Historical Tripos Part I, Paper 13 European History, 31 BC–AD 900

Home , Andrew Lintott, Anthony Birley, Averil Cameron, Germanic kingship, Peter Garnsey, Rosamond McKitterick

SELECT READING LISTS

Compiled by Caroline Goodson, Tom Hooper, Michael Humphreys, Rosamond McKitterick, Peter Sarris, and Richard Sowerby

Revised July 2019

Table of Contents A: THE ROMAN EMPIRE TO THE THIRD CENTURY ...... 3 IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION ...... 3 FROM THE ‘THIRD-CENTURY CRISIS’ TO THE TETRARCHS ...... 4 THE ROMAN ECONOMY ...... 5 IMPERIAL CULT AND ROMAN RELIGION ...... 5 GENDER AND SEXUALITY ...... 6 SLAVERY AND ROMAN SOCIETY ...... 6 B: LATE ANTIQUITY ...... 7 FROM CONSTANTINE TO JULIAN...... 7 THE CHRISTIANIZATION OF THE EMPIRE ...... 7 THE EMERGENCE OF MONASTICISM ...... 9 TOWNS AND ECONOMIC CHANGE ...... 10 C: THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES ...... 11 BARBARIAN INVASION AND SETTLEMENT ...... 11 VANDAL AFRICA ...... 13 OSTROGOTHIC ITALY ...... 14 VISIGOTHIC SPAIN ...... 15 MEROVINGIAN GAUL AND THE FRANKS ...... 16 BYZANTIUM IN THE AGE OF JUSTINIAN ...... 17 THE WORLD OF EARLY ISLAM ...... 18 CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE ...... 19 BYZANTIUM IN THE SEVENTH, EIGHTH AND NINTH CENTURIES ...... 20 THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE ...... 22 THE VIKINGS...... 23 EARLY MEDIEVAL KINGSHIP ...... 24 EARLY MEDIEVAL QUEENSHIP ...... 24 LAW AND LEGISLATION ...... 24 TOWNS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ...... 25 MEN AND WOMEN IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES ...... 25 THE CHURCH ...... 26

The entries given here for each topic offer only very select reading lists as introductions to topics within the paper. Lectures will provide further bibliography on specific subjects, and supervisions will provide more.

The Roman Empire 3

A: The Roman Empire to the third century Augustus Sources

Augustus, Res Gestae Divi Augusti, ed. Alison E. Cooley, in Res Gestae Divi Augusti (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009). Collected Sources: Melvin George Lowe Cooley (ed.) Age of Augustus (London: London Association of Classical Teachers, 2003). Suetonius, De vita Caesarum, Divus Augustus, 26-8, trans. R. Graves in Twelve Caesars, (London: Penguin, 2007). [other translations available as ‘Lives of the Caesars’] Cornelius Tacitus, Annales, I, 1-2, ed. Anthony John Woodman, in Annals (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 2004). [among other available translations] Dio Cassius, Historia Romana, LI.1, LIII.2–11, ed. Earnest Cary, in Dio’s Roman History In Nine Volumes, Cary, Earnest (London: William Heinemann, 1914-27). [among other available translations]

General reading Alan K. Bowman, Edward Champlin and Andrew Lintott (eds.), Cambridge ancient history. Vol. X: Augustan Empire, 43 BC–AD 69 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). [ch. 3] Diane G. Favro, The urban image of Augustan Rome (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). Karl Galinsky, Augustan culture: an interpretive introduction (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996). --- Augustus: introduction to the life of an emperor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012). [esp. chs. 3, 4 and 8] Anton Powell (ed.), Roman poetry and propaganda in the age of Augustus (London: Bristol Classical Press, 1992). D. C. A. Shotter, Augustus Caesar, Lancaster pamphlets (London: Routledge, 1991). [esp. chs. 3 and 6] Colin M. Wells (ed.),The Roman Empire (Cambridge, MA: 1995). [ch. 3] Paul Zanker, The power of images in the Age of Augustus, Jerome lectures 16th ser (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1988).

Tacitus Judith Ginsburg, Tradition and theme in the Annals of Tacitus (New York: Arno Press, 1981). Christina Shuttleworth Kraus and A. J. Woodman, Latin historians, New surveys in the classics no 27 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997). Victoria Emma Pagan (ed.) Companion to Tacitus (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012). Christopher B. R. Pelling, ‘Tacitus and Germanicus’, in Tacitus and the Tacitean tradition, eds. Torrey James Luce and A. J. Woodman (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), pp. 59-85. Patrick Sinclair, Tacitus the Sententious Historian: A Sociology of Rhetoric in Annales 1-6 (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995). Bronwyn Williams, ‘Reading Tacitus’ Tiberian Annals’, Ramus 18, 1-2 (2014), 140-66. A. J. Woodman (ed.) The Cambridge companion to Tacitus (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).

IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION Sources Barbara Levick (ed.) The government of the Roman Empire: a sourcebook, rev. ed. (London: Routledge, 2000). Robert K. Sherk (ed.) The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).

General reading David Braund (ed.) The administration of the Roman Empire (241 BC–AD 193) (Exeter: University of Exeter, 1988). Peter Garnsey and Richard P. Saller, The Roman Empire: Economy, Society and Culture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989) [Part I] --- The early principate: Augustus to Trajan Greece & Rome New surveys in the classics no 15 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982).

The Roman Empire 4

Peter Garnsey and C. R. Whittaker, Imperialism in the ancient world: the Cambridge University research seminar in ancient history Cambridge classical studies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978). [Chapters by Garnsey and Nutton] Andrew Lintott, Imperium Romanum: Politics and Administration Routledge (London: Routledge, 1993). Fergus Millar, ‘The Emperor, The Senate and the Provinces’, Journal of Roman Studies 56, 1-2 (1966), 156-66. --- ‘Empire and City, Augustus to Julian: Obligations, Excuses and Status’, Journal of Roman Studies 73, (1983), 76-96.

FROM THE ‘THIRD-CENTURY CRISIS’ TO THE TETRARCHS Sources Naphtali Lewis and Meyer Reinhold (eds.), Roman civilization. Vol. II: The Empire. Sourcebooks (New York: Harper & Row, 1966). Olivier Hekster and Nicholas Zair (eds.), Rome and Its Empire, AD 193-284 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008). Roger Rees, Diocletian and the Tetrarchy (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004).

General reading Alan K. Bowman, Edward Champlin and Andrew Lintott (eds.), Cambridge ancient history. Vol. X: Augustan Empire, 43 BC–AD 69 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000) [chs. 2–3, 5, and 6c–d] Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward-Perkins and Michael Whitby (eds.), Cambridge ancient history. Vol. XIV: Late Antiquity. Empires and Successors, AD 425-600 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). A. H. M. Jones, The later Roman Empire, 284-602; a social economic and administrative survey 2 vols., 1st American (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1964). [vol. I, chs. 1–2] Noel Lenski (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011). [ch. 2] Fergus Millar, The Roman Empire and its neighbours,The Weidenfeld and Nicolson universal history, 8 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1967). [ch. 13]

On the ‘third-century crisis’: Géza Alfödy, ‘Crisis of the third century as seen by contemporaries’, Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 115, (1974), 89-112. Clifford Ando, Imperial Rome AD 193 to 284: the critical century The Edinburgh history of ancient Rome (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012). Anthony Birley, ‘Third Century Crisis In The Roman Empire’, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 58, 2 (1976), 253- 81. Lukas De Blois, ‘Crisis of the Third Century AD in the Roman Empire: A Modern Myth?’, in Transformation of Economic Life under the Roman Empire, eds. Blois Lukas De and John Rich (Leiden: Brill, 2002), pp. 204-17. Wolf Liebeschuetz, ‘Was there a crisis of the third century?’, in Crises and the Roman Empire, eds. Olivier Hekster, Gerda de Kleijn and Daniëlle Slootjes (Leiden: Brill, 2007), pp. 11-20. D. S. Potter, Prophecy and history in the crisis of the Roman Empire: a historical commentary on the Thirteenth Sibylline Oracle Oxford classical monographs (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990). [ch. 1: see also the review in Journal of Roman Archaeology 9 (1996), 515–27] Pat Southern, The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine (London: Routledge, 2001). Alaric Watson, Aurelian and the third century (London: Routledge, 1999).

On Diocletian and the Tetrarchy: Simon Corcoran, The empire of the tetrarchs: imperial pronouncements and government, AD 284-324 Oxford classical monographs (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996). Bill Leadbetter, Galerius and the will of Diocletian (London: Routledge, 2009). Stephen Williams, Diocletian and the Roman recovery (London: B.T. Batsford, 1985).

The Roman Empire 5

For regional ‘crises’: John F. Drinkwater, The Gallic empire: separatism and continuity in the North-Western provinces of the Roman empire AD 260- 274 (Stuttgart: Steiner, 1987). Richard Stoneman, Palmyra and its empire: Zenobia’s revolt against Rome (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992).

THE ROMAN ECONOMY Sources Fik Meijer and Onno van Nijf, Trade, transport, and society in the ancient world: a sourcebok (London: Routledge, 1992).

Reading Richard Duncan-Jones, Structure and scale in the Roman economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990). ---, Money and government in the Roman empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994). Moses I. Finley, The ancient economy Sather classical lectures 48,2nd rev. ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992). Peter Garnsey, Keith Hopkins and C. R. Whittaker (eds.), Trade in the ancient economy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983). Peter Garnsey, Famine and food supply in the Graeco-Roman world: responses to risk and crisis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988). Kevin Greene, The archaeology of the Roman economy (London: B.T. Batsford, 1986). Keith Hopkins, ‘Taxes and Trade in the Roman Empire (200 BC-AD 400)’, Journal of Roman Studies 70, (1980), 101- 25. C. R. Whittaker (ed.) Pastoral economies in classical antiquity (Cambridge: Cambridge Philological Society, 1988).

IMPERIAL CULT AND ROMAN RELIGION Sources Mary Beard, John A. North and S. R. F. Price (eds.), Religions of Rome. Vol. II: A Sourcebook (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).

Reading Mary Beard, John A. North and S. R. F. Price, Religions of Rome. Vol. I: A History 2 vols., (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). Peter Garnsey, ‘Religious Toleration in Classical Antiquity’, Studies in Church History 21, (2016), 1-27. Keith Hopkins, A world full of gods: Pagans, Jews and Christians in the Roman Empire (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999). Robin Lane Fox, Pagans and Christians (New York: Knopf, 1987). J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz, Continuity and change in Roman religion (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979). J. B. Rives, Religion in the Roman Empire Blackwell ancient religions (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007).

Imperial cult J. Rufus Fears, Princeps a diis electus: the divine election of the emperor as a political concept at Rome (Rome: American Academy in Rome, 1977). Ittai Gradel, Emperor worship and Roman religion Oxford classical monographs (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2004). S. R. F. Price, ‘Between Man and God: Sacrifice in the Roman Imperial Cult’, Journal of Roman Studies 70, (1980), 28- 43. Simon Price, ‘From noble funerals to divine cult: the consecration of Roman emperors’, in Rituals of Royalty: Power and Ceremonial in Traditional Societies, eds. David Cannadine and Simon Price (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 56-105.

The Roman Empire 6

GENDER AND SEXUALITY Sources Mary R. Lefkowitz and Maureen B. Fant, Women’s life in Greece and Rome (London: Duckworth, 1982).

General Reading Suzanne Dixon, The Roman mother (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1988). Catharine Edwards, The politics of immorality in ancient Rome (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). Rebecca Flemming, Medicine and the making of Roman women: gender, nature, and authority from Celsus to Galen (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000). Jane F. Gardner, Women in Roman law & society (London: Croom Helm, 1986). Sarah B. Pomeroy, Goddesses, whores, wives, and slaves: women in classical antiquity (New York: Schocken Books, 1975). Aline Rousselle, Porneia: on desire and the body in antiquity Family, sexuality, and social relations in past times (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1993). Marilyn B. Skinner, Sexuality in Greek and Roman culture Ancient cultures (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).

SLAVERY AND ROMAN SOCIETY Sources Thomas E. J. Wiedemann, Greek and Roman slavery (London: Croom Helm, 1981).

General Reading Keith R. Bradley, Slavery and society at Rome, Key themes in ancient history (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994). Keith R. Bradley, Slaves and masters in the Roman Empire: a study in social control, Collection Latomus 185 (Bruxelles: Latomus, 1984). Keith R. Bradley and Paul Cartledge, The Cambridge world history of slavery (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011). M. Bradley, ‘On the Roman slave supply and slavebreeding’, in Classical slavery, ed. Moses I. Finley (London: Psychology Press, 1987), pp. 53-81. Moses I. Finley, Ancient slavery and modern ideology (New York: Viking Press, 1980). Moses I. Finley, The ancient economy Sather classical lectures 48 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992). [esp. ch. 3] Lin Foxhall, ‘The Dependent Tenant: Land Leasing and Labour in Italy and Greece’, Journal of Roman Studies 80, (1990), 97-114. Peter Garnsey and Walter Scheidel, Cities, peasants, and food in classical antiquity: essays in social and economic history (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). [ch. 8] Kyle Harper, ‘The Greek Census Inscriptions of Late Antiquity’, Journal of Roman Studies 98, (2008), 83-119. W. V. Harris, ‘Demography, Geography and the Sources of Roman Slaves’, Journal of Roman Studies 89, (1999), 62- 75. Keith Hopkins, Conquerors and slaves Sociological studies in Roman history 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978). D. W. Rathbone, ‘The Slave Mode of Production in Italy’, Journal of Roman Studies 73, (1983), 160-8. Walter Scheidel, ‘Quantifying the Sources of Slaves in the Early Roman Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies 87, (1997), 156-69.

Late Antiquity 7

B: Late Antiquity

Overviews Peter Brown, The making of late antiquity The Carl Newell Jackson lectures 1976 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978). Peter Garnsey and Caroline Humfress, The evolution of the late antique world (Cambridge: Orchard Academic, 2001). Jill Harries, Imperial Rome AD 284 to 363: the new empire Edinburgh history of ancient Rome (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012). Olivier Hekster and Nicholas Zair (eds.), Rome and Its Empire, AD 193-284 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008). Scott Fitzgerald Johnson (ed.) Oxford handbook of late antiquity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).

Sources Philip Rousseau and Jutta Raithel (eds.), A companion to late Antiquity (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009). [esp. pp. 566–618] Brian Croke and Jill Harries (eds.), Religious conflict in fourth-century Rome: a documentary study (Sydney: Sydney University Press, 1982).

FROM CONSTANTINE TO JULIAN Sources The Emperor Julian: panegyric and polemic, ed. Samuel N. C. Lieu, Translated texts for historians 2nd rev. ed. (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1989).

Constantine Harold A. Drake, Constantine and the bishops: the politics of intolerance, Ancient society and history (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000). Charles M. Odahl, Constantine and the Christian empire, Roman imperial biographies 2nd rev. ed. (New York: Routledge, 2010). Raymond Van Dam, The Roman revolution of Constantine (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007).

Julian Polymnia Athanassiadi, Julian and Hellenism: an intellectual biography (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981). G. W. Bowersock, Julian the Apostate, Classical life and letters (London: Duckworth, 1978). Shaun Tougher, Julian the Apostate, Debates and documents in ancient history (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007).

Imperial government Christopher Kelly, Ruling the later Roman Empire Revealing antiquity 15 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004). J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz, ‘Government and administration in the later Empire’, in Roman world, ed. John S. Wacher (London: Routledge, 1987). Ramsay MacMullen, Corruption and the decline of Rome (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988). Fritz Saaby Pedersen, Late Roman public professionalism Odense University classical studies v 9 (Odense: Odense University Press, 1976).

THE CHRISTIANIZATION OF THE EMPIRE Sources

Late Antiquity 8

Bart D. Ehrman and Andrew S. Jacobs, Christianity in late antiquity, 300-450 CE: a reader (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004). Ramsay MacMullen and Eugene Lane, Paganism and Christianity, 100-425 CE: a sourcebook (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992). James Stevenson, A New Eusebius: documents illustrating the history of the Church to AD 337 Rev. with additional documents / (London: SPCK, 1987). [esp. nos. 258–71 and 280–96] --- and W. H. C. Frend, Creeds, councils, and controversies: documents illustrating the history of the church, AD 337-461 3rd (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 1989). [nos.64–74, 88–93, 127–8, 168–76, 179–88, 215–28, 237– 52]

Introductions Alan K. Bowman, Averil Cameron and Peter Garnsey (eds.), Cambridge Ancient History: Vol. XII: The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005). Averil Cameron, The later Roman empire, AD 284-430 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993). Noel Lenski (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011). [chs. 3–7] Mark Vessey and Shelley Reid (eds.), Companion to Augustine, Blackwell companions to the ancient world (Chichester: Wiley- Blackwell, 2012).

General reading Peter Brown, Authority and the sacred: aspects of the Christianisation of the Roman world (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). [chs. 1–2] Alan Cameron, The last pagans of Rome (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011). Pierre Chuvin, A chronicle of the last pagans trans. B.A. Archer, Revealing antiquity 4 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990). [chs. 1–5] Andrew T. Fear, José Fernández Ubiña and Mar Marcos (eds.), Role of the bishop in late antiquity: conflict and compromise (London: Bloomsbury, 2013). Richard Flower, ‘Visions of Constantine’, Journal of Roman Studies 102, (2012), 287-305. Michael Gaddis, There is no crime for those who have Christ: religious violence in the Christian Roman Empire, The transformation of the classical heritage 39 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005). Eduard Iricinschi and Holger M. Zellentin (eds.), Heresy and identity in late antiquity (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2008). John Hugo Wolfgang Gideon Liebeschuetz, Ambrose and John Chrysostom: clerics between desert and empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011). Ramsay MacMullen, Christianizing the Roman Empire: (AD 100-400) (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984). [esp. chs. 5–11] Arnaldo Momigliano, The conflict between paganism and Christianity in the fourth century; essays Oxford-Warburg studies (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963). [chs. 1 and 4] Éric Rebillard, Christians and their many identities in late antiquity, North Africa, 200-450 CE (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2012).

‘Pagan monotheism’ Polymnia Athanassiadi and Michael Frede (eds.), Pagan monotheism in late antiquity (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999). Timothy David Barnes, Athanasius and Constantius: theology and politics in the Constantinian empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993). [chs. 15, 16 and 18] Henry Chadwick, The church in ancient society: from Galilee to Gregory the Great Oxford history of the Christian Church (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001). [esp. chs. 28, 35, 41, 46–8 and 51–3] Stuart George Hall, Doctrine and practice in the early church 2nd rev. ed. (Eugene, OR: Cascade Books, 2005). [chs. 12– 16 and 19–22] A. H. M. Jones, Constantine and the conversion of Europe (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1948). --- ‘Were ancient heresies national or social movements in disguise?’, Journal of Theological Studies 10, 2 (1959), 280- 98.

Late Antiquity 9

Stephen Mitchell and Peter van Nuffelen (eds.), Monotheism between pagans and Christians in late antiquity (Walpole, MA: Peeters, 2010). [chs. 1, 5, 8 and 9] Rowan Williams (ed.) Making of orthodoxy: essays in honour of Henry Chadwick (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989). [esp. chs. by Williams, Hanson and Markus]

Donatists Peter Brown, ‘Religious dissent in the later Roman Empire: the case of North Africa’, History 46, 157 (1961), 83- 101; rptd Religion and society in the age of Saint Augustine (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), pp. 237-60.

Christological controversies Henry Chadwick, ‘Eucharist and Christology in the Nestorian Controversy’, Journal of Theological Studies 2, 2 (1951), 145-64, rptd. in History and thought of the early church (London: Variorum Reprints, 1982). --- ‘Faith and Order at the Council of Nicaea: a Note on the Background of the Sixth Canon’, Harvard Theological Review 53, 3 (2011), 171-95. R. V. Sellers, The Council of Chalcedon; a historical and doctrinal survey (London: SPCK, 1953). Rowan Williams, Arius: heresy and tradition (London: Darton, Longman, and Todd, 1987).

‘Priscillian and Priscillianism’ Virginia Burrus, The making of a heretic: gender, authority, and the Priscillianist controversy, The transformation of the classical heritage 24 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995). [esp. Introduction, chs. 3–4 and Conclusion] --- The making of a heretic: gender, authority, and the Priscillianist controversy, The transformation of the classical heritage 24 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995). [ch. 5]

Augustine and ‘Pelagianism’ Peter Brown, Augustine of Hippo: a biography (London: Faber, 1967). [chs. 29–33] --- ‘Pelagius and his supporters: aims and environment’, Journal of Theological Studies 19, 1 (1968), 93-114, rptd. in Religion and society in the age of Saint Augustine (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), pp. 183-207. J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz, ‘Did the Pelagian Movement Have Social Aims?’, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 12, 2 (1963), 227-41, rptd in From Diocletian to the Arab Conquest (Aldershot: Variorum, 1990), VII. B. R. Rees, Pelagius: life and letters (Woodbridge: Boydell, 1998).

THE EMERGENCE OF MONASTICISM Sources Athanasius, Life of Antony and the letter to Marcellinus trans. Robert C. Gregg, The Classics of Western spirituality (New York: Paulist Press, 1980). [among other available translations] Palladius, Lausiac history of Palladius. A critical discussion together with notes on early Egyptian monachism, trans. R. Meyer, Texts and studies, 6 (Hildesheim: Gg Olms, 1965). Theodoret, History of the monks of Syria trans. Richard Price, Cistercian studies series no 88 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1985).

Reading David Brakke, Demons and the making of the monk: spiritual combat in early Christianity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006). Peter Brown, ‘The Rise and Function of the Holy Man in Late Antiquity’, Journal of Roman Studies 61, (1971), 80-101, rptd in Society and the holy in late antiquity, ed. Peter Brown (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), pp. 103-52. --- The cult of the saints: its rise and function in Latin Christianity Haskell lectures on history of religions new ser , no 2 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981).

Late Antiquity 10

Daniel Caner, Wandering, begging monks: spiritual authority and the promotion of monasticism in late antiquity, The transformation of the classical heritage 33 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002). Elizabeth A. Clark, Ascetic piety and women’s faith: essays on late ancient Christianity Studies in women and religion 20 (Lewiston, NY: E. Mellen Press, 1986). Philip Rousseau, Pachomius: the making of a community in fourth-century Egypt, The transformation of the classical heritage 6 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985).

TOWNS AND ECONOMIC CHANGE Gian Pietro Brogiolo, Nancy Gauthier and Neil Christie, Towns and their territories between late antiquity and the early Middle Ages, The transformation of the Roman world 9 (Leiden: Brill, 2000). Gian Pietro Brogiolo and Bryan Ward-Perkins, The idea and ideal of the town between late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages, The transformation of the Roman world 4 (Leiden: Brill, 1999). Neil Christie and S. T. Loseby (eds.), Towns in transition: urban evolution in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1996). Michael F. Hendy, ‘From Public to Private: The Western Barbarian Coinages as a Mirror of the Disintegration of Late Roman State Structures’, Viator 19, (1988), 29-78. Michael Decker and Sean A. Kingsley (eds.), Economy and exchange in the East Mediterranean during Late Antiquity (Oxford: Oxbow, 2001). John Rich (ed.) City in late antiquity (London: Routledge, 1992). Raymond Van Dam, ‘Pirenne thesis and fifth-century Gaul’, in Fifth-century Gaul: crisis of identity?, eds. John F. Drinkwater and Hugh Elton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 321-33. [alongside other useful pieces in Part IV]

Early Middle Ages 11

C: The Early Middle Ages

Overviews Roger Collins, Early medieval Europe, 300-1000 History of Europe 3rd (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010). Matthew Innes, Introduction to early medieval Western Europe, 300-900: the sword, the plough and the book (London: Routledge, 2007). Alexander C. Murray and Walter A. Goffart, After Rome’s fall: narrators and sources of early medieval history: essays presented to Walter Goffart (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998). Rosamond McKitterick (ed.), ‘Times’ of the medieval world (New York: Times Books, 2003). --- Early Middle Ages: Europe 400-1000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001). Peter Sarris, Empires of faith: the fall of Rome to the rise of Islam, 500-700 Oxford history of medieval Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011). Julia M. H. Smith, Europe after Rome: a new cultural history 500-1000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). Chris Wickham, The inheritance of Rome: a history of Europe from 400 to 1000, The Penguin history of Europe 2 (London: Allen Lane, 2009).

BARBARIAN INVASION AND SETTLEMENT Sources Ammianus Marcellinus, Res gestae, trans. Walter Hamilton, in Later Roman Empire (AD 354-378), (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986), XXXI.4–13 [among other translations] Themistius, Orations, trans. Peter J. Heather and John Matthews, in Goths in the fourth century, (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1991) [VIII and X, [ch. 2]]

General reading Averil Cameron, The later Roman empire, AD 284-430 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993). [ch. 9] ---, Bryan Ward-Perkins and Michael Whitby (eds.), Cambridge ancient history. Vol. XIV: Late Antiquity. Empires and Successors, AD 425-600 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). [ch. 1] Neil Christie, Fall of the Western Roman Empire: Archaeological and Historical Perspective. Historical Endings (London: Bloomsbury, 2011). John F. Drinkwater, The Alamanni and Rome 213-496 (Caracalla to Clovis) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007). Guy Halsall, ‘Review article: Movers and Shakers: the Barbarians and the Fall of Rome’, Early Medieval Europe 8, 1 (1999), 131-45. --- Barbarian migrations and the Roman West, 376-568 Cambridge medieval textbooks (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007). P. J. Heather, The Goths The peoples of Europe (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996). --- The fall of the Roman Empire: a new history of Rome and the Barbarians (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006). --- Empires and barbarians: the fall of Rome and the birth of Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010). Barbara H. Rosenwein and Lester K. Little (eds.), Debating the Middle Ages: issues and readings (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1998). J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz, ‘Uses and abuses of the concept of ‘decline’ in later Roman history’, in Recent research in late-antique urbanism, eds. Luke Lavan and William Bowden (Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 2001), pp. 233-7 [see also the debate which follows] Michael Maas (ed.) Cambridge companion to the Age of Attila (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015). E. A. Thompson and Peter J. Heather, Huns, Peoples of Europe (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996). Bryan Ward-Perkins, The fall of Rome: and the end of civilization (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).

Early Middle Ages 12

Further discussions: Alan Cameron, Jacqueline Long and Lee Francis Sherry, Barbarians and politics at the Court of Arcadius, The transformation of the classical heritage 19 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993). [esp. chs. 6 and 8] Hans-Werner Goetz, Jörg Jarnut and Walter Pohl (eds.), Regna and gentes: the relationship between late antique and early medieval peoples and kingdoms in, The transformation of the Roman world (Leiden: Brill, 2003). Jill Harries, Sidonius Apollinaris and the fall of Rome, AD 407-485 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994). Ralph W. Mathisen and Hagith Sivan, Shifting frontiers in late antiquity (Aldershot: Variorum, 1996). [esp. ch. 3] Walter Pohl (ed.) Kingdoms of the Empire: the integraton of barbarians in late Antiquity (Leiden: Brill, 1997). --- and Helmut Reimitz (eds.), Strategies of distinction: the construction of ethnic communities, 300-800 (Leiden: Brill, 1998).

Relations between ‘Romans’ and ‘barbarians’: Peter J. Heather, Goths and Romans, 332-489 Oxford historical monographs (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991). Walter A. Goffart, Barbarians and Romans, AD 418-584: the techniques of accommodation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980). --- Barbarian tides: the migration age and the later Roman Empire The Middle Ages series (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006). [ch. 6] John Matthews, Western aristocracies and imperial court, AD 364-425 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975). Thomas F. X. Noble, From Roman provinces to Medieval kingdoms Rewriting histories (New York: Routledge, 2006) [esp. chs. 9, 11 and 13] Patrick Wormald, ‘The Decline of the Western Empire and the Survival of its Aristocracy’, Journal of Roman Studies 66, (1976), 217-26.

Early Middle Ages 13

VANDAL AFRICA Sources Victor of Vita, Historia Persecutionis Africanae Prouinciae, trans. John Moorhead, in History of the Vandal persecution (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1992). Procopius, De Bellis, trans. H. B. Dewing, in History of the Wars (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1953). Isidore, Historia de regibus Gothorum, Vandalorum et Suevorum, trans. Guido Donini and Gordon B. Ford, in Isidore of Seville’s History of the Goths, Vandals, and Suevi, 2nd rev. (Leiden: Brill, 1970), pp. xi, 45 p. Luxorius, Opera, trans. Morris Rosenblum, in Luxorius: Latin poet among the vandals (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961). The ‘Albertini Tablets’ plates in Christian Courtois, Louis Leschi, Charles Perrat and Charles Saumagne (eds.), Tablettes Albertini: actes privés de l’époque vandale, fin du V. siècle (Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques, 1952), partial translations in J. N. Adams, An anthology of informal Latin, 200 BC–AD 900 : fifty texts with translations and linguistic commentary (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016., 2016).

General reading Michael Brett and Elizabeth Fentress, The Berbers, The Peoples of Africa (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996). [ch. 2] Averil Cameron, ‘Gelimer’s laughter: the case of Byzantine Africa’, in Tradition and innovation in late antiquity, eds. Frank M. Clover and R. Stephen Humphreys (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), pp. 171- 90. Frank M. Clover, ‘Symbiosis of Romans and Vandals in Africa’, in Dash Reich und die Barbaren, eds. Evangelos K. Chrysos and Andreas Schwarcz (Vienna: Veröffentlichungen des Istituts für österreichische Geschichtsforschung, 1989), pp. 55-83. Jonathan Conant, Staying Roman: conquest and identity in Africa and the Mediterranean, 439-700 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012). J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz, ‘Gens into regnum: the Vandals’, in Regna and gentes: relationship between late antique and early medieval peoples and kingdoms in, The transformation of the Roman world, eds. Hans-Werner Goetz, Jörg Jarnut and Walter Pohl (Leiden: Brill, 2003), pp. 55-83. Andrew H. Merrills (ed.) Vandals, Romans and Berbers: new perspectives on late antique North Africa (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004). [an important collection] --- and Richard Miles, The Vandals The peoples of Europe (Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell, 2010).

Early Middle Ages 14

OSTROGOTHIC ITALY Sources Jordanes, Historia Gothorum, trans. Charles Christopher Mierow, in Gothic history of Jordanes in English version, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1915). Cassiodorus, Variae, trans. Sam Barnish, in Cassiodorus: Variae, (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1992). Anonymous Valesianus, Excerpta Valesiana, trans. Alexander C. Murray, in From Roman to Merovingian Gaul: a reader, Murray, Alexander C. (Peterborough: Broadview Press, 2000). Procopius, De Bellis, trans. H. B. Dewing, in History of the Wars (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1953).

General reading Patrick Amory, People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489-554 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). [esp. chs. 2, 4, 6 and 7] Sam Barnish and Federico Marazzi (eds.), Ostrogoths from the Migration Period to the Sixth Century: Ethnographic Perspective (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2007). Thomas Burns, Ostrogoths: Kingship and Society (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1980). [esp. ch. 4] Paul Fouracre (ed.) New Cambridge medieval history. Vol. I: c. 500–c. 700 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005). [ch. 6] Cristina La Rocca (ed.) Italy in the early Middle Ages: 476-1000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002). Sean D. W. Lafferty, Law and society in the age of Theoderic the Great: a study of the Edictum Theoderici (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013). Chris Wickham, Early medieval Italy: central power and local society, 400-1000 New studies in medieval history (London: Macmillan, 1981). --- Framing the early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean 400-800 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). [chs. 1–4, 10–11 have sections on Italy]

Theoderic Peter Heather, ‘Theodoric, King of the Goths’, Early Medieval Europe 4, 2 (1995), 145-73. --- Goths and Romans, 332-489 Oxford historical monographs (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991). A.H.M. Jones, ‘The Constitutional position of Odoacer and Theoderic’, The Journal of Roman Studies 52, 1-2 (1962), 126-30. [dated but useful] John Moorhead, Theoderic in Italy Oxford University Press Academic Monograph Reprints (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993). [see also review in Early Medieval Europe 5 (1996), 106–8]

Cassidorus Shane Bjornlie, ‘What do elephants have to do with sixth-century politics? A reappraisal of the ‘official’ government dossier of Cassiodorus’, Journal of Late Antiquity 2, (2009), 143-71. --- Politics and tradition between Rome, Ravenna and Constantinople: a study of Cassiodorus and the Variae 527-554 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013). Peter Heather, The restoration of Rome: barbarian popes and imperial pretenders (London: Oxford University Press, 2014). [ch. 2] James O’Donnell, Cassiodorus (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979).

Jordanes Walter A. Goffart, The narrators of barbarian history (AD 550-800): Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede, and Paul the Deacon (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988). [ch. 2]

Early Middle Ages 15

VISIGOTHIC SPAIN Sources Julianus, Historia Wambae regis, trans. Joaquín Martínez Pizarro, in Story of Wamba: Julian of Toledo’s Historia Wambae regis, (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2005). Olivia Remie Constable (ed.) Medieval Iberia: readings from Christian, Muslim, and Jewish sources (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997). Kenneth Baxter Wolf (ed.) Conquerors and chroniclers of early medieval Spain (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1990).

Introductions Roger Collins, Visigothic Spain, 409-711 A history of Spain (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004). --- Early medieval Europe, 300-1000 History of Europe 3rd rev ed. (Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010). Joseph F. O’Callaghan, History of medieval Spain (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983).

Further reading Karen Eva Carr, Vandals to Visigoths: rural settlement patterns in early Medieval Spain (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002). Pablo Diaz and R. Valverde, ‘The theoretical strength and practical weakness of the Visigothic monarchy of Toledo’, in Rituals of power: from late antiquity to the early Middle Ages, eds. Frans Theuws and Janet L. Nelson (Leiden: Brill, 2000), pp. 59-93. Peter Heather (ed.) Visigoths from the migration period to the seventh century: an ethnographic perspective (Woodbridge: Boydell, 1999). P. D. King, Law and society in the Visigothic kingdom (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972).

The Muslim conquest of Visigothic Spain: Roger Collins, The Arab conquest of Spain, 710-797 A History of Spain (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989). R. A. Fletcher, Moorish Spain 1st American (New York: H. Holt, 1992). Francis X. Murphy, ‘Julian of Toledo and the Fall of the Visigothic Kingdom in Spain’, Speculum 27, 1 (1952), 1-27. Norman Roth, Jews, Visigoths, and Muslims in medieval Spain: cooperation and conflict Medieval Iberian Peninsula Texts and studies 10 (Leiden: Brill, 1994).

Early Middle Ages 16

MEROVINGIAN GAUL AND THE FRANKS Gregory of Tours, Historia Francorum, trans. Lewis Thorpe, in History of the Franks (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974). Fredegar, Chronicon, trans. John Michael Wallace-Hadrill, in Fourth book of the Chronicle of Fredegar: with its continuations, (London: Nelson, 1960), pp. lxvii, 121, 37 p. From Roman to Merovingian Gaul: a reader, Murray, Alexander C. (Peterborough: Broadview Press, 2000). Paul Fouracre and Richard A. Gerberding (eds.), Late Merovingian France: history and hagiography, 640-720 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996).

Introductions: Patrick J. Geary, Before France and Germany: the creation and transformation of the Merovingian world (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988). Edward James, The Franks The Peoples of Europe (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988). John Michael Wallace-Hadrill, The long-haired kings, and other studies in Frankish history Medieval Academy reprints for teaching 11 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1982). Ian N. Wood, Merovingian kingdoms, 450-751 (London: Longman, 1994).

Further reading John F. Drinkwater and Hugh Elton (eds.), Fifth-century Gaul: crisis of identity? (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). Yitzhak Hen, Culture and religion in Merovingian Gaul, AD 481-751 Cultures, beliefs, and traditions 1 (Leiden: Brill, 1995). Edward James, The Franks The Peoples of Europe (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988). Ralph W. Mathisen and Danuta Shanzer (eds.), Society and culture in late antique Gaul: revisiting the sources (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2001). Ian N. Wood (ed.) Franks and Alamanni in the Merovingian period: ethnographic perspective (Woodbridge: Boydell, 1998).

Clovis William M. Daly, ‘Clovis: How Barbaric, How Pagan?’, Speculum 69, 3 (1994), 619-64. Ian N. Wood, ‘Gregory of Tours and Clovis’, Revue Belge de Philologie Et D’Histoire 63, 2 (1985), 249-72.

Gregory of Tours Walter A. Goffart, The narrators of barbarian history (AD 550-800): Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede, and Paul the Deacon (Princeton Princeton University Press, 1988).) [ch. 3] Martin Heinzelmann, Gregory of Tours: history and society in the sixth century trans. Christopher Carroll, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001). Kathleen Mitchell and Ian N. Wood, The world of Gregory of Tours Cultures, beliefs, and traditions 8 (Leiden: Brill, 2002).

Early Middle Ages 17

BYZANTIUM IN THE AGE OF JUSTINIAN Sources Geoffrey Greatrex and Samuel N. C. Lieu (eds.), Roman eastern frontier and the Persian Wars: Narrative Sourcebook. Part II, AD 363- 630 (London: Routledge, 1991). [chs. 6–9] Procopius, Secret History trans. P. Sarris and G. Williamson, (London: Penguin Books, 2007).

General reading Averil Cameron, The Mediterranean world in late antiquity, AD 395-600 Routledge history of the ancient world (London: Routledge, 1993). [ch. 5] ---, Bryan Ward-Perkins and Michael Whitby (eds.), Cambridge ancient history. Vol. XIV: Late Antiquity. Empires and Successors, AD 425-600 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). [ch. 3] Peter Heather, The restoration of Rome: barbarian popes and imperial pretenders (London: Oxford University Press, 2014). [chs. 3–4] Warren T. Treadgold, A history of the Byzantine state and society (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997). [ch. 6]

Justinian James A. S. Evans, The age of Justinian: the circumstances of imperial power (London: Routledge, 1996). --- The empress Theodora: partner of Justinian 1st (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002). Clive Foss, ‘The Persians in Asia Minor and the End of Antiquity’, English Historical Review 90, 357 (1975), 721-47. Michael Maas (ed.) Cambridge companion to the Age of Justinian (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005). John Moorhead, Justinian The Medieval world (London: Longman, 1994).

Legal reforms Caroline Humfress, ‘Law and legal practice in the age of Justinian’, in Cambridge companion to the Age of Justinian, ed. Michael Maas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 161-84. Michael Maas, ‘Roman History and Christian Ideology in Justinianic Reform Legislation’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 40, (1986), 17-31.

Plague and the economy Lester K. Little (ed.) Plague and the end of antiquity: pandemic of 541-750 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007). Peter Sarris, ‘The Justinianic plague: origins and effects’, Continuity and Change 17, 2 (2002), 169-82. --- Economy and society in the age of Justinian (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).

The Nika riot Geoffrey Greatrex, ‘Nika riot: a reappraisal’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 117, (2012), 60-86. Alan Cameron, Circus factions (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976). [for background]

Procopius Averil Cameron, Procopius and the sixth century Classical life and letters (London: Duckworth, 1985). Anthony Kaldellis, Procopius of Caesarea: tyranny, history, and philosophy at the end of antiquity (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004). Warren T. Treadgold, The early Byzantine historians (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007). [chs. 6–8]

Early Middle Ages 18

THE WORLD OF EARLY ISLAM Sources Qur’an trans. N. Dawood, (London: Penguin Classics, 1956). [among many other translations] Muḥammad Ibn Ishaḳ̄ , Life of Muhammad, trans. Alfred Guillaume, in (London: Oxford University Press, 1955), pp. xlvii, 813, 3 p. Sebos, Armenian History, trans. Robert W. Thomson, in Armenian History Attributed to Sebeos, (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1999). Robert G. Hoyland, Seeing Islam as others saw it : a survey and evaluation of Christian, Jewish, and Zoroastrian writings on early Islam (Princeton: Darwin Press, 1997).

General reading Jonathan Porter Berkey, The formation of Islam: religion and society in the Near East, 600-1800 Themes in Islamic history 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). Patricia Crone, From Arabian tribes to Islamic empire: army, state and society in the Near East c. 600-850 1 vols., Variorum collected studies series CS895 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008). --- Slaves on horses: the evolution of the Islamic polity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980). Fred McGraw Donner, ‘Background to Islam’, in Cambridge companion to the Age of Justinian, ed. Michael Maas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 510-33. Robert Hoyland, In God’s Path (2015) Hugh Kennedy, Court of the Caliphs: Rise and Fall of Islam’s Greatest Dynasty (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005). --- The great Arab conquests: how the spread of Islam changed the world we live in 1st Da Capo Press (Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo, 2007). Chase Robinson (ed.) New Cambridge history of Islam. Vol. I: Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).

Muhammad and his legacy: Michael Cook, Muhammad Past masters (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983). Fred McGraw Donner, Muhammad and the believers: at the origins of Islam (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010). Hugh Kennedy, The Prophet and the age of the caliphates: the Islamic Near East from the sixth to the eleventh century, 3rd rev. ed. (London: Routledge, 2015).

Source issues: Patricia Crone and Michael Cook, Hagarism: the making of the Islamic world (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977). Fred McGraw Donner, Narratives of Islamic origins: the beginnings of Islamic historical writing Studies in late antiquity and early Islam 14 (Princeton: Darwin Press, 1998). J. D. Howard-Johnston, Witnesses to a world crisis: historians and histories of the Middle East in the seventh century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010). R. Stephen Humphreys, Islamic history: a framework for inquiry Rev. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991).

Early Middle Ages 19

CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE Sources [Scattered in documents from neighbouring regions: make full use of the indices] Vita of Constantine and Vita of Methodius, trans. Marvin Kantor and Richard Stephen White, in Vita of Constantine and Vita of Methodius, (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1976). Michael Maas (ed.) Readings in late antiquity: a sourcebook (London: Routledge, 2000). [ch. 14] Timothy Reuter, Annales, ed. Timothy Reuter, trans. Timothy Reuter, in Annals of Fulda, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992).

Reading P. M. Barford, The early Slavs: culture and society in early medieval Eastern Europe (London: British Museum Press, 2001). Florin Curta, The making of the slavs: history and archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, ca. 500-700 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001). --- East Central & Eastern Europe in the Early Middle Ages (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005). --- Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250 Cambridge medieval textbooks (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006). --- and Roman Kovalev (eds.), Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans (Leiden: Brill, 2008). Francis Dvornik, Byzantine missions among the Slavs: SS. Constantine-Cyril and Methodius Rutgers Byzantine series (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1970). John V. A. Fine, The early medieval Balkans: a critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1983). [chs. 1-4] Charles A. Frazee, ‘Balkans between Rome and Constantinople in the early middle ages 600-900, AD’, Balkan Studies 34, 2 (1993), 213-28. Matthew Innes, ‘Review article: Franks and Slavs c. 700-1000: the problem of European expansion before the millennium’, Early Medieval Europe 6, 2 (1997), 201-16. Jonathan Shepard, ‘Slavs and Bulgars’, in New Cambridge medieval history. Vol. II: c. 700–c. 900, ed. Rosamond McKitterick (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 228-49. Ivo Supicǐ c̣ (ed.) Croatia in the Early Middle Ages: Cultural Survey (London: Philip Wilson, 1999).

Early Middle Ages 20

BYZANTIUM IN THE SEVENTH, EIGHTH AND NINTH CENTURIES Sources Theophanes, Chronicon, trans. Cyril A. Mango, Roger Scott and Geoffrey Greatrex, in Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor: Byzantine and Near Eastern history, AD 284-813, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), pp. c, 744 p. Nicephorus, Short history, ed. Cyril A. Mango, in Nikephoros, Patriarch of Constantinople. text, translation, and commentary, (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, Research Library and Collection, 1990). Daniel J. Sahas (ed.) Icon and logos: sources in eighth-century iconoclasm (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986). Cyril A. Mango (ed.) Art of the Byzantine Empire, 312-1453: sources and documents (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1972). [chs. 4–6]

Introductions Michael Angold, Byzantium: the bridge from antiquity to the Middle Ages 1st U.S. (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001). John F. Haldon, Byzantium in the seventh century:, The transformation of a culture rev. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). Cyril A. Mango, Byzantium, the empire of New Rome History of civilization (New York: Scribner, 1980). --- (ed.) Oxford history of Byzantium (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002). Jonathan Shepard (ed.) Cambridge history of the Byzantine Empire c. 500-1492 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008). Warren T. Treadgold, A concise history of Byzantium (Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001). Mark Whittow, The making of Byzantium, 600-1025 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).

Byzantium and its neighbours Henry Chadwick, East and West: making of a rift in the church. From apostolic times until the Council of Florence Oxford history of the Christian Church (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003). James Howard-Johnston (ed.) Byzantium and the West, c. 850-c.1200: Proceedings of the XVIII Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Oxford 30 March-1st April 1984 (Amsterdam: Verlag Adolf M. Hakkert, 1988). Jonathan Shepard and Simon Franklin (eds.), Byzantine diplomacy: papers from the Twenty-fourth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1992).

Iconoclasm M. F. Auzépy, ‘State of emergency (700-850)’, in Cambridge history of the Byzantine Empire c. 500-1492, ed. Jonathan Shepard (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. 249-91. Peter Brown, ‘A Dark-Age Crisis: Aspects of the Iconoclastic Controversy’, English Historical Review 88, 346 (1973), 1-34, rptd in Society and the holy in late antiquity, ed. Peter Brown (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), pp. 251-301. Leslie Brubaker and John F. Haldon, Byzantium in the iconoclast era (c. 680-850): a history (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011).

Further issues: Thomas S. Brown, Gentlemen and officers: imperial administration and aristocratic power in Byzantine Italy, AD 554-800 (London: British School at Rome, 1984). Leslie Brubaker (ed.) Byzantium in the ninth century: dead or alive? (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998). Gilbert Dagron, Emperor and priest: the imperial office in Byzantium Past and present publications (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). John F. Haldon, Byzantium in the seventh century:, The transformation of a culture rev. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). J. M. Hussey, The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire Oxford history of the Christian Church (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986). Angeliki E. Laiou and Cécile Morrisson, The Byzantine economy Cambridge medieval textbooks (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).

Early Middle Ages 21

Paul Magdalino (ed.) New Constantines: the rhythm of imperial renewal in Byzantium, 4th-13th centuries (Aldershot: Variorum, 1994). Cyril A. Mango, Gilbert Dagron and Geoffrey Greatrex, Constantinople and its hinterland: papers from the Twenty-seventh Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Oxford, April 1993 Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies 3 (Aldershot: Variorum, 1995).

Early Middle Ages 22

THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE Sources Einhard, Vita Karoli, in Two Lives of Charlemagne trans. David Ganz, (London: Penguin, 2008). [among other available translations] Paul Edward Dutton (ed.) Carolingian civilization: reader (Peterborough: Broadview Press, 2004). Bernhard Walter Scholz and Barbara Rogers (eds.), Carolingian chronicles: Royal Frankish annals and Nithard’s Histories (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1970). Marios Costambeys, Matthew Innes and Simon MacLean, The Carolingian world Cambridge medieval textbooks (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011). Rosamond McKitterick, The Frankish kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751-987 (London: Longman, 1983). --- (ed.) New Cambridge medieval history. Vol. II: c. 700–c. 900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). Janet L. Nelson, The Frankish world, 750-900 (London: Hambledon Press, 1996).

The emergence of the Carolingians Paul Fouracre, The age of Charles Martel, The medieval world (Harlow : Longman, 1999). Richard A. Gerberding, The rise of the Carolingians and the Liber historiae Francorum Oxford historical monographs (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987). Rosamond McKitterick, ‘The illusion of royal power in the Carolingian Annals’, English Historical Review 115, 460 (2000), 1-20.

Expansion and warfare Peter Godman and Roger Collins (eds.), Charlemagne’s heir: new perspectives on the reign of Louis the Pious (814-840) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990). [chapters by Noble and Reuter] Guy Halsall, Warfare and society in the barbarian West, 450-900 Warfare and history (London: Routledge, 2003). [esp. ch. 4] Timothy Reuter, ‘Plunder and Tribute in the Carolingian Empire’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 35, (1985), 75-94.

Charlemagne Stuart Airlie, ‘Narratives of Triumph and Rituals of Submission: Charlemagne’s Mastering of Bavaria’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 9, (1999), 93-119. Rosamond McKitterick, Charlemagne: formation of a European identity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008). Janet L. Nelson, ‘Women at the court of Charlemagne: a case of monstrous regiment?’, in Medieval queenship, ed. John Carmi Parsons (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993), pp. 223-42, rptd in Frankish world, 750-900, ed. Janet L. Nelson (London: Hambledon Press, 1996), pp. 223-42. Joanna Story (ed.), Charlemagne: empire and society (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005).

Louis the Pious Peter Godman and Roger Collins (eds.), Charlemagne’s heir: new perspectives on the reign of Louis the Pious (814-840) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990). Matthew Innes, ‘Charlemagne’s Will: Piety, Politics and the Imperial Succession’, English Historical Review 112, 448 (1997), 833-55. Mayke De Jong, The penitential state: authority and atonement in the age of Louis the Pious, 814-840 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).

The later Carolingians Eric Goldberg, Struggle for empire: kingship and conflict under Louis the German, 817-876 Conjunctions of religion and power in the medieval past (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006). Simon MacLean, ‘Charles the Fat and the Viking Great Army: The Military Explanation for the End of the Carolingian Empire’, War Studies Journal 3, 2 (1998), 74-95.

Early Middle Ages 23

--- Kingship and politics in the late ninth century: Charles the Fat and the end of the Carolingian Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). Janet L. Nelson, Charles the Bald, The Medieval world (London: Longman, 1992). Timothy Reuter, Germany in the early middle ages, c. 800–1056 (London: Longman, 1991). Charles West, Reframing the feudal revolution: political and social transformation between Marne and Moselle, c. 800–c. 1100 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013).

Kingship, government and law Francois L. Ganshof, The Carolingians and the Frankish monarchy Studies in Carolingian history (London: Longman, 1971). Matthew Innes, State and society in the early Middle Ages: the middle Rhine valley, 400-1000 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999) [esp. pp. 118–28 and 172–241] Rosamond McKitterick, The Carolingians and the written word (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989). [chs. 2 and 6] Janet L. Nelson, ‘Kingship and empire’, in Carolingian culture: emulation and innovation, ed. Rosamond McKitterick (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 52-87. --- ‘Literacy in Carolingian government’, in The Frankish world, 750-900 (London: Hambledon Press, 1996), pp. 1-36.

The ‘Carolingian renaissance’ Peter Brown, The rise of Western Christendom: triumph and diversity, AD 200-1000 The making of Europe 2nd (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003). [ch. 19] John J. Contreni, Carolingian learning, masters, and manuscripts 1 vols., Collected studies series CS363 (Hampshire: Variorum, 1992). --- ‘Carolingian renaissance: education and literary culture’, in New Cambridge medieval history. Vol. II: c. 700–c. 900, ed. Rosamond McKitterick (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 709-57. Rosamond McKitterick, ‘Royal patronage of culture in the Frankish kingdoms under the Carolingians: motives and consequences’, Settimane di studio del Centro italiano di studi sull’alto Medioevo 39, (1992), 93-135. --- Carolingian culture: emulation and innovation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). --- ‘Carolingian renaissance of culture and learning’, in Charlemagne: empire and society, ed. Joanna Story (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005), pp. 151-66. --- ‘On the limits of the Carolingian renaissance’, in Renaissance and renewal in Christian history, ed. Derek Baker, 14(Oxford: Blackwell, 1977), pp. 51-69, rptd in Politics and ritual in early medieval Europe (London: Hambledon Press, 1986), pp. 49-67.

Church and reform: Mayke de Jong, ‘Monasticism and the power of prayer’, in New Cambridge medieval history. Vol. II: c. 700–c. 900, ed. Rosamond McKitterick (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 622-53. --- ‘Charlemagne’s church’, in Charlemagne: empire and society, ed. Joanna Story (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005), pp. 103-35. Rosamond McKitterick, The Frankish church and the Carolingian reforms, 789-895 Royal Historical Society studies in history [no 2] (London: Royal Historical Society, 1977).

THE VIKINGS Sources Russell A. McDonald and Angus A. Somerville (eds.), Viking Age: Reader (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010). Annales, trans. Janet L. Nelson, in Annals of St-Bertin (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1991). Annales, trans. Timothy Reuter, in Annals of Fulda (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992).

Introductions: Stefan Brink and Neil S. Price (eds.), Viking world (London: Routledge, 2008).

Early Middle Ages 24

Simon Coupland, ‘Vikings in Francia and Anglo-Saxon England to 911’, in New Cambridge medieval history. Vol. II: c. 700–c. 900, ed. Rosamond McKitterick (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 190-201. John Haywood and Swanston Graphics Limited., Penguin historical atlas of the Vikings (London: Viking Press, 1995). Peter Sawyer (ed.) Oxford illustrated history of the Vikings (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997).

Raiding and reaction: Simon Coupland, ‘From poachers to gamekeepers: Scandinavian warlords and Carolingian kings’, Early Medieval Europe 7, 1 (1998), 85-114. --- ‘Frankish Tribute Payments to the Vikings and their Consequences’, Francia 26, 1 (1999), 57-75. --- ‘The Rod of God’s Wrath or the People of God’ Wrath ? The Carolingian Theology of the Viking Invasions’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 42, 4 (2009), 535-54. Guy Richard William Halsall, ‘Playing by whose rules? Further look at Viking atrocity in the ninth century’, Medieval History 2, 2 (1992), 3-12. Niels Lund, ‘Allies of God or Man? The Viking Expansion in a European Perspective’, Viator 20, (1989), 45-60. Peter Sawyer, Kings and Vikings, Scandinavia and Europe AD 700-1100 (New York: Methuen, 1982). John Michael Wallace-Hadrill, ‘Vikings in Francia’, in Early medieval history, (New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1976), pp. 217-36.

EARLY MEDIEVAL KINGSHIP J. H. Burns (ed.) The Cambridge history of medieval political thought c. 350–c. 1450 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988). David Cannadine and S. R. F. Price (eds.), Rituals of royalty: power and ceremonial in traditional societies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987). Anne Duggan, Kings and Kingship in Medieval Europe (London: King’s College, 1993). Michael McCormick, Eternal victory: triumphal rulership in late antiquity, Byzantium, and the early medieval West Past and present publications (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986). Janet L. Nelson, ‘Kingship and empire’, in Carolingian culture: emulation and innovation, ed. Rosamond McKitterick (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 52-87. --- ‘Kingship and royal government’, in New Cambridge medieval history. Vol. II: c. 700–c. 900, ed. Rosamond McKitterick (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 383-430. Peter Sawyer and Ian N. Wood, Early medieval kingship (Leeds: Editors, 1977). Walter Ullmann, The Carolingian Renaissance and the idea of kingship The Birkbeck lectures, 1968-9 (London: Methuen, 1971). John Michael Wallace-Hadrill, Early Germanic kingship in England and on the continent: Ford lectures delivered in the University of Oxford in Hilary Term 1970 Ford lectures 1970 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971).

EARLY MEDIEVAL QUEENSHIP Anne Duggan, Queens and queenship in medieval Europe (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1996). Theresa Earenfight, Queenship in medieval Europe Queenship and power (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013). Lynda Garland, Byzantine empresses: women and power in Byzantium, AD 527-1204 (London: Routledge, 1999). Kenneth G. Holum, Theodosian empresses: women and imperial dominion in late antiquity, The transformation of the classical heritage 3 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982). Liz James, Empresses and power in early Byzantium Women, power, and politics (London: Leicester University Press, 2001). Simon MacLean, ‘Queenship, Nunneries and Royal Widowhood in Carolingian Europe’, Past & Present 178, (2003), 3-38. Janet L. Nelson, ‘Queens as Jezebels: the careers of Brunhild and Balthild in Merovingian history’, in Medieval women, eds. Derek Baker and Rosalind M. T. Hill, 1(Oxford: Blackwell, 1978), pp. 31-77.

LAW AND LEGISLATION

Early Middle Ages 25

Wendy Davies and Paul Fouracre (eds.), The Settlement of disputes in early medieval Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986). --- Property and power in the early Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). Jill Harries, Law and empire in late antiquity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). --- and Ian N. Wood, Theodosian Code (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993). Rosamond McKitterick, The Carolingians and the written word (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989). [ch. 2] Rosamond McKitterick, Uses of literacy in early medieval Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990). Lisi Oliver, The body legal in barbarian law Toronto Anglo-Saxon series 9 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011). Alice Rio, Legal practice and the written word in the early middle ages: Frankish formulae, c. 500-1000 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009). Alice Rio (ed.) Law, custom, and justice in late antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: proceedings of the 2008 Byzantine Colloquium (London: Centre for Hellenic Studies, 2011). Patrick Wormald, Legal culture in the early medieval West: law as text, image, and experience (London: Hambledon Press, 1999).

TOWNS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Gian Pietro Brogiolo and Bryan Ward-Perkins, The idea and ideal of the town between late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages, The transformation of the Roman world 4 (Leiden: Brill, 1999). Neil Christie and S. T. Loseby (eds.), Towns in transition: urban evolution in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1996). Philip Grierson and Mark Blackburn (eds.), Medieval European coinage 1: The Early Middle Ages (5th-10th) Centuries (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986). Helena Hamerow, Early medieval settlements: the archaeology of rural communities in North-West Europe, 400-900 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002). Richard Hodges, Dark age economics : a new audit / Richard Hodges (London: London : Duckworth, 2007). --- and Brian Hobley (eds.), Rebirth of towns in the West, AD 700-1050: a review of current research into how, when, and why there was a rebirth of towns between 700 and 1050 (London: Council for British Archaeology, 1988). Christopher Loveluck, Northwest Europe in the early Middle Ages, c. AD 600-1150: a comparative archaeology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013). Michael McCormick, Origins of the European economy: communications and commerce, AD 300-900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). Tim Pestell and Katharina Ulmschneider, Markets in Early Medieval Europe: Trading and ‘Productive’ Sites, 650-850 (Macclesfield : Windgather Press, 2003). John Rich (ed.) City in late antiquity (London: Routledge, 1992). Peter Sarris and J. Banaji (eds.), Aristocrats, Peasants and, The transformation of Rural Society, c. 400–800: special issue of Journal of Agrarian Change 9 (2009) ‘Introduction: Aristocrats, Peasants and, The transformation of Rural Society, c. 400-800’, Journal of Agrarian Change 9, 1 (2009), 3-22. Adriaan E. Verhulst, ‘Economic organisation’, in New Cambridge medieval history. Vol. II: c. 700–c. 900, ed. Rosamond McKitterick (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 481-509. --- The rise of cities in north-west Europe Themes in international urban history (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). --- The Carolingian economy Cambridge medieval textbooks (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002). Chris Wickham, ‘Other transition: from the ancient world to feudalism’, Past and Present 103, (1984), 3-36. --- Framing the early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean 400-800 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).

MEN AND WOMEN IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES Sources Marcelle Thiébaux (ed.) Writings of Medieval Women: Anthology (New York: Garland Publishing, 1994).

Early Middle Ages 26

Michael Maas (ed.) Readings in late antiquity: a sourcebook (London: Routledge, 2000). [chs. 7 and 8] Dhuoda, Liber manualis, ed. Marcelle Thiébaux, trans. Marcelle Thiébaux, in Dhuoda, handbook for her warrior son : Liber manualis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). [or see Neel translation, 1991]

Reading Derek Baker and Rosalind M. T. Hill, Medieval women Studies in church history Subsidia 1 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1978). Lisa M. Bitel, Women in early medieval Europe, 400-1100 Cambridge medieval textbooks (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002). John Boswell, Christianity, social tolerance and homosexuality: gay people in Western Europe from the beginning of the Christian era to the fourteenth century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980). Leslie Brubaker and Julia M. H. Smith, Gender in the early medieval world: East and West, 300-900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004). Sandra Cavallo and Lyndan Warner (eds.), Widowhood in medieval and early modern Europe (Harlow: Longman, 1999). [articles by Crick and Skinner] Valerie L. Garver, Women and aristocratic culture in the Carolingian world (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2009). Dawn M. Hadley (ed.) Masculinity in medieval Europe (London: Longman, 1999). Jack Goody, The development of the family and marriage in Europe Past and present publications (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983). J. Smith, ‘Men and women’, in Julia M. H. Smith, Europe after Rome: a new cultural history 500-1000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 115–47 Pauline Stafford and Anneke B. Mulder-Bakker (eds.), Gendering the Middle Ages (Oxford: Blackwell, 2001). S. Wemple and J. Kirschner (eds.), Women in the Mediaeval World: essays in honor of John H. Mundy (New York: Blackwell, 1985).

THE CHURCH General Peter Brown, The rise of Western Christendom: triumph and diversity, AD 200-1000 The making of Europe 2nd rev. ed. (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003). Judith Herrin, The formation of Christendom (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987). R. A. Markus, The end of ancient Christianity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

Rome and the papacy Lives of the eighth-century popes (Liber pontificalis): ancient biographies of nine popes from AD 715 to AD 817, trans. Raymond Davis (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1992). Lives of the ninth-century popes (Liber pontificalis): ancient biographies of ten popes from AD 817-891, trans. Raymond Davis (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1995). Book of pontiffs (Liber pontificalis): ancient biographies of the first ninety Roman bishops to AD 715, , trans. Raymond Davis (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2010). Claudia Bolgia, Rosamond McKitterick and John Osborne (eds.), Rome across time and space: cultural transmission and the exchange of ideas c. 500-1400 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011). Kate Cooper and Julia Hillner (eds.), Religion, dynasty, and patronage in early Christian Rome, 300-900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007). Caroline Goodson, The Rome of Pope Paschal I : papal power, urban renovation, church rebuilding and relic translation, 817- 824 / Caroline J. Goodson (Cambridge: Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, c2010., 2010). Richard Krautheimer, Rome, profile of a city, 312-1308, 2nd rev. ed. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000). Cristina La Rocca (ed.) Italy in the early Middle Ages: 476-1000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002). [ch. 5] R. A. Markus, Gregory the Great and his world (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). Rosamond McKitterick, John Osborne, Carol M. Richardson and Joanna Story (eds.), Old Saint Peter’s, Rome (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013).

Early Middle Ages 27

Thomas F. X. Noble, The Republic of St. Peter: the birth of the Papal State, 680-825 The Middle Ages (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1984). Julia M. H. Smith (ed.) Early medieval Rome and the Christian West: essays in honour of Donald A. Bullough (Leiden: Boston, 2000).

Missionary activity Martin Carver, The cross goes north: processes of conversion in northern Europe, AD 300-1300 (Rochester, NY: York Medieval Press, 2003). John-Henry Clay, In the shadow of death: Saint Boniface and the conversion of Hessia, 721-54 Cultural encounters in late antiquity and the Middle Ages 11 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2010). Francis Dvornik, Byzantine missions among the Slavs: SS. Constantine-Cyril and Methodius Rutgers Byzantine series (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1970). R. A. Fletcher, The conversion of Europe: from paganism to Christianity, 371-1386 AD (London: Harper Collins, 1997). James T. Palmer, Anglo-Saxons in a Frankish world, 690-900 Studies in the early Middle Ages 19 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2009). Ian N. Wood, Missionary life: saints and the evangelisation of Europe, 400-1050 (London: Longman, 2001).

The cult of saints Robert Bartlett, Why can the dead do such great things?: saints and worshippers from the martyrs to the Reformation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013). Peter Brown, The cult of the saints: its rise and function in Latin Christianity Haskell lectures on history of religions new ser, o 2 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981). Matthew Dal Santo, Debating the saints’ cult in the age of Gregory the Great Oxford studies in Byzantium 1st (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012). Paul Fouracre, ‘Merovingian History and Merovingian Hagiography’, Past & Present 127, (1990), 3-38. Paul Antony Hayward and James Howard-Johnston (eds.), The cult of saints in late antiquity and the Middle Ages: essays on the contribution of Peter Brown (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).