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To Hamilton Burlington Sl/2 m To Burlington 80000© 35© 79030© \\ 43" 15 15© Mapping of the surficial geology of the Grimsby area was initiated and completed, except for its northwestern corner, during the summer of 1974 under the supervision of B. Feenstra with excellent assistance from P. Barnett, P. Fina more, and K. Girard. The study of the Quaternary sequence in this map-.area was also advanced by ONTARIO the results of exploratory drillings by the Ontario Geological Survey of Canada (Project 730029, Division of Mines Urban Geology of Hamilton). Parts of the following regional munici palities are covered by the map-area: HONOURABLE LEO BERNIER, Minister of Natural Resources 1. Niagara in the east, including the towns of DR. J. K. REYNOLDS, Deputy Minister of Natural Resources Grimsby and Smithville; G. A. Jewett, Executive Director, Division of Mines E. G. Pye, Director, Geological Branch 2. Hamilton-Wfntworth in the west as far as the town of Ancaster; and 3. Haldimand-Norfolk in the south, including the town of Caledonia. PRELIMINARY MAP P. 993 GEOLOGICAL SERIES Bedrock Geology: Queenston Formation outcrops (map-unit 1) north of the Niagara Escarpment consist in many places of up to 4 feet (1.2 m) of very weathered bedrock (red clay) grading downward into typical brick-red shale. The Queenston shale and the overlying Cataract Group formations (map-unit 2; SOUTHERN ONTARIO Whirlpool sandstone, Manitoulin dolostone (only in the west),*Cabot Head shale, and Grimsby sand Scale: 1:50,000 stone and shale (its lower part)) are generally 1.25 inches to l mile approximately mantled by talus and relatively thick Halton Till O 1 Mile (map-unit 7) along the lower part of the Niagara Escarpment. The upper part of the Grimsby Form 1000 1000 Metres ation and the everlying Clinton Group formations (map-unit 2; Thorold sandstone, Reynales dolo stone, Irondequoit limestone and dolostone, Grimsby Beach NTS Reference: 30 M/4 Rochester shale (intermittently), and DeCew dolo- J stone), capped by Lockport Formation dolostone, ODM 1975 chert, and limestone (map-unit 3; Gasport and v At- Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit Goat Island Members), are generally exposed along the upper part of this escarpment. Bedrock out is given to the Ontario Division of Mines and the crops occur frequently in a 2-. to 6-mile (3 to material is properly referenced. 10 km) wide belt along the top of the Niagara Escarpment. They consist of dolostones of the Lockport Formation (map-unit 3; Goat Island and Eramosa Members), and Guelph Formation (map-unit LEGEND 4) in the northwestern part of the map-area. The Vinemount Member shaly dolostone of the Lockport CENOZOIC Formation is exposed at the Vinemount quarry of QUATERNARY Armstrong Brothers Limited and at the quarry of RECENT A. Cope and Sons Limited south of Stoney Creek. The Eramosa and Guelph dolostones form sub Cultural Features: gypsum plant sidiary scarps which are at least modified if not caused solely by glacial erosion. The Lake Ontario beach gravel and sand northernmost Eramosa scarp possibly marks the westward continuation of the Vinemount Member Stream deposits: predominantly clay from the Vinemount quarry. Dolostone and shale and silt, some sand and gravel of the Salina Formation (map-unit 5) are exposed at several places along the Grand River near PLEISTOCENE York and Caledonia, and along the McKenzie LATE WISCONSINAN Creek west of York. Stream terrace sand, some gravel Quaternary Geology; "/r /. Alluvial fan gravel The oldest mappable Quaternary deposit of i the map-area is the Late Wisconsinan Wentworth Lake Iroquois Deposits Till (map-unit 6d). It is a gravelly silt till exposed solely in the form of drumlins located Glaciolacustrine beach sand and south of the Welland River and Guelph-Salina gravel bedrock contact (Sanford 1969). Some of them rest directly on the irregular Salina surface, Glaciolacustrine sand and upwards they protrude through a cover of proglacial Lake Warren deposits (map-unit 8). Glaciolacustrine clay and silt A few pits near Boston Creek west of York expose sand and gravel deposits which are capped Glaciolacustrine sand by these Warren clays (map-unit 8), and similar buried deposits are present to the south in the Lake Warren Deposits Dunnville map-area (Feenstra 1974). 11 The Late Wisconsinan Halton Till (map-unit Glaciolacustrine silt and sand 7) is a clay to clayey silt till, overlies and 10 is finer textured than the Wentworth Till al Glaciolacustrine sand though they have not been observed in the same Glaciolacustrine silt section in this map-area. The reference area for these tills south of the Niagara Escarpment Glaciolacustrine clay and silt in the peninsula is located along the newly con structed Welland Canal By-Pass in the Welland Halton Till: clayey silt-clay till map-area (Feenstra I972b). The northernmost exposures of the Halton Till in this map-area 6d Wentworth Till: gravelly silt till occur along the Lake Ontario shore bluff; its (in drurnlins) southernmost exposures predominantly along the *^E3r-^f^^^*----^i Welland River. It is exposed in the form of a Unconformity till-plain from Lake Ontario southward to the \ r~ Niagara Escarpment. It is relatively thick PALEOZOIC (up to 100 feet ; 30 m) near the lakeshore north SILURIAN east of Stoney Creek in the Redhill re-entrant in the escarpment)in the buried bedrock valley be Salina Formation: dolostone tween Grimsby and Grimsby Beach,and along the r:^:,-L l © (shale, gypsum) escarpment where it is lodged against its lower T^c-d-~.V.- l section. Reference sections of the Halton Till Guelph Formation: dolostone for this part of the map-area are found along the shore bluff east and west of Grimsby where Lockport Formation: dolostone it overlies the Queenston red shale and is covered (limestone, chert, and shale) by proglacial Lake Iroquois clay, silt and sand (map-units 13 and 14). Its basal part is red, relatively coarser textured, and consists almost Clinton and Cataract Groups: sand stone, shale, limestone, and dolo entirely of Queenston shale (local till). stone Halton Till is also exposed south of the Niagara Escarpment and there predominantly in ORDOVICIAN the form of the Vinemount Moraine located along its brow, and the paralleling Niagara Falls and Queenston Formation: shale Fort Erie Moraines farther southward. Between Vineland (Feenstra 1972a) and Vinemount, the Vinemount Moraine consists of: 1) a cap of 5- Note: Generally that part of a mappable unit to 10-foot (1.5 to 3 m) thick silty till trun with thickness equal to or greater cating, 2) a l- to 9-foot (0.3 to 2.7 m) thick than 3 feet (0.9 m) is outlined. stratified sequence of sand silt and clay resting on, 3) 16- to 21-foot (4.9 to 6.4 m) thick lower silty clayey till overlying 4) 5-foot (1.5 m) thick laminated clay and silt which have also been incorporated in the lower till and rest on 5) Goat Island dolostone bedrock. SYMBOLS The Niagara Falls and Fort Erie Moraines are generally covered by proglacial Lake Warren Bedrock Outcrop (small) deposits (map-units 8, 9 and 10); the Vinemount Moraine is covered by these deposits only in the Geological boundary (actual or approximate) Hamilton area (Clay, map-unit 8). The Lake Warren deposits obscure, in particular, the tract Geological boundary (assumed) of the Fort Erie Moraine in the eastern part of the map-area, and bedrock topography, controlling Glacial striae on bedrock (direction of ice the occurrence of small ridges of till north of movement known) Smithville, complicates the eastward tracing of the Niagara Falls Moraine. Gypsum mine Near Elfrida this moraine consists of 45 Moraine crest feet (13.7 m) of Halton Till over dolostone bed rock, and represents definitely, as does the Rock quarry Vinemount Moraine and possibly the Fort Erie Moraine in this map-area, a substantial increase Scarp (30 feet (9 m) or more) in thickness of the till- sheet south of the escarpment. Thin (4 to 8 feet; Sand and gravel pit 1.2 to 2.4 m) silty clayey Halton Till is exposed predominantly along the distal slope of the Fort Shoreline, abandoned Erie Moraine in the Rerforth-Southcote area due to erosion of the overlying, relatively thin (3 Rock drumlin to 8 feet; 0.9 to 2.4 m), glaciolacustrine cover (map-units 8, 9, and 10). The till overlies, here and 2 miles (3.2 km) to the west of South- cote, similar glaciolacustrine deposits which rest probably on Wentworth Till; south of the Fort Erie Moraine, between Glanford Station and the Welland River, it rests directly on bedrock and is SOURCES OF INFORMATION covered by thicker (53 feet; 16 m) Warren clay and silt (map-unit 8). Geology by B.H. Feenstra and assistants, 1974. The Wentworth Till records the penultimate Topography from Map 30 K/4E, and 30 M/4W of the advance of the Ontario glacial lobe across the National Topographic Series. map-area and the alignment of drumlins indicates Aerial Photography: Ontario Division of Lands. that the direction of ice movement varied locally between southwest and slightly south of west. The Halton Till records the last advance of this Issued 1975 lobe moving towards the southwest in the map- area. The margin of the main body of ice was located between the Grand and Welland River Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit courses of today and bordered proglacial Lake is given to the Ontario Division of Mines. It is Warren. The moraines mark grounded ice-marginal recommended that reference to this map be made in positions during north-northeastward general the following form: retreat of the glacial lobe. The sequence in the Vinemount Moraine between Vineland and Vine Feenstra, B.H. mount records one or two local re-advances of 1975: Quaternary Geology of the Grimsby the lobe into Lake Warren. Area, Southern Ontario; Ontario Div. Deposits of proglacial Lake Warren in this Mines, Prelim. Map P.993, Geol. Ser., map-area form a vast lake-plain south of the 43W scale 1:50,000. Geology 1974. Niagara Escarpment. These deposits consist pre dominantly of interstratified clay and silt 80000© 7 x \ ^ X 40© Adjoins Dunnville Area, R 981 79030© (map-unit 8) which are overlain by silt (map- Clanbrassil2llzm To Dunnville Canfield 3 m Canboro unit 9), and shallow-water glaciolacustrine- Thin sheets of sand in the Redhill re-entrant The base of the bluff occurs generally at ele situated below this former lake level, occurs Industrial Mineral Resources: SELECTED REFERENCES Sanford, B.V. Coleman, A. P. 1974: Quaternary Geology of the Dunnville Area, INDUSTRIAL MINERAL RESOURCES: deltaic sand (map-unit 10), forming a deposi in the Niagara Escarpment (map-unit 12), in the vations between 350 and 360 feet (106 to 109 m) near Twenty Mile Creek between Jordan and Jordan 1969: Geology, Toronto-Windsor Area, Ontario; 1936: Lake Iroquois; Ontario Dept. Mines, Vol.45, The Eramosa dolostone (Lockport Formation, Southern Ontario; Ontario Division Mines, Guillet, G.R. tional scarp, in the northwestern part of the Twelve Mile Creek re-entrant and in the one near while the top of the bay-mouth bar is at slightly Station in the Niagara map-area (Feenstra I972a; BEDROCK GEOLOGY: Geol. Surv. Canada, Map 1263A, scale l inch pt. 7, p. 1-36 (published 1937). Accompanied Prelim. Map P.981, Geol. Ser., Scale map-area. The clay and silt unit thickens south St. Davids (Bell Terrace) in the Niagara map-area map-unit 3) is quarried for road construction, 1964: Gypsum in Ontario; Ontario Dept. Mines, higher elevation. A small spit (map-unit 15) was map-unit 5c). They were likely developed during asphaltic concrete, and concrete aggregate at Bolton, T.E. to 3.95 miles or 1:250,000. by Map 45f, scale l inch to 5 miles or 1:50,000. Geology 1973. ward to more than 70 feet (21 m); the silt unit (Feenstra I972a) to the east were probably de formed in this lake west of Winona. The lake lowering of the proglacial lake level. 1:316,800. IMR18, 126p. is more than 10 feet (3m) thick in places, and posited in a proglacial lake with a level about the Vinemount quarry of Armstrong Brothers Company 1957: Silurian Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of terrace is mainly underlain by Queenston shale Older alluvium (map-unit 17) consisting Ltd., I*E miles (2.5 km) southeast of Vinemount, Sanford, J.T. Karrow, P.F. 1967: The Clay Products Industry of Ontario; the sand unit is about 20 feet (6 m) thick. 120 feet (40 m) higher than that of Lake Iroquois the Niagara Escarpment in Ontario; Geol. 1972: Niagaran-Alexandrian (Silurian) Strati Cowan, W. R. and Halton Till although a sheet of predominantly mainly of sand was deposited in the form of and at the quarry of A. Cope and Sons Limited Surv. Canada, Mem. 289, 145p. Accompanied 1963: Pleistocene Geology of the Hamilton-Gait Ontario Dept. Mines, IMR22, 206p. Accom Shoreline features of former proglacial lakes north of the escarpment. Older alluvium along fine sand (map-unit 14) was deposited along the graphy and Tectonics; p.2-18 in Niagaran 1972: Pleistocene Geology of the Brantford Area, Area; Ontario Dept. Mines, GR16, 68p. panied by Maps 2130, 2131, scale l inch mapped in other parts of the peninsula south Twenty Mile Creek between Balls Falls and Jordan, terraces, at elevations between 610 and 631 located south of Stoney Creek and the Niagara by plates and charts. shoreline and is relatively thicker (up to 15 feet (185 and 192.3 m) along the Grand River. Escarpment, and west of Highway 20. Gypsum Stratigraphy: Hamilton, Ont., edited by Southern Ontario; Ontario Dept. Mines and Accompanied by 4 maps, scale l inch to to 16 miles or 1:1,013,760. of the Niagara Escarpment (Feenstra I972a,b; 1974) also in the Niagara map-area (ibid, map-unit 4), Northern Affairs, IMR37, 66p. Accompanied feet; 4.5 m) in Hamilton and in the vicinity of They developed when an ancestral Grand River (Salina Formation, map-unit 5) is mined at Cale Caley, J.F. R. Thomas Segall and Pobert A. Dunn, l mile or 1:63,360. are very scarce in this map-area. Glaciola was deposited during this lake stage and one at Grimsby. Finer material (clay and silt of map- Michigan Basin Geological Society, Annual by l chart and 2 maps . Hewitt, D.F. custrine sand and gravel representing reworked lower elevation. entered a lake (± 600 feet; 180 m) in the Erie donia by Domtar Construction Materials Limited 1940: Palaeozoic Geology of the Toronto-Hamilton unit 13) was deposited in basinal areas north basin near Dunnville (Feenstra 1974) south of the for the production of various types of board. area, Ontario; Geol. Surv. Canada, Mem. Field Excursion, 89p. Ontario Agricultural College I960: The Limestone Industries of Ontario; Wentworth Till, but too small to be mapped on of Stoney Creek and east of Grimsby, or in small Feenstra, B. H. The abandoned shoreline of proglacial Lake map-area. 224, 284p. (reprinted 1961). Accompanied 1935: Soil Survey Map of County of Haldimand, Ontario Dept. Mines, IMC5, 177p. Accom this scale, occur on drumlins at elevations of areas along the escarpment which were protected Sand and gravel are extracted from glacio- I972a: Quaternary Geology of the Niagara Area, Province of Ontario; Rept. No. 4 of the panied by Map No. , scale l inch to 700 feet (200 m) amsl and 640 to 650 feet (195 Iroquois, the most prominent of all such strand- Mappable, Recent deposits consist of alluvium by Map 584A scale l inch to 4 miles or QUATERNARY GEOLOGY, PEDOLOGY, AND PHYSIOGRAPHY: lines in the peninsula, follows partly along the by barriers from the open lake. The Grimsby lacustrine-deltaic deposits (map-unit 10) near 1:253,440 and Map 585A scale l inch to 2 Southern Ontario; Ontario Div. Mines, Soil Survey, Guelph, scale k inch to 20 miles or 1:267,200 and Map No. I960d, to 198 m) amsl, while interbedded sand silt, and alluvial fan deposit (map-unit 16) occurs at (map-unit 18), predominantly along the Grand River, Ancaster, and from ice-contact (t) deposits, Chapman, L.T., and Putnam, D.F. Prelim. Map P. 764, Geol. Ser. , scale l mile or 1:31,680. scale l inch to l mile or 1:63,360. some gravel (map-unit 11) at 630 to 650 feet talus-covered base of the Niagara Escarpment, or Welland River, and Twenty Mile Creek, and Lake miles or 1:126,720. consists of a bluff composed of Halton Till, or the mouth of the gorge cut into the Niagara capped by Warren clay and silt (map-unit 8), 1966: The Physiography of Southern Ontario; 1:50,000. Geology 1969, 1970, 1971. (192 to 198 m) constitute a thin unit of re Escarpment by Forty Mile Creek and just below Ontario beach gravel and sand (map-unit 19) north south of Caledonia. These resources are quite University of Toronto Press, 2nd ed., 386p. Fresant, E.W., Wicklund, R.E., and Matthews, B.C. 1964: The Limestone Industries of Ontario Dept. worked Halton Till along the distal slope of a thin and narrow bay-mouth bar (map-unit 15) Hewitt, D.F. 1972b: Quaternary Geology of the Welland Area, Mines, IMR13, 77p. Accompanied by Map the former level of proglacial Lake Iroquois. A of Stoney Creek. limited in the map-area and are mainly used 1971: The Niagara Escarpment; Ontario Dept. Mines Accompanied by 5 maps. 1965: The Soils of Wentworth County; Ontario the Vinemount Moraine southwest of Grimsby. along King Street across the Redhill re-entrant. remnant of a possible similar fan deposit, also locally in road and sewer construction. Southern Ontario; Ontario Div. Mines, 2059, scale l inch to 16 miles or and Northern Affairs, IMR35, 71p. Prelim. Map P. 796, Geol. Ser., scale Soil Surv. Rept. No. 32, Guelph, Ontario, 1:1,013,760. 1:50,000. Geology 1972. 72p. Accompanied by map scale l inch to l mile or 1:63,360. Vos, M.A. 1969: Stone Resources of the Niagara Escarpment; Wicklund, R.E., and Matthews, B.C. 1963: The Soil Survey of Lincoln County; Ontario Ont. Dept. Mines, IMR31, 68p. Accompanied Soil Surv. Rept. No. 34, Guelph, Ontario, by 5 maps and l chart. Reprinted 1972, 48p. Accompanied by l map, scale l inch with some specifications revised. to l mile or 1:63,360.