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Exporting America: the U.S. Information Centers and German Reconstruction

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Exporting America: the U.S. Information Centers and German Reconstruction Southern Illinois University Carbondale OpenSIUC Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 5-1-2018 Exporting America: The .SU . Information Centers and German Reconstruction James Podesva Southern Illinois University Carbondale, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Podesva, James, "Exporting America: The .SU . Information Centers and German Reconstruction" (2018). Dissertations. 1541. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1541 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at OpenSIUC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of OpenSIUC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EXPORTING AMERICA: THE U.S. INFORMATION CENTERS AND GERMAN RECONSTRUCTION by James Podesva B.A., Eastern Illinois University, 1987 M.A., Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 2009 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree. Department of History in the Graduate School Southern Illinois University Carbondale May 2018 DISSERTATION APPROVAL EXPORTING AMERICA: THE U.S. INFORMATION CENTERS AND GERMAN RECONSTRUCTION By James R. Podesva A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the field of History Approved by: Dr. Jonathan S. Wiesen, Chair Dr. Ras Michael Brown Dr. Kay Carr Dr. Carola Daffner Dr. Natasha Zaretsky Graduate School Southern Illinois University Carbondale April 6, 2018 AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF James R. Podesva, for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in History, presented on April 6, 2018 at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: EXPORTING AMERICA: THE U.S. INFORMATION CENTERS AND GERMAN RECONSTRUCTION MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Jonathan S. Wiesen This dissertation examines the establishment of United States Information Centers in West Germany immediately after the Second World War, and their role in securing the support of West German elites for American occupation policies, particularly democratic self- government. Located at the intersection of culture, economics, and American politics, the America Houses (Amerikahäuser) educated curious Germans about the United States, presenting a carefully curated vision of American life that minimized conflict and highlighted the material and cultural prosperity enjoyed by the mythical “average American.” The Americans contended that with the adoption of democracy and a reformed market economy, affluence was something West Germans could realistically aspire to. As a key transmitter of American information and ideas, the program was a means by which the United States attempted to change German resistance to American cultural products, and also served as a way to gauge German opinion t. \. Often lumped together with the Voice of America and Radio Free Europe under the general heading of propaganda and receiving little academic scrutiny on its own merits, an examination of the U.S. Information Center program gives a more nuanced portrait of the forces shaping American efforts for the hearts and minds of newly-made West Germans. i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I must acknowledge the tremendous help and patience of my mentor, Dr. Jonathan Wiesen. His faith in this project was a constant. I received tremendous help from the staffs of the Institute for Contemporary History in Munich, the Archives of the Foreign Office of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Landesarchiv Berlin, and especially, the National Archives in College Park Maryland. Final thanks go to the Department of History at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, as well as to the Central European History Society for their generous travel and research grant. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ ii CHAPTER 1 – Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 2 – Kultur, Culture, and the Information Centers .................................................... 30 CHAPTER 3 – The Libraries .................................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER 4 – The U.S. Information Centers and Architectural Modernism ......................... 109 CHAPTER 5 – Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 150 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 158 VITA ................................................................................................................................... 175 iii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Though almost unnoticed by the public, October 10, 2005 marked the end of an era in the relationship between Germany and the United States. On that day, in a formal ceremony befitting such an iconic symbol of the Cold War, the United States formally closed the massive Rhein- Main Air Force Base adjacent to Frankfurt International Airport and turned the property over to the German government. In his remarks, the American Ambassador, William Timken, Jr., stressed not just the practical value of the base to both the United States and NATO over the decades, but also the significant symbolic presence of the enormous American military base in the heart of Central Europe. Citing missions from the Cold War to the “War on Terror,” from the days of the Berlin Airlift, when the airfield supported more than 300,000 flights over a fifteen- month period, to NATO operations in Bosnia and Afghanistan, the Ambassador noted the often- unheralded centrality of the base to some of the most pivotal events in the postwar world. For more than fifty years Rhein-Main served as the “gateway to Europe” for hundreds of thousands of Americans, with a sign above the main gate that proclaimed the fact in large letters. The first point of contact with the former West Germany of the Cold War, the base remained as “one of the most visible manifestations of American power” in the newly-unified German state.1 More than an airport, Rhein-Main was a concrete expression of the political bonds between the United States and the former Federal Republic. However, with the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact, the focus of NATO was changing, and the American government saw the sprawling base as an expensive relic of the Cold War. Ambassador Timken reassured his 1 Mark Landler, “Rhein-Main Air Base Journal; After 60 Years, the Yanks Fly Out, Leaving Just the Ghosts,” The New York Times, October 21, 2005; William Timken Jr., “Closure of Rhein- Main Air Base,” n.d., http://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/docs/timkenrheinmaine.htm. 1 German audience that despite fall of the Berlin Wall, the disbanding of the Soviet Union, and the loss of the Warsaw Pact as a strategic focus, the closure of Rhein-Main Air Force Base did not signal any change in the transatlantic partnership between Germany and the United States. According to the Ambassador, the defense of freedom, the strengthening of democracy, and providing for “a stable climate in which prosperity can grow” were still the animating values in the relationship between Germany and the United States, as they had been since the end of the Second World War.2 The closure of Rhein-Main Air Force Base was one of the more visible indicators of the changes in the relationship between Germany and the United States after the Cold War, but many more went unnoticed. Almost a year later, in an equally unambiguous display of the new transatlantic political reality, Ambassador Timken presided over the closure of another parcel of American property that, like Rhein-Main, was once a physical and psychological fixture of the Cold War in Germany but now deemed superfluous: the last United States Information Center, or Amerika Haus. In retrospect, given the centrality of Berlin to the Cold War in Europe, it seems appropriate that the Berlin Amerika Haus on Hardenbergstraße was the last to close. In the 1950s the Americans planted their flag in what used to be the heart of West Berlin, across the street from the popular Zoo, as well as the main train station (with the one line running to and from East Berlin), and within walking distance of the glittering Kurfürstendamm shopping and entertainment district. This street, with its displays of conspicuous consumption, framed itself as a self-consciously “outrageous and provocative” reply to what was on offer in East Berlin.3 2 Timken Jr., “Closure of Rhein-Main Air Base.” 3 David Clay Large, Berlin (New York: Basic Books, 2000), 481; Gary Bruce, Through the Lion Gate: A History of the Berlin Zoo (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017), 210–21; James L. Bryan, The Martial Imagination: Cultural Aspects of American Warfare (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2013), 15–35. 2 Anchored by the grand department store Kaufhaus des Westens and the ruins of the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church, the area was the entertainment and commercial hub of West Berlin, and where the American efforts at the Information Center would reach the largest audience. By the time of closing of the last Amerika Haus though, the area seemed neglected in comparison to
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