Bibliography

Home , Averil Cameron, Indulf (6th century)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

SECONDARY SOURCES Ahrweiler, Helene, and A.E. Laiou, eds. 1998. Studies on the Internal Diaspora of the Byzantine Empire . Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Press. Amory, Patrick. 1997. People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489-554 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Anderson, Benedict. 2006. Imagined Communities: Refl ections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism , Revised edn. London: Verso. Ando, Clifford. 2000. Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire . Berkeley: University of California Press. Armstrong, John Alexander. 1982. Nations Before Nationalism . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Bachrach, Bernard S. 2002. Charlemagne and the Carolingian General Staff. The Journal of Military History 66(2): 313–357. Bagnall, Roger. 1993. Egypt in Late Antiquity . Princeton: Princeton University Press. Barnish, Sam, A.D. Lee, and Michael Whitby. 2000. Government and Administration. In The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 14: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, AD 425-600 , eds. Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward-Perkins, and Michael Whitby, 164–206. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bellow, Adam. 2003. In Praise of Nepotism: A Natural History . New York: Doubleday. Blockley, R.C. 1992. East Roman Foreign Policy: Formation and Conduct from Diocletian to Anastasius . Leeds: Francis Cairns.

Börm, Henning. 2013. Justinians Triumph und Belisars Erniedrigung. Überlegungen zum Verhältnis zwischen Kaiser und Militär im späten Römischen Reich. Chiron 43: 63–91. Bowersock, G.W. 2012. Empires in Collision in Late Antiquity . Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press. Brown, Peter. 1971. The World of Late Antiquity: AD 150-750 . London: Thames and Hudson. Brubaker, Leslie, and Shaun Tougher, eds. 2013. Approaches to the Byzantine Family . Aldershot: Ashgate. Cameron, Averil. 1970. Agathias . Oxford: Clarendon Press. ———. 1985. Procopius and the Sixth Century . Berkeley: University of California Press. ———, ed. 1995. The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East III: States, Resources, and Armies , Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam 1. Princeton: Darwin Press. ———. 2014. Byzantine Matters . Princeton: Princeton University Press. Cesa, Maria. 1982. Etnografi a e geografi a nella visione storica di Procopio di Cesarea. Studi classici e orientali 32: 189–215. Codoner, Juan Signes. 2003. Kaiserkritik in Prokops Kriegsgeschichte. In Freedom and its Limits in the Ancient World: Proceedings of a Colloquium held at the Jagiellonian University, Kraków, September 2003. Electrum 9. eds. Dariusz Brodka, Joanna Janik, and Slawomir Sprawski, 215–229. Cracow: Jagiellonian University Press. Conant, Jonathan. 2012. Staying Roman: Conquest and Identity in Africa and the Mediterranean, 439-700 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cooper, Kate. 2007. The Fall of the Roman Household . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Croke, Brian. 1982. Mundo the Gepid: From Freebooter to Roman General. Chiron 12: 125–135. Dauge, Y.A. 1981. Le barbare: recherches sur la conception romaine de la barbarie et de la civilization . Brussels: Latomus. Dennis, George T. 1984. Maurice’s Strategikon: Handbook of Byzantine Military Strategy . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ——— 2010. The Taktika of Leo VI . Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. Dewing, H.B. 1914. Procopius: History of the Wars. 5 vols. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Diehl, Charles. 1913. Justinian: The Imperial Restoration in the West. In The Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 2: The Rise of the Saracens and the Foundation of the Western Empire , eds. H.M. Gwatkin, and J.P. Whitney, 1–24. New York: Macmillan Press. Elton, Hugh. 2007. Military Forces. In Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare. 2 vols. eds. Philip Sabin, Hans Van Wees, and Michael Whitby, 2: 270–309. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. BIBLIOGRAPHY 211

Evans, J.A.S. 1996. The Age of Justinian: The Circumstances of Imperial Power . New York: Routledge. Fan Chiang, Shih-Cong. 2015. Urban Civilians’ Experiences in the Romano- Persian Wars, 502-591 CE . Thesis presented to King’s College London, Centre for Hellenic Studies. Fear, Andrew. 2007. War and Society. In Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare . 2 vols. eds. Philip Sabin, Hans Van Wees, and Michael Whitby, 2: 270–309. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Fisher, Greg. 2011. Between Empires: Arabs, Romans, and Sasanians in Late Antiquity . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Frendo, Joseph D. 1975. Agathias: The Histories . Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. Fotiou, A. 1988. Recruitment Shortages in the 6th Century Byzantine Army. Byzantion 58: 65–77. Gascou, Jean. 1976. L’institution des Bucellaires. Bulletin de l’Institut francais d’archéologie orientale 76: 143–156. Geary, Patrick. 1983. Ethnic Identity as a Situational Construct in the Early Middle Ages. Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien 113: 15–26. Greatrex, Geoffrey. 1997. The Nika Riot: A Reappraisal. Journal of Hellenic Studies 117: 60–86. ———. 1998a. Rome and Persia at War, 502-532 . Leeds: Francis Cairns. ———. 1998b. Procopius the Outsider? In Strangers to Themselves: The Byzantine Outsider , ed. Dion C. Smythe, 215–228. Aldershot: Ashgate. ———. 2000. Roman Identity in the Sixth Century. In Ethnicity and Culture in Late Antiquity , eds. Stephen Mitchell, and Geoffrey Greatrex, 267–292. London: Duckworth. ———. 2004. Byzantium and the East in the Sixth Century. In The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian , ed. Michael Maas, 477–509. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ———. 2014. Perceptions of Procopius in Recent Scholarship. Histos 8: 76–121. Gruen, Erich. 1974. The Last Generation of the Roman Republic . Berkeley: University of California Press. Haldon, John. 1984. Byzantine Praetorians: An Administrative, Institutional, and Social Survey of the Opsikion and Tagmata, c. 580–900. Bonn: R. Habelt. ———. 1999. Warfare, State, and Society in the Byzantine World, 565-1204 . London: UCL Press. ———. 2001. The Byzantine Wars: Battles and Campaigns of the Byzantine Era . Stroud: Tempus. ———, ed. 2007. Byzantine Warfare . Aldershot: Ashgate. ———. 2016. The Empire that Would Not Die: The Paradox of Eastern Roman Survival, 640-740 . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Halsall, Guy. 2003. Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West, 450-900 . New York: Routledge. 212 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Harlow, Mary, and Lena Larsson Lovén, eds. 2012. Families in the Roman and Late Antique World . London: Continuum Publishing. Howard-Johnston, James. 2000. The Education and Expertise of Procopius. Antiquité Tardive 8: 19–30. Isaac, Benjamin. 1989. The Army in the Late Roman East: The Persian Wars and the Defence of the Byzantine Provinces. In The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East III: States, Resources, and Armies . ed. Averil Cameron, 125–155. Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam 1. Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press. ———. 1992. The Limits of Empire: The Roman Army in the East . Oxford: Clarendon Press. Jeffreys, Elizabeth, Brian Croke, and Roger Scott, eds. 1990. Studies in John Malalas . Sydney: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies. Jones, A.H.M. 1964. The Later Roman Empire, 284-602: A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey . 3 vols. Oxford: Blackwell. Jones, A.H.M., J. R. Martindale, and J. Morris. 1971–1992. The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire . 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Justi, Ferdinand. 1895. Iranisches Namenbuch . Marburg: N.G.: Elwertsche Verlagsbuchhandlung. Repr., Hildesheim: G. Olms, 1963. Kaegi, Walter E. 1981. Byzantine Military Unrest, 471-843: An Interpretation . Amsterdam: Hakkert. ——— 1995. The Capability of the Byzantine Army for Military Operations in Italy. In Teoderico e i Goti tra Oriente e Occidente , ed. Antonio Carile, 79–99. Ravenna: Longo Editore. ——— 2003. Heraclius: Emperor of Byzantium . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ——— 2007. Some Thoughts on Byzantine Military Strategy. In Byzantine Warfare , ed. John Haldon, 251–268. Aldershot: Ashgate. Kagan, Donald. 1981. The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition . Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Kaldellis, Anthony. 2003. Things are Not What They Are: Agathias Mythistoricus and the Last Laugh of Classical Culture. Classical Quarterly 53: 295–300. ———. 2004. Procopius of Caesarea: Tyranny, History, and Philosophy at the End of Antiquity . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ———. 2007. Hellenism in Byzantium: The Transformation of Greek Identity and the Reception of the Classical Tradition . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ———. 2010. Procopius’ Persian War: a Thematic and Literary Analysis. In History as Literature in Byzantium , ed. Ruth Macrides, 253–273. Surrey: Ashgate. ———. 2012. From Rome to New Rome, from Empire to Nation-State. In Two Romes: Rome and Constantinople in Late Antiquity , eds. Lucy Grig, and Gavin Kelly, 387–404. Oxford: Oxford University Press. BIBLIOGRAPHY 213

———. 2013. Ethnography After Antiquity: Foreign Lands and Peoples in Byzantine Literature . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ———. 2015. The Byzantine Republic: People and Power in New Rome . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Kelly, Christopher. 2004. Ruling the Later Roman Empire . Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Knaepen, A. 2001. L’image du roi vandale Gélimer chez Procope de Césarée. Byzantion 71: 383–403. Lechner, Kilian. 1955. Byzanz und die Barbaren. Saeculum 6: 292–306. Lee, A.D. 2004. The Empire at War. In The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian , ed. Michael Maas, 113–133. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ——— 2007a. War in Late Antiquity: A Social History . Oxford: Blackwell Press. ——— 2007b. Warfare and the State. In Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare . 2 vols. eds. Philip Sabin, Hans Van Wees, and Michael Whitby, 2: 379–423. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lenski, Noel. 2009. Schiavi armati e formazione di eserciti privati nel mondo tardo antico. In Ordine e sovversione nel mondo greco e romano , ed. G.P. Urso, 145–175. Pisa: Edizioni ETS. Little, Lester, ed. 2007. Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541- 750 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Maas, Michael, ed. 2004. The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Maenchen-Helfen, J. Otto. 1973. The World of the Huns, Studies in Their History and Culture . ed. Max Knight. Berkeley: University of California Press. MacMullen, Ramsay. 1963. Soldier and Civilian in the Later Roman Empire . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Mango, Cyril. 1980. Byzantium: The Empire of New Rome . New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. Mathisen, Ralph W. 2006. Peregrini , Barbari , and Cives Romani : Concepts of Citizenship and the Legal Identity of Barbarians in the Later Roman Empire. The American Historical Review 111(4): 1011–1040. ——— 2012. Concepts of Citizenship. In The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity , ed. S.F. Johnson, 744–763. Oxford: Oxford University Press. McCormick, Michael. 1986. Eternal Victory: Triumphal Rulership in Late Antiquity, Byzantium, and the Early Medieval West . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Meier, Mischa. 2004. Justinian: Herrschaft, Reich und Religion . München: Beck. Mitchell, Stephen, and Geoffrey Greatrex, eds. 2000. Ethnicity and Culture in Late Antiquity . London: Duckworth. Mommsen, Theodor. 1889. Das Römische Militärwesen seit Diocletian. Hermes 24: 195–279. 214 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Nathan, Geoffrey S. 2000. The Family in Late Antiquity: The Rise of Christianity and the Endurance of Tradition . London: Routledge. Noble, Thomas, ed. 2006. From Roman Provinces to Medieval Kingdoms: Rewriting Histories . London: Routledge. Page, Gill. 2008. Being Byzantine: Greek Identity Before the Ottomans . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Parnell, David Alan. 2010. Justinian’s Men: The Ethnic and Regional Origins of Byzantine Offi cers and Offi cials, ca. 518-610 . Dissertation presented to Saint Louis University. ———. 2012. The Careers of Justinian’s Generals. Journal of Medieval Military History 10: 1–16. ———. 2015a. The Social Networks of Justinian’s Generals. Journal of Late Antiquity. 8(1): 114–135. ———. 2015b. Barbarians and Brothers-in-Arms: Byzantines on Barbarian Soldiers in the Sixth Century. Byzantinische Zeitschrift 108(2): 809–826. Pazdernik, Charles. 2006. Xenophon’s Hellenica in Procopius’ Wars : Pharnabazus and Belisarius. Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 46: 175–206. Pohl, Walter. 1998. Concepts of Ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies. In Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings , eds. Lester Little, and Barbara Rosenwein, 15–24. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers. ———. 2004. Justinian and the Barbarian Kingdoms. In The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian , ed. Michael Maas, 448–476. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ———. 2006. Perceptions of Barbarian Violence. In Violence in Late Antiquity: Perceptions and Practices , ed. H.A. Drake, 15–26. Ashgate: Aldershot. ———. 2012. Introduction: Ethnicity, Religion and Empire. In Visions of Community in the Post-Roman World: The West, Byzantium and the Islamic World, 300–1100 , eds. W. Pohl, C. Gantner, and R. Payne, 1–23. Aldershot: Ashgate. Pohl, Walter, and Gerda Heydemann, eds. 2013. Strategies of Identifi cation: Ethnicity and Religion in Early Medieval Europe . Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. Pohl, Walter, and Helmut Reimitz, eds. 1998. Strategies of Distinction: The Construction of Ethnic Communities, 300-800 , The Transformation of the Roman World, vol 2. Brill: Leiden. Poole, Ross. 1999. Nation and Identity . London: Routledge. Rance, Philip. 2005. Narses and the Battle of Taginae [Busta Gallorum] 552: Procopius and Sixth-Century Warfare. Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 54(4): 424–472. ———. 2007. Battle. In Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare . 2 vols. eds. Philip Sabin, Hans Van Wees, and Michael Whitby, 2: 342–378. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. BIBLIOGRAPHY 215

Ravegnani, Giorgio. 1998. Soldati di Bisanzio in età Giustinianea . Rome: Jouvence. Revanoglou, A.M. 2005. Γεωγραφικά και εθνογραφικά στοιχεία στο έργο του Προκοπίου Καισαρείας . Thessaloniki: Κέντρο Βυζαντινών Ερευνών. Rubin, Berthold. 1954. Prokopios von Kaisareia . Stuttgart: A. Druckenmüller. Sabin, Philip, Hans Van Wees, and Michael Whitby, eds. 2007. Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare . 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sarantis, Alexander. 2011. The Justinianic Herules: From Allied Barbarians to Roman Provincials. In Neglected Barbarians (40th International Congress on Medieval Studies, Kalamazoo, 2005) , ed. Florin Curta, 361–402. Turnhout: Brepols. ———. 2013a. Military Encounters and Diplomatic Affairs in the North Balkans During the Reigns of Anastasius and Justinian. In War and Warfare in Late Antiquity . eds. Alexander Sarantis and Neil Christie, 2: 759–808. Leiden: Brill. ———. 2013b. Waging War in Late Antiquity. In War and Warfare in Late Antiquity. eds. Alexander Sarantis and Neil Christie, 1: 1–98. Leiden: Brill. ———. 2016. Justinian’s Balkan Wars: Campaigning, Diplomacy and Development in Illyricum, Thrace and the Northern World A.D. 527-565. Cambridge: Francis Cairns. Sarantis, Alexander, and Neil Christie, eds. 2013. War and Warfare in Late Antiquity . Leiden: Brill. Schmitt, Oliver. 1994. Die Buccellarii: Eine Studie zum militärischen Gefolgschaftswesen in der Spätantike. Tyche 9: 147–174. Schönfeld, Moritz. 1911. Wörterbuch der Altgermanischen Personen und Völkernamen nach der Überlieferung des klassischen Altertums bearbeitet . Heidelberg: C. Winter. Schor, Adam M. 2007. Theodoret on the ‘School of Antioch’: A Network Approach. Journal of Early Christian Studies 15(4): 517–562. ——— 2011. Theodoret’s People: Social Networks and Religious Confl ict in Late Roman Syria . Berkeley: University of California Press. Scott, John. 2000. Social Network Analysis: A Handbook , 2nd edn. London: Sage Publications. Scott, Roger. 2012. Chronicles Versus Classicizing History: Justinian’s West and East. In Byzantine Chronicles and the Sixth Century , ed. Roger Scott, 1–25. London: Routledge. Scullard, H.H. 2003. A History of the Roman World, 753 to 146 BC , 4th edn. London: Routledge. Smythe, Dion C. 2006. Middle Byzantine Family Values and Anna Komnene’s Alexiad . In Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience 800-1200 , ed. Lynda Garland, 125–139. Aldershot: Ashgate. Southern, Pat, and Karen Ramsey Dixon. 1996. The Late Roman Army . New Haven: Yale University Press. 216 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Stein, Ernest. 1949. Histoire du Bas-Empire . 2 vols. Paris: Desclée de Brouwer. Stewart, Michael Edward. forthcoming. Breaking Down Barriers: Eunuchs in North Africa and Italy, 400–625. Australian Association for Byzantine Studies 22. ———. 2016. The Soldier’s Life: Early Byzantine Masculinity and the Manliness of War. Byzantina Symmeikta 26: 11–44. Stouraitis, Ioannis. 2014. Roman Identity in Byzantium: A Critical Approach. Byzantinische Zeitschrift 107: 175–220. Syme, Ronald. 1967. The Roman Revolution . Oxford University Press. Taragna, Anna-Maria. 2000. Logoi historias: Discorsi e lettere nella prima storiogra- fi a retorica bizantina . Alessandria: Ed. dell'Orso. Teall, John L. 1965. The Barbarians in Justinian’s Armies. Speculum 40(2): 294–322. Tougher, Shaun. 2013. Imperial Families: The Case of the Macedonians (867- 1056). In Approaches to the Byzantine Family , eds. Leslie Brubaker, and Shaun Tougher, 303–326. Aldershot: Ashgate. Treadgold, Warren. 1995. Byzantium and Its Army, 284-1081 . Stanford: Stanford University Press. ———. 1997. A History of the Byzantine State and Society . Stanford: Stanford University Press. ———. 2007. The Early Byzantine Historians . New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Ward-Perkins, Bryan. 2005. The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wasserman, Stanley, and K. Faust. 1994. Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Webster, Graham. 1985. The Roman Imperial Army of the First and Second Centuries A.D , 3rd edn. Totowa, NJ: Barnes & Noble. Whately, Conor. 2013. Militarization, or the Rise of a Distinct Military Culture? The East Roman Ruling Elite in the 6th Century AD. In Warfare and Society in the Ancient Eastern Mediterranean , eds. Stephen O’Brien, and Daniel Boatright, 49–57. Oxford: Archaeopress. ———. 2015. Battles and Generals: Combat, Culture, and Didacticism in Procopius’ Wars . Leiden: Brill. Whitby, Michael. 1988. The Emperor Maurice and his Historian: Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan warfare . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ———. 1995. Recruitment in Roman Armies from Justinian to Heraclius (ca. 565-615). In The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East III: States, Resources, and Armies . ed. Averil Cameron, 61–124. Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam 1. Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press. ———. 2000a. Armies and Society in the Later Roman World. In The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 14: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, AD 425-600 , eds. Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward-Perkins, and Michael Whitby, 469–495. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. BIBLIOGRAPHY 217

———. 2000b. The Army, c. 420-602. In The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 14: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, AD 425-600 , eds. Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward-Perkins, and Michael Whitby, 288–314. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ———. 2007a. Army and Society in the Late Roman World: A Context for Decline? In A Companion to the Roman Army , ed. Paul Erdkamp, 515–531. Oxford: Blackwell. ———. 2007b. War. In Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare . 2 vols. eds. Philip Sabin, Hans Van Wees, and Michael Whitby, 2: 310–341. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ———. 2013. Siege Warfare and Counter-Siege Tactics in Late Antiquity (ca. 250-640). In War and Warfare in Late Antiquity , eds. Alexander Sarantis, and Neil Christie, 433–459. Leiden: Brill. Wolfram, Herwig. 1988. History of the Goths . trans. Thomas Dunlap. Berkeley: University of California Press. Wood, Philip. 2011. Being Roman in Procopius’ Vandal Wars. Byzantion 81: 424–447. Woolf, Greg. 1998. Becoming Roman: The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

PRIMARY SOURCES Agathias. 1967. The Histories . ed. Rudolf Keydell. Berlin: De Gruyter. trans. Joseph Frendo. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1975. Ammianus Marcellinus. 1982–1986. The History , 3 vols. ed. and trans. John C. Rolfe. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Anonymous of Valois. The History of King Theoderic. In Ammianus Marcellinus , ed. Rolfe, vol 3. Chronicon Paschale . 1832. 2 vols. ed. Ludwig Dindorf. Corpus scriptorum historiae Byzantiae. Berlin. trans. Michael Whitby and Mary Whitby. Chronicon Paschale 284-628 AD . Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1989. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1928. De Legibus and De Republica. ed. Jeffrey Henderson and trans. C.W. Keyes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Codex Justinianus . 1886–1888. vol 2, ed. Paul Krueger. Berlin: Apud Weidmannos. Corippus, Flavius Cresconius. 1976. In Laudem Iustini Augusti Minoris . ed. and trans. Averil Cameron. London: Athlone Press. ———. 1970. Iohannidos seu De bellis Libycis libri VIII . eds. Iacobus Diggle and F.R.D. Goodyear. London: Cambridge University Press. trans. George W. Shea. The Iohannis, or, De Bellis Libycis . Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1998. Evagrius Scholasticus. 1898. Ecclesiastical History . eds. J. Bidez and L. Parmentier. London: Methuen & Co. trans. Michael Whitby. Ecclesiastical History . Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2000. 218 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Gregory, I. 2004. Epistolarum Registrum . eds. Paul Ewald and L.M. Hartmann. MGH, Epistolarum, vols. 1–2. Berlin: Apud Weidmann, 1887-1899. trans. John R.C. Martyn, The Letters of Gregory the Great. Toronto: Pontifi cal Institute. John of Ephesus. 1860. The Third Part of the Ecclesiastical History of John Bishop of Ephesus . trans. R. Payne Smith. Oxford: Oxford University Press. John of Epiphania. 1849. Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum, 5 vols. ed. Karl Müller. Paris: A. Firmin Didot. John of Nikiu. 1916. Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu : Translated from Zotenberg’s Ethiopic Text . trans. R.H. Charles. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Repr., Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publications, 2007. Jordanes. 1882. De origine actibusque Getarum . ed. Alfred Holder. Tubingen: Mohr. trans. Charles C. Mierow. The Gothic History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1908. Repr., New York: Barnes & Noble, 1960. Lydus, John. 1982. De Magistratibus . ed. and trans. Anastasius Bandy. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. Malalas, John. 1986. Chronographia . ed. Ioannes Thurn. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2000. trans. Elizabeth Jeffreys, Michael Jeffreys, and Roger Scott, The Chronicle of John Malalas. Melbourne: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies. Marcellinus Comes. 1894. The Chronicle . ed. Theodore Mommsen. MGH, Auctores Antiquissimi, vol 11. Berlin: Apud Weidmannos. trans. Brian Croke. Sydney: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 1995. Maurice. 1984. Maurice’s Strategikon: Handbook of Byzantine Military Strategy. trans. George T. Dennis. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Menander Protector. 1985. The History of Menander the Guardsman . ed. and trans. R.C. Blockley. Liverpool: F. Cairns. Priscus of Panium. 1981–1983. Fragments. In The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire , 2 vols. ed. and trans. R.C. Blockley. Liverpool: F. Cairnes. Procopius of Caesarea. 1914a. The Anecdota . ed. and trans. H.B. Dewing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. trans. Anthony Kaldellis, The Secret History With Related Texts . Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 2010. ———. 1914b–1940. The History of the Wars, 5 vols. ed. and trans. H.B. Dewing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ———. 1940. The Buildings . ed. and trans. H.B. Dewing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Pseudo-Joshua Stylites. 2000. Chronicle. trans. Frank R. Trombley and John W. Watt. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. Theophanes Confessor. 1883–1885. Chronographia , 2 vols. ed. C. de Boor. Leipzig. trans. Cyril Mango, Roger Scott and Geoffrey Greatrex, The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor . Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997. Theophylact Simocatta. 1972. Historiae, ed. C. de Boor with corrections by P. Wirth. Stutgard: Teubner. trans. Michael Whitby and Mary Whitby. The History of Theophylact Simocatta . Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986. BIBLIOGRAPHY 219

Three Byzantine Saints . 1977. trans. Elizabeth Dawes and Norman H. Baynes. Crestwood: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press. Thucydides. 1928–1935. History of the Peloponnesian War, 4 vols. ed. and trans. Charles Forster Smith. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Xenophon. 1918–1921. Hellenica . 2 vols. trans. Carleton L. Brownson. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Zachariah of Mitylene. 1899. Syriac Chronicle. trans. F.J. Hamilton and E.W. Brooks. London: Methuen & Co. INDEX

A Arianism, 42, 42n39, 43, 178n20, 179 Acacius, 191 Armenians, 34n5, 44, 65, 77, 78, 89, Agathias, 7, 9, 19, 20, 24, 40, 44–6, 128, 205 49, 54, 59, 61, 70, 74, 105, 142, armies 156, 159, 170, 189–95 of Africa, 78, 89, 95, 98, 123, 167, Aligern, 70, 71, 74, 75 171, 178–9 allies (symmachoi ) , 16, 17, 30, 40, 58, of Armenia, 14, 14n6, 86, 96 115n61, 196, 197, 206 of the East, 14n6, 15, 15n9, 15n13, Amory, Patrick, 33n1, 35, 35n10, 16, 22, 81, 137, 139, 149, 36n13, 42n39, 44, 44n48, 51, 167, 178, 180, 185, 205, 207 51n69 in the emperors’ presence, 14–15, Anastasius, 6, 10, 25, 26, 28, 52, 98, 78, 89, 98, 140, 205 107, 138, 140, 174, 205 fi eld ( comitatenses ) , 8, 14–17, 19, Antians , 34, 40, 44, 143 20, 22, 23, 23n50, 26, 50, 51, Antioch, 5, 7, 134, 174, 182, 186, 207 165, 183, 188, 196 Antonina , 10, 85, 109, 128, 148, frontier (limitanei ) , 8, 14, 15, 16n15, 148n65, 149–51 50n65, 94n70, 183, 188 Anzalas, 159 of Illyricum, 14–15, 15n9, 93–4, Aratius, 78n2, 94, 94n70, 108, 115, 151, 152 115n63, 117 of Italy, 14, 41, 53, 55, 86, Areobindus, 80, 80n16, 80n17, 107–112, 115, 128, 162, 165, 82n22, 89, 95, 124, 135, 169, 177 191, 196 of Thrace, 14–15, 78, 95, 98, 140, Arethas, 16n17, 164 167, 178, 180

Note: Page numbers with “n” denote notes.

Artabanes, 9, 77, 78, 82, 89, 90, 95, social network of, 84, 85, 106, 95n72, 96, 97, 142, 206 112–14, 118, 121, 128, 142, Artabazes, 189 176, 205 Artasires, 163 Benilus, 141, 142, 205 Aspar, 61 Bessas, 9, 48, 82, 86, 93, 95–7, Athenodorus, 159, 189 108n23, 117, 117n71, 117n75, auditors (logothetes ) , 29, 170 118, 190, 191 Avars, 55 billeting , 183–5, 187, 198, 208 Bonus, the commander, 142 bucellarii . See guardsmen B Burcentius, 166 Bagnall, Roger, 182, 182n32 Buzes Balkans, 5, 6, 28, 94, 116, 197, 205, career of, 81n20, 142, 205–7 206 relationship with Justinian, 95, barbarian, 2, 9, 17, 35, 37–41, 43, 44, 198n109, 206 44n45, 45, 46, 48, 50, 52n73, 61, 63–5, 67–72, 72n125, 73, 73n129, 73n132, 74, 74n135, C 75, 76, 80, 81, 168, 202 . See also Calonymus, 191 identity Cameron, Averil, 6n6, 6n8, 7n9, neutral use of term, 67, 70–72, 74 13n2, 36n15, 36n16, 108n22, pejorative use of term, 64, 70, 75 111n35 battles Caucasus, 86, 94, 95n74, 97, 105, of Busta Gallorum, 20, 115n59, 161, 197, 198n107 116, 155, 158, 160 Christianity, 5, 36, 41n36, 42, 43, of Callinicum, 16n17, 205 43n43 of Dara, 20, 65, 205, 207 Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 35n11, 37, of Phasis, 159 37n20 of Solachon, 23n51, 162 civilians, 11, 15, 41, 42, 61, 151, 157, of Tricamarum, 64 173, 174, 181–8, 189n62, of the Volturnus, 195 192–5, 198, 199, 207, 208 Belisarius Comentiolus, 53, 137 career of, 93, 121–3, 142, comitatenses . See armies 148–50 commanders giving speeches to soldiers, 69, 156, general usage of term, 23, 34, 157, 187 55–60, 81, 108, 123n94 relationship with John, 107, 108, specifi c titles, 22–4, 55, 139 110, 119, 151 Conon , 169, 170 relationship with Justinian, 66–68, conscription . See recruitment 81, 90–92, 96, 100, 126, 206 Constantine, the general, 84–6, relationship with Narses, 16, 97, 99, 113, 120, 128, 108–12, 129, 161, 203 149, 190 INDEX 223

Constantinople, 4–7, 15, 28, 46, 61, 78, relationships with offi cers, 61, 155, 85–91, 93, 95–8, 98n80, 99n83, 171, 172, 204 111, 113, 114, 123, 127, 137, Evagrius, 47, 49n64, 71, 71n123, 138, 140, 149, 151, 162, 174, 135n12, 185, 191 180, 185, 186, 189, 203, 206 Constantius II, 152 Cutzes , 141, 142, 205 F Cyprian, 114, 166 Fear soldiers, 151, 152, 184 generals, 77, 99, 100, 151 D emperors, 61, 74, 77, 92, 99, 126, Dabragezas, 34, 143, 146 127 Dara, 20, 53, 65, 139, 167, 197n103, Fear, Andrew, 182, 182n30, 182n31, 205, 207 183n40, 183n41, 184n43, decarch (commander of 10), 21, 24, 184n44, 185n49, 193n94 30, 158, 172 federates, 8, 16, 17, 20, 23n50, 30, Diehl, Charles, 96, 96n77 140 Diogenes, 164 foederati , 8, 16 . See also federates discrimination, 55–9, 60–3, 69, 70 dismissal, 18, 77, 78, 93–6, 137, 198 Domnentiolus, 142, 143 G Domnitziolus, 137 Gelimer , 64–8, 74, 114 dukes , 15, 15n13, 22, 23n50, 24, 30, generals, 14, 18, 21, 22, 55–9, 126, 57, 81, 87, 94, 95, 139, 141, 134, 135, 156–8, 171, 180, 196 180, 205 appointment of, 30, 63, 79–83, 86, 96, 97, 203 promotion of, 62, 93–6, 146 E relationship with other offi cers, Edessa, 184, 187, 207 103–7, 110, 118–21, 128, 150, Egypt, 14n6, 16, 78n2, 192 162, 164 Elton, Hugh, 8, 8n16, 9n20, 18n26, relationship with the emperor, 67, 20n35, 20n37–40, 21n41, 68, 79, 83, 89–93, 97–101, 30n85, 50n66, 51, 51n71, 126, 127, 202 52n73, 79n12, 93n64 review of, 83–7, 92 enlisted soldiers Gennadius, 87, 88 desertion, 165, 172 ( see also Germanus, Justinian’s cousin, 81n22, misbehavior) 82, 134, 142, 167, 168, 179, 206 grievances, 151, 152, 169–71, Germanus the duke, 180 177–81, 193 Goths, 35, 38, 40–4, 46–8, 51, 73, mutiny , 167, 168, 170, 172 ( see also 90, 96, 109, 159, 162, 166, 168, misbehavior) 176, 177, 196 recruitment, 24–8 Gouboulgoudou, 159 224 INDEX

Greatrex, Geoffrey, 8n17, 35, 40n33, Ildiger, 109, 110, 113, 114n54, 120, 59n81, 63n88, 64n89, 67n102, 146, 163n30 68n110, 73n131, 74n134, Illus , 161 75n136, 90n49, 117n73, 156n4, Illyricum, 14, 15, 93, 94, 151–3 186n50, 191n77 imperial bodyguards, 55, 59, 60, 62, Gregory I, the Great, 49, 55n77, 63, 137, 186, 202 87–9, 97, 183 Indulf , 166, 175n5 guardsmen (bucellarii ) , 4, 8, 11, 17, infl uence, 11, 23, 30, 74, 106, 124–6, 18, 18n29, 19, 30, 55, 59, 65, 131, 133n5, 143, 146, 147, 149, 75, 81, 81n21, 92, 104, 107, 152, 203 110, 113, 115, 116, 118, 123, Innocentius, 175, 176 159–65, 167 Isaurians, 20, 48, 161, 162, Gubazes , 46, 95n74, 191, 207 176, 177 Gurgenes, 81 Italy, 3, 5, 6, 10, 14, 16, 18, 23, 40, 41, 44, 51, 53, 55, 78, 84–8, 90–8, 106–22, 123, 124, 126–8, 135, H 142, 148, 150, 151, 157, 162, Haldon, John, 6n5, 13n2, 17n22, 164, 165, 169, 170, 175–7, 190, 20n35, 20n37, 105n8, 162n28 192, 196, 197, 199, 203, 205 Heraclius, 98, 137, 138, 198 Herodian, 114n54, 176 Heruls, 2, 16, 16n17, 40, 43–5, 55, J 58, 65, 66, 68, 69, 69n114, John, the Cappadocian, 5, 52, 191, 73n132, 81n19, 94, 115, 191n82 115n61, 197, 207 John, the Glutton, 72n126, 116, 123, humiliation, 86, 92, 95, 110, 206 164 Huns, 16, 16n17, 40, 44, 69, 71, 72, John, the nephew of Vitalian, 82n22, 74, 82, 93, 139, 197 107–17, 119, 121, 127, 128, Hypatius, 135, 192 135, 142, 150–2, 163, 191 John, the son of Sisiniolus, 10, 23n51, 123, 124 I Jones, A.H.M., 13n1, 14n6, 15n8, identity 17n19, 19, 19n33, 22n46–9, barbarian, 2, 8, 33–39, 42–49, 70, 23n50, 25, 25n56, 29n79–82, 73, 80, 202 30n87, 41n35, 52n73, 78n1, continuum of civilization, 37, 39, 41 79n7–10, 80n13, 83n27, 84n29, cultural, 2, 35, 37, 45, 48, 75, 76 107n15, 126n103, 134n7, ethnic, 8, 33–5, 35n11, 38, 48, 51, 144n52, 165n38, 170n58, 64 171n62 Roman, 33, 34, 34n5, 35n11, 36, Julian, the emperor, 151, 152 36n17, 37, 39–43, 45–9, 51, Justina , 82n22, 135, 143, 151 54, 57, 59, 63n88, 64, 70, 73, Justin I , 5, 28, 50, 81, 122, 134, 140, 75, 201 205 INDEX 225

Justin II, 6, 7, 23n51, 53, 55, 81n22, Lombards, 35, 38, 46, 53, 55, 183, 206 82, 99, 135, 135n12, 142, 144, loyalty 145 of generals to emperor, 9, 73, 77, Justin, the general, 108, 110, 111, 97–101, 135, 137, 206 115, 191 of offi cers to general, 17, 110, 120, Justin, the son of Germanus, 81n22, 202 89, 135 of soldiers to army, 8, 40, 47, 167, Justinian I, 1–5, 46, 47, 66–8, 78, 178–81, 196, 204 81–7, 89–93, 95–101, 107, 123, Lydus, John , 48, 48n59, 49n64, 125–7, 134, 138, 142, 151, 169, 191n82 177, 191–4, 198, 206, 207

M K Magistri militum . See generals Kaegi, Walter E., 6n5, 104, 104n5, Malalas, John, 7, 15n13, 49n64, 104n6, 112n40, 117n71, 98n79, 122n86, 141, 186 126n105, 127n108, 165n38, Marcellinus, Ammianus, 125, 151n80 177n15 Marcian, 185, 191 Kaldellis, Anthony, 6n6, 7n9, 35n6, Martin, 9, 34, 93–5, 95n74, 110–13, 36, 36n14–17, 37, 37n22, 114n54, 121, 134, 159, 161, 38n24, 39, 39n28, 44n45, 198n107 49n62, 64n89, 66n98, 68n108, Massagetae . See Huns 69n113, 73n129, 73n133, Maurice, 6, 7, 21, 26, 53, 88, 99, 104, 149n73, 156n4 137, 139, 156, 167, 171, 178, Khusrau I, 4, 34, 90, 134, 176, 182, 180, 197 207 Maximinus, the guardsman, 167 Khusrau II, 139, 196 Menander Protector, 7, 23, 34, 71 Kurs , 71, 71n123, 72, 73n128 Menas, 186 Mesopotamia, 14, 15n13, 53, 56n79, 81, 93, 94, 95n72, 122, 164, L 197, 198n107 Lazica , 34, 86, 105, 117n75, 142, misbehavior 143, 159, 197, 206, 207 bribery, 29, 166, 168 Lee, A.D., 6n7, 8n16, 20n35, 28n75, desertion, 25, 43n43, 78, 152, 165, 90n50, 91n56, 98n82, 99n83, 172, 175–8, 184, 202 126n103, 127n108, 147n62, harassment of civilians, 11, 97, 147n63, 165n38, 182n32, 184–8, 198, 208 183n38, 188n61, 189, 189n62, mutiny , 6, 43, 89, 123, 166–71, 193n94 178–81, 196 Leo I, 61 treason, 72, 89–93, 97–9, 116 Leontius , 34, 143, 146, 189 Misimians, 61, 147, 161 Liberius, 80, 82, 139 Moors, 43, 48, 53, 159, 167, 168, limitanei . See armies 171, 175, 178, 179 226 INDEX

Mundilas, 176 Persians, 3–6, 15, 16, 34, 47, 53, 66, Mundus, 81n19, 94, 185 86, 92–4, 115, 122, 139–42, 157, 162, 180, 182, 184, 197, 205–7 Peter, the general, 10, 72n126, 122, N 123 Naples, 41n36, 55n77, 88, 157, 161 Peter the Patrician, 144, 145 Narses, the commander, 78n2, 108, Pharas, 2, 44, 64–70, 72–5, 189, 207 115, 117 Phazas, 164 Narses the Eunuch, 2, 4, 5, 9, 16, 18, Philippicus, 157, 160, 162, 180, 190 20, 45, 80, 82, 95, 108, 127, Phocas, 6, 50, 98, 136–8, 167, 169, 139, 158–61, 166, 169, 177, 170, 178, 180, 181, 196–9 178, 190, 192, 195 plague , 3, 5, 25, 52, 92, 95n74, 123, relationship with Belisarius, 16, 127n107, 141, 177, 194, 197, 206 108–12, 129, 161, 203 Pohl, Walter, 33n1, 35n6, 36n14, relationship with John, 114, 115, 37n23, 39n27, 46, 51, 72n127, 121, 128, 142 74n135, 75n136 social network of, 70, 71, 78, Praeiecta, 78, 82n22, 89, 135 114–17, 119 prejudice, 40, 59–64, 68, 69, 72–6 Nazares, 190 Priscus, 137, 170, 171, 178, 180 Nika Riot, 4, 90, 93, 96n77, 100, Procopius 135, 185, 186, 192 as a classicizing historian, 23, 69, North Africa, 3, 5, 14, 15, 43, 52, 69, 108n22, 125 74, 78, 82, 89, 90, 93–5, 97, as a participant in events, 6, 64, 149 106, 121, 123–6, 137, 148, 157, criticism of barbarians, 43, 45, 65, 71 162, 167, 171, 178, 191, 196 tolerance of barbarians, 2, 40, 59, 65–9, 73 opinion of the army, 11, 16, 17, 84, O 86, 91, 99, 100, 119, 152, Ognaris, 159 153, 189–95 promotion, 8, 9, 24, 28–31, 56n79, 60, 62, 75, 77–9, 93–5, 121, P 135, 142, 146, 152, 153, 158, Patronage . See infl uence 161, 170, 202, 203 Paucaris, 161 protector, 24, 29, 30, 55, 79 Paulus, the guardsman, 160 Pseudo-Joshua Stylites, 183n38, 184, Paulus, the offi cer, 162 187 pay (salary), 17, 25–9, 100, 160, 174, 193–5 arriving late, 165n38, 166, 169, R 170, 176–81, 196 Rance, Philip, 8n16, 20n37, 104, Pazdernik, Charles, 66, 66n99, 115n60, 156n1, 158n14, 160n22, 67n105, 68n107, 156n4 165n38, 177n15, 194n97 INDEX 227 recruitment, 8, 11, 17, 18, 20, 29, 52, Theodoriscus, 159, 189 55, 177, 197 Theodosius, adopted son of Belisarius conscription, 25–8, 31, 174 and Antonina, 85, 147, 149 voluntary, 25, 26, 28, 31, 174, 175 Theophylact Simocatta, 7, 23, 49, 71, Roman identity . See identity 72, 157, 160, 171, 180, 190 Rome, 37, 84, 86, 96, 97, 108n23, Thucydides, 125 118, 150, 159, 162, 163, 166, Tiberius, 6, 7, 137, 197 168–70, 176, 177, 189, 191 Timostratus, 139 Rufi nus, 138, 139, 145 Totila , 86, 96, 97, 106n11, 119, 162, 166, 169, 176–8, 183 transfer of generals, 9, 77, 78, 89, S 93–5, 198, 202 Sapeir, 159 Treadgold, Warren, 6n4, 7n15, 8n16, Scholasticus, 80 13n2, 14n7, 15n9, 19, 20, Schor, Adam M., 8, 8n18, 104, 21n42, 24n55, 26, 29n79, 104n4, 118n78 82n26, 106n11, 107n12, Scott, Roger, 7n12, 141n38, 189n65 122n89, 126n103, 134n9, Sergius, 10, 95, 97, 121, 123, 124, 156n5, 174n2, 177n15, 179n22, 137, 145, 146, 146n61, 190, 196 189n65, 197n102 Sisifridus, 73, 75 Tribonian, 4, 191 Sittas, 62, 81n21, 128, 190, 196 Troglita, John, 159, 161 Slavs, 55 Tzani , 42 Solomon, 23n51, 43, 95, 121, 145, 146, 171, 189 Soterichus, 146 U Stein, Ernest, 6n4, 23n52, 61n83 Uliaris, 65, 110–13, 121, 128, 129, Stotzas, 41n35, 123, 167, 178, 179 168n50 Strategikon , 20n40, 21–4, 30, 104, Ulifus, 166 105, 156 Ulimuth , 159 Suani, 34 Unigastus, 159 Syme, Ronald, 132 symmachoi . See allies V Valentinus, 164 T Valerian, 18, 106, 113, 114, Teall, John L., 8, 9n20, 27, 39n30, 120, 159 52n73, 54n76 Vandals , 5, 9, 18n26, 43, 50, 54, 64, Theoderic, 18, 42n39, 43, 44, 46, 48, 71, 78n2, 90, 91, 148, 157, 163, 81n19 167, 178, 179 Theodora, 5, 78, 92, 116, 142, Vitalian, 10, 98, 107, 139–42, 145, 148n65, 151, 206 205, 207 Theodore of Sykeon, 185 Vitalius, 23n51, 93, 151, 152 228 INDEX

W 28, 52n74, 53n75, Whately, Conor, 6n7, 49n63, 80n15, 82n22, 104, 126n105, 141n36, 147n62, 148n67, 127n108, 158n13, 183n39, 189n63, 192n87 175n3, 177n14, 180n26, Whitby, Michael, 7n11, 8, 9n20, 185n47, 189 13n2, 16n15, 18n26, 26, 27n69, Wittigis, 166, 175