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A Paleobotanical Study of Judith River and Lance Formations Along The

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A Paleobotanical Study of Judith River and Lance Formations Along The A paleobotanical study of Judith River and Lance Formations along the Yellowstone River in Montana by Jacob Bauer A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate Committee in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Botany and Bacteriology Montana State University © Copyright by Jacob Bauer (1935) Abstract: no abstract found in this volume A PAtEOBOQMlGAL STOBY OF THE JUBITH HI T O AND LANCE FORMATIONS AtCEG THE YEttOWSTONE R I T O W MONTANA by JAGOB B A O M A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate Gommittee In partial fulfillment of the requireaeate • for the Degfe# of Master of Seienoe in Botany and Bacteriology at Montana State College \ Approved; ^Charge of Major Bozenan, Montana June, 1935 * t r -s- TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction ....................... 3 Hietorical 4 Materials & Methods ........... • • • 5 Paleobotanical Microtechnique .......... 5 Taxoncany of Fossil Woods ............ 7 G e o l o g y ..................................................... .. Formations ................... 15 E a g l e ..................... .. .... 15 daggett ....................... 16 Judith Hirer. ....... ......... 17 4 Bearpaw ................... 35 < Lance ................34 General Discussion ..................... 46 Sunmary & Conclusions. .................. 55 9 Literature Cited................ 57 03 r—# Description of Plates .......... 59 =3 50481 'i , A, OE THE JUDim WOR-MBi -T^wnff ■ ■ " : ■ ■ '."’ . ■ ' ' ' / ■• ■ " ' - FOBffiTIOIJS ZIeOHO TH E Ym Q l S T O H E E m m Hf ' ■ .myssk MEROSUGTKM Tho ineresaaed knovUeSg© ©f fossil Tlora9 though still far t s m Somplete9 Ws ©auo©a a .eoasidoraMe number ©f changes % the elsasi- fication of fossil plants Spring the lfist. dofadeo The, eonteihmtiono that others have offeredD M v o nesossitated a complete revision of tho Mole eubjaat and e W p no Ws r s l account of the complete fossil .flora- • . - - . - - f ' ‘ of the Sbdith Kiver and lance Topnations9 including the recent advehoep in .paleontology exists? the priter therefore proposes- to commence by a brief enumeration of the characters found in the lnportant genera^ -S- • The primary result of this pork shall be the establishment of the paleontological ,sections-Mich-shall constitute--the type of sections of these formations9 for the comparison and reference in the study: and ccffreMtioa of -other formations such as the Denver, Eagle, Claggett9 ^id Bearpac occurring Sn the upper- and lower Gretaceous periods, - '• She other* largely .Qoncmitaat9. results that are either economical . ' ' or scientific in their nature M v e also- been,-- reached in the- process of elaboration of the fossil plants, of the -Judith, Biver and Lanco in their typical regions, & detailed study of the. histologr of certain silicic fled fossil woods are included in this, paper,- .The fossil- wood* which • .was completely encased and hermetrically 'sealed in, the violent flow ’j \ I - ■ it' . ,< I !!«■«!§ < vK- * 4 ' of magma at the time of volcanic eruptiona, was collected from, deposits in the Boaeman Lake Beds® The questions concerning the general geologic correlation of the Judith Biver and Lance formations depends upon the data Tfoieh determine the age of the se'u format ions— i=ee (a) the time interval representing the type section, and Cb) the relations of the Judith River and Lance formations in other regions of Montana. HISTQRIO.AL According to Khowlton (8), the first record of collections of fossil plants obtained from the Judith River formation were made in the summers of 1888 to 1893 by Mr6 T» E. Stanton and Mce J 0 B 0 Hatcher, The principle results of their work was the accurate determination of the positions of the Judith River Beds in the upper Cretaceous section, and the removal of all doubts as to the correlation of these beds with the Belly River Beds of Canada. These results are offered as a contri­ bution to. the Mesozoic history of the northern interior region of Mbntana0 Both men had previously visited the mouth of the Judith River in the winter of 1903 and 1903 to!establish the facts regarding certain observations made in 1888* In 1888 to 1893 Iffic0 Eateher spent consider­ able time collecting vertebrate fossils from the Judith River beds, making only incidental observations on tbs stratigraphy of the region, A few of the fossil plants were collected at that time from the mouth of the Judith River and near. Willow Greek, tributary to the Musselshell River, MATERIALS AME1 MfHOBg ' ' PlBiOBgTMiagL mGROTEGmiOBE These are t m general methods need in sauing fossil uood= One is the use of a diamond charged aau running in a Iuhrieant5. The uriter M s never used this device and believes it. is less suited to the cutting of such very hard large Specimens9 furthermore the expense associated tilth the apparatus used by the uriter is materially less than that of the diamond charged aauo The ean. used consisted of a sheet iron disk, a rolled copper di# 9 or electrolytic, copper diok0 running in a reservoir of abrasive Uhi©h pas mixed to a ^!•liquid consistency. The saning is done tilth the above mentioned Sieha9 SO to 22 guage8 M inches in diameter 9 running at an approximate speed of 1800 r 0pom0 p i # its edge in a reservoir, of liquid, abrasive,,, about the consistency ■ of Cream0 The Xiqgaid abrasive is made of equal parts of Carborundum8 EaOlih9 .Volcanic ash„ and cater® The mounted section rides against the . i .. ■ • sati9 being held in place by its might or by the operator* The cut surface is ground uith the follcwing grades of earbo® rundnm; IOO8 ISO8 EW8 and 320O Polishing is done on a revolving'-.,^raes disk, or on a poplar m o d Uheel8 or on buffers pith a semi-liquid mix­ ture of tin oxide end Uater0 On the cut S W f a e e 9 finer grinding io done by hand upon a glass plate tilth plenty of carborundum* Polishing is followed in the seme manner as the method of finer grinding* The latter method, grinding and polishing by hand, has a feu advantages over the mechanical method* Eor example? if the section becomes extremely thin a serieo of inapeeticma ean be mafi©p slth the aid ©f a Iaiesoscopas, on=* ahllng one to grind just to the desired thinness to bring out the desired Objeet0 tihile ulth the maehanieal Inethod9 the retrolviBg uheel n £ H out more than desired and as a result the section is Iost0 CS) At high QpeGds9 often thin sections aro ©racked or destroyed, chile grinding or polishing by hand allocs one to note hoc the process is progressing,, CS) Bxtreme care must be taken tiien polishing by the mechanical method or else the sections d l l be torn off by the speed of the disk8 chile the method by hand allocs the operator to regulate his speed and pressure? The polished surface is noc fastened to a Btiero=Glide9 after gradually heating the slide until it is rather C a m 0 a email ©mount of shellac (flake)0 or ran balsam or sealing can is placed on the micr- Slide0 After the fixative is malted, the polished surface is placed in the melted fixative and the section is pressed very firmly to the slide© A steel clamp applied to the section insures perfect sealing= . The mounted section is alloued to Cool0 As soon as the section has become cool the next cut may be made? One precaution must be observed; the section must not be dipped into cold cater for the purpose of cleaning, cooling or inspection after cutting or polishingo The section is cleaned for inspection by oiping off all surplus abrasive with a dry clothe The cutting process is repeated sauing as close as possible to the Bxiero=Qlide0 The grinding and polishing process as described before is repeated? When changing from one operation to another elj of the loose abrasive is cleaned from the cement? When it becomes necessary to gofteB ar renove the fizativsj, use xylol on. halsam. or absolute alcohol oa #ollap^ ,0?? B p M W . :M 6sulphite:dn sealing % e n aeetiona became extremely thin, the surplus ©arborundum rag rashed Off8 the section was then polished with^StaimicrWideuuhtll a velvet lustre rag obtained^ The section uas rashed again and ras allowed to dry thoroughly before mountings The use of balsam for final mounting is de» Siyable for fossil m o d Sectiongp 4 H sections rare covered with micro? cover glasses Nop O for final permanent work so as to enable one to ex­ amine them with the. higher powered objectives= Sections were ground thin enough by this method, for examination with the aid of a 2 millimeter oil immersion Objeetivep Ixcellent photo? micrographs were also obtained from material prepared by this technique. survey of the literature o# the subject shows a heterogeneity of ideas concerning, the diagnostic data which" must be assembled to describe fossil wood accurately, Mffieulty in comparison has been en­ countered, due to varying degree of importance placed op features of the fossil wood., According to Bead Cl®), m?a%a8 iothan, Benhallow8 Jeffery, miloy, Bolden, Torrey, and a host of other men have commented on the relative value of the various tissues of the wood for systematic purposes9 Tcrrey has compiled a table of data which is of particular interest and value* The table of data is as follows? . “Annual rings— present or absent| regular or irregular wood as compared with late woods transition from early to late wood! width of rings I ©ompaetness of early and late modv®- . l9Hesin ©anals-r— present or absent; normal or traumatic, hori­ zontal or vertical op both; gize and shape;,-- secretory cells ■ as to size, ghape, thicknes®, of mils, number of row®, thyloges=® 'f9Wood rays-.— Sieriation; height and variability; shape of cells in cross eeotion; attitude- of terminal mile; pitting of lateral, terminal, and upper and lower walls with reference to number, Siaep and character; irregular thickening of wall®; ray traeheids, with reference to distribution type of pitting and thickenings of mils; resinp" W o o d parenchyma*=-- terminal or diffuse, abundant, or scarce; dis­ tribution; contents1,, size?# .
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