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German and American Universities: Mutual Influence--Past and Present

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German and American Universities: Mutual Influence--Past and Present DOCUMENT RESUME ED 355 902 HE 026 345 AUTHOR Teichler, Ulrich, Ed.; Wasser, Henry, Ed. TITLE German and American Universities: Mutual InfluencePast and Present.Werkstattberichte 36. INSTITUTION Kassel Univ. (West Germany).Scientific Center for Professional and UniversityResearch. SPONS AGENCY City Univ. of New York, N.Y.Graduate School and Univ. Center. REPORT NO ISBN-3-88122-705-9 PUB DATE 92 NOTE 148p.; Papers presented at the conference, "German and American Universities: Mutual Influences in Past and Present" (New York, NY, May 1991). PUB TYPE Collected Works Conference Proceedings (021) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC06 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Community Colleges; *Comparative Education; Cooperative Programs; Cultural Influences; Educational Change; *Educational History; Foreign Countries; Higher Education; *Influences; Institutional Characteristics; Institutional Research; Student Exchange Programs; Study Abroad; Universities IDENTIFIERS Academic Tradition; German History; *Germany; *United States; West Germany ABSTRACT The nine conference papers presented in this report offer analyses of the German and American university systems and their interactions as well as discussiors of significant issues in contemporary higher education generally. Papers were solicited from leading scholars on both sides of the Atlantic and assigned to four related categories. Two papers, "Historical Interaction between Higher Education in Germany and in the United States" by Dietrich Goldschmidt, and "Crossing the Boundary: German Refugee Scholars and the American Academic Tradition" by Karen J. Greenberg, explore the historical interaction between higher education in Germany and the United States over the past two centuries. Two papers highlight personal policy experience in trans-Atlantic cooperation and exchange. They are: "The Need for Trans-Atlantic Cooperation and Exchange of Concepts" by Elaine El-Khawas and "The Changing Framework of Trans-Atlantic University Interaction" by David C. Knapp. The research paradigm in both countries is explored in "The Impact of United States Higher Education on German Higher Education Reform and Innovation Debates" by Claudius Gellert. Henry Wasser, in "Comparing German and American Higher Education: Some Examples," compares German Fachhochschulen and American Community Colleges. A final group centers on study abroad programs: "Study Abroad: Students' Perceptions and Experiences" by Ulrich Teichler and "Student Exchange--A Case Study" by Barbara B. Burn. A final section summarizes the commentary and discussion given in response to each paper at the conference. Each paper cites several references. (JB) Ulrich Teichler Henry Wasser (eds.) in GERMAN AND AMERICAN UNIVERSITIES cez Mutual Influences Past and Present U S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS Office ot Educational Resemcn an0 Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY CENTER tERICI document nee been rebroduceb as Christiana Bradatscl aseCelve0 from the person ororganization originating it University of Kassel C Minor changes nave been madeto morove reOrOduCtoOn daily Points of new Or opinions stated in thisdocu. °Wore; TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES merit oo not necessarily represent DERI DOSOtOn Or P0aCy INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." WERKSTATTBERICHTE36 Wissenschaftfiches Zentrum fiir Berufs- and Hochschulforschung der GesamthochschuleKassel BEST COPY AVAILABLE 2 .., Y 1k Reihe WERKSTA 1 1 I3ERICHTE 3 'MD Ulrich Teich ler Henry Wasser (eds.) GERMAN AND AMERICAN UNIVERSITIES Mutual InfluencesPast and Present WERKSTATTBERICHTE BAND 36 Wissenschaftliches antrum far Berufs- and Hochschulforschung ,ler Gesamthochschule Kassel Kassel 1992 4 WERKSTATTBERICHTE Herausgeber:Wissenschaftliches Zentrum far Berufs- und Hochschulforschung der Gesamthochschule Kassel - Universitat Redaktion: Christiane Rittgerott Published by the Center for Research on Higher Education and Work, Comprehensive University of Kassel (Wissenschaftliches Zentrum fur Berufs- und Hochschulforschung der Gesamthochschule Kassel) in co-operation with the Center for European Studies, Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York, New York. The Conference "German and American Universities: Mutual Influences in Past and Present" held in May 1991 at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York was sponsored by the German Adacemic Exchange Service (DAAD), by Title VI grant U.S. Departement of Education and by C.U.N.Y. Chancellor's Fund (c) Copyright 1992 Wissenschaftliches Zentrum far Berufs- und Hochschulforschung der Gesamthochschule Kassel- Universitat Henschelstrak 4, D-3500 Kassel Druck: Druckwerkstatt Brauning, Espenau ISBN: 3-88122-705-9 Gesamthochschulbibliothck t CONTENTS 1 Introduction 7 2 Historical Interaction Between Higher Education in Germany and in the United States Dietrich Goldschmidt 11 3 The Changing Framework of Trans-Atlantic University Interaction David C. Knapp 35 4 The Impact of United States Higher Education on German Higher Education Reform and Innovation Debates Claudius Gellert 45 5 The Need for Trans-Atlantic Cooperation and Exchange of Concepts Elaine El-Khawas 57 6 Crossing the Boundary: German Refugee Scholars and the American Academic Tradition Karen I Greenberg 67 7 Comparing German and American Higher Education: Some Examples Henry Wasser 81 8 Study Abroad. Students' Perceptions and Experiences Ulrich Teirnler 89 9 Student Exchange - A Case Study Barbara B. Burn 119 10 Commentaries and Discussion 131 11 Contributors 145 1 Introduction The complex relations between Germany and theUnited States need to be placed in perspective during this period when political,social, educational, and economical structures are rapidly changing. Thisconference was conceived as a result of the belief thatscrutiny of the evolving symbiotic process between du; two systems of higher education would beof considerable value both in comprehending the respective systems and in informingthe larger context. Consequently your editors set about to solicit papersfrom leading scholars on both sides of the Atlantic. Itseemed logical to have four related categories in which the papers -:.ould be assigned. Thefirst, of course, was the historical interaction between higher education in Germany andthe United States in which German influence was most visible in the impactof the Humboldtian university and in the later transcendence of refugeescholars, mainly during the Nazi period, in American social science and the postWorld War II shaping of German higher education by American reform and masshigher education. This led naturally to the second category in which thenecessity for transat- lantic cooperation and exchange of concepts between the twocountries were discussed. Personal experience of policy makers washighlighted. Proceeding in time, the third section concerned thespecial influence of American higher education on the mform and innovationdebates that have been taking place in '.he Federal Republic ofGermany during recent years. Access, graduate education, length of study, response tosocial need were among the topics analyzed. The last category included analyses which constituted concreteapplications of the preceding papers to study abroad programs.The U.S.-German ex- change was demonstrated by presentation andinterpretation of data acquired by a comprehensive commissioned study of thesubject. The difficulties and benefits of such an exchange were outlined anddebated. A4 8 While analysis of relations between two national systems of higher educa- tion can be problematic, the essays of this conference, the editors believe, show the significance of the comparison which may be an indicator, if not a guide, to significant issues in contemporary higher education generally. Cer- tainly, the papers of this volume produced by German and American experts in higher education inform and enlighten us about the enduring inter-connec- tions. Dietrich Goldschmidt (Max Planck Institute, Berlin) discusses the mutual influence of higher education systems in the United States of America and the Federal Republic of Germany as part of a two hundred year old historical pro- cess. The narrative includes the favorable response in U.SA. after Germany's national unification and rapid development, the breakdown of these favorable attitudes after the two World Wars in the decline of prestige of German scholarship and education. Subsequently German influence was re-established by thousands of intellectuals fleeing Nazi rule after 1933. In the ongoing exchange of ideas and experience U.SA. plays the role of a world power pre- eminent in cultural and intellectual affairs while Germany is still feeling its way after assimilating ideas and considering models from U.SA. German edu- cation today is still striving to strike a balance between worthy traditions and the need to adapt the system to modern requirements. Concentrating on the post-1933 period, Karen Greenberg (Bard College) concludes that Americans appropriated German refugee whenever they could, as Americans. They sought to place refugees within their nation's intellectual context. The ensuing mixture of European philosophy and American empiri- cism was a subtle and intangible transfer of knowledge. The refugee scholars provided thereby a further chapter in a continuing story of American attempts to incorporate aspects of German academic tradition into its own academic setting. In doing so, they made for themselves and the tradition they repre- sented a firm and lasting home. Under the title
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