could do and demonstrates its

.complete analog with the recent forms in its habits in growth,

Family Apooyhaoeae0- The leaves are arranged in whorls at the

nodes, The flowers are Umbel9 The plant produces a mild-like latex

when injured,

C^rpoXithus bumellafdfmis Berry,- The fruit is ©bvate-aphereical or nearly globose» The seed is large* nearly ephereigal-* erustaceous*

thin fleshed and dry- as illustrated in FJate XET* figure S 9 According to lhite (15), Berry states that this species is based on only a few

specimens which agree with fallen fruits of those of our Merican species

Bumelia that have a dry fruit instead of a fleshy fruit, The genus Gagpolitlms is a predominate element in the earliest tertiary floras of

eautli eastern Anerioa^

family Hubiaoeae0« % e madder family are herbs„ shrubs, or trees*

pith single* opposite or sometimes ventricular stipulate leaves©

The fossil representative of the genus Phyllites pas deseribed by

Khowlton in 1906o The leaf is elliptical, oblong, rounded and regularly

below at the base* The left margin is somewhat destroyed but -the right

margin is nicely preserved as illustrated in Plate Xlf, figure S6 The

petiole is strong, passing evenly into the midribj secondaries are

opposite, below they alternate, curving slightly upward, apparently

craspedodrome; veins are precurrent, while the finer veins are not pre- : served©

Phyllites petiblastua Saowltono-* The leaves are small, membran-

sous in texture, elliptical-lanceolate, long wedge-shaped at the base,

apparently narrow and possibly accumlnate. at the apex© The pagin' is

entire© The M d r i h is very strong below, w M e h becomes thinner in the upper third of the leaf as shown in. Plate X H 0 figure 5, secondaries are four pairs, alternate^oppbsite which disappear near the margin, joining the next secondaries above. The small veins' are well preserved and .are four in number, which are at fight angles to the secondaries©

PsMlftleated foot©- - This -specimen, from,grown Grebk9 appears to .- • •' : • ■. .- he a root or rootstock* but its exact affinities has not been recognised©

Ihs largest portion of the W n axis that is preserved is one centimeter ■ in diameter© It is irregularly ridged© The scars are strong, fairly *33*

regularly disposed from w M e h finer roots have emerged as shorn in

Plate XDTi figure S 0

Bearpaw. Shalett-* The Bearpaw shale overlies the Judith River for

mation* The formation was named and its stratigraphical relations were,

according to Ehowlton (?$, determined by Stanton & Batcher in 1903«, The

Bearpaw shale is composed of a dark marine shale of the same lithologic

character as the Claggett of this area and the Pierre shale of other

localities* The following differences have been observed between the

Bearpaw shale etnd the Claggett sandstone: (I) The Bearpaw shale is.much

thicker, as. shown in different localities studied# (2) The Bearpaw shale

is more fossiliferoua and consists almost wholly of brackish water shells

which lies immediately beneath the Claggett, however, no shells are

found immediately bennesth the Claggett formation#

The stratigraphical relations of the Judith River to the enclos

ing, formations is regarded to be of Late Cretaceous period, notwith

standing the fact that the vertebrate- remains are regarded as indicating

a Clpse relationship with the- Cretaceous period# The stratigraphies!,

and paleontological evidence as to the position and age of the Judith.

River formation has been presented in the fore-going pages# The dis

cussion of the stratigraphy of the Judith River beds as it occurs at

the mouth of the Judith River and as described for that region by

Stanton and Hatcher has shown that the material presented to be identical with the Judith River formation at the locality where the writer made the collection of specimens described as belonging to this formation^ •*34«

Lance Formatioa.;» Overlying the Oolgate sandstone member is a

mass of somber-colored stele and local beds of sandstone which are all

fresh water origin as the. fossil flora indicates# To these beds

several designations have been ascribedj but the name Lance is now

applied by the United States Geological Survey#

The strata generally are known or have been characterized in

some publications as toGeratops beds®5 in other publications they have

been termed. uLance Greek Bedsto from their known exposure on streams of

those names in Wyoming and Montana respectively#

Hhe area here described is the. Leanep and Lance formation, con

sisting of beds of readily alternating andesitic and yellow sandstones

separated by yellow-buff sandstone * and dark-green clay all containing much volcanic matter# The thickness of the formations were rot deter mined due to many outcroppings and severe erosion.'hat is certainly several

thousand feet thick# After Lennep time all deposition in this area appears

to have been of continental character* The contact with the Lance forma tion is usually covered, hut sandstones of the two formations are parallel, and there was probably uninterrupted continential deposition during the passage from Lennep to Lance time#

The rocks of the Lance formation are extremely soft and weather rapidly into bad-land areas, in many places devoid of vegetation,

Figures 6, ?, and 8 show these conditions# The formation is exposed to "■* 'v ' ‘ a belt of Gretaceous strata which outcrops on either side of the Yellow* stone River# some of the sandstone layers are well consolidated and form •3 5 -

pmtecting caps to the softer underlying beds* The shale is unconsoli-

r> dated and weathers rapidly where not protected by the more resistant

sandstone * A peculiarity of these beds is the occurrence of log-like

sandstone concretions with an iron stained surface* Some of these con

cretions are 3 feet in diameter and 20 to 30 feet in length* Figure 9

shows these log-like concretions* -Mpple marks and cross bedding are

common structural features* The origin of these log-like concretions is

rather doubtful, but it is possible that percolation of mineral waters

(chalybeate) along restricted channels at the time of deposition of the

sandstone may have influenced their formation*

Regarding the age of the lance formation there has been much con

troversy, as the vertebrate and invertebrate fossils which it contains are

said to be indicative of the uppermost non-marine Cretaceous, dr in other. -V x words, of the LaramiBe -

Tfce fossil flora appears to be inseparable from that of the undoubted

Fort Union of Eocene period* Under these circumstances the geologic; Survey has only provisionally assigned the Lance formation to the Tertiary period

or system* A few additional points to remember in the identification of the

Lance formation in the area studied are: (I) the finding of Triceratqps remains.near the base of the formation at Castle Butte, northeast of

Forsyth, and the occurrence in it of many fragments of dinosaur bones in other parts of this area, (2) Its strat!graph!cal position between ' ' .. .. the Bearpaw shale and the Fort Union

I In a bulletin which came to hand after the thesis was accepted, E. S. Berry (MLsc* Gontr» Ho. 2 of Montana), has shown that the Lance formation is;of Cretaceous period* -36-

Columnar Sections Diagrammatic Section West fidd Fast ffield F o r m a t i o n s c Z Fe Montano Group

/3d rni/es

'•//////, Lance

bangc /r o m fr e s h iva/Br^X Ib marrnc. corditions'^ S S '

(o ShaieF'. KfTtat

'Io jy e T t a n d Coiorado Sha/es

F/g. io formationp and Cs) its continuity with other beds that undoubtedly

belong to the Lame© formation in ©astern Montana* Figure 10 shows

a diagrammatic section of the formations of the Montana Group0

"She plants found in the Lanee formation are described as follows$

Fungi Shyllozora.- (Plate X V f, figures I & B) illustrates leaf

galls that are approximately circular, about 2 to 5 millimeters in dia meter end are located away from the veins? . Phylloxera is found on

certain species of grape leaves with roundish performations from 2 to

4s millimeters in diameter which greatly resemble the work of the larva

of Incurvariatt one of the lepidoptera?

Family PoSy^diacQaee- The plants of this family are ferns* The leaf blades are single once or several times pinnate or doe©Bpound0 Ba most of the ferns, clusters (aori\ appear on the back side of the leaf*

^heae clusters Csori) are either with or without a membraneous cover* • ’ A' Ing (Indttaium)0

The fossil representative-of the genus Adfostiehtim was described by Berry in 1916* This speoimep ,is probably represented by on© specimen of a plant of frond habit as shown in Plate I, figure 2* Pinnates are variable in size and outline, from reduced elongate-elliptical pinnae to long narrow pinnae* The margins are entire but somewhat irregular and more or leas revolute* The leaf substance is thick and coriaceous*

The midrib is stout and more or less flexuous from the appearance of the specimen* The lateral veinatioa is very fine and obscure of the typical

Acroetidhtim type* (The genus Aerostiehumr is made up of a tropical mgrgh. £ ® m p

ItemJXy Itegacsae e-«» Eh^se trees or shrubs are res la bearing* Ehe

Xeaves are ,evergreen or deciduous., Xluegr or sometimes fan-shaped^ The

fruit is drops-like or rarely a Ooae0

The fossil representative of the genus Pinus m s described by

Linneaus0 The detached fragment of this broad leaved pin© uas found

near Bencher, Montana0 This leaf shorn neither has© nor tip, hut be

longs to the broad, stiff, single vein pine leaves as illustrated in

Plate V, figure ,2, and described by Ward (IS)0 Of course, no positive,

determination can be made from such imperfect material*

Family Salicaoeae0- The M lX o u family are dioecious trees or

shrubs M t h brittle twigs, bitter bark, alternate, stipulate leaveso The

stipules are often minute, S1Io m r s are found on both sexes in aments,

solitary in the axial region of each bract* The trees in the genus

Pdnulus have scaly resinous huds0

The fossil representative of the genus Pdpulus was described by

EBaeuXtoa in 1930» The leaf is ovate, regular in outline, with an en tire margin, being denticulate* The midrib is straight and slender*

Microscppie. analysis shows that the leaf is scsnewhat peculiar in the manner by which the primary and secondary veins merge into m e another as illustrated in Plate figure S0

The fossil representative of the genus Salix was described by

Lee in 1917* This leaf is linear-lanceolate which probably is correctly referred to the genus Salix* Plate ¥11, figure 3, m o w s that the leaf = 4 0 -

gradually tapers uprard to a slender apex, however, the finer ve!nation

1© not visible unless viewed under a microscope» The midrib is rather

thick with eamptodrome secondaries, numbering about 16 pairs sub-opposite

but alternate at the base*

This species is principally Tertiary in distribution, and its

identification in the eeyeral lower horizons whence it has been reported

is probably due to error because the greater or less uncertainty which

attaches to the identification of willow leaves of this general type®

The writer does not choose to attach a specific name to it because of

r " the possibility of miaidentifleetion with an existing speeleso

Salix lancasis Berry(T)*- The writer has compared the material

from the lower lance with all the described latpr Cretaceous and early

- Tertiary species of Salixo and my material appears to be new* The material is so scanty, however, that diagnosis is attempted with a great deal of hesitation, although it has more definite generic characteristics than most of the numerous lanceolate leaves that authors have referred to this specieso Plate EXX, figure 5, shows that the leaves are linear-

Iaaeeolate0 The texture is ©ubeoriaceouso The margin shows email closely spaced serrate teeth9 The mid-vein is ©tout and prominent» The

Secondaries are thin, closely ©paced, ascending and eamptodrome* The writer suspects that the leave© from the beds of Fort Union age in

Yellowstone National Park, which Khowltoa (S) referred to Salix Iavaterifl

Ueer really belongs to this species* -4L

Sallx plicafra Km u l t o a g» $he leaf Is evidently thick and conic a-

Qeouo in texture, narrow, linear or linear-lanceolate,, long and narrowly

wedge-shaped at the baseP The margin is entire., The midrib is rather

thick, deeply impressed; secondaries numerous, about IS pairs, forming

a series of lniaermerginal loops adjacent to the margin* Plate til,

figures 4 & 5, Plate H I I , figure I, shows that the finer veination is

not preserved due to the coarse, sandstone in which the leaf is imbeddedo

Salix stantout Snsiwltoni0- The leaf is evidently of a film texture,

elliptical-lanceolate in outline, rather abruptly narrowed to a rounded,

obtuse baseo The margin is entire; petiole pot well preserved; midrib

is rather thick, straight end deeply furrowed* The oemptodrom® second

aries are alternate* The fiper valuation is not well preserved as

illustrated in Plate VIII, figure 20

Femily Slmaeeae0- The elm family comprises trees and shrubs,

with alternate,simple, serrate, pstioled, pinnately veined stipulate

- leaves* The stipules are usually fugaeeioua*

Ulmua floridiana Berry*- According to lhite (15), Berry de

scribes the species of florldiam as followss The leaves are from medium to a small size; ovate-lanceolate in general outline* with a

slight, gradually narrowed, semethat acuminate apex* The margins are

entire at the extreme base, above which they are very fine, sharp and doubly serrate, increasing slightly in size diet ad; petiole short and stout, about 30 millimeters in length* The midrib is of medium

size, and rather flexuous* Secondaries are well marked in ? pairs =4&»

aub-oppQaiiie to alternate, in rather irregularly spaced pairs aa shown

in Plate DC, figures I & S0 In any event, this species may be regarded

at least as closely allied to the genus UjmRSfi however, since the apez of

the leaves are destroyed it Is rather difficult to place it definitely

to the species floridiaheio

Esmiiiy Moraceae0- The mulberry family are trees or shrubs with

milky sap0 The leaves are alternate, petioled stipulate, the stipules

are fugacelouBo The leaves are often dentate and Iobed, 3 veined, the midrib being stouter than the Iaterals0

Eicus lesquefeuzli HbUiek0- It may be possible that two species

are included in these speeimens^the smaller ones probably representing

Eibus dapWh&eholdes Hollick (4)0 The midrib is slender above, slightly

thickened in the lower part; veination is not preserved, Plate BE,

figures 4, 5, & 6^ shows that the secondaries are sub-opposite and eamptodrome, the lower ones leaving the midrib at an acute angle, the upper ones at a more obtuse angle0 According to Hblllek (4}, these leaves differ from the leaf of the Dakota sandstone of .Empanp described by Leaquersux as Eieus berthoulifi merely in its slightly greater width,

Family.Myctagihaceae0- These shrubs or trees bloom constantly throughout the year. The leaves are opposite, the largest leaves being at the base of the fIowers0 . The leaves are sometimes single or united, and sometimes petioled, Often the cluster of leaves form a cup-like aheath about the flower. -43»

Heafraaotea parvula Beggyg- The leaf is anally broadly lanceo

late, generally falcate, and often slightly Ineqnilateral, uidesfr msdianly

and tapering with full and rather evenly rounded margin fro the equally

acute apex and M e e 0 She texture is coricacous, The mid-vein is stoufr

end veinedo Secondaries are stout, prominent, six or seven opposite to

alternate pairs, generally unequally spaced, diverging from the mid-vein

at angles of about 45 degrees, decurved, ascending, and Canrptodrome9

The leaf figures is decisively lauraeeous and not leguminous {2}0 as

. shorn in Plate H 0 figure S 9

Glnnamomum atantoni ShoTCLton0- The leaf is elongated, ellipti

cal in outline, narrowed from about the middle of the leaf fro a wedge

shape base and in the same manner to a cuminafre apex; .petiole destroyede 1 ■ : Midrib is thick below, becoming slender above; secondaries about 4 pairs,

the lowest pair being the strongest, opposite, rising high above the base at an angle of about 45 degrees, eanrptpdrcme; the upper secondaries

are thin, alternating, also arching inside the margin and joining; finer veination is not preserved*

Among the other fossil species a number may be mentioned that have more or less resemblance to the one under consideration= Thus Gihha-

.mo m m polymorphuri as described by Euowltoh (?) may be mentioned* This

SBeeies has much the same resemblance to the one under discussIoa8 but differs in that the lower pair of secondaries are at a sharper angle as shown in Plate E U , figure 2* ^his leaf is more nearly ovate in out line, with a pair of secondaries arising nearer the base of the blade =344-

sad passing up for a longer distance, It is certainly very suggestive

for the Ebntana species,

family legiiiidinbaceaeo ~ Ehe pea family are herbS0 shrubs* vines

or trees, with alternate, mostly compound, stipulate Ieaves0 Ehe flowers

are irregular perfect or sometimes dioecious. Emit is generally in

pcdso

l^guminoiater lamafenaia EhoWlton0- Ehe leaflets are thin,

oblong-lanceolate, rounded-truncate at the base, and rather long acumin

ate at the apex. The midrib is strong, and perfectly straight» The

secondaries are alternate at about 45 degree angle* slightly curving up

wards remainder of the veinatipn is not preserved* The base of the leaf

is almost truncate, and apparently regularly narrowed above into an acum

inate apex0 Plate X U , figures 3, 4* 5, and Sp shows that the secondaries are eamptodrome, numbering about 8 to 9 pairs. According to lhlleott (15), the nearest related species is LegiimihQistef Iescuereufiehm Khowltona from Chreen Elver, ■ Wymaiagi % r i a g Sanyon in ffibntana, and the Lamar River in Tellowstone Rational Park0

The latter species are larger, broader, and more oblong or ovate than the one under diacuasioBo This relationship is evidently close, and perhaps more-material would show a closer affinity than I have re© cognised, however* there can be m question as to the correctness of the reference to this genus. -*45»

Sliaaeolites eoloradeasis Baqwltoao^ # e leaflets are thick,

asymme tri cally ovate (apex destroyed), obtusely wedges shape, and in-?

equilateral at the base* The margin being perfectly entire; petiole

short, very stout; midrib very stout; secondaries 5 pairs; lowest pair

are stronger, • sub^opposite, and arising just above the top of the petiole, at an angle of about 45 degrees, joining the next secondaries by a broad bowo The other secondaries are sub-opposite to alternate at a low angle, oamptodrome; small veins,,few and strong© The species.is represented by small leaflets; the best one of which is practically perfect© The veination is not distinct as shown in Plate XIII, figure I, but a microscopic analysis shows that secondaries are at different angles from all others, all secondaries being esmptodrome©

Family Pihaceae*- The pine trees are resinous trees and shrubs, mostly evergree, with a narrow or scale-like leaf* These trees or shrubs bear fruit, a cone with numerous, several or few, woody, papery or fleshy, scales; sometimes berry-like©

Sequoia, reichehbachi Beer©- This is by far the most abundant form in the collection of plant fossils© The specimen shows large branches from which, nearly all. the leaves have fallen, to great clusters of branchiate and even those just unfolding as illustrated in Plate V9 figure

1© In one or two Instances there are branches showing the male aments in good state of preservation© The writer has selected for illustration a few of these specimens to show the range of size and appearance© -4S~

^he writer has very carefully compared these specimens with the

illustrations of §eduoi& raehimhadhi Heer„ Though differences in size

and to some extent in appearance are s h o w >y my species these are not enough to warrant ,the establishment of a new. species*

The fossil representative of the genus Hhyllites was described by Knowlton in 1900«, The leaf is ellipt ical-oblong^ rounded regularly below (apex d e s t r o y e d m a r g i n entire? (petiole destroyed}» howeverj the midrib appears to be strong^ and straight^ Secondaries are opposite above, curving slightly upward, and apparently craaped©drome» The yeination is not well preserved as shown in Hlate XPT, figure 4*

GENERil DISCUSSIOH

■ v - , • ■ , • ■ The question: of the geologic age of the florae known from uar- ions parts of Montana, is so vital to the interpretations, that this material dsnands special consideration at the beginningo So far, no one has ever questioned the age of the various beds or formations from which these fossil plants have been obtained, with a view of proving them to be younger than the Qretaceous period©

In a great majority of eases, there is paleozoological evidence, from the associated sediments of undoubted Oretaceous age such as find?* ing Mastodons and TTieeratops, etc* Such doubts on the geological strata whicji exist, relates not to the question of period^, but of horizon* This question of horizon is often of more serious difficulty M t is not one which is of first vital importance from the paleo-

Mtanical standpoint©

The field studies of the Judith River fo ma t ion as well as those

of the Hanee formation have established the etratigraphieal succession

of the upper Cretaceous period by which the Eance has been placed in

this period© Both formations show that several hundred feet of Cretaceous

marine shale lies between theme The Judith River formation belongs to

the Montana group, page 48, on the basis of its relation to the former

flora collected by Dre Ee H e Zhowlton (8) near the mouth of the Judith

Biver9

The Cretaceous flora of Montana, as described and discussed in

this paper, consists of two quite distinct groups or assemblages^ in

each of which a distinguishable group magr be readily recognized© The.

groups are represented by the collection from the Jhdith River beds

and by those from the Eanee formation as shown in figures 4 and ?© -Sh

, analysis of all the floral elements indicated that each group, or

assemblages of collections, represents a mope pr less distinct geologic

horizon— -and that the Judith Biver formation is older than the Eances

as shown oh page 48© further analysis shows that the Judith Biyer

formation includes two readily distinguishable floras^ that of the

marine shales and sandstones, and that of the coal bearing rocks©

There can be no question that the flora of the Judith Biver re=

. ' gion is upper Cretaceous and approximately equivalent to that of the

Eance and Colorado formations, however, the lower and upper Cretaceous System, Series and

Gretaceoxm cfeiOLOGIC FGHMiTIOHS ET THE, JKEA HEREET DISCUSSED Cretaceous Cretaceous Pppar lower Tertiary ; " ’ -■■■ ■ ’■ - * " ■ * Group "I I S1 ■4 >. Jtort nion. . u Eagle Sandstone Sandstone Eagle Banoe Formation Formation Banoe Kootenai ltormatlon Kootenai Greek Telegraph Shale Bearpaw Glaggett Fomation Fomation Glaggett River.Judith Formation i- Colorado Shale Colorado Formation -49- species indicate that for the most part,, the flora is approximately of Montana age. On the other hand* the Eance formation flora indipates a possibility of Tertiary age but a migration of plants of Montana age may have occurred into the Tertiary period, page 48; however, because of the definite and rather extensive evidence of the close relationships of this formation with the upper Cretaceous formations presented by the writer,, it seems unwise to make the division between the upper Cre taceous and Tertiary periods between the Lance and Judith River forma tions. Since these formations are so plosely related it seems much more in keeping with, the facts to leave the Lance formation in the upper

Cretaceous period*

Ineigentally in this connection, it is accepted as a general principle that certain species commonly regarded as indications of older geologic horizons occasionally persist and are elements in the flora of more than one horizon, but that the reverse of this principle does not hold ture, viz., the primitive fora of trilobites make their first appear?* anoe in the Paleozoic era but. would not reappear again as a primitive fora in the Meso-zoic period's

Since the change from one age to another was undoubtedly a gradual progress involving a long period of time, it is not hard to ex plain the migration of plants from one formation to another. In contrast?* ing the floras of different formations it seems feasible tp give some discussion to fossil plants and to certain other observed differences -50» \ '

between the flora which may appear to be Climatic0

The interrelations of climate and vegetation are extremely com-

plex* We cannot confine our attention to a single plant or to a group

of plants but must regard the flora as a whole, composed of individuals

unequally endowed with qualities which make for success in the struggle

for existenceo Glimate is not the sole controlling agent» There is the

relation of plant with plant in their rival claims for dominance or

survival,When we compare the more uniform nature of the plant .world of

certain geological periods with, the more diversified covering of vegeta=* I tiott at the present day, it is important to remember that the contrasts,

after making, allowance for our Imperfect knowledge of ancient floras,

are undoubtedly considerable, and are not necessarily dependent on differ

ences in Climate0

The atratigraphical position of each collection is determined in

order that the data thus obtained might be definitely applied in correlat ing the formations; with those of other fields and in determining the time,

• . . • represented© Some of the species found here have been described from

' ’ ' other places such as the Denver formation which include the Hation and

Mesa formations© The formations named above furnish a means of correlat

ing the Judith Bivar and lane© formations.© „ The fossil plants described

in this paper include 52 plants, of which. 42 are placed in definite species

and ? are identified only generleally© i « The fossil plant material from, the areas collected is not yet -fully

worked up, in fact, is largely new to science, which accounts for the short list of specieso Hatnreveri It is not probable that any change of opinion

with regard to stratigraphic position will result from the material

collected by the writer, bat rather than an existing opinion will be

Strengthened by the recognition of a greater number of species found

common to several areaeo

Bearing in mind the above limitations, we may consider the lance

flora of the lance formation* If, as has been suggested, the beds

immediately below-the Beazpaw shales might on stratigraphieal basis be

presumed to belong to the Banee formation we would expect to find numer

ous species common to both formations» The giants found in these beds

(Bance and Judith Biver} shows this connection Scmewbati since 4 species

r . " ■ - -I are common to the Judith River beds, and 4 species and 11 genera of the

Judith Biver formation are found to occur also in the -Lance fonaation0

See Table I , ,page 58«

Qn the other hand S species, and IQ genera of the flora of the

Judith River beds and Lance formation also occur in the Denver formation*

This flora then has a positive affinity with the flora of the Denver

- formation* See Table I, page 55o

From this consideration it appears, beyond question, that the flora of the Judith Biver and. Lance formation finds its nearest re-

Iationship with the flora of the Denver beds of Colorado* However, a

Closer relationship exists between the Judith Biver and, Lance formations than between either of these formations with the Denver beds* Table I

Sossil Flants of the Jtidith Biver

Fucus Legquereuz I8 I ssPopulus-Obovata Enowlton FI8 4

Meima Ehowltoa -Ip 3 & 4 , POpulus speeiosa Ward F H 8 I

Sphenophyllum tenerrium Enctlicher I8 5 Onerous baaeri Ehowlton F H I 8 3

^ sEquigetuia Khowlton I8 6; H 8 I . Quereus preyirginiane Berry FIII8 4 fBgteridospermites minor Ward H 8 S ^ sQuereus vibrunifolia Lesquereux FIII8 5

:■ ■ ' ; . . Cyeademyleoa Fontaine II8 2; III, I Fleus dawsonensis Ehowlton H 8 3

,SigillarIaeeae Mams H I 8 3 & 3 § Fieus planieostata Lesquereux X9 I

isGinkgo laramiensis Ward IF8 I T- Fieus pseudopopulua Enowlton Xi Z

Cunninghamites elegans Englemnn IF8 8 Fieusprelatifolia Ehowlton X9 3 .& 4

Chmninghamites puchellus Khowlton IF8 3 . Ficus rhamnoides Bhowlton XE8 I

# Sequoia magnifolia Ehowlton IF8 4 & 5 , Ficus squarrosa MqwjLton XE, S

' ' ssSequoin reichenbaehii Hser F 8 I #%elumbo iatemedia Enowlton XE8 4

• • " ssTazodium distiehum Bichard.: F 8 3 Ginnemomum Ehowlton XEI8 I i^Sahal Mpwlton F8 4 & 5 Fagara eatahoulensis Berry H I I 8 Z

TPalissya spheaolepia . Brown FE8 I #:paliurus eatahoulensis ,Berry X E H 8 3 .

Heteranthera eretaeea Ehowlton FI8 8 -eoatizmed"

isBammara arlenlsris Qtowlton. ZIII, 4 ^Phyllites Ehonltoa X H, 3

scsUcapa microphylla Eesquereux Z H » I Phyllites petiolatus Khoultoa Z H 8 5

^earpoIlthus humeliafosmis Berry X H j B Decortieated root Z H 8 6

Table IT

Fossil Plants of The Bance

Aerogtiehum Berry I- B # Dlmus floridiana Berry IX, I & 2 ■ . " I * ■ Pinus Binneaus ¥> B scTieup Xesquereuxii- Eblliek BE, 4, 5, & S

# Populus Khonlton FI, 3 Kecteranda parvula Berry XX, 5

Salix Bee HI, 2 Cinnamomuni stantoni Biovlton XII, 2 r

Salix lancesis Berry W I 8 3 # Beguminoister larmarensis Ehowlton XII 3, 4, 5, &.$

Salix plicate Ehowlton FIX, & & 5; VIII, I Phaseolites colordensis Ehpwlton XIII, I ; ■ r _ ’ . Salix stantoni Zqowlton VIII8 B Phyllites Bipwlton XH, 4

Roman numerals are plate numbers?, arable numbers are figures

* Plants of the Judith Riyer formation which are also found in the Lance formation §nd vice versa. ' ’ ’ " ■ .

§ Plants of the JUdith River and Banee formation which are also found in the Denver „ formation —54"-

The fossil plants that are found to be present in either the

Judith Rirer and Eanoe formations hare a more precise valuei as the

plants generally range through a longer period of time. The upper

Cretaceous period of the Eance and Judith Hirer formations is further : attested by the !presence in it of the genera which hare not been re ported in older beds or formations* Qn the basis of the plants of the

Lance, Judith River, and Benrer beds, these formations are shown to he closely correlated* The opinion is therefore reached that all these formations are of upper Cretaceous period*

Ba. the Montana section the shaly portion- of the Claggett forma tion does not differ Very greatly in lithologic character from the Bear- paw shales, due to the peeularities of the Bearpaw shales, although fossils are not sp easily -found, while the sandstone members of the

Claggett bear a littoral fauna that may be closely related to that of the Eox Hills* It is very probable, therefore, that the Claggett should be separated from the Bearpaw shales as a distinct formation from the ' . Judith River Beds, as they have no distinct relation*

Bi view of the facts above stated it seems expedient, to give the local name Bearpaw shales to the-formation immediately overlying the

Judith River Beds, rather than to regard it as the strict equivalent of the Pierre shale, which it resembles * Although the writer does not doubt that the one formation can be traced directly into another zone or that these two formations may be identical* The Gl^ggett formation is a distinct strat!graphical unit,, and

is easily separable from the previously defined formations above or

below ito Returning to the correlation diagram, on page 48, the writer

wishes to leave the question open whether the. shales in eastern

Montana fills all of the space corresponding to that occupied by the

is confident that all of these formations including the Lance forma

tions, belong to the Montana group of the upper Cretaceous period#

SUMMARY AMD CONCLUSIONS

The paleontological evidence shows?

(1) That the marine sandstone immediately underlying the Judith

River beds does not represent the Fox Hills or Pierre shales but con stitutes a distinct horizon within the Montana group which has been named as the Olaggett formation#

(2) That the invertebrates of the Judith River formation are

Closely allied to the Belly River, and to the Lance formation than the

Claggett or Colorado shales#

(3) That almost all of the vertebrates that are common to the

Judith River formation are also common, to- the Lance formation, at least showing transitional relationship between the two formations#

Cd! That the flora, of the Lance formation so far as it has been «*5 6 ->

determined is of upper O^etaeeoua rather than Tertiary period*

■(S') Sixteen genera of fossil plants are reported that are new

to the Judith river formation* They are.; Meima Mowlton Plate I0

figures 3 & 4; Ginrmmdmim Mowltoa Plate H I 0 figure 2$ CyeademyIeon

Fontaine Plates H 0 figure Z9 Plate Ili0 figure I; Eguisetum Knowlton ...... , ' ; Plates I0 figure .6, Plate II0 figure I? Fagafa Berry Plate H I I 0

figure Zi Fudiis Lesquereux Plate I0 figure I; CfinKgd Ward Plate

H 0 figure I; Hetefanthefa Khowlton Plate H 0 figure 2;-Helumbd

Khdwlton Plate H 0 figure 4; Pallufus Berry Plate H I I 0 figure 3; I ' ' t Palissya Braun Plate H 0 figure Ij Ptefdsfefnites Ward Plate II0 figure 2; Sabal Khowlton Plate V 0 figure 5$ Sigillafaeeae Adams

.... ' Plate III0 figures 2 & 3; Spheadphyllum Endlicher Plate I, figure 5?

Taxddium Mnneaus Plate f0 figure 3*

(6# Six genera of fossil plants are reported that are new to , a- : - ' ■ ' ' • the Lanee formation* They are: GiMamimum Khowlton Plate H I 0 figure ; ■ . ' : • ■ Zi Phyllites K m w i t o n Plate H F , figure At -Phaseolites M o w l t p n Plate

. - ■ ■ ' ' ' t, 'l ^ ; '■ • t j ' i XlTi0 figure. I; Adtdstidhum Berry Plate I0 figure Zt Hedtahdfa Berry ■■ ./.iv. .. !■ .T '■ , " Plate XI0 figure 3; and Eiaus Ward Plate V 0 figure SrT : ' (??) Fifteen generaXof fossil plants.of the Judith Biver forma- r- r ~ ’ tion occur in the Lance formation* ' i : " - , (8} Twelve genera of fossil plants of the Judith Siver and Lanee formation occur in the Denver formation*

'(S') From the abundance of the plant types it may be presumed that there was an abundance, of moisture and ffom the general aspect of the whole flora that the climate was warm, temperate and perhaps even subtropical? LlffiEHATOHE CITED

Io Adamas Charles C0

1929=V=^Eanabook -of Paleontology for. Beginners & =AmteurSo Sart 1» H» Y 0 Museum. Ko0 99 No Yo ' ,

Eo Berrjr9 E 0 W 0

t - ’ - ■ . . 1930*»— Geology & Mineral Resources of Parts of Carbon9 Big-. Horn8 .-Tellowstone8 -and Stillmter Counties^ Montana© U 9 S9 Geol9 Surv9 Bull© 822-B

8.' - - -

9 p Ebowltoa, Eranks Ball

1980— Flora ot the Denver & Aesoplated forma- ■ ttons of Coloradoo Uo Sb Geol0 Sarv0 Erof0 Eaper 155 '

IO0 Bead9 Charles, B 0

3.933— -Eossil Flora of Yellowstone National Earks Carnegie Insto of Waehingtons Q 0 C 0

H o Wardji Lester, E 9 :Z b 188?. -Types of the Laramie Elorap U 0 S0 Geol9 Surv0 fiull» 0? ;

1899— -Status of the Mesozoic Floras of the -United States0 U 0 Sc Geol0 Surv0 Aan9 Bept0, Tol* 2

13? Walleott, Ghas0 D 0 ^ ' I 1899«— Geology of Yellowstone STational Fark8 Mono-' graph, U 0 S0 Geol0 Surv9 Eart II, Tol0 S3

M o Shite, David

1915— -Shoorber Gontributions to General Geology, U 0 So Gedl0 Surv0 Erof= Baper 90 : 15o ..■■■' • ^ ■

1916— Shorter Contributions to General Geology* U 0 S 0 Geol= Surv= Frof= Paper 96

16»

DESCHIPTION OF PLATES

Plate Ie

Figure I 0 Thallus of Fuaua ap,

A. dictrotomous branch of thallus=

Figure 2. Part of frond of Acrostichmn ap.0

The leaves of this Bjseeimen measure about 6 centimeters in

length and 18 to 24 millimeters in uidtho

Figure 3» Part of a frond of Aheima sp-o '""V." Figure 4 0 Larger -part of a frond of . Arieima ap.

The margin of these leaves are remote, low, and have sharp

teeth*

a 0* teeth

h» rachis

Figure S 0 This specimen shows the stem of Spheriophyllum terierrlum*

•• ' ■’ . a» ribs

b e leaflet

Plate I & Il0

Figure 6 & I0 This specimen is- a stem of Fgulaetum n0 sp0 The

. . - stem measures 7 centimeters in diameter and 27 centimeters

in lengtho

a 0 teeth

h 0 ribs

Cet nodes

d» internede - 6 0 -

Plate H o

Figure 2, This leaf represented ia. Fterospezmites miner. The

fossil leaf measures 3 to 4.centimeters in width and 6 to

8 centimeters in length* Bfo petiole is attached to the

specimen*

Plate H & III,

Figurp 2 & I* Cigar shaped prominences cm Gyeadeomyleon moat am

n* sp» These cigar shaped prominences measure about ? mill!-

meters in width and about. 30 millimeters in length* The

decorticated surface of these prominences are marhad by

rhomhoidal elevations which reaenble somewhat the markings

, on the trunks of Lepidodehdroh*

a* carbon

b* prominences

Plate III*

Figure S.& 3* These are fossil easts of Segillariaceae*

« ' • ■ ' - ' a* leaf soars

Plate IF,

Figure I* The leaves of Ginkgo laramensis range in measurement

« ■ from 20 to 25 millimeters in width and 30 to 35 millimeters

in length*

a*_rays

Figure 2* This specimen Gunhinghamttes elegahs measure 4*5

centimeters in length. The leaves are I to. 1,5 centimeters - 6 1 .

in length and I to 2 millimeters in Tzidth0 The leaf sears

on the branch are O0S millimeters long and 5 millimeters

broad® I

a* leaf

b 0 leaf acars

Figure 5» This Sneeimen0;Oanhinghaaites puchellna has needle

like leaves that measure I to 2 millimeters in width and 7

to 15 millimeters in length®

a» leaves

Figures 4 & 5® The length of this Seahoia magnifolil cones are

about 4 to 9 centimeters long and 3®5 to 5 centimeters wide®

a 0 rachis

b e bracts

Plate T 0

Figure I 0 The branches of. Sequoia reidhehbacbi twig measure 5 to

11 millimeters in Width0-

a 0 leaves

he branch

c 0 leaf scars [• .

Figure S 0 . This Pinus leaf is S0S centimeters long and 03 milli-

' meters Wide0 The midrib is thick and stout, while the leaf

appears to be coriaceous in character®

Gu midrib » 6 2 -

Figgre 3® di Btetomi

a® cone

b* twig

Figures 4 & 5» %bese leaves are known as S&bal or palm®

a® rays

bi rachie

Plate. TI,

Figure 1» These are twigs of. Polyiaaa sphoholeplao These leaves

of this specimen vary slightly in sImpe= .The average measure

ments of leaveu are H millimeters in length and I milli-

meter in wiatho

Figure B 0 Ihese fossil leases of ,Hbtefahthera oretaeeaa are 23

millimeters loipg and 4 millimeters Wide0 From the. 5 selected

specimens each leaf has 12 to 13 veins*

a* veins

Figore S 0 This specimen .Populusa a leaf, measures 2 06 ,centimeters

in length and 2,63 centimeters in width® The base of this

leaf is broad and Quneate0

Figure 4» This leaf* Populus obovata, is 8 centimeters long and

4 centimeters wide, without petiole,

Plate T H o

Figure I0 Populus speeiosa

a; apex

b® secondary veins «>63-

Eigare Z0 The willow leaf, Sall±9 ia 13 eentimeters long and

about 2*2 centimeters wide*

Figure 3* This willow leaf, Salix Iancensistl is 8*5 centimeters

long and 10 to 13 millimeters wide®

S 0 teeth

he midvein.

Plate m & TIIIe

Figures 4, 5, & I0 These willow leaves are Salix plioata from

Rancher, ,Itontana0

Plate YIIIo

Figure 2* This willow, Salix stahtohi, is 6*5 centimeters long

and 20 millimeters wide®

Figure 3« This Oak leaf, Quercua baueri, is nearly perfect

.-v . . . 1 structure^ measuring 2*6 centimeters in length and 1*6

centimeters in width* The leaf is evidently thick and

coriaceousj, both by its thick valuation and general appear-,

anee*

a* teeth

ho W i n s

Figure 4* The oak leaf, Quercus previrginiana, measures 2J.5

centimeters long and 1*5 centimeters wide*

•-a* .veins Figure 5o T M a oak leaf, guereus Mbrumjfolia. Is membraneous

In textureo The leaf Is 5,5 centimeters long and 20?

centimeters side? ' a? midvein

be secondaries

Flats .IE0

Figure 1«, The two leaves of TJlimis florldiaria are from 4»5 to

.6 centimeters, long and from 25 to 2? Centimeters in Wfdthi

a 0 petiole

Figure 2« The leaf Ficue dawsorienala is 7.i5 centimeters long

and' about 5 centimeters in width,

Figures 3 & '4, The two leaves Ficus lesquereuxii are about 8

Jcentimeters long and 25 millimeters wide.

Flate X,

Figure Io This leaf. Ficus nlariicostata,, is 3 centimeters wide

and about 4 centimeters long,

a, petiole

Figure 2» The length of Ficus nseudapdpulua is about 6 centi

meters long, and 3*5 centimeters, wide* The petiole is .2

centimeters long and 1,5 millimeters; wide.

Figures 3 & 4o The two leaves. Ficus prelatifolia, are about 10

to 13 centimeters long and about 8 centimeters wide? The

Plate TX9

Figure Z9 Thia leaf, Fioua rharoaoldesj, is 5 centimeters long

a © midvein

Figure 2 o These small leaves, Fieua BquarTOaatl is 2o8 centi-

So 3-veined

Figure So .This small leaf, Uectahdra -parVulaa is 4 04 centi

meters. long and 15 millimeters wide* The petiole is short

and atoutt 4 millimeters in length*

Figure 4c These four leaves, Uelumhd intermedia^ measure about

25 to 34 millimetera in diameter» These leaves are almost

Plat® xiio

Figure i; The leaf Oiimsmmum is 4 centimeters long and 2 centi- V . ■ v ' meters wideo

Figure 2 o The leaf, Ciimamomuiii Stahtdhi1, ,is 6 centimeters long ■ . • ■ * . L"' and 25 millimeters -wide*

• - - V Figures 3, 4, 5, 6© Ttiese leaflets* leamihdlster lainarehsiaB are ' ■ ' ■ J' ' about 5*5 centimeters long and I? millimeters wide*

Plate XIII*

"Figure I* The leaf, PhasedIltes Odldradehsisi, is 6,5 centimeters

long and 4 centimeters wide* The petiole is preserved for

about a distance of I centimeter* =»65~-

Figure 2» These three leaves, Fagara eatshouleitsla are 203 to

205 centimeters wide and about 5 centimeters long?

figure S0 The thorn Faliurus catahoulensis is 6 millimeters wide

and 20 millimeters Iongc The fragments of the stem is 8

millimeters wide and SQ millimeters long?

a 0 thorn

Figure 4 0 These four cone scales, Banmiafa Sricularisa are evi-

gently.from a medium size cone? The largest cone scale

measures 16 millimeters in width near the distal end? the

second 11 millimeters?; third 12 millimeters, and fourth. IS

millimeters, in width;? The slender awl shape awn shows poor

preservation? The length of these cone scales are 10, 12,

14$, fdd 15 millimeters* including the awn?

a0 awl

■Plate-..:vv.

Figure I? These two small leaves, Tfapa micfophylla, are fan-

shape with long petioles* The leaves measure 8 millimeters

in length and 10 millimeters in width* The petiole is 15

millimeters long and I millimeter wide?

Figure 2o Thia fruit is Qafndlithus bumelidfdrmis • - -1 ....

a* fruit

Figure S 0 This specimen Phyllitea mdhtaha n* sp? is 6 centimeters

. . * - ■ ■ ■ long, excluding the petiole which is 8 millimeters long, and

4 millimeters wide? -67-

little ntovs than 3,5 eentimevs- In width.

Figure 5, The specimen Hiyllites petiolatus is 8 cent imeters

long and 4 centimeters wide, Ehe petiole is Sc.6 centimeters

, Jtohgo

Figure 6, This decorticated root is 6 centimeters long,

Si root sear®

Plate %y.

Figures I Sg 2, Fungi Phylloxera on fossil leaves,

. a? sell-like clusters

Figure S 0 Black and yellow globular bodies in seme of the tracheal

tubes, Badial section, X44Q

a, globular objects Plate XT!,

Figure I, Black and yellow globular bodies in some of the tracheal

tubes, Badial section, X440

Figures B Sg 3, Black and yellow objects in some of tbe tracheal

tubes. One globular body has a stalk which measures 68,8

microns long and about 17 microns wide at the base, X440

a, globular body with stalk 7 . . b; cell wti.1

Figure 4, Same section except showing numerous globular bodies in

a, globular bodies . Plate JfflIIo

Eigures I & 5«, Badial section; of Pinusa The tracheal tubes

are SlOt microns long and 56 microns Wide0 ZlOO0 The ,cell

wall is 17 microns thick* The medullary rays are from 8 to

18 cells thick:*

a* medullary rays

Figure S0 longitudinal section of Sequoia* The cell walls are

8*6 microns thick* The width of the radial rays is 64*5

microns* The radial cells measure 81*5 microns wide, while

the radial rays is 869*5 microns high* All measurements are

taken at Z440o

a* radial ray ' r bo radial cells

Eigure 4* Badial section of Sequoia* The tracheal tubes with .A 1 . . . double broder pita are 96 microns wide* The tracheal cell

wall is 17 microns thick, end the tracheal tube is 815 microns

long* The border-pits vary from S 06 microns to 85 microns

wide, while the border pit membrane or plug are 9 to 14 microns

Wide0 All measurements are taken at Z440*

a* tracheal tube, single border pits

b«, tracheal tube, double border pits

a* border pits

d* plates or membrane in border pit -69-

Plate XVIIIi

Elgure 1» Badial section of Sequoiaa Similar to Plate XVIIs

figure SJj excepting showing the tracheal tubes near the

middle of the tube0 X440

Figure 2» Transverse section of Ulmus0 XlQO0' Medullary ray

cells are 170 microns widec The trachea^, tubes are IlO0S

microns wide and 255. microns Iongp

a o annual rings

Figure 3 0 Badial section of Ulmns0 XlOO0 The sieve tubes are

; : : • ■ ' ’ IlO0S microns wide and- 425 microns, Igng0

a0 tracheal tubes

b0 cellulate in place Plate I

Flgv 4 Plate II

Fig. 3 Fig. I Plate III

Fig. Z fig. J Plate IV

Pig. *r Plate V

Fig. 4 Tig. S Plate YI

Fig- z Ztar- J M g - f Plate VlI

F1&, f Plate m i

rig. 4 Plate IX

Pig. f Plate X

Fig. 4 Fig. J Plate XI

Pig. J Plate XII

Pig. S- Fig ■ 6 Plate XIII

Pig. 3 Pig- f Plate XIV

Fig. f

Fig. J~ Fig. < Plate XV

Fig. I Figr. Z Plate XtI r

n e . z. Flg-. Z

Fig. ■*

n g . 4 Plate XVII.

Fig. J Fig. 4 Plate XVlII

Fig-, 3 N3Y8 5D4o 1 B 3 2 p Cr QD •