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Saint Alban and the Cult of Saints in Late Antique Britain

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Saint Alban and the Cult of Saints in Late Antique Britain Saint Alban and the Cult of Saints in Late Antique Britain Michael Moises Garcia Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds Institute for Medieval Studies August, 2010 ii The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. The right of Michael Moises Garcia to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. © 2010 The University of Leeds and Michael Moises Garcia iii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I must thank my amazing wife Kat, without whom I would not have been able to accomplish this work. I am also grateful to the rest of my family: my mother Peggy, and my sisters Jolie, Julie and Joelle. Their encouragement was invaluable. No less important was the support from my supervisors, Ian Wood, Richard Morris, and Mary Swan, as well as my advising tutor, Roger Martlew. They have demonstrated remarkable patience and provided assistance above and beyond the call of duty. Many of my colleagues at the University of Leeds provided generous aid throughout the past few years. Among them I must especially thcmk Thom Gobbitt, Lauren Moreau, Zsuzsanna Papp Reed, Alex Domingue, Meritxell Perez-Martinez, Erin Thomas Daily, Mark Tizzoni, and all denizens of the Le Patourel room, past and present. I also received assistance with proofreading from Katie Neville, Steve Werronen, Nicky Tsougarakis, Geoffrey Humble and Marci Freedman. Various scholars outside the University of Leeds who commented on different sections, drafts, and other pieces of work that went into the thesis also deserve credit. These include Ned Schoolman, Neil Christie, Meg Cormack, Hrvoje Kekez, Zoe Devlin and Caroline Holas-Clark. Special thanks are also due to Niki Hughes. Last, but definitely not least, I must thank Ste Coombs for technical support as well as all the curries and Scotch whiskies. iv Abstract This thesis presents an interdisciplinary study of cult of saints in Britain during Late Antiquity, utilising both textual and archaeological evidence. The study pursues question regarding when and why the cult of saints was introduced to Britain as well as the impact of the Anglo-Saxon conversion on native British cults. Chapters two and three assess case studies consisting of primary textual sources, including: De Laude Sanctorum by Victricius of Rouen; the anonymous Passio Albani; the Vita Germani by Constantius of Lyon; Gildas' De Excidio Britonum; the collected responses of Gregory the Great, known as the Libel/us Responsionum; Bede's Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Ang/orum; the anonymous Miracu/a Nynie; Aelred of Rievaulx's Vita Niniani; and the anonymous Vita Samsonis. The archaeological evidence examined in chapters four and five consists of early medieval churches sited over Roman graves and in extra-mural cemeteries as well as distinctive burials from the fourth to seventh centuries referred to as 'special graves'. The evidence shows that the development of the cult of saints in Britain followed the same trajectory as on the Continent which reinforces the idea the Christianity continued in Britain after the Roman period. v Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................ iii Abstract .............................................................................................................. iv Contents ............................................................................................................. v List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................... ix Chapter 1: Britain and the Late Antiquity Paradigm ...... ...................................... 1 1.1 Overview ................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The "Decline and Fall" Paradigm .............................................................. 4 1.3 The Rise of "Late Antiquity" ..................................................................... 12 1.4 The Cult of Saints ................................................................................... 17 1.5 Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Cult of Saints ................................... 25 1.6 Monument reuse ..................................................................................... 32 Chapter 2: The textual evidence part 1: martyr cults ........................................ 40 2.1 Overview ................................................................................................. 40 2.2 The earliest evidence .............................................................................. 42 . 2.3 The invention of a British martyr? ........................................................... 48 2.3.1 The Passio Albani ............................................................................ 50 2.3.2 Germanus and Pelagianism ............................................................. 61 2.4 Saints' cults and the Anglo-Saxon conquest.. ......................................... 69 2.5 An uncertain martyr ................................................................................. 80 2.6 Anglo-Saxon revisionism ........................................................................ 88 2.7 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 94 Chapter 3: The textual evidence part 2: confessor cults ................................... 96 3.1 Overview ................................................................................................. 96 3.2 Samson ................................................................................................... 98 3.3 Ninian .................................................................................................... 107 3.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 118 vi Chapter 4: The archaeological evidence part 1: churches .............................. 120 4.1 Overview ............................................................................................... 120 4.2 Archaeology and the cult of saints ........................................................ 121 4.2.1 The traditional model ...................................................................... 122 4.2.2 Problems with the traditional model ................................................ 126 4.3 The evidence ........................................................................................ 128 4.3.1 Churches over Roman mausolea ................................................... 128 4.3.1.7 St Mary-de-Lode, Gloucester ...................................................... 147 4.3.2 Churches in late Roman extra-mural cemeteries ........................... 150 4.3.3 Sites mentioned in the textual sources ........................................... 157 4.3.3.1 St Albans ..................................................................................... 159 4.3.3.2 Caerleon ...................................................................................... 163 4.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 167 Chapter 5: The archaeological evidence part 2: cemeteries ........................... 170 5.1 Overview ............................................................................................... 170 5.2 Changing burial practices ...................................................................... 170 5.2.1 Inhumation and orientation ............................................................. 175 5.2.2 Christian and pagan cemeteries ..................................................... 177 5.2.3 Grave goods ................................................................................... 181 5.2.4 Burial ad sanctos, special graves and saints' graves ..................... 185 5.3 The evidence ........................................................................................ 189 5.3.1 Poundbury ...................................................................................... 191 5.3.2 Cannington ..................................................................................... 197 5.3.3 Llandough ....................................................................................... 202 5.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 205 Chapter 6: Britain in Late Antiquity ................................................................. 207 6.1 Overview ............................................................................................... 207 vii 6.2 A review of the conclusions thus far ...................................................... 207 6.3 Appropriating the past in late antique Britain ......................................... 212 6.4 The cult of saints, Britain and the Late Antiquity Paradigm ................... 216 Bibliography .................................................................................................... 219 Primary References .................................................................................... 219 Secondary Sources ....................................................................................
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