Standardmall För Rapporter Inom

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Standardmall För Rapporter Inom I NTERNATIONELLA H ANDELSHÖGSKOLAN HÖGSKOLAN I JÖNKÖPIN G Fotbollsspelares arbets- rättsliga ställning i Sverige Filosofie magister uppsats inom civilrätt Författare: Patrik Morberg och Qamer Chaudhry Handledare: Jakob Heidbrink Jönköping januari 2009 JÖ N K Ö P I N G I NTERNATIONAL B U S I N E S S S CHOOL Jönköping University Labour rights regarding football players in Sweden Master’s thesis within civil law Author: Patrik Morberg and Qamer Chaudhry Tutor: Jakob Heidbrink Jönköping January 2009 : 2009-01-07 Sammanfattning Idrottsjuridiken är ett underutvecklat rättsområde i Sverige och inom ämnesområdet finns mängder av frågor som behöver analyseras ytterligare. En sådan fråga är omfattningen av fotbollsspelarens arbetsrättsliga rättigheter och skyldigheter gentemot sin klubb. Fotbolls- spelare utgör en speciell grupp på arbetsmarknaden som i många avseenden skiljer sig från normen av ”vanliga” anställda. Någon svensk rättspraxis för huruvida fotbollsspelare ska ses som arbetstagare finns ej. För att fastställa förhållandet måste en bedömning göras från fall till fall där flera avgörande omständigheter ska vägas in, exempelvis arbetets omfattning, ersättning och den personliga arbetsskyldigheten. Även om amatörspelare oftast inte upp- fyller kriterierna torde majoriteten av de professionella fotbollsspelarna i Sverige göra det. Professionella herrfotbollsspelare i de högsta serierna i Sverige omfattas av herrfotbollens kollektivavtal med tillhörande spelaravtal. Kollektivavtalet ger spelarna rätt till kompetens- utveckling och försäkringsskydd medan klubbarna erhåller fredsplikt under avtalstiden. Spelaravtalet reglerar bland annat spelarens åtaganden och ersättning. Svensk fotbolls egna avtal har bidragit till att skapa en större harmoni på arbetsmarknaden för fotbollsspelare i landet. Drygt femton år har gått sedan EG-domstolen genom Bosmandomen för första gången inkräktade på fotbollens domäner. Domstolen förkunnade att den fria rörligheten för ar- betstagare enligt artikel 39 i EG-fördraget kan gälla även fotbollsspelare. Sedan dess har spelarna fått allt mer att säga till om gentemot sina klubbar. Det internationella fotbollsför- bundet (FIFA) stod under hård press från EU när de skapade de övergångsregler för inter- nationella övergångar som trädde i kraft år 2001. Övergångsreglerna ger spelare rätt att en- sidigt bryta sitt spelaravtal efter en skyddad period om två eller tre år (beroende på spela- rens ålder) mot erläggande av skadestånd. Den nyligen förkunnade Websterdomen från idrottens högsta skiljedomstol, CAS, bekräf- tar och förtydligar övergångsreglerna. Enligt CAS ska skadeståndet beräknas såsom den sammanlagda återstoden av spelarens kommande löneutbetalningar enligt bilagan till spe- laravtalet, om inte något annat tidigare blivit överenskommet mellan spelaren och klubben. Domen har skapat viss oro bland svenska fotbollsklubbar som nu undersöker möjligheter- na att begränsa domens slagkraft. Ett sätt att lyckas med det, som även uppmärksammats av CAS, är att införa utköpsklausuler i spelaravtalen. : Abstract Sports Law is an underdeveloped area of law in Sweden, and in the field of study there are many issues that need to be further analyzed. One such issue is the extent of the football player’s labour rights and obligations towards his club. Football players constitute a special group in the labour market which in many respects differs from the guiding principles of “the average” employees. Swedish law concerning whether football players should be seen as workers is nonexistent. To determine the situation, an assessment must be made on a case to case basis in which several key factors should be weighed in, for example, the scope of work, compensation and personal work obligation. Although amateur players often do not meet the criterions, the majority of professional football players in Sweden should be considered doing so. Professional football players in the top leagues in Sweden are covered by collective agree- ments between Swedish player and club organisations. Each player contract is connected to the collective agreement. The collective agreement gives the players the right to skills de- velopment and insurance, while clubs receive peace under contract. The player contract provides, inter alia, the player’s commitments and compensation. Swedish footballs’ own agreements have helped to create a greater harmony in the labour market for football play- ers within the country. More than fifteen years have passed since the ECJ by the Bosman ruling for the first time encroached on the domains of football. The court announced that the free movement of workers under Article 39 of the EC Treaty may apply to football players. Since then, the players have had a greater influence towards their clubs. The international football associa- tion (FIFA) was under heavy pressure from the EU when they created the transfer regula- tions for international transfers, which came into force in 2001. The transfer regulations give players the right to unilaterally breach the playing contract after a protected period of two or three years (depending on the player’s age) on payment of damages. The recently announced Webster ruling from the highest court of arbitration in sport, CAS, confirmed and clarified the transfer regulations. CAS ruled that damages should be calculated as the aggregate balance of the player’s upcoming salaries according to the player contract, unless otherwise had been previously agreed upon between the player and the club. The award has created some concern among Swedish football clubs who are now exploring ways to limit the ruling clout. One way to do that, which has also caught the attention of CAS, is to in- troduce buy-out clauses in player contracts. Innehåll 1 Inledning ............................................................................... 1 1.1 Syfte och frågeställningar .............................................................. 2 1.2 Metod ............................................................................................ 2 1.2.1 Exempelfall ......................................................................... 3 1.3 Avgränsningar ............................................................................... 3 1.4 Disposition ..................................................................................... 3 2 Arbetstagarbegreppet .......................................................... 5 2.1 Arbetstagarbegreppet inom EU ..................................................... 5 2.2 Arbetstagarbegreppet i Sverige ..................................................... 6 2.2.1 Bedömning vid jämviktslägen ........................................... 10 2.2.2 Sedvänja inom branschen ................................................ 11 3 Fotbollsspelarens arbetsrättsliga ställning ...................... 12 3.1 Svensk idrottslig rättspraxis ......................................................... 12 3.2 Fotbollsspelaren som arbetstagare ............................................. 14 3.2.1 Föreligger ett anställningsförhållande mellan fotbollsspelare och fotbollsklubb?................................................ 15 3.3 Fotbollens egna avtal .................................................................. 17 3.3.1 Kollektivavtalet .................................................................. 17 3.3.2 Spelaravtalet ..................................................................... 20 3.3.3 Skiljemannaförfarande ...................................................... 21 3.4 Delanalys (exempelfallet) ............................................................ 22 4 Hur svenska fotbollsspelare påverkas av EG-rätten ........ 23 4.1 Walrave och Doná ....................................................................... 24 4.2 Bosman ....................................................................................... 26 4.2.1 Effekter av Bosman i Sverige och inom EU ...................... 28 4.3 Delanalys (exempelfallet) ............................................................ 31 5 Webster ............................................................................... 33 5.1 Utgången i DRC och CAS ........................................................... 33 5.2 Svenska klubbars medvetenhet om Webster .............................. 35 5.3 Delanalys (exempelfallet) ............................................................ 36 6 Sammanställning av exempelfallet ................................... 38 7 Diskussion och analys ....................................................... 40 Litteraturförteckning ................................................................ 46 Bilaga A – Artikel 39 ................................................................ 51 Bilaga B – Fotbollens kollektivavtal ....................................... 52 Bilaga C – Spelaravtalet .......................................................... 57 Bilaga D – Article 17 FIFA Regulations for the status and transfer of Players 2008 ........................................................... 58 Bilaga E – Frågor till de allsvenska klubbarna ...................... 59 i Inledning 1 Inledning Artikel 39 i EG-fördraget1 som gäller fri rörlighet för arbetstagare är en grundläggande rät- tighet inom EU som haft stor betydelse för hur fotbollsspelarens arbetssituation i Sverige utvecklats. Fri rörlighet för arbetstagare utgör en av de fyra grundläggande friheterna inom EU och den innebär en rätt för medborgare inom gemenskapen att lämna sitt land för att arbeta i ett annat inom gemenskapen.2
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