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Compendium on Gender Dimensions of Trade Facilitation Gender Dimensions of Trade Facilitation: Evidence from Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal 163 Gender Dimensions of Trade Facilitation Evidence from Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal Gender Dimensions of Trade Facilitation Evidence from Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal Published by Consumer Unity & Trust Society D-217, Bhaskar Marg, Bani Park, Jaipur 302016, India Ph: 91.141.2282821, Fx: 91.141.2282485 Email: [email protected], Web: www.cuts-international.org Supported by: In partnership with: © CUTS International, October 2020 ISBN 978-81-8257-284-3 Printed in India by Unique Print In, Jaipur This Compendium has been published as a part of CUTS project entitled, 'Gender Dimensions of Trade Facilitation Agreement: Evidence from Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal' undertaken with the support of the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, UK and in partnership with Bangladesh Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry; Bhutan Media & Communications Institute; and South Asia Watch on Trade, Economics & Environment, Nepal. The material in this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for education or non-profit uses, without special permission from the copyright holders, provided acknowledgment of the source is made. The publishers would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication, which uses this publication as a source. #2012 Gender Dimensions of Trade Facilitation: Evidence from Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal 3 Contents Acknowledgement ....................................................................................................... 5 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... 6 Contributors .............................................................................................................. 11 Preface ....................................................................................................................... 14 Executive Summary .................................................................................................. 16 Bangladesh Facilitating Trade for Economic Empowerment of Women Entrepreneurs in Bangladesh: Barriers and Opportunities Ruba Rummana, Associate Professor, Department of Arts and Science, Ahsanulla University of Science & Technology ........................................................................... 21 Trade Associations, Women’s Entrepreneurship Associations and Support to Women Entrepreneurs Maheen Sultan, Visiting Fellow & Head, Gender Studies Cluster, BRAC University, Dhaka ..................................................................................................................... 35 Trade-Related Legal Instruments and their Implications on Women Traders: A Case Study of Bangladesh Nasreen Begum, Member (Law), Bangladesh Competition Commission .......................... 47 Bhutan Economic Empowerment of Women: Employment in Bhutan Kunzang Lhamu, Director, National Commission for Women and Children, Royal Government of Bhutan ........................................................................................................... 59 Women’s Economic Empowerment from Bhutan’s Perspective: Role of MSMEs Manju Giri, Gender & Social Development Expert, Thimphu ................................................. 70 Women Entrepreneurs of Bhutan: A Yin-Yang Scenario in Women’s Economic Empowerment & Liberty Binai Lama, UN World Food Programme, Thimphu ................................................................. 80 4 Gender Dimensions of Trade Facilitation: Evidence from Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal India Gender Inequality Dimensions of Trade Facilitation Bibek Ray Choudhuri, Associate Professor, Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, Kolkata .................................................................................... 95 Women Entrepreneurship in India and their Economic Empowerment Vikas Deep, Assistant Professor, Punjabi University, Patiala ............................................... 109 Women in Informal Trade along North-eastern Borders of India Hasina Kharbhih, Founder Impulse NGO Network, Shillong ............................................... 115 Nepal Gender Responsive Trade Policies in Nepal Biswo Poudel, Associate Professor, Kathmandu University .................................................. 129 Women’s Empowerment and Development Outcomes:Policy Implications for Enhancing Women’s Participation in Business and Trade in Nepal Bina Pradhan, Gender Expert & Social Economist, Sanepa, Kathmandu ......................... 139 What Drives Nepalese Women Venturing into Informal Entrepreneurial Sector? Kamala Gurung, Gender and Natural Resource Management Specialist, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) ........................... 153 Gender Dimensions of Trade Facilitation: Evidence from Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal 5 Acknowledgement This compendium, a collection of papers by selected eminent scholars from Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal (BBIN), is an output of a project titled “Gender Dimension of Trade Facilitation: Evidence from Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal supported by the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO), of the United Kingdom under its Asia Regional Trade and Connectivity Programme. This project aims to study the gender dimensions of trade facilitation by collecting evidence from women-led/managed/owned Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in BBIN. Over two years, the project undertook several activities which included field-based research, policy advocacy, awareness generation and capacity building through targeted training programmes for women entrepreneurs. The project team would like to acknowledge all the support availed during the study from various individuals and organisations. First of all, we offer our sincere thanks to the FCDO of the United Kingdom for their funding support and continuous guidance. Special thanks to Duncan Overfield, Deputy Development Director Asia Regional; Mohit Sippy, Senior Programme and Policy Manager; and Anu Sareen, Programme Manager of FCDO for their support throughout the entire project duration. Their constructive comments on the earlier drafts of these papers have helped in improving their quality. The project team would also like to thank all the contributors of this compendium who have written excellent research papers on this very important but neglected subject. We are also highly grateful for their role as a member of the Project Advisory Committee. We express sincere gratitude for the assistance and collaboration of the following organisations – Bangladesh Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry (BWCCI), Bhutan Media and Communications Institute (BMCI), and South Asia Watch on Trade, Economics & Environment (SAWTEE), Nepal who supported CUTS in the fieldwork and implementing other project activities in their respective countries. We also thank Madhuri Vasnani, Mukesh Tyagi and Rajkumar Trivedi of our editorial and layout team for final editing and layout, andGCJainandLNSharma of our finance team. Many other names deserve special mention but could not be referred here for want of anonymity. We thank them all for their support. Finally, any error that may have remained is solely our responsibility. Project Team CUTS Centre for International Trade, Economics & Environment (CUTS CITEE) 6 Gender Dimensions of Trade Facilitation: Evidence from Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank BAOWE Bhutan Association of Women Entrepreneurs BAPA Bangladesh Agro-Processors Association BASIS Bangladesh Association for Software and Information Services BBIN Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal BBS Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics BCSR Bhutan Civil Services Rules and Regulations BDBL Bhutan Development Bank Limited BDFC Bhutan Development Finance Corporation BDT Bangladesh Taka BEPZA Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority BFWE Bangladesh Federation of Women Entrepreneurs BGEDSS Bhutan Gender Equality Diagnostic of Selected Sectors BITM BASIS Institute of Technology and Management BKMEA Bangladesh Knitwear Manufacturers and Exporters Association BMCI Bhutan Media and Communications Institute BMEA Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association BOPMA Bangladesh Organic Products Manufacturers Association BPFA Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action BPO Business Process Outsourcing BRAC Bangladesh Rehabilitation Assistance Committee BSCIC Bangladesh Small & Cottage Industry Corporation BTN Bhutanese Ngultrum BWCCI Bangladesh Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry BWF BASIS Women’s Forum CBS Central Bureau of Statistics CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women COEL Centre of Excellence for Leather CSF Cost-Sharing Facility CSIDB Cottage and Small Industries Development Board CSMI Cottage, Small and Medium Industries CSOs Civil Society Organisations CSR Corporate Social Responsibility Gender Dimensions of Trade Facilitation: Evidence from Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal 7 CUTS Consumer Unity & Trust Society CWCCI Chittagong Women Chamber of Commerce & Industry DCSI Department of Cottage and Small Industries DTIS Diagnostic Trade Integration Studies EBL Eastern Bank Limited ECA Ecological Critical Area ECTS Electronic Cargo Tracking System EDI Electronic Data Interchange EDP Economic Development Policy EESE Enabling Environment for Sustainable Enterprises EIF Enhanced Integrated Framework EPB Export Promotion Bureau FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation
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