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EBHR 43: the Bhutanese Refugee Resettlement Experience Autumn-Winter 2013

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EBHR 43: the Bhutanese Refugee Resettlement Experience Autumn-Winter 2013 3 EBHR 43: The Bhutanese Refugee Resettlement Experience Autumn-Winter 2013 ARTICLES A Daughter Married, a Daughter Lost? The impact of resettlement 11 on Bhutanese refugee marriages Ilse Griek Uprooted/Rerouted : The Bhutanese resettlement project in 26 North Carolina Suzanne Shanahan Nepali-speaking Bhutanese Refugees in the Province of Québec, 36 Canada: How to be Hindu in a regional Quebecois city? Béatrice Halsouet Conceptualising Employment Services for Resettled Bhutanese 52 Refugees: A case study in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Eleanor Ott Refugee Resettlement in the UK: Bhutanese refugees in Greater 71 Manchester Nicole Hoellerer Refugees and Advocates: Bhutanese refugees, resettlement NGOs 86 and the co-construction of a social memory of victimhood Joseph Stadler Social Service Provider Perceptions of ‘Nepali-ness’: Asylum seekers 103 and refugees in Austin, Texas Heather Hindman The Transformation of Homeland Politics in the Era of 120 Resettlement: Bhutanese refugees in Nepal and the diaspora Susan Banki Making Peace in the Heart-Mind: Towards an ethnopsychology of 144 resilience among Bhutanese refugees Liana E. Chase and Damayanti Bhattarai 4 EBHR-43 BOOK REVIEWS Katia Buffetrille (ed) : Revisiting Rituals in a Changing Tibetan World 168 Cathy Cantwell Nathan Hill (ed) : Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages IV 172 Kazushi Iwao Ian Fitzpatrick: Cardamom and Class. A Limbu village and its extensions 175 in East Nepal Olivia Aubriot Theresia Hofer: The Inheritance of Change: transmission and practice of 179 Tibetan medicine in Ngamring Mona Schrempf and Olaf Czaja Cecile T Niang with Mihasonirina Andrianaivo, Katherine S Diaz 184 and Sarah Zekri : Connecting the Disconnected: Coping strategies of the financially excluded in Bhutan Richard Whitecross ENDPIECE Reflection on the resettlement of Bhutanese refugees in the UK: 190 the voices of refugees Lok Nath Bajgai, Ajay Thapa, Ramesh Ghimirey 5 EDITORIAL In the early 1990s, approximately half of the ethnic Nepali population of Bhutan fled or were expelled from their villages in the south of the country. Twenty years later, an estimated 108,000 Bhutanese refugees were still living in bamboo huts in seven camps in south east Nepal. Despite numerous rounds of bilateral talks between the governments of Bhutan and Nepal, none had been repatriated to Bhutan and local integration in Nepal remained a very distant prospect. In 2006, UNHCR and a core group of member states announced plans to launch a third country resettlement programme for the Bhutanese refu- gees in Nepal. This began in earnest in 2008, when the refugees became eligible for resettlement to one of seven countries: the United States, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Denmark, Norway, and the Netherlands. In 2010, the UK belatedly added itself to this list. The process of third country resettlement is now well advanced, with over 63,000 former refu- gees resettled in a large number of locations scattered across the USA and smaller numbers in the seven other countries. The arrival in countries of the global North of a large number of Nepali-speaking Hindu refugees from a country whose international pro- file is associated primarily with Buddhism and ‘Gross National Happiness’ raises a whole range of interesting questions. However, research on this very new Himalayan diaspora is in its infancy and most researchers are working in isolation. In May 2013 a workshop was convened at SOAS in London to provide researchers with an opportunity to share their unders- tandings and perspectives. A seedcorn grant from the SOAS Faculty of Languages and Cultures and the generous financial support received for this initiative from the Foundation Open Society Institute enabled the convenors to invite contributors from Nepal, Canada, Australia, the USA and the Netherlands, and also to invite representatives of the UK resettled community in Manchester to share their perspectives. This special issue of the EBHR contains a selection of the papers presented at the workshop. The content of these articles is largely empirical, reflecting the novelty of this field of research: the data that will provide the basis for theoretical and comparative work is still being gathered. Indeed, most of these articles are reports of work in progress in Australia, Canada, the 6 EBHR-43 Netherlands, the UK and the USA, and we look forward to the completion of the longer term projects from which they emanate. None the less, they provide valuable information on many of the most important political, cultural and socio-economic aspects of Bhutanese refugee resettlement, and several also offer critical analyses of resettlement policies in the host countries. This workshop was intended to lead to the establishment of an inter- national network of researchers working on Bhutanese refugee resett- lement. It is hoped that its success will provide a springboard for the development of further collaborative projects. Questions of cultural and political identity and generational change loomed large in our discus- sions, and I hope that these and other topics will become the focus for fur- ther research among resettled Bhutanese refugees in the years to come. I am grateful to my colleague Tania Kaiser, and to Roz Evans and Nicole Hoellerer, for joining forces to scour the globe for people who might share our interest in this topic, and to Jane Savory and Rahima Begum of the SOAS Centres and Programmes Office and my erstwhile student, now Dr. Mona Chettri, for providing crucial administrative support. My thanks also to Heleen Plaisier for copy-editing and Arik Moran for another good set of book reviews. Finally, a personal note. I visited Bhutan in 1992 when the so-called ‘southern problem’ was at its height and the camps in Nepal contained around 70,000 people. I first stepped into the camps in 1995, and went back three times between 1999 and 2001. My book on the subject, Unbecoming Citizens, was published in 2003. I often wonder what became of the group of men I met in Chirang in 1992, in the encounter I recounted in the intro- duction to my book. I was told by local officials that they had applied to ‘emigrate’ from Bhutan but had been persuaded to withdraw their appli- cations. I strongly suspect that they ended up in Nepal and maybe they are resettled somewhere now. However, I was unable to discover their names, so I may never know. I do know that the woman I called ‘Devi Maya’, to whom I dedicated a whole chapter of my book, now lives in Tasmania. How strangely the world can turn. – Michael Hutt 7 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Ilse Griek is a Ph.D candidate at Tilburg Law School, Tilburg University, the Netherlands, where she is writing her thesis on dispute resolution and legal pluralism in the Bhutanese refugee camps in Nepal. Over the past ten years, she has conducted field research in Nepal, Kenya and Mexico. Prior to starting her Ph.D, she worked for the UN High Commissioner for Refugees in Jordan and the Netherlands. Suzanne Shanahan is the Associate Director of the Kenan Institute for Ethics at Duke University and Associate Research Professor in Sociology. Her current research includes work on corporate social responsibility in Brazil, India, South Africa and Thailand, the effects of immigration on racial violence in the United States, and the impact of displacement on Iraqi and Bhutanese refugees. Suzanne is currently principal investigator for a national study on the development of moral responsibility in adolescent youth and team leader for a multi-country collaboration on refugee mental health. Suzanne received the Robert B. Cox Distinguished Teaching Award in 2005 and the Dean’s Distinguished Service Award in 2009. She received her Ph.D from Stanford University. Béatrice Halsouet is a Ph.D student in religious studies at the Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), in Montréal, Canada. In 2013, she received the Governor General’s Academic Medal for her Master’s degree thesis on Bhutanese refugees. During the fall of 2011, she and her research director, Mathieu Boisvert, offered a series of lectures throughout the province aiming at increasing awareness of the current difficulties of these newly established refugees in Quebec. Her doctoral research is focused on the various identity strategies used by young Bhutanese refugee girls in order to mediate in school and domestic contexts. Eleanor ‘Ellie’ Ott holds an MSc in Refugee and Forced Migration Studies from Oxford and is a doctoral candidate and Rhodes Scholar at the Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention at the University of Oxford. Her doctoral research focuses on the economic self-sufficiency of resettled refugees, and includes fieldwork with Bhutanese refugees. Ellie recently completed 8 EBHR-43 a consultancy with UNHCR on the labour market integration of resettled refugees. She previously worked as a Truman-Albright Fellow and social science research analyst in the US Administration for Children and Families, served as a policy editor for the Oxford Monitor of Forced Migration, implemented projects with refugees in Pittsburgh and Kala Refugee Camp in Zambia, and contributed to campaigns including anti-refugee warehousing. Nicole I.J. Hoellerer is a Ph.D student in anthropology at Brunel University, London. Having completed her M.Res on Gross National Happiness in Bhutan, she continued her Ph.D research with Bhutanese refugees who have been resettled to the UK. She has recently completed ethnographic fieldwork with the Bhutanese refugee community in Greater Manchester, UK. Previous publication: ‘The use of qualitative and ethnographic research to enhance the measurement and operationalisation of Gross National Happiness’ Journal of Bhutan Studies 24 : 26-54 (Summer 2011). Joseph Stadler is currently a Ph.D. candidate in cultural anthropology at the University at Buffalo. His current research focuses on the civic engagements of Nepali-Bhutanese refugees in the United States, concentrating on the ways in which refugees, as long-time recipients of humanitarian aid, make use of humanitarian categories, techniques and technologies as a means of survival in resettlement.
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