GB Non-Native Species Information Portal

Tracking changes in the introduction and distributions of non- native species in Great Britain: GB Non-native Species Information Portal

Helen E. Roy, Stephanie L. Rorke, Björn Beckmann, Colin A. Harrower, Biren Rathod and Katharine Turvey

Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB

David G. Noble and John H. Marchant

British Trust for Ornithology

Jack Sewell, Christine Wood and Esther Hughes

Marine Biological Association

Kevin J. Walker and Peter Stroh

Botanical Society of the British Isles

November 2017

Contents Summary...... 4 Success of GB-NNSIP 2012-2017 ...... 6 Introduction ...... 7 Aims ...... 8 Overview of tasks and sub-tasks as specified in the tender 2012-2017 ...... 8 GB Non-Native Species Information Portal (GB-NNSIP) ...... 10 Species register...... 11 Information contained within the species register ...... 13 Pathways of arrival ...... 14 Ecological and human impacts of established non-native species ...... 19 Limitations of the species register ...... 20 Factsheets ...... 21 Collation of the factsheet information from the designated experts ...... 21 Task 1: Improve the flow of data on non-native species, ensuring, that where possible, data are widely available to support research and decision making, through the NBN-Gateway and NNSS ...... 21 Task 2: Increase the quantity and quality of biological records collected on non-native species ... 22 Task 3: Verify and report alerts for interceptions of new introductions ...... 23 Task 4: Analyse trends in non-native species introduction, spread and impact ...... 26 Task 5: Add newly arrived species and those not already included to the registry and develop factsheets for those species which are considered priorities...... 29 Species status - categories of non-nativeness ...... 30 Totals in major categories ...... 32 Established non-native species within broad environmental categories ...... 32 Task 6: Horizon scan for emerging threats...... 37 Task 7: Revise the non-native species indicators and update it and the accompanying text annually, for publication in May...... 41 Task 8: Develop a registry of non-native species experts in GB, similar to that of DAISIE...... 41 List of major outputs ...... 42 Compilation of key recommendations ...... 46 Glossary ...... 47 Appendix 1. New GB-NNSIP Database Structure ...... 50 Appendix 2. List of species selected for factsheets within the GB-NNSIP (319 species) ...... 51 Appendix 3. Micro-organisms included in the species register (263 species)...... 61 Appendix 4. Species lists, within broad groups, designated as having a negative ecological or human impact...... 67 Appendix 5. Species designated as having an unknown impact...... 74 Appendix 6. Non-native species which are known to have arrived since the onset of the project. .... 77 Appendix 7. Proposed alert management system dataflow ...... 79

Appendix 8. List of associations providing records of non-native species within the GB-NNSIP species register to the NBN Atlas...... 80 Bibliography ...... 83

Summary Here we report on a six-year Defra-funded study, co-funded by the Natural Environment Research Council Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH), to enhance the ability to detect and report non-native species (NNS) in GB. The overarching aim was to document the occurrence and distribution of NNS in Great Britain and make this information available to key data users. The work programme comprised eight tasks including improving the flow of data on NNS (including species information, occurrence data and factsheets), verifying and reporting alerts for interceptions of new introductions, analysing trends in NNS (primarily through an annual scorecard and indicator), horizon scanning for emerging threats, developing a registry of NNS experts.

The collation of data was led by CEH in collaboration with the British Trust for Ornithology, the Marine Biological Association, the Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland and the Non-Native Species Secretariat. Additional experts from the National Schemes and Societies hosted by the Biological Records Centre (part of CEH), provided further information on many of the species. The UK Species Inventory provided an invaluable source of information on new arrivals.

Reviewing, updating and populating the database of NNS (hereafter called the species register) and compiling additional information in the form of factsheets for 319 of the species is core to the project. The species register was originally developed through previous Defra-funded projects spanning 2008- 2012. During the current phase of the project major restructuring was undertaken to enable increased flexibility in the compilation of information whilst allowing for future growth and the addition of new data in a modular fashion without a need to alter the core components of the species register. Both the species register and factsheets are delivered through the GB Non-Native Species Information Portal (GB-NNSIP) hosted by the Non-Native Species Secretariat. An on-line system (alongside an e-mail account) for rapid- reporting capability, whereby particularly important new arrivals (so called alert species) can be immediately notified to the relevant bodies, was developed as an integral component of the GB-NNSIP. The alert system has been refined and developed over the last six years to take advantage of new technologies.

Each species occupies a row within the core table of the database with information on aspects of the species’ biology such as environment (marine, freshwater, terrestrial etc), functional type (predator, parasite etc) are stored along with an identification number. The identification number provides a link to other tables in the database in which multiple entries for habitats occupied in the invaded range (using EUNIS classification), invasion pathways, establishment status in GB and impacts may be stored. The structure of the database lends itself to future expansion, allowing for an unlimited number of values associated with a species in a region whilst controlling the user input, with the use of reference tables, to simplify querying and reporting.

During the project (2011-2017) an additional 496 species names have been added to the GB-NNSIP species register, there is however a net gain of 135 over this period as a number of species have been removed following review. There are 2079 established NNS in GB in total. The majority are higher plants (1485 species). Insects are the next most numerous group (328 species) followed by non-insect invertebrates (174 species), vertebrates (59 species), lower plants (27 species) and five other species. It should be noted that the information for 99 established NNS within the species register is incomplete and so the summaries within this report are based on the 1980 established NNS for which the information is has been updated.

Most (1788 species) of the documented established NNS are found within the terrestrial environment of which higher plants (1455 species) are the largest group within the terrestrial environment. Within the freshwater environment higher plants (25 species) and non-insect invertebrates (37 species) dominate the established species. Non-insect invertebrates (56 species) are also the most numerous of the established NNS within the marine environment.

There has been a dramatic increase over time in the number of NNS arriving in Britain and those becoming established. 599 species arrived during 1950-1999 compared to 437 species during 1900-1949 and 251 species during 1850-1899. There have been at least a further 310 new arrivals since 2000 but only 115 of these are known to have established for many of the others information on establishment status is not yet available. Most of the NNS that are established within Britain originate from Europe. However, in recent decades the rate of new arrivals originating from Europe is slowing and temperate Asia and North America are both becoming major contributors to the non-native fauna and flora of GB.

Of the 1980 established NNS in GB, 275 species are noted to have either a negative ecological or human impact. 180 species (9.1% of the total number of established NNS) are considered to have a negative ecological impact and 161 species (8.1% of the total number of established NNS) a negative human impact, with 64 species (3.2% of the total number of established NNS) designated as having both a negative human and ecological impact. There are 101 established non-native plants and 172 established non-native animals and two other species) considered to have a negative ecological or human impact. Information on impacts has been updated using a modified version of Environmental Impact Classification of Alien Taxa (EICAT) and this will be added to the species register over the next year.

A number of key recommendations are provided but particular attention should be given to further enhancement of flow of NNS distribution data from the many (and diverse) data providers. The escalating number of reports through the alert system is indicative of the success of this approach but the demands associated with this are not sustainable with the current resourcing. Therefore, additional technical developments are underway to improve the efficiency of the alert system and flow of information from it to appropriate stakeholders. Indeed, there are a number of innovative tools emerging which will enhance information flow for NNS in Great Britain and with potential for predicting invasions.

Success of GB-NNSIP 2011-2017

Net addition of 135 NNS to the species register and 25 factsheets.

Summary information reported through annual updates to the Biodiversity Indicator for Invasive Non-Native Species and the scorecard produced annually summarising data held within the GB- NNSIP.

Reconfiguration of the species register from simple Access database to relational database, with linked tables organised around designated themes enabling improved flexibility in data capture and reporting.

Review of information within the species register including development and implementation of improved methods for assessing impact of NNS.

Development of consensus approaches to horizon scanning leading to a list of NNS predicted to arrive, establish, spread and threaten biodiversity within the next ten years. Following the success of the GB horizon scanning exercise, the approach was implemented at various scales including Europe-wide and in two countries: Cyprus (with specific focus on the overseas territory and addition of consideration of health impacts) and Ireland.

Response to over 12000 alert enquiries including role in surveillance for the Asian hornet, Vespa velutina, to support early-detection and eradication. Further development of the alert system including rapid development of an app “Asian Hornet Watch” and development of an online alert management system to provide tracking and reporting facilities is currently underway.

Leadership of European projects including development of frameworks and prioritising species for risk assessments, standardisation of pathway terminology including documentation to support implementation and horizon scanning to underpin the list of INNS of EU concern.

Promotion of GB-NNSIP through academic conferences (including plenary and keynote lectures within Europe, South Africa and North America), public lectures, debates and media activity, leading to an increase in awareness and reports on NNS through the on-line systems.

Introduction There is no sign of saturation in the accumulation of non-native species (NNS)* globally (Seebens et al. 2017). The Invasive Non-Native Species Framework Strategy for Great Britain (Defra 2015) acknowledges this growing threat from invasive non-native species (INNS)ǂ. The need to implement measures for the prevention and management of INNS is recognised both within this strategy (Defra 2015) and through the European Invasive Alien Species Regulation (EC 1143/2014) that came into force on 1 January 2015.

The EC Regulation and the INNS Framework Strategy for Great Britain have implications for evidence requirements for decision-making. Specifically the INNS Strategy for Great Britain documents the need “for accurate, up to date information on non-native species distributions to underpin much of our decision making”. The establishment of the GB-Non-Native Species Information Portal (GB-NNSIP) in 2008, linking to species occurrence data through the NBN Gateway (and now the NBN Atlas), is seen as a significant advance in meeting this need (Roy 2012; Roy et al. 2014c). Indeed lists of NNS are seen as an essential tool in the management of biological invasions (McGeoch et al. 2012). The use of such lists is diverse and far-reaching. There have been many influential research studies based on NNS lists which have increased understanding particularly in relation to pathways of arrival (Hulme 2009) and impacts on biodiversity (Vila et al. 2011), both acknowledged as critical elements within biodiversity strategy.

Development of the GB-NNSIP commenced in 2008 following a feasibility study funded by Defra. The first report of the GB-NNSIP was published in 2012 GB-NNSIP and documented the total of established NNS in Britain as 1875 (Roy 2012; Roy et al. 2014c). It was noted that the majority were higher plants (1377 species) with insects the next most numerous group (278 species) followed by non-insect invertebrates (141 species), vertebrates (50 species) and lower plants (25 species). The infrastructure, including the species register, factsheet editor and alert system was outlined (Roy 2012) but it was noted that improvments could be implemented to improve efficacy of data capture and reporting. Here we report on a six-year Defra-funded study, with co- funding from the Natural Environment Research Council through National Capability funding to the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH), continuing the development of the GB-NNSIP.

The project is led by the CEH in collaboration with the Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, the British Trust for Ornithology, the Marine Biological Association, Non-Native Species Secretariat and the volunteer schemes and societies. The GB-NNSIP consists of a number of components including an inventory of NNS called the “species register”, 319 species factsheets and an on-line system for reporting so called “alert species”. Alongside the information collated through these components, the GB-NNSIP also has roles in horizon scanning and linking to European and global initiatives on NNS. This report summarises the work, to date, on the ongoing development of the GB-NNSIP to enhance the information available for informing detection and reporting INNS in GB

*Non-native species are defined as species introduced (i.e. by human action) outside its native distribution.

ǂInvasive non-native species are defined as non-native species that have the ability to spread causing damage to the environment, the economy, our health or the way we live.

Aims The overarching aim of the project is to enhance the ability to detect and report INNS, and thereby to enable more effective decision-making. In pursuit of this aim, the project is divided into eight tasks with associated sub-tasks.

Overview of tasks and sub-tasks as specified in the tender 2011-2017

 Collate distribution data for all non-native species in GB  Review non-native species distribution data available through the NBN Gateway and establish priorities (taxa, environments and organisations) for improving flow of non-native species distribution data

Task 2: Increase the quantity and quality of biological records collected on non-native species.

 Identify data gaps and work with others to instigate additional biological recording to address those gaps, through existing Schemes and Societies, Local Record Centres and on- line recording initiatives  Identify gaps in skills and information available to professional surveyors and volunteer recorders and identify training and information needs  Fully integrate the public-participation Recording Invasive Species Counts (RISC) element of the NNSIP, assessing the scope to expand participation by the general public in the process of data collection for further or different species

Task 3: Verify and report alerts for interceptions of new introductions.

 Maintain Alert - the system of alerts for interceptions of new introductions to GB  Develop Alert for country, regional and catchment scales  Develop systemc to feed data into a prospective European INNS data system and early warning and rapid response mechanism being considered as potential elements of the European Invasive Alien Species Strategy

Task 4: Analyse trends in non-native species introduction, spread and impact.

 Establish real-time reporting of summary information from the species register to the GB- NNSIP  Implement a simple web-based interface with the species register to allow the species register to be queried on the basis of introduction pathways, countries of origin etc.  Develop an annual report card for non-native species

Task 5: Add newly arrived species and those not already included to the registry and develop factsheets for those species which are considered priorities.

 Regular updates to the species register (database of non-native species) of new arrivals to GB  Review and edit information for all non-native species within the species register

Task 6: Horizon scan for emerging threats.

Task 7: Revise the non-native species indicator and update it and the accompanying text annually, for publication in May.

 Consultation on the requirements of the NNS indicator  Ensuring the GB-NNSIP species register is developed according to the needs of the proposed indicator

Task 8: Develop a registry of non-native species experts in GB, similar to that of DAISIE.

GB Non-Native Species Information Portal (GB-NNSIP)

The general structure of the GB-NNSIP remains unchanged from that previously reported (Roy 2012). In summary the GB-NNSIP is an on-line information system involving a network of organisations engaged in monitoring and surveillance of NNS (Figure 1a and 1b). Key components of the GB-NNSIP are the list of NNS and associated summary information (a database called the “species register”) and factsheets providing detailed information for a selection of species. Occurrence data is derived from a number of sources including the NBN Atlas but also directly from National Schemes and Societies.

Figure 1a. Interactions between the GB-NNSIP and the wider community engaged in monitoring and surveillance of NNS. Distributional data are collated from various organisations and bodies (statutory bodies, Local Records Centres and National Schemes and Societies including project collaborators, BSBI, MBA and BTO) through the NBN Atlas but also through data agreements with data providers who hold data currently unavailable through the NBN Atlas at the required resolution. Other information on NNS is collated in the species register within the Biological Records Centre (Centre for Ecology & Hydrology). Data from the species register and the NBN Atlas are delivered to the GB-NNSIP. They are also available for exchange with EASIN and through Global initiatives such as the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF).

Figure 1b. Structure of the GB-NNSIP illustrating links between databases and web services which provide information to the GB-NNSIP within the Non-Native Species Secretariat (NNSS) website.

Species register The species register is the basic list of NNS (defined according to the Convention on Biological Diversity – see Glossary), together with supporting information on aspects of the biology of the NNS such as habitats occupied in the invaded range (using EUNIS classification: http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/about.jsp), country of origin, arrival pathways, ecofunctional type, establishment status in England, Scotland and Wales, first record, human impact and ecological impact.

The species register had initially been set up as a spreadsheet-style list structured around the template used to collect the species data, stored in a simple Access database with the majority

11 of the data stored in one table, consisting mainly of text fields. This structure had limitations and did not allow for effective querying to fulfil the reporting needs of the project. To allow for extensible and flexible data storage e.g. multiple pathways per species and the allocation of a native status on a regional basis, it was decided that the database should be redesigned to address these needs and provide a structure that would allow for future developments without altering the core database design.

The database was normalised such that the original database table, which consisted of a row for each species with all the associated data included, was disaggregated and transferred to a number of distinct tables organised around logical themes relating to one type of data only (e.g. pathway data, impact data, native range) and linked using a species identifier via a number of steps back to the species table. Previously it had only been possible to store limited entries for many of the fields, for example only two pathway types per species, but the new structure allowed expansion of these fields, for example unlimited number of pathways for any species, and also allows for the addition of precedence of pathways as applicable to that particular species.

To improve the quality of the data added to the database and facilitate reporting, where it is possible to limit the input to one of a number of categories the database now restricts the user and only allows an entry from one of the selected lists rather than allowing free text entries e.g. native status. To balance this restrictive approach to data entry, text fields to accompany categorical allocation have been made available so information justifying the categorisation or adding additional context is possible. The information contained within the factsheets was previously stored in a separate content management system but has now been integrated within the species register database. The database structure is outlined diagrammatically in Appendix 1.

Alongside the structural database changes, an online interface for the species register (termed the species editor) was created using Drupal, this allows approved users to view the data and, for those with permission, edit the data. Edits are immediately reflected in the database and on the GB-NNSIP hosted by the Non-Native Species Secretariat through a web service. An additional online interface for developing factsheets (factsheet editor) was also integrated into the Drupal site. The factsheet editor allows for changes to be made by a designated expert (the author) and changes are then reviewed by the project leader (Helen Roy) prior to publication on the GB- NNSIP. The Non-Native Species Secretariat website is dynamically linked to the NBN Atlas (http://www.nbnatlas.org) which provides maps displaying the available distribution data for each of the NNS within Britain. Due to a change in the availability of the English and Welsh Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland (BSBI) plant data on the NBN Atlas, the distribution maps obtained from the NBN Atlas may not be representative of the known species distribution. A web service providing BSBI distribution maps has been developed to display maps via the GB-NNSIP.

As described previously (Roy 2012) the NNS list compiled by Hill et al. (2005) formed the basis of the species register with additional species extracted from Delivering Alien Species Inventory in Europe (DAISIE). The list excludes pests of stored crops, human parasites and pests of human

12 habitation unless they were thought likely to be found in the wild. Microorganisms (with the exception of a small number of marine phytoplankton) are also excluded. The list is summarised in Table 1. The species register is updated on an ongoing basis with new additions provided by the project partners, National Schemes and Societies, and the UK Species Inventory (UKSI).

Table 1: Number of NNS in the species register by broad taxonomic and environmental group.

Broad group Freshwater Marine Marine (Estaurine) Marine and Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial and Freshwater Terrestrial and Marine Algae 38 1 Fungi 1 1 171 Higher plants 31 1744 1 4 Insects 13 871 1 2 Lower plants 1 17 Non-insect 2 8 134 1 invertebrates 79 109 Other 4 10 12 Vertebrate 41 2 4 462 125 3

Information contained within the species register Each species within the species register is assigned a BRC concept code which provides a reference within the BRC database that remains with the species despite changes to taxonomic nomenclature. Where NBN Atlas codes called taxon version keys (TVK) are available these are also included within the species register, enabling distribution data to be readily retrieved from the NBN Atlas. In cases where a TVK is not available for a particular species, a request for its addition to the UKSI and subsequent generation of a TVK is made to the NBN.

Information was collated for each species under the following categories: informal grouping (higher plant, insect etc.), phylum, environment (terrestrial, freshwater and marine etc.), functional group (predator, herbivore etc.), non-native status (non-native, colonist etc.), native range (using Taxonomic Database Working Group (TDWG http://www.tdwg.org/standards/104/) categories or country-level data where TDWG provided insufficient resolution), habitats occupied within GB (using Eunis (http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/about.jsp) categories), major pathways (stowaway etc.), method of introduction (accidental, intentional etc.), establishment status in GB, England, Scotland and Wales, ecological and human impact, place and year of first record in GB and key references. TDWG and EUNIS are international organisations promoting standards in biodiversity data collection/storage, the use of their categorical systems increases the probablility of compatability between GB-NNSIP and other databases such as EASIN and the GISD.

When adding new species to the register an effort has been made to complete as many corresponding fields as possible. However, this has not always been achieved comprehensively and regular review of ‘missing’ data and subsequent research is required to maintain high quality, complete data.

Pathways of arrival The pathway by which a NNS arrives within a country is particularly relevant to implementing prevention measures. The species register has used a detailed set of codes for defining pathways but for the purposes of reporting the data these have been collapsed into broad pathway categories (Table 2).

Table 2. Introduction pathways for non-native species including codes used in the species register, terms and notes based on Hill et al. (2005).

Code Term Notes Broad pathway Agr Agriculture Not a contaminant e.g. an intended introduction such as a crop or feral goat Agriculture AgrS Agricultural seed Such as corncockle contaminant or pest Contaminant Aq Aquaculture Such as crayfish but also aquarium plants but not pond plants which are designated as ornamental Aquaculture Bio Biocontrol Introduction as a biological control agent or arrival from another region in which it was introduced as a biological control agent Biocontrol FLG Fur/lab/greenhouse Similar to agriculture but with containment e.g. mink but not ornamental plant trade for which the code is Orn Animal husbandry For Forestry Not a contaminant e.g. an intended introduction Forestry HF Hunting/fishing Such as pheasant, rainbow trout Animal husbandry Hyb Hybridization Hybridisation L Landscape Planted into landscape such as pheasant cover or releases of muntjac Ornamental Med Medicinal Only plants introduced for medicinal reasons Agricultural Nat Natural Organisms dependent on a non- native species such as Natural – Non-Native rhododendron leafhopper but also Dependent

natural colonisation from a previously invaded range such as harlequin ladybird Orn Ornamental Garden plant or trade in garden plants, zoo animal, pet Ornamental OrnS Ornamental seed contaminant or component Contaminant P Produce Such as harlequin ladybird on flowers, vegetables etc Contaminant PS Seed produce Such as bird seed contaminant contaminant or component Contaminant RM Raw material Such as Citrus longhorn beetle on timber Stowaway SA Stowaway – air Mainly animals Stowaway SL Stowaway – land Mainly animals Stowaway SW Stowaway – water Ballast water and hull fouling – mainly animals such as killer shrimp but also algae Stowaway U Unknown Unknown

It should be noted that substantial work has been undertaken to develop pathway terminology (CBD 2014) over the last six years. A consortium (including CEH and the IUCN) reporting to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) developed a unified system to categorise introduction pathways of INNS (CBD 2014a, herein referred to as CBD pathways categorisation) building on previous work (Hulme 2009). In summary, the CBD pathways categorisation distinguishes intentional and/or unintentional introductions, and the introduction mechanism as either the importation of a commodity, arrival via a transport vector, the establishment of an anthropogenic dispersal corridor, or the natural spread from a region where the species is itself non-native. These mechanisms are divided into six main groups: Release; Escape; Transport - contaminants; Transport - stowaway; Corridors; and Unaided (Table 3, Figure 2). As the level of detail required in pathway classification depends on the management goal (Essl et al. 2015), a number of subcategories are also proposed.

The definitions of the CBD pathway categorisations have been submitted to the European Commission for review (Harrower et al. submitted). The GB-NNSIP pathway terms, within the species register and the factsheets, will be mapped onto the new terms over the next year. Meanwhile the CBD pathway categorisation terms (Table 3; Figure 2) have been aligned with those previously used within the GB-NNSIP to demonstrate the alignment (Figure 3). Some of the pathway terms used within the GB-NNSIP will map directly onto terms within the CBD pathways categorisation but it is apparent that some map across to multiple terms within the CBD pathways categorisation. Therefore, it will be necessary to review the pathway information for each species within the GB-NNSIP achieve compliance with the CBD pathways categorisation.

Table 3. The CBD pathways categorisation for the introduction of alien species (from UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/18/9/Add.1)

Category Subcategory RELEASE Biological control IN NATURE Erosion control/ dune stabilization (windbreaks, hedges, …) Fishery in the wild (including game fishing) Hunting Landscape/flora/fauna “improvement” in the wild Introduction for conservation purposes or wildlife management Release in nature for use (other than above, e.g., fur, transport, medical use) Other intentional release ESCAPE Agriculture (including Biofuel feedstocks) FROM Aquaculture / mariculture CONFINEMENT Botanical garden/zoo/aquaria (excluding domestic aquaria) Pet/aquarium/terrarium species (including live food for such species ) Farmed animals (including animals left under limited control) Forestry (including reforestation) Fur farms Horticulture Ornamental purpose other than horticulture Research and ex-situ breeding (in facilities) Live food and live bait

Movement COMMODITY of Other escape from confinement TRANSPORT – Contaminant nursery material CONTAMINANT Contaminated bait Food contaminant (including of live food) Contaminant on animals (except parasites, species transported by host/vector) Parasites on animals (including species transported by host and vector) Contaminant on plants (except parasites, species transported by host/vector) Parasites on plants (including species transported by host and vector) Seed contaminant Timber trade Transportation of habitat material (soil, vegetation,…) TRANSPORT - Angling/fishing equipment STOWAWAY Container/bulk Hitchhikers in or on airplane

Hitchhikers on ship/boat (excluding ballast water and hull fouling) Machinery/equipment People and their luggage/equipment (in particular tourism)

VECTOR Organic packing material, in particular wood packaging Ship/boat ballast water Ship/boat hull fouling Vehicles (car, train, …) Other means of transport Interconnected waterways/basins/seas CORRIDOR Tunnels and land bridges UNAIDED Natural dispersal across borders of invasive alien species that have been introduced SPREAD through pathways 1 to 5

Figure 2. An overview of the CBD pathways categorisation scheme showing how the 44 pathway subcategories relate to the six main pathway categories. All of the pathways in this classification can be broadly classified into three types; 1) those that involve intentional transport of taxa (blue) 2) those in which the taxa was unintentionally transported (green), and 3) those where the taxa moved between regions without direct transportation by humans and/or via artificial corridors (orange & yellow). From Harrower et al. (in press).

Figure 3. Mapping between the existing GB-NNSIP pathway categories and the CBD pathways categorisation. Solid lines indicate direct mapping, dotted lines represent the GB-NNSIP pathways which have multiple options in the CBD pathways categorisation. The GB-NNSIP pathways without a line do not match any of the CBD pathway categories.

Key recommendation: Align the pathway information with the terminology proposed by within the CBD pathways categorisation (CBD 2014; Harrower et al. submitted).

Ecological and human impacts of established non-native species The information within the GB-NNSIP on impact is mainly based on expert opinion. The previous report noted that 15.3% of the NNS were designated as having some negative ecological or human impact. Over the last six years a number of approaches (Blackburn et al. 2014; Bacher et al. 2017) have been devised to assess impact in a more rigourous way than was previously the case. Therefore, the impact scores within the GB-NNSIP will be revised in accordance with a modified version of EICAT (Hawkins et al. 2015) in combination with consensus methods to assist with gap filling in the absence of evidence.

In total, 36 experts were engaged in the process divided into five expert groups: freshwater animals; terrestrial vertebrates; terrestrial invertebrates; marine species; and plants, excluding marine plants. Initially lists of NNS from the GB-NNSIP were produced based on taxonomy and environment as relevant to the expert groups. The lists were subdivided into NNS likely to be categorised as ‘minimal concern’ and those that could have potential impact to some extent. The experts were asked to cross-check the list of minimum concern NNS to assess whether any should be considered further through impact assessment. Where there was doubt about the potential impact of a species, it was included for further evaluation.

Both ‘current impact’, defined as the impact to date based on the species current distribution in GB, and ‘maximum potential impact’, defined as the impact that would be expected if the species were established in all suitable parts of GB (i.e. based on current biotic and abiotic conditions) were considered using a simple scoring system based on EICAT (Blackburn et al. 2014). A five point scale was used to score impacts (Table 4) with each impact score accompanied by a confidence score. All scores were accompanied by a written comment, citing relevant literature where available. The type of evidence used to determine scores was categorised into one or more of ‘field observation’, ‘experiment’, ‘modelling’, ‘expert opinion’, ‘not from GB’. Expert assessors were asked to note if the species were known to cause any socio-economic impacts; however, these were not systematically assessed. Information from the expert groups was compiled and then reviewed through discussions at a two-day workshop in April 2016.

Table 4. Impact scoring definitions (from Hawkins et al 2014)

Minimal Unlikely to have caused deleterious impacts on the native biota or abiotic Concern (MC) environment. Minor (MN) Causes reductions in the fitness of individuals in the native biota, but no declines in native population sizes, and has no impacts that would cause it to be classified in a higher impact category. Moderate (MO) Causes declines in the population size of native species, but no changes to the structure of communities or to the abiotic or biotic composition of ecosystems, and has no impacts that would cause it to be classified in a higher impact category. Major (MR) Causes the local or population extinction of at least one native species, and / or* leads to substantial but* reversible changes in the structure of communities and the abiotic or biotic composition of ecosystems, and has no impacts that cause it to be classified in the MV impact category. Massive (MV) Leads to the replacement and local extinction of native species, and produces irreversible changes in the structure of communities and the abiotic or biotic composition of ecosystems.

Key recommendation: Update the species register with information on ecological impacts derived from applying the modified version of EICAT.

Consider application of SEICAT to the NNS within the species register.

Limitations of the species register The data compiled within this project are indicative of current knowledge collated by many recognised experts. However, a database such as the species register will be incomplete both because of the number of new species arriving within GB annually and the species which remain cryptic particularly for groups considered to be difficult, such as parasites. Additionally it is difficult to determine the status of some species with respect to whether they are native or non- native. Many ancient introductions are likely to have been omitted. It is also difficult to determine whether or not a species is self-sustaining (established). The involvement of so many experts has undoubtedly minimised the number of omissions and errors. Additionally the information for all the “factsheet species” conforms to the information provided within the risk assessments and identification sheets available through the Non-Native Species Secretariat website.

Key recommendation: Develop a timetable for review of species information within the species register and factsheets and aim to increase the number of species for which the key data fields are all complete.

Factsheets The species register contains basic information on a large proportion of the NSS found in GB. However, detailed information is provided for 319 NNS as factsheets (Appendix 2). To date the species include those considered to have the potential to threaten biodiversity and associated ecosystems which include species subject to legal bans or controls, species selected for full risk assessment by the Non-Native Species Secretariat and suggestions from GB-NNSIP steering group, project team and others.

Collation of the factsheet information from the designated experts The BRC webserver hosts the Drupal website (http://www.brc.ac.uk/gbnnsip) linking to the database from which the data within the species register and the factsheet register can be created, edited and, after review, published within the GB-NNSIP on the Non-Native Species Secretariat website (http://www.nonnativespecies.org/factsheet/index.cfm). The factsheets can be accessed from the GB-NNSIP as pdf files which are generated by the Non-Native Species Secretariat webserver. Additionally, a number of images displayed on the website are also stored on this webserver.

The information provided on control methods will be reviewed by Defra who will also be providing standard information on legislation. Consequently, the legislation and management sections of the factsheets are currently not displayed through the GB-NNSIP.

Task 1: Improve the flow of data on non-native species, ensuring, that where possible, data are widely available to support research and decision making, through the NBN-Gateway and NNSS Over 16.5 million records, provided by 95 organisations, of more than 2500 non-native species included in the GB-NNSIP species register have been uploaded to the NBN Atlas. Of the 1980 established non-native species, 1731 have at least one record on the NBN Atlas, 783 have more than 100 and 315 have more than 1000 records. The breakdown of non-native species with records on the NBN Atlas by environmental group is shown in Table 5. A list of the data providers is provided in Appendix 8.

Table 5. Number of species with at least one or 100 records on the NBN Atlas and the total number of established non-native species within the species register by environment.

Environment Species with at Species with at Total number of established least one record least 100 records non-native species within on the NBN Atlas on the NBN Atlas the species register Freshwater 57 31 78 Marine 61 30 80 Marine (Estuarine) 2 2 Marine and Freshwater 8 4 8 Terrestrial 1586 706 1788 Terrestrial and Freshwater 14 11 18 Terrestrial and Marine 3 1 6

Task 2: Increase the quantity and quality of biological records collected on non-native species

The quantity and quality of NNS occurrence data has been increasing steadily over time. On-line recording through iRecord ensures rapid flow of information to the GB-NNSIP from the NBN Atlas. Furthermore, promotion of the alert system ensures addition of records from many people.

The number of non-native species records available via the NBN Gateway and more recently the NBN Atlas has risen steadily from 1.5 million in 2013 to 6.2 million in 2014, 6.6 million in 2015, 7.1 million in 2016 and 16.5 million in 2017. The sharp increase in the last year can be attributed to the addition of a very large dataset from the BTO. Additionally the MBA has worked to mobilise presence and absence records of NNS to the NBN by key research groups undertaking regular GB-wide studies. These include the MarCLIM dataset and Bishop Group Rapid Assessment Survey data collected from marinas and anthropogenic structures.

The MBA has been developing and promoting a number of citizen science initiatives to improve monitoring and surveillance of marine INNS. Through collaboration with the European project SeaChange, the MBA has developed the project CrabWatch. CrabWatch has been designed to encourage recording of crabs, in particular non-native species not yet present in or established in GB. The list of crabs to record includes alert species Hemigrapsus sanguineus and Hemigrapsus takanoi and project has been developed to feed records into the NBN Atlas and GB-NNSIP. Additionally, since September 2017, the MBA has worked with the Heritage Lottery Fund funded project Capturing Our Coast, led by the University of Newcastle, to develop the Marine Invaders initiative. This has resulted in more than 60 surveys, generating presence and absence data on selected INNS around the coast. This is in addition to the continued active roles in promoting and processing records from the Mitten Crab Recording project and the Wakame Watch scheme. Going forward the MBA have submitted a selection of NNS for consideration in the new Shore Thing project species list to be launched in 2018. Additionally the MBA has developed tools and resources to support the collection and verification of NNS records during its annual BioBlitz events and reports on numbers of NNS recorded at each event.

Key recommendations: Creation of a BRC NNS dataset to mobilise all species records in the BRC data holdings not currently available through the NBN Atlas.

Regular updates to be provided to the NBN Atlas for new arrivals added to the GB-NNSIP species register and additional records of existing NNS in the BRC database.

Identify new sources of established non-native species datasets to increase the proportion of species with more than 100 records, including the 249 established species without any records currently available on the NBN Atlas.

Task 3: Verify and report alerts for interceptions of new introductions

It is essential that the species prioritised through risk assessment and horizon scanning are publicised to raise awareness and encourage reporting. The so-called “alert system” (Figure 4) promoted through the Non-Native Species Secretariat website (www.nonnativespecies.org) links to iRecord (www.brc.ac.uk/irecord), a website for managing wildlife records, and enables rapid reporting and verification of species considered as a priority for action. The on-line component includes Recording Invasive Species Counts (RISC), developed as an outreach project in collaboration with the NBN Trust in 2010. A designated e-mail address ([email protected]) has also been promoted for enquiries and records in relation to non-native species. Following incursion by the Asian hornet, V. velutina, in 2016 an app (Asian Hornet Watch) was developed to provide information on this species and receive records. On- line capability enables people to register for notification of selected species of interest and ensures rapid data flow to support effective decision-making.

The open-access software system Indicia has been used to construct an on-line system, including photo upload and interactive maps, linked to the content management system Drupal for verification of records submitted (Figure 4). The same system is used for species within the RISC project.

Figure 4. Structure of the alert system highlighting processes of data flow.

A number of species have been agreed to be of sufficient concern to be included as “alert species”, including species identified as high-risk through horizon scanning (Roy et al. 2014a), but the alert system is also for any species of concern. The on-line alert system includes the capacity to add a new arrival of any species but there are specific on-line entry forms for Didemnum vexillum (Carpet sea-squirt), Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog), Anoplophora chinensis (Citrus longhorn beetle), Agrilus planipennis (Emerald ash borer), Corvus splendens (Indian house crow), Thaumetopoea processionea (Oak processionary moth), Threskiornis aethiopicus (Sacred ibis), Tamias sibiricus (Siberian chipmunk), Pseudorasbora parva (Topmouth gudgeon), Myiopsitta monachus (Monk parakeet), Cynomys ludovicianus (prairie dog), Bubo bubo (Eagle owl), Dreissena rostriformis bugensis (Quagga mussel), Ludwigia grandiflora (Water primrose), Eriocheir sinensis (Chinese mitten crab), Lithobates catesbeianus (American bullfrog), H. sanguineus (Asian shore crab), Muntiacus reevesi (Muntjac deer), Graphocephala fennahi (Rhododendron leaf-hopper), Pacifastacus leniusculus (Signal crayfish), Nezara viridula (Southern green shieldbug), Leptoglossus occidentalis (Western conifer seedbug), Dreissena polymorpha (Zebra mussel), Lysichiton americanus (American skunk cabbage), Hydrocotyle ranunculoides (Floating pennywort), Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam), Ailanthus altissima (Tree of heaven), Rhododendron ponticum (Rhododendron), Undaria pinnatifida (Wakame), Azolla filiculoides (Water fern) and Dikerogammarus villosus (Killer shrimp).

The Asian hornet, V. velutina, has received most attention (numbers of reports of potential Asian hornet records and publicity) of all the alert species. This species was first recorded in France in 2005 and spread rapidly across the country and into Spain in 2010 (Perrard et al. 2009; Villemant et al. 2011). It is a predator of pollinating insects and so poses a threat to native biodiversity (Perrard et al. 2009; Villemant et al. 2011). There has been considerable publicity through the media on this species and also targeted promotion to the beekeeping community. Consequently many people have sent sightings of concern through iRecord, the designated e-mail account for alert species and, more recently, the app. The first confirmed sighting of V. velutina in Britian was from Gloucestershire in September 2016, a nest was located and destroyed. A second sighting was confirmed in Devon in September 2017, once again the nest was located and destroyed.

Over the last six years the number of reports received through the Alert system has increased dramatically (Figures 5 and 6). There are encouraging signs that the app and on-line recording forms are increasingly being selected as the method for submitting observations but most records received are by e-mail. It is interesting to note that while 679 suspected V. velutina records have been received (none were confirmed as this species), a further 694 records have been submitted to the app for the other species included within the Asian Hornet Watch app species list (Vespa crabro, Volucella zonaria and Urocerus gigas). A new online system to track and report on all records including those received by email is currently under development. The proposed workflow of this alert management system is outlined in Appendix 7.

Figure 5. Number of records received for all species over time through the email and on-line systems (iRecord on-line forms and Asian Hornet Watch app)

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Figure 6. Number of records reported as Asian hornets, V. velutina, over time noting that there have only been two confirmed records.

Task 4: Analyse trends in non-native species introduction, spread and impact

Analysis of the trends in non-native species has mainly been through descriptive statistics and figures (Roy et al. 2014c). However, on an annual basis a score card is produced that summarises the information within the species register.

GB Non-Native Species Report Card 2017

Confidence assessment: High confidence, medium confidence and low confidence  More than 3163 non-native species on the species register  1980 established (self-sustaining populations) non-native species comprising 1506 established non-native plants and 469 established non-native animals and 5 other species  Total of 9 non-native species are known to have been eradicated from GB  275 established non-native species have been designated as having a negative ecological or human impact: 172 established non-native animals, 101 established non- native plants and 2 other species

Absent Established Exterminated Extinct Indoors Not established Unknown

Establishment status of the species within the GB-NNSIP

700 Established non-native species 600 Negative ecological or human 500 impact 400

300

200

100

0 Number of new species species establishing new Number of

Number of established non-native species and the number that are designated as having a negative ecological or human impact against date of first arrival

There has been a dramatic increase in the number of species arriving and those becoming established over the last 400 years and there is no indication of this trend slowing. Indeed since 1950 there have been 10.7 additional non-native species arriving and establishing per year in contrast to 0.9 additional non-native species arriving and establishing per year from 1600-1799. The number of established non-native species designated as having a negative ecological or human impact is also increasing with 1.9 of the new species per year causing an impact since 2000.

250

200 Europe Africa 150 Asia_Temperate Asia_Tropical 100 Australasia Pacific 50 Northern_America

0 Southern_America Antarctic

Number of established non-native species originating from different regions against date of first arrival

Most of the non-native species that are established within GB originate from Europe. However, in recent decades the rate of new arrivals originating from Europe is slowing and temperate Asia and North America are becoming both major contributors to the non-native fauna and flora of GB. 500 Agriculture 450 Aquaculture 400 Biocontrol 350 Forestry 300 Hunting / Fishing 250 Hybridization 200 Medicinal 150 Natural 100

Number new of species arriving Ornamental 50 Raw material 0 Stowaway Unknown

Number of established non-native species arriving through different pathways against date of first arrival

Most established non-native species in GB have arrived for ornamental purposes usually as garden plants but also for landscape planting and through the introduction of exotic animals. There has been a dramatic increase in species arriving through this pathway since 1800. There are an increasing number of non-native species for which the pathway of arrival is unknown. Many species arrive through multiple pathways. In terrestrial environments 1192 of the established non-native species arrived through ornamental introductions. The dominant pathways for non-native species in freshwater environments are both ornamental (42 species) and aquaculture (28 species). In the marine environment the arrival pathway for many non- native species is unknown but stowaways (61 species) and aquaculture (39 species) are both dominant pathways. Across all environments biocontrol, hunting or fishing and hybridisation are very minor pathways with only two, 14 and 19 species arriving and establishing through these methods respectively. Footnote: The data compiled within this project are indicative of current knowledge collated by many recognised experts (Roy et al., 2014). However, a database such as the species register will be incomplete both because of the number of new species arriving within GB annually and the species which remain cryptic particularly for groups considered to be difficult, such as parasites. Additionally it is difficult to determine the status of some species with respect to whether they are native or non-native, established and the impact that they may have within the invaded range. The involvement of so many experts has undoubtedly minimised the number of omissions and errors. Reference: Roy, H.E., Preston, C.D., Harrower, C.A., Rorke, S.L., Noble, D., Sewell, J., Walker, K. Marchant, J., Seeley, B., Bishop, J., Jukes, A., Musgrove, A., Pearman, D., Booy, O. (2014) GB Non-native Species Information Portal: documenting the arrival of non-native species in Britain. Biological Invasions http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-014-0687-0

Task 5: Add newly arrived species and those not already included to the registry and develop factsheets for those species which are considered priorities

Species Register There are 3893 non-native species included within the species register (Table 6), an increase from 3758 species (Roy 2012). The net gain is only 135 species because some species names were removed following review. Species entries for 3427 species have been marked as updated, however the completeness of the entries vary. For 2622 species information is provided for all of the following fields: native status, establishment status, impact, pathway, method and habitat, though it should be noted that some of these fields are marked as ‘unknown’.

Of the 3427 species listed within the species register, 2163 are considered to be established with the remaining categorised as absent (71 species), exterminated (9), extinct (46), indoors only (65), not established (953) and unknown with respect to establishment status (120). Most of the tables that follow are for established NNS only unless otherwise stated.

Table 6. Number of species and number designated as established non-native species listed in the species register

Number of Number of established Taxonomic group species non-native species Algae 39 22 Higher plants 1780 1485 Lower plants 18 2 Fungi 173 - Insects 887 395 Non-insect invertebrates 333 193 Vertebrate 637 60 Other 26 6

Key recommendation: Focus on improving the quality of species register entries, ensuring records are up to date and as complete as possible, increasing the proportion of records where the native status, establishment status, impact, pathway, method and habitat fields are populated.

Micro-organisms within the species register There are 263 microorganisms within the species register (Table 7). Micro-organisms (including Oomycete, Mycetozoa, fungi (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and other fungi), Haplosporea and other micro-organisms) were not included within the project specification and are consequently not well represented within the species register (in terms of species lists and information provided). There are 237 species of fungi (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and other fungi) listed within the register alongside 26 microorganisms from other taxa (Table 7 and Appendix 3). However, information has only been provided for 27 species of micro-organism.

A recent study through the COST Action ALIEN Challenge highlighted the importance of improving information on wildlife diseases within non-native species databases (Roy et al. 2016). There are many challenges in doing so but it is needed in order to ensure appropriate biosecurity.

Key recommendation: Consider approaches to improve information on microorganisms within the species register.

Table 7. Number of microbial species (total = 263) in the species register within broad taxonomic groups and the number of species with updated information.

Number of species with updated information on native and Informal group Number of species in register establishment status Bacterium 7 4 Diatom 7 4 Fungoid 15 2 Fungus 222 17 Lichen 1 0 Protozoan 3 1 Slime mould 1 0 Virus 7 0

Species status - categories of non-nativeness The majority of species (2998 species) within the species register are categorised simply as non- native. However, there are a number of other categories of non-nativeness which are relevant to the species register. Approximately 3.1% of non-native species in GB are the consequence of hybridisation (Hybrid GB). It has been difficult to assign 1.3% of the species in the species register to a non-native category with complete certainty (non-native/native and native/non-native). However, for the purposes of this report all categories of non-nativeness are included but those designated with certainty as “unknown” (11.4%), “native” (<1%) or “probably native (<1%)”are excluded. Therefore, there is a total of 3334 non-native species within the species register of which 3165 are considered updated.

Only a fraction of new arrivals within a country will establish as self-sustaining populations. Of the NNS, which are in the species register, 1980 species are considered to be established in the wild in GB (Table 8). A further 56 NNS are established indoors. In all subsequent summary tables only established (outdoors) non-native species with updated information (1980 species) will be included unless otherwise stated.

England has more established non-native species than either Scotland or Wales (Table 8). A small proportion (1.2%) of all non-native species are currently considered extinct (no longer established) in GB. A total of eight non-native species (nine including tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, which is listed with ‘unknown’ native status) have been contained (only present in

30 quarantine or other contained facilities) or exterminated in GB over the last 100 years (Table 9). Musk rat (Ondatra zibethicus) and tobacco whitefly are the only species eradicated from all constituent countries within GB. A number of NNS listed in the GB-NNSIP are absent from GB. These may enter GB in the future and should be considered ‘horizon scanning species’.

Table 8. Establishment status of the non-native species in GB, England, Scotland and Wales.

Establishment status GB England Wales Scotland Absent 69 91 1028 942 Established 1980 1870 1040 1026 Exterminated 8 6 1 1 Extinct 41 33 46 47 Indoors 56 30 13 14 Not established 926 839 438 515 Unknown 84 66 86 94

Table 9. Non-native species eradicated. Note that Misgurnus mizolepis (Chinese Weatherfish) was included previously but the status changed in 2016 from exterminated to not established.

Scientific name English name Notes Hystrix brachyuran Hodgson's Porcupine Small colony was briefly established in Devon but successfully eradicated. Leptinotarsa Colorado Beetle Probably introduced with potato (or other) shipments, decemlineata though possibly an immigrant from continental Europe. Mesocricetus auratus Golden Hamster First record from Bath in 1958. Myocastor coypus Coypu First brought to England to stock fur farms in 1929. Escapes occurred mainly in the 1930s. Ondatra zibethicus Musk Rat Escaped from fur farms. Bemisia tabaci Tobacco Whitefly First reported on Poinsettia cuttings, which have since been main source of interceptions / outbreaks. Vespa velutina Asian Hornet First detected in Gloucestershire (September 2016) the nest was located and destroyed. A second occurrence was reported in Devon (September 2017) the nest was rapidly located and destroyed. Anoplophora Asian Longhorn A reproducing population was found in 2012 in glabripennis Beetle Maidstone, 2166 host trees were removed, 66 infested trees were found. Thaumetopoea Pine Procesionary A transient population of larvae was found in 1995. The pityocampa Moth affected trees and soil were treated and subsequent monitoring did not detect the pest.

Totals in major categories The majority (1485 species) of established non-native species are higher plants (Table 10). Insects are the next most numerous group (328 species) followed by non-insect invertebrates (174 species), vertebrates (59 species), and lower plants (27 species). These figures tally with those reported through other databases globally (Seebens et al. 2017).

Table 10. Number of established non-native species within broad taxonomic groups (includes non-native species for which only establishment status is completed within the species register and also the number for which the species registry entry has been updated. The latter being a subset of the former).

Number of updated established Number of established non-native non-native species species Fungi 0 1 Higher plants 1485 1485 Insects 249 328 Lower plants 21 27 Non-insect invertebrates 161 174 Other 5 5 Vertebrate 59 59

Established non-native species within broad environmental categories The majority of established non-native species are terrestrial (Table 11). Indeed there are only 78 freshwater species and 80 marine species. Higher plants are the largest group of established non-native species within the terrestrial environment (Table 11). Within the freshwater environment higher plants and non-insect invertebrates dominate. Non-insect invertebrates also form a high proportion of the established non-native species within the marine environment.

Table 11. Total number of established non-native species in broad taxonomic groups (includes only species designated as non-native) for different environments (T=Terrestrial, F=Freshwater, M=Marine, M(E)=Marine (estuarine), TF=Terrestrial-Freshwater, MF=Marine-Freshwater, T- M=Terrestrial-Marine).

T F M M (E) TF MF TM Total Higher plants 1455 25 1 4 1485 Insects 244 3 2 249 Lower plants 2 19 21 Non-insect invertebrates 57 37 56 2 1 8 161 Other 5 5 Vertebrate 30 13 16 59 Total 1788 78 80 2 18 8 6 1980

Examples of recent new arrivals The database contains 310 species entries with an arrival year of 2000 or later, 115 of these are classed as established and within this subset 32 are flagged as having a negative human or ecological impact. The list of established non-native species arriving over the last decade has been dominated by insects (57 species). A number of these species have received considerable interest from the media and consequently a high profile primarily because of their potentially negative impacts on the environment. A list of species with a date of arrival since the onset of this project has been given in Appendix 6.

Established non-native species within functional groups Established non-native herbivorous species are prevalent within terrestrial and freshwater systems but appear to be lacking in the marine environment (Table 12). Primary producers (alga and land plants) represent the majority of established non-native species, followed by primary consumers (filter-feeders, herbivores and omnivores) with secondary consumers (parasites and predators) occuring in low proportions in all systems.

Table 12. Number of established species within different functional groups for different environments (T=Terrestrial, F=Freshwater, M=Marine, M(E)=Marine (estuarine), TF=Terrestrial- Freshwater, TM=Terrestrial-Marine, MF=Marine-Freshwater).

T F M M (E) TF TM MF Total Algae (macroalgae) 24 24 Detritivore 9 1 3 13 Filter-feeder 6 40 2 4 52 Herbivore 216 9 7 2 234 Land plant 1457 25 1 4 1487 Omnivore 40 10 2 1 2 55 Parasite or parasitoid 4 12 3 1 1 21 Predator 51 13 7 8 1 80 Stored products 1 1 Unknown 10 2 1 13

In the terrestrial environment most of the non-native species (885 species) within GB have a native range including Europe (Table 13). This is dominated by the number of higher plants that have arrived to GB from Europe (697 species) but also the high number of insects arriving from Europe (134 species). In contrast North America is a major contributor of non-native species (34 species), particularly plants (14 species) to GB freshwater environments (Table 13), although a reasonably high number of invertebrates arrive in the freshwater environment from Europe and temperate Asia. Interestingly, within the marine environment the non-native species originate much more evenly from a number of regions with Asia (temperate), North America and the Pacific region dominating (Table 13).

Table 13. Number of established non-native species, within broad taxonomic groups, originating from different regions and environments.

Asia Asia

Africa North South

Pacific

Europe

No data No

Tropical

America America

Antarctic

Temperate Australasia Terrestrial Higher plants 299 697 48 60 697 115 3 69 101 Vertebrates 5 16 4 1 16 3 1 1 2 Insects 22 50 17 15 134 39 3 12 24 Lower plants 2 1 Non-insect invertebrates 3 2 1 7 38 5 2 4 Total 328 765 70 84 885 162 7 84 130 Freshwater Higher plants 2 4 1 2 14 10 2 Vertebrates 8 4 5 5 1 Insects 1 1 1 1 2 Non-insect invertebrates 3 15 2 16 13 1 2 Total 6 0 28 7 2 23 34 1 11 4 Marine Algae 9 1 3 2 2 9 1 Non-insect invertebrates 9 1 13 4 7 10 13 11 6 7 Other 1 1 1 2 2 Total 9 1 23 6 10 12 16 22 6 10

Marine (Estuarine) Non-insect invertebrates 1 1 Total 1 1 Marine and Freshwater Non-insect invertebrates 2 4 3 2 2 1 Total 2 4 3 2 2 1 Terrestrial and Freshwater Higher plants 1 Non-insect invertebrates 1 Vertebrates 3 3 2 10 6 1 1 Total 3 4 2 11 6 1 1 Terrestrial and Marine Higher plants 1 2 1 Insects 2 Total 3 2 1 35

Ecological and human impacts of established non-native species Of the 1996 established NNS considered through the impact workshop (Booy et al. in prep) in GB, 210 (11%) were scored as causing more than minimal impacts (Minor n=46, Moderate n=72, Major n=85, Massive n=7) based on evaluation of the maximum potential impact. There were differences between taxonomic groups: 84% of vertebrates had some level of impact in comparison to only 9% of invertebrates and 8% of plants. Further analysis is underway for submission as a peer-review publication.

Factsheets There are 319 factsheets available through the GB-NNSIP including 25 factsheets added over the last six years (Table 14). Of the 275 established non-native species considered to have adverse ecological impacts 127 have factsheets. Furthermore, 21 of the species ranked within the top 30 from the horizon scanning exercise (Roy et al. 2014b) and 40 of the 49 species listed in the annex to the EU Regulation are included.

Table 14. Number of species within broad taxonomic groups with a factsheet by simple group

Number Taxonomic group of species Algae 13 Lower plants 3 Higher plants 106 Insects 34 Non-insect invertebrates 69 Vertebrate 92 Other 2

Task 6: Horizon scan for emerging threats.

Deriving a list of INNS with the potential to arrive, establish and threaten biodiversity, through horizon scanning is one component of the GB-NNSIP. Participatory workshops are increasingly seen as a robust method for identifying emerging issues in science and policy (Sutherland et al. 2011). The GB-NNSIP team took such an approach to identify INNS which are not yet established in GB but have the potential to arrive and establish within the next ten years, and subsequently threaten biodiversity (Roy et al. 2014b). Ecologists, with expertise in a wide range of taxonomic groups from across freshwater, marine and terrestrial environments, were invited to participate in the horizon scanning exercise. Five subgroups, comprised of four to seven experts, were formed representing freshwater species, marine species, plants, terrestrial invertebrates and vertebrates. Two members of each subgroup were identified to lead and coordinate the activity. Prior to a 1.5 day workshop each subgroup corresponded by e-mail to compile a long-list of species, relevant to their subgroup, for consideration. Each species was then given a score for the likelihood of arrival, establishment and biodiversity impact. A total score was derived using the formula arrival score x establishment score x biodiversity impact score. This enabled provisional ranking of the species prior to the workshop.

The workshop was held at the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (Wallingford) on the 25th and 26th April 2013. Angela Taylor (Defra), Niall Moore (NNSS) and Olaf Booy (NNSS) were invited to observe the process. On the first day the group leaders reconciled the lists from each subgroup into a long list. The lively and animated discussions that followed produced a method for compiling a list across all environments and taxonomic groups; using the scoring system coupled with expert opinion, based on the best available evidence, to rank the species and achieve consensus. The following day all participants gathered to implement this approach. Constructive and dynamic interactions led to consensus on the final list. The final list was constructed to include a top species of concern, D. rostriformis bugensis (Quagga mussel), followed by species ranked within the top 10, top 20 and top 30 with respect to the criteria of high chance of arrival, establishment and subsequent impact. The remaining species were listed as potential for concern.

The process and the results were published within Global Change Biology (Roy et al. 2014b) and the paper been cited 86 times. It is also relevant to note that the approach has been used to derive a Europe-wide list of species through horizon scanning (Roy et al. 2014d) also in Ireland and Cyprus (publications pending).

There have been a number of records of the top 30 horizon scanning species (Table 15). Indeed three of the top ten species are considered to be established in GB, a further four have been recorded and one (V. velutina) has been recorded and eradicated on two occasions.

Table 15. Summary of the species identified through the GB horizon scanning exercise (including rank) to be likely to arrive, establish and impact biodiversity within the next ten years with notes on establishment status and associated comments.

Horizon scanning Establishment Species English name rank status Comments Dreissena bugensis Quagga Mussel 1 Established 27 in post-entry locations such as warehouses between 1994 and 2008, with no interceptions at ports of entry. Breeding population found in 2012 near Maidstone in Kent, treated and infested trees removed. Forestry commission. Anoplophora Asian Longhorn https://www.forestry.gov.uk/as glabripennis Beetle 2 to 10 Exterminated ianlonghornbeetle Likely to have been transported through ship ballast water. Larvae can survive up to one month in plankton, this gives this species the ability to travel great distances. This species is of concern, as it is currently Hemigrapsus Asian Shore Not located along the channel sanguineus Crab 2 to 10 established coastline Hemigrapsus Brushed-Claw takanoi Shore Crab 2 to 10 Established The specimens which have been caught off of Devon coastline are thought to have been Homarus American Not thrown overboard from cruise americanus Lobster 2 to 10 established liners. Introduced or an escape from aquaria. Formerly at one site in Myriophyllum Broadleaf Water Yorkshire and currently present heterophyllum Milfoil 2 to 10 Established in Sussex (from 2012) Neogobius melanostomus Round Goby 2 to 10 Absent Not Procyon lotor Raccoon 2 to 10 established Threskiornis African Sacred Not aethiopicus Ibis 2 to 10 established Recorded during 1981-84

September 2016 and Vespa velutina Asian Hornet 2 to 10 Exterminated September 2017 Baccharis Sea Myrtle, Not halimifolia Saltbush 11 to 20 established Corbicula fluminalis Asian Clam 11 to 20 Absent Indian house No records in GB but two in Corvus splendens crow 11 to 20 Absent Ireland Echinogammarus Curly Haired trichiatus Urchin Shrimp 11 to 20 Absent Linepithema Colony in Fulham, West London humile Argentine Ant 11 to 20 Established (Fox & Wang 2016) Mnemiopsis American Comb Not Found in the Ouse estuary in leidyi Jelly 11 to 20 established 2016 Nassella Chilean Needle Not neesiana Grass 11 to 20 established Proterorhinus marmoratus Tubenose Goby 11 to 20 Absent Veined Rapa Rapana venosa Whelk 11 to 20 Absent Transient population from 1995, treated and not subsequently found. Occasional single moths found - suspected Pine blown over from france. Thaumetopoea Processionary https://www.forestry.gov.uk/pi pityocampa Moth 11 to 20 Exterminated neprocessionarymoth Agrilus Emerald Ash planipennis Borer 21 to 30 Absent Celtodoryx ciocalyptoides A sponge 21 to 30 Absent Oriental Dryocosmus Chestnut Gall Not kuriphilus Wasp 21 to 30 established Echinogammarus Bald Urchin ischnus Shrimp 21 to 30 Absent Gracilaria Rough Agar vermiculophylla Weed 21 to 30 Established Gyrodactylus salaris Salmon Fluke 21 to 30 Absent Microstegium Japanese vimineum stiltgrass 21 to 30 Absent

There have been two sightings in GB: roadkill near Loch Lomond (Scotland) in the 1990s, and more recently in Berkshire in 2005. Unconfirmed sightings have also been recorded in 2006, but the species could not be identified and no photographic evidence is available. Raccoon dogs are sold openly as pets over the internet in GB and are Nyctereutes Not kept in some wildlife parks and

procyonoides Raccoon Dog 21 to 30 established zoos. Introduced to NW American coasts from Japan during the 1920s, probably as a stowaway with Pacific oyster imports. Recorded in oyster growing facilities in Southwest France in 1995. May be a serious Ocenebra Japanese Sting predator of native and inornata Winkle 21 to 30 Absent commercial oyster beds. Siberian Not Tamias sibiricus Chipmunk 21 to 30 established

Key recommendation: Repeat the consensus approach for horizon scanning every five years.

Task 7: Revise the non-native species indicators and update it and the accompanying text annually, for publication in May.

The non-native species indicator has been published on an annual basis. Full details of the process are available through JNCC (http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-4246). In summary the list of species considered to have negative ecological impacts and the associated available distribution data is reviewed by experts within the project team. The information is then reported as a series of figures highlighting the extent of INNS in terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments.

There is the potential to statistically assess trends in the distribution of INNS over time or indeed focus on other aspects of invasion ecology such as trends in pathways of arrival. The structure of the information now available through the GB-NNSIP on pathways and impacts would enable such analysis.

Key recommendation: Consider developing the indicator to include statistical assessment of relevant trends.

Task 8: Develop a registry of non-native species experts in GB, similar to that of DAISIE.

The registry of NNS experts has been maintained but it is rarely accessed. There are automated methods for ensuring updates and review of experts and their associated expertise.

Key recommendation: Consider the utility of the registry of NNS experts.

List of major outputs Reports Harrower, C.A., Scalera, R., Pagad, S., Schönrogge, K. and Roy, H.E. (in press) Guidance for interpretation of CBD categories on introduction pathways. Report to the European Commission. Roy, H.E. (2017) Alien Challenge. Final report for COST Action TD1209 Cottier-Cook, E.J., Beveridge, C., Bishop, J.D.D., Brodie, J., Clark, P.F., Epstein, G., Jenkins, S.R., Johns, D.G., Loxton, J., MacLeod, A., Maggs, C., Minchin, D., Mineur, F. , Sewell, J.and Wood, C.A. (2017)Non-native species. MCCIP Science Review 2017, doi:10.14465/2017.arc10.005- nns. (http://www.mccip.org.uk/impacts-report-cards/full-report-cards/2017-10-year- report-card/impacts-on-biodiversity/non-natives/review/) Summarised in: MCCIP (2017). Marine Climate Change Impacts: 10 years’ experience of science to policy reporting. (Eds. Frost M, Baxter J, Buckley P, Dye S and Stoker B) Summary Report, MCCIP, Lowestoft, 12pp. doi:10.14465/2017.arc10.000-arc) Roy, H.E., Adriaens, T., Aldridge, D.C., Bacher, S., Bishop, J.D.D., Blackburn, T.M., Branquart, E., Brodie, J., Carboneras, C., Cook, E.J., Copp, G.H., Dean, H.J., Eilenberg, J., Essl, F., Gallardo, B., Garcia, M., García-Berthou, E., Genovesi, P., Hulme, P.E., Kenis, M., Kerckhof, F., Kettunen, M., Minchin, D., Nentwig, W., Nieto, A., Pergl, J., Pescott, O., Peyton, J., Preda, C., Rabitsch, W., Roques, A., Rorke, S., Scalera, R., Schindler, S., Schönrogge, K., Sewell, J., Solarz, W., Stewart, A., Tricarico, E., Vanderhoeven, S., van der Velde, G., Vilà, M., Wood, C.A., Zenetos, A. (2015) Invasive Alien Species - Prioritising prevention efforts through horizon scanning. Final Report for ENV.B.2/ETU/2014/0016 European Commission. Roy, H.E., Scalera, R., Booy, O., Branquart, E., Gallardo, B., Genovesi, P., Josefsson, M., Kettunen, M., Linnamagi, M., Lucy, F., Martinou, A., Moore, N., Pergl, J., Rabitsch, W., Solarz, W., Trichkova, T., van Valkenburg, J., Zenetos, A., Bazos, I., Galanidis, A. and Sheehan, R. (2015) Organisation and running of a scientific workshop to complete selected invasive alien species (IAS) risk assessments. Final Report for ARES(2014)2425342 - 22/07/2014 European Commission. Roy, H.E., Schonrogge, K., Dean, H., Peyton, J., Branquart, E., Vanderhoeven, S., Copp, G., Stebbing, P., Kenis, M., Rabitsch, W., Essl, F., Schindler, S., Brunel, S., Kettunen, M., Mazza, L., Nieto, A., Kemp, J., Genovesi, P., Scalera, R., Stewart, A. (2014) Invasive alien species – framework for the identification of invasive alien species of EU concern. Final Report for ENV.B.2/ETU/2013/0026 European Commission.

Book chapters Sewell, J., Par, J.R. (2017) Citizen Sentinels: The role of Citizen Scientists in Reporting and Monitoring Invasive Non-Native Species. In: Cigliano, J.A. and Ballard, H.L. eds., 2017. Citizen Science for Coastal and Marine Conservation. Routledge.

Peer-review publications Roy, H.E. (2017) Developing a framework of minimum standards for the risk assessment of alien species in Europe. Journal of Applied Ecology

Seebens, H., Blackburn, T.M., Dyer, E.E., Genovesi, P., Hulme, P.E., Jeschke, J.M., Pagad, S., Pyšek, P., van Kleunen, M., Winter, M., Arianoutsou, M., Bacher, S., Blasius, B., Brockerhoff, E.G., Brundu, G., Capinha, C., Causton, C.E., Celesti-Grapow, L., Dawson, W., Dullinger, S., Economo, E.P., Fuentes, N., Guénard, B., Jäger, H., Kartesz, J., Kenis, M., Kühn, I., Lenzner, B., Liebhold, A., Mosena, A., Moser, D., Nentwig, W., Nishino, M., Pearman, D., Pergl, J., Rabitsch, W., Rojas-Sandoval, J., Roques, A., Rorke, S., Rossinelli, S., Roy, H.E., Scalera, R., Schindler, S., Štajerová, K., Tokarska-Guzik, B., Walker, K., Ward, D.F., Yamanaka, T., Essl, F. (in press) Historical dynamics of emerging alien species, secondary invasions and the pool of potential new alien species. PNAS Bacher, S., Blackburn, T.M., Essl, F., Genovesi, P., Heikkilä, J., Jeschke, J.M., Jones, G., Keller, R., Kenis, M., Kueffer, C., Martinou, A.F., Nentwig, W., Pergl, J., Pyšek, P., Rabitsch, W., Richardson, D.M., Roy, H.E., Saul, W.-C., Scalera, R., Vilà, M., Wilson, J.R.U. & Kumschick, S. (2017) Socio-economic impact classification of alien taxa (SEICAT). Methods in Ecology and Evolution. Ashelby, C.W., Sewell, J., Rostron, J., Shrubsole, R., Child, T., Clark, P.F. 2017. Evidence for the Invasion and Successful Establishmen of Hemigrapsus Takanoi Asahura & Watanabe, 2005 (Decapoda, varunidae) in Great Britain. Crustaceana 90 (6) 695-708 Chapman, D., Purse, B.V., Roy, H.E. and Bullock, J. (2017) Trade networks determine the distribution of invasive non-native species. Global Ecology and Biogeography Booy, Olaf; Mill, Aileen C.; Roy, Helen E.; Hiley, Alice; Moore, Niall; Robertson, Pete; Baker, Simon; Brazier, Matt; Bue, Mathilde; Bullock, Richard; Campbell, Steve; Eyre, Dominic; Foster, Jim; Hatton-Ellis, Maggie; Long, Jo; Macadam, Craig; Morrison-Bell, Camilla; Mumford, John; Newman, Jonathan; Parrott, David; Payne, Robin; Renals, Trevor; Rodgers, Eoina; Spencer, Mark; Stebbing, Paul; Sutton-Croft, Mike; Walker, Kevin J.; Ward, Alastair; Whittaker, Stan; Wyn, Gabe. 2017 Risk management to prioritise the eradication of new and emerging invasive non-native species. Biological Invasions, 19 (8). 2401-2417. 10.1007/s10530-017- 1451-z http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/517713 Seebens, H., Blackburn, T.M., Dyer, E.E., Genovesi, P., Hulme, P.E., Jeschke, J.M., Pagad, S., Pyšek, P., Winter, M., Arianoutsou, M., Bacher, S., Blasius, B., Brundu, G., Capinha, C., Celesti- Grapow, L., Dawson, W., Dullinger, S., Fuentes, N., Jäger, H., Kartesz, J., Kenis, M., Kreft, H., Kühn, I., Lenzner, B., Liebhold, A., Mosena. A., Moser, D., Nishino, M., Pearman, D., Pergl, J., Rabitsch, W., Rojas-Sandoval, J., Roques, A., Rorke, S., Rossinelli, S., Roy, H.E., Scalera, R., Schindler, S., Štajerová, K., Tokarska-Guzik, B., van Kleunen, M., Walker, K., Weigelt, P., Yamanaka, T., Essl, F. (2017) Global trends of first records of alien species. Nature Communications Essl, F., Hulme, P.E., Jeschke, J.M., Keller, R.; Pyšek, P., Richardson, D.M., Saul, W.-C., Bacher, S., Dullinger, S., Estévez, R.A., Kueffer, C., Roy, H.E., Seebens, H., Rabitsch, W (in press) Scientific and normative foundations for the valuation of alien species impacts: Thirteen core principles. Bioscience Saul, W.-C., Roy, H.E., Booy, O., Carnevali, L., Chen, H.-J., Genovesi, P., Harrower, C.A., Hulme, P.E., Pagad, S., Pergl, J., Jeschke, J.M (in press) Assessing patterns in introduction pathways of alien species by linking major invasion databases. Journal of Applied Ecology Pergl, J., Pyšek, P., Bacher, S., Essl, F., Genovesi, P., Harrower, C.A., Hulme, P.E., Jeschke, J.M., Kenis, M., Kühn, I., Perglová, I., Rabitsch, W., Roques, A., Roy, D.B., Roy, H.E., Vilà, M., Winter,

M., Nentwig, W (in press) Troubling travellers: are ecologically harmful alien species associated with particular introduction pathways? NeoBiota Latombe, G., Pyšek, P., Jeschke, J.M., Blackburn, T.M., Bacher, S., Capinha, C., Costello, M.J., Fernández, M., Gregory, R.D., Hobern, D., Hui, C., Jetz, W., Kumschick, S., McGrannachan, C. Pergl, J., Roy, H.E., Scalera, R., Squires, Z.E., Wilson, J.R.U., Winter, M., Genovesi, P., McGeoch, M.A. (in press) A vision for global monitoring of biological invasions. Biological Conservation Roy, H. E., Hesketh, H., Purse, B. V., Eilenberg, J., Santini, A., Scalera, R., Stentiford, G. D., Adriaens, T., Bacela-Spychalska, K., Bass, D., Beckmann, K. M., Bessell, P., Bojko, J., Booy, O., Cardoso, A. C., Essl, F., Groom, Q., Harrower, C., Kleespies, R., Martinou, A. F., van Oers, M. M., Peeler, E. J., Pergl, J., Rabitsch, W., Roques, A., Schaffner, F., Schindler, S., Schmidt, B. R., Schönrogge, K., Smith, J., Solarz, W., Stewart, A., Stroo, A., Tricarico, E., Turvey, K. M.A., Vannini, A., Vilà, M., Woodward, S., Wynns, A. A. and Dunn, A. M. (2016) Alien pathogens on the Horizon: opportunities for predicting their threat to wildlife. Conservation Letters Burns, F., Eaton, M.A., Barlow, K.E., Beckmann, B.C., Brereton, T., Brooks, D.R., Brown, P.M.J., Al Fulaij, N., Gent, T., Henderson, I., Noble, D.G., Parsons, M., Powney, G.D., Roy, H.E., Stroh, P., Walker, K., Wilkinson, J.W., Wotton, S.R., Gregory, R.D. (2016) Agricultural management and climatic change are the major 2 drivers of biodiversity change in the UK. PloS one, 11(3): p.e0151595 Roy, H.E., Brown, P.M.J., Adriaens, T., Berkvens, N., Borges, I., Clusella-Trullas, S., Comont, R.F., De Clercq, P., Eschen, R., Estoup, A., Evans, E.W., Facon, B., Gardiner, M.M., Gil, A., Grez, A.A., Guillemaud, T., Haelewaters, D., Herz, A., Honek, A., Howe, A.G., Hui, C., Hutchison, W.D., Kenis, M., Koch, R.L., Kulfan, J., Lawson Handley, L., Lombaert, E., Loomans, A., Losey, J. Lukashuk, A.O., Maes, D., Magro, A., Murray, K.M., San Martin, G., Martinkova, Z., Minnaar, I.A., Nedved, O., Orlova-Bienkowskaja, M.J., Osawa, N., Rabitsch, W., Ravn, HP, Rondoni, G., Rorke, S.L., Ryndevich, S.K., Saethre, M-G., Sloggett, J.J., Soares, A.O., Stals, R., Tinsley, M.C., Vandereycken, A. van Wielink, P., Viglasova, S., Zach, P., Zakharov, I.A., Zaviezo, T., Zhao, Z (2016) The harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis: global perspectives on invasion history and ecology. Biological Invasions 18: 997-1044 Roy, H.E. et al. (2016) Invasive species: control wildlife pathogens too. Nature 530: 281 doi:10.1038/530281d Seeley, B; Sewell, J; Clark, PF. 2015 First GB records of the invasive Asian shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus from Glamorgan, Wales and Kent, England.. Marine Biodiversity Records, 8 (102) Essl, F. Bacher, S., Blackburn, T., Booy, O., Brundu, G., Brunel, S., Cardoso, A-C., Eschen, R., Gallardo, B., Galill, B., García-Berthou, E., Genovesi, P., Groom, Q., Harrower, C., Hulme, P., Katsanevakis, S., Kenis, M., Kühn, I., Kumschick, S., Martinou, A., Nentwig, W., O’Flynn, C., Pagad, S., Pergl, J., Pyšek, P., Rabitsch, W., Richardson, D.M., Roques, A., Roy, H.E., Scalera, R., Schindler, S., Seebens, H., Vanderhoeven, S., Vilà, M., Wilson, J.R.U., Zenetos, A. and Jeschke, J.M. (2015) Crossing frontiers in tackling pathways of biological invasions. BioScience biv082 Roy, H.E. and Brown, P.M.J. (2015) Ten years of invasion: Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Britain. Ecological Entomology

Roy, H.E., Rorke, S.L., Beckmann, B., Booy, O., Botham, M.S., Brown, P.M.J., Harrower, C., Noble, D., Sewell, J. and Walker, K. (2015) The contribution of volunteer recorders to our understanding of biological invasions. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society Pocock, M.J.O., Newson, S.E., Henderson, I.G., Peyton, J., Sutherland, W.J., Noble, D.G., Ball, S.G., Beckmann, B.C., Biggs, J., Brereton, T., Bullock, D.J., Buckland, S.T., Edwards, M., Eaton, M.A., Harvey, M.C., Hill, M.O., Horlock, M., Hubble, D.S., Julian, A.M., Mackey, E.C., Mann, D.J., Marshall, M.J., Medlock, J.M., O’Mahony, E.M., Pacheco, M., Porter, K., Prentice, S., Procter, D.A., Roy, H.E., Southway, S.E., Shortall, C.R., Stewart, A.J.A., Wembridge, D.E., Wright, M.A. and Roy, D.B. (2015) Developing and enhancing biodiversity monitoring programmes: a collaborative assessment of priorities. Journal of Applied Ecology Roy, H.E., Peyton, J., Aldridge, D.C., Bantock, T., Blackburn, T.M., Britton, R., Clark, P., Cook, E., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Dines, T., Dobson, M., Edwards, F., Harrower, C., Harvey, M.C., Minchin, D., Noble, D.G., Parrott, D., Pocock, M.J.O., Preston, C.D., Roy, S., Salisbury, A., Schönrogge, K., Sewell, J., Shaw, R.H., Stebbing, P., Stewart, A.J.A. and Walker, K.J. (2014) Horizon Scanning for Invasive Non-Native Species in Britain. Global Change Biology 20, 3859-3871 Roy, H.E., Preston, C.D., Harrower, C.A., Rorke, S.L., Noble, D., Sewell, J., Walker, K. Marchant, J., Seeley, B., Bishop, J., Jukes, A., Musgrove, A., Pearman D. (2014) GB Non-native Species Information Portal: documenting the arrival of non-native species in Britain. Biological Invasions 16, 2495-2505 Joe M. Caffrey, Jan-Robert Baars, Jenny H. Barbour, Pieter Boets, Philip Boon, Keith Davenport, Jaimie T.A. Dick, John Early, Lennart Edsman, Cathal Gallagher, Jackson Gross, Petri Heinimaa, Chris Horrill, Stéphanie Hudin, Philip E. Hulme, Stephen Hynes, Hugh J. MacIsaac, Paul McLoone, Michael Millane, Toril L. Moen, Niall Moore, Jonathan Newman, Ruairi O’Conchuir, Martin O’Farrell, Colette O’Flynn, Birgit Oidtmann, Trevor Renals, Anthony Ricciardi, Helen Roy, Richard Shaw, Olaf Weyl, Frances Williams and Frances E. Lucy (2014) Tackling Invasive Alien Species in Europe: the top 20 issues. Management of Biological Invasions, 5, 1-20 Katsanevakis, S., Genovesi, P., Gaiji, S., Hvid, H.N., Roy, H.E., Nunes, A.L., Aguado, F.S., Bogucarskis, K., Debusscher, B. and Deriu, I. (2013). Implementing the European policies for alien species: networking, science, and partnership in a complex environment. Management of Biological Invasions 4(1): 3-6. Sandvik, H., B.-E. Sæther, T. Holmern, J. Tufto, S. Engen, and H. E. Roy (2013) Generic ecological impact assessments of alien species in Norway: a semi-quantitative set of criteria. Biodiversity and Conservation, 22, 37-62 Roy, H.E. and Lawson-Handley, L.J (2012) Networking: a community approach to invaders and their parasites. Functional Ecology, 26, 1238-1248

Compilation of key recommendations

Maintain and develop the database of non-native species (species register) to include the non- native species that have arrived since the onset of this project.

Develop a timetable for review of species information within the species register and Factsheets and aim to increase the number of species for which the key data fields are all complete.

Consider approaches to improve information on microorganisms within the species register.

Increase the flow of distribution data on non-native species particularly developing methods for uploading spreadsheets of non-native species through Indicia.

Creation of a BRC non-native dataset to mobilise all species records in the BRC data holdings not currently available via the NBN Atlas.

Identify new sources of established non-native species datasets to increase proportion of species with more than 100 records, to include the 249 established species without any records currently available on the NBN Atlas.

Continue to deliver the information from the species register, factsheets and NBN Atlas to the GB-NNSIP through the Non-Native Species.

Align the pathway information with the terminology proposed by within the CBD pathways categorisation (CBD 2014; Harrower et al. submitted).

Update the species register with information on ecological impacts derived from applying the modified version of EICAT.

Maintain all aspects of the current alerts system alongside implementation of the online ‘Alert Management System’ to enable accurate reporting and tracking of individual reports of alert species.

Repeat the consensus approach for horizon scanning every five years.

Consider developing the indicator to include statistical assessment of relevant trends.

Ensure that mechanisms to enhance data flow will support the development of automated trends and analysis particularly in the context of the indicator of non-native species.

Consider the utility of the registry of NNS experts.

Glossary

Alert species (see also sleeper species) A species which the Non-native Species Programme Board has recommended requires particular attention in terms of surveillance and reporting. Examples of situations in which the Programme Board might recommend an alert species include:  A high-risk invasive species not yet present in GB but which might enter in the future and cause environmental, economic or social harm.  A sleeper species considered to be high risk and which might cause environmental, economic or social harm in the future.  An INNS for which there is a special concerted effort to provide better-quality distribution information.  An INNS against which action is being taken and reporting is required to help facilitate action.

Alert species can be reported using the alert e-mail ([email protected]) or the on-line recording system which results in a cascade of information to relevant stakeholders.

Alien species See non-native species.

Database (see also species register) An integrated collection of logically related records and files on non-native species consolidated into a network that provides data for multiple uses. The species register forms the central database of the GB-NNSIP. The NBN Atlas is the central database for species distribution data.

Daisie Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventory for Europe - http://www.europe-aliens.org/ This website provides a 'one-stop shop' for information on biological invasions in Europe. It is the result of the DAISIE project, funded by the European Commission under the Sixth Framework Programme. CEH maintains the DAISIE database and website.

Content management system (CMS) A computer system used to edit, track and store electronic documents. The GB-NNSIP uses a CMS called Drupal. Drupal is a Content Management System (CMS) which is an online system for maintaining website content.

Factsheet In the case of the GB-NNSIP a factsheet refers to the detailed information for each species delivered through the website. The factsheets are downloadable as a PDF. The information is written for a wide audience but principally stakeholders such as government employees, scientists and volunteer contributors to biological recording schemes. Factsheets within the GB-

NNSIP contain the following information: Invasion History, Ecology and Habitat, Distribution, Impact, Management, Legislation, References and Links. See for example: http://www.nonnativespecies.org/01_Fact_File/05_Fact_Sheets.cfm

ID sheet In the case of the GB-NNSIP the ID sheets are a series of PDFs that have been produced for the Non-Native Species Secretariat and focus purely on providing species identification guidance. They can be accessed by users through the GB-NNSIP. An ID sheet provides information on a species in a structured format which is downloadable as a PDF from the Non-native Species Secretariat website: (http://www.nonnativespecies.org/02_Identification%20Sheets.cfm). The information is written for a broader audience than the factsheets and includes images and text written for a non-expert audience.

Invasive non-native species (INNS) (= invasive alien species or IAS) An invasive non-native species is a non-native species that has the ability to spread causing damage to the environment, the economy, our health or the way we live.

Non-native species (= alien species) A non-native species (= alien species) is a species introduced (i.e. by human action) outside its natural past or present distribution; including any part, gametes, seeds, eggs or propagules of such species that might survive and subsequently reproduce as defined by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Non-native species covered by the GB-NNSIP include all fauna and flora with the exception of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), fungi, bacteria and viruses. Lower taxonomic ranks such as subspecies, varieties, races or provenances can also be non- native.

Portal GB-NNSIP. A web-based platform providing a gateway to information, including other websites, factsheets, species nomenclature, and species distribution.

Sleeper species (see also alert species) Sleeper species are non-native species that have arrived in GB and have currently established only small populations but that have the potential to spread widely and threaten biological diversity.

Species established and persisting in the wild The term “in the wild” is widely used and generally encompasses both natural and semi-natural habitats in both rural and urban environments. However, this and preceding projects (Hill et al. 2005; Hill et al. 2008) have not attempted to define the term “in the wild” but have only included species that occur outside buildings, captivity or cultivation. In this report we align with the definition provided by Natural England with respect to “the wild” (http://www.defra.gov.uk/publications/2011/05/26/pb13535wildlife-countryside-act/):

“The diverse range of natural and semi-natural habitats and their associated wild native flora and fauna in the rural and urban environments in general. This can also be broadly described as the general open environment.”

The term “established” is used for self-sustaining (reproducing) populations. A species is deemed to be “established” if it occurs as a self-sustaining population, persisting for more than four years, not dependent on repeated reintroduction. However, it is useful to include the term “persisting” for species, such as forest trees, that persist for more than four years but are not successfully reproducing.

Species register Relational database (= central store) containing a list of all non-native species in Great Britain and associated information (excluding distribution information). Principal tables in the database include: Species, Synonyms, Common names, Native range, Habitats, Species in region (invasion information by geographical region), Pathways, Vectors, Donor areas, Date of Introduction etc.

Web services Web services are web-based software applications that exchange data with other web-based applications. The NBN Atlas maps are a web service to the GB-NNSIP. For more information see: http://www.nbn.org.uk/getdoc/4db9ded1-6469-4e2d-a901-87b3686b064f/Web-services.aspx

Appendix 1. New GB-NNSIP Database Structure

Appendix 2. List of species selected for factsheets within the GB-NNSIP (319 species)

Scientific name English name Broad group Environmental group Arundo donax Giant Reed higher plants Freshwater Azolla caroliniana Carolina Mosquito Fern higher plants Freshwater Azolla filiculoides Water Fern higher plants Freshwater Cabomba caroliniana Carolina Water-shield higher plants Freshwater Crassula helmsii New Zealand Pigmyweed higher plants Freshwater Egeria densa Large-Flowered Waterweed higher plants Freshwater Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth higher plants Freshwater Elodea canadensis Canadian waterweed higher plants Freshwater Elodea nuttallii higher plants Freshwater Hydrocotyle ranunculoides Floating Pennywort higher plants Freshwater Lagarosiphon major Curly Waterweed higher plants Freshwater Lemna minuta Least Duckweed higher plants Freshwater Ludwigia grandiflora Uruguay Water-primrose higher plants Freshwater Ludwigia peploides Creeping Water-primrose higher plants Freshwater Myriophyllum aquaticum Parrot's Feather higher plants Freshwater Sagittaria latifolia Duck-potato higher plants Freshwater Salvinia molesta Giant Salvinia higher plants Freshwater non-insect Astacus astacus Noble Crayfish invertebrates Freshwater non-insect Astacus leptodactylus Turkish Crayfish invertebrates Freshwater non-insect Corbicula fluminea Asiatic Clam invertebrates Freshwater non-insect Crangonyx pseudogracilis Northern River Crangonyctid invertebrates Freshwater non-insect Dikerogammarus villosus Killer Shrimp invertebrates Freshwater non-insect Dreissena bugensis Quagga Mussel invertebrates Freshwater non-insect Dreissena polymorpha Zebra Mussel invertebrates Freshwater non-insect Gyrodactylus salaris Salmon fluke invertebrates Freshwater non-insect Hemimysis anomala Bloody-red Mysid invertebrates Freshwater non-insect Orconectes limosus Spinycheek Crayfish invertebrates Freshwater non-insect Pacifastacus leniusculus Signal Crayfish invertebrates Freshwater

non-insect Phagocata woodworthi invertebrates Freshwater non-insect Planaria torva invertebrates Freshwater Jenkins' Spire Snail, New non-insect Potamopyrgus antipodarum Zealand Mudsnail invertebrates Freshwater non-insect Procambarus clarkii Red Swamp Crayfish invertebrates Freshwater non-insect Procambarus marmorkrebs Marbled Crayfish invertebrates Freshwater Ambloplites rupestris Rock Bass vertebrate Freshwater Ameiurus melas Black Bullhead vertebrate Freshwater Carassius auratus Goldfish vertebrate Freshwater Ctenopharyngodon idellus Chinese Grass Carp vertebrate Freshwater Cyprinus carpio Carp vertebrate Freshwater Lepomis gibbosus Pond-Perch vertebrate Freshwater Leucaspius delineatus Belica vertebrate Freshwater Leuciscus idus Ide vertebrate Freshwater Micropterus salmoides Largemouth Bass vertebrate Freshwater Neogobius melanostomus Round Goby vertebrate Freshwater Pimepales promelas Fathead Minnow vertebrate Freshwater Pseudorasbora parva Topmouth Gudgeon vertebrate Freshwater Rhodeus amarus Bitterling vertebrate Freshwater Salvelinus fontinalis American Brook Trout vertebrate Freshwater Sander lucioperca Pikeperch vertebrate Freshwater Silurus glanis Catfish vertebrate Freshwater Alexandrium catenella algae Marine Antithamnion nipponicum A red seaweed algae Marine Asparagopsis armata Harpoon weed algae Marine Bonnemaisonia hamifera algae Marine Caulerpa racemosa Sea grapes algae Marine Caulerpa taxifolia Caulerpa algae Marine Green sea-fingers Codium fragile subsp. fragile (tomentosoides) algae Marine Colpomenia peregrina Oyster thief algae Marine Grateloupia subpectinata Grateloup's Fringe Weed algae Marine Grateloupia turuturu Devil's Tongue Weed algae Marine Pikea californica Captain Pike's weed algae Marine Sargassum muticum Wireweed algae Marine Undaria pinnatifida Japanese kelp algae Marine non-insect Ammothea hilgendorfi A sea spider invertebrates Marine

non-insect Amphibalanus improvisus Acorn barnacle invertebrates Marine non-insect Asterocarpa humilis Compass sea squirt invertebrates Marine non-insect Austrominius modestus invertebrates Marine non-insect Botrylloides cf.diegensis invertebrates Marine non-insect Botrylloides violaceus invertebrates Marine non-insect Bugula neritina Brown bryozoan invertebrates Marine non-insect Caprella mutica Japanese skeleton shrimp invertebrates Marine non-insect Celtodoryx ciocalyptoides Cauliflower sponge invertebrates Marine non-insect Ciona robusta Vase tunicate invertebrates Marine non-insect Corella eumyota Orange-tipped sea squirt invertebrates Marine non-insect Crepidula fornicata Slipper limpet invertebrates Marine non-insect Didemnum vexillum Carpet Sea-squirt invertebrates Marine non-insect Ensis directus American jack knife clam invertebrates Marine non-insect Hemigrapsus sanguineus Asian shore crab invertebrates Marine non-insect Hemigrapsus takanoi brush clawed shore crab invertebrates Marine non-insect Hesperibalanus fallax A barnacle invertebrates Marine non-insect Homarus americanus The American Lobster invertebrates Marine non-insect Marenzelleria neglecta Red-gilled mudworm invertebrates Marine non-insect Marenzelleria viridis Red-gilled mud worm invertebrates Marine non-insect Mercenaria mercenaria American hard-shelled clam invertebrates Marine non-insect Mnemiopsis leidyi American comb jelly invertebrates Marine non-insect Monocorophium sextonae invertebrates Marine non-insect Ostrea chilensis New Zealand flat oyster invertebrates Marine

non-insect Pachygrapsus marmoratus Marbled crab invertebrates Marine non-insect Paralithodes camtschaticus Red King Crab invertebrates Marine non-insect Penaeus japonicus Kuruma prawn invertebrates Marine non-insect Rapana venosa Veined rapa whelk invertebrates Marine non-insect Rhithropanopeus harrisii Dwarf crab invertebrates Marine non-insect Ruditapes philippinarum Manila clam invertebrates Marine non-insect Schizoporella errata invertebrates Marine non-insect Schizoporella japonica Orange ripple bryozoan invertebrates Marine non-insect Styela clava Leathery sea squirt invertebrates Marine non-insect Teredo navalis Common shipworm invertebrates Marine non-insect Tricellaria inopinata invertebrates Marine non-insect Watersipora subatra Red ripple bryozoan invertebrates Marine non-insect Watersipora subatra invertebrates Marine Coscinodiscus wailesii None known other Marine Odontella sinensis Chinese diatom other Marine non-insect Ficopomatus enigmaticus Australian tube worm invertebrates Marine (Estuarine) non-insect Anguillicoloides crassus Eel swim-bladder nematode invertebrates Marine and Freshwater non-insect Cordylophora caspia Freshwater hydroid invertebrates Marine and Freshwater non-insect Crassostrea gigas Pacific oyster invertebrates Marine and Freshwater non-insect Eriocheir sinensis Chinese Mitten Crab invertebrates Marine and Freshwater non-insect Gammarus tigrinus Sideswimmer invertebrates Marine and Freshwater non-insect Urosalpinx cinerea American Oyster Drill invertebrates Marine and Freshwater Acaena anserinifolia x inermis Pirri-Pirri-Bur higher plants Terrestrial Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore higher plants Terrestrial Aegopodium podagraria Ground-elder higher plants Terrestrial

Ailanthus altissima Tree-Of-Heaven higher plants Terrestrial Allium paradoxum Few-flowered Garlic higher plants Terrestrial Allium triquetrum Three-Cornered Garlic higher plants Terrestrial Ambrosia artemisiifolia Ragweed higher plants Terrestrial Amelanchier lamarckii Juneberry higher plants Terrestrial Baccharis halimifolia Tree Groundsel higher plants Terrestrial Buddleja davidii Buddleia higher plants Terrestrial Campanula rapunculoides Creeping Bellflower higher plants Terrestrial Carpobrotus edulis Hottentot-Fig higher plants Terrestrial Cicerbita macrophylla Blue Sow-Thistle higher plants Terrestrial Claytonia sibirica Pink Purslane higher plants Terrestrial Cornus sericea Red-Osier Dogwood higher plants Terrestrial Cortaderia selloana Pampas Grass higher plants Terrestrial Cotoneaster horizontalis Wall Cotoneaster higher plants Terrestrial Cotoneaster microphyllus s.str. Small-leaved Cotoneaster higher plants Terrestrial Cotoneaster simonsii Himalayan Cotoneaster higher plants Terrestrial Crocosmia pottsii x aurea = C. x crocosmiiflora Montbretia higher plants Terrestrial Datura stramonium Thorn-Apple higher plants Terrestrial Disphyma crassifolium Purple Dewplant higher plants Terrestrial Doronicum pardalianches Leopard's-bane higher plants Terrestrial Echinocystis lobata Wild Cucumber higher plants Terrestrial Epilobium brunnescens New Zealand Willowherb higher plants Terrestrial Eucalyptus Gum Tree higher plants Terrestrial Fallopia baldschuanica Russian Vine higher plants Terrestrial Fallopia japonica Japanese Knotweed higher plants Terrestrial Fallopia japonica x sachalinensis = F. x bohemica Bohemian Knotweed higher plants Terrestrial Fallopia sachalinensis Giant Knotweed higher plants Terrestrial Gaultheria shallon Shallon higher plants Terrestrial Gunnera manicata Brazilian Giant Rhubarb higher plants Terrestrial Gunnera tinctoria Giant Rhubarb higher plants Terrestrial Helianthus tuberosus Jerusalem Artichoke higher plants Terrestrial Heracleum mantegazzianum Giant Hogweed higher plants Terrestrial Heracleum persicum higher plants Terrestrial Heracleum sosnowkyi higher plants Terrestrial Heracleum sosnowskyi Sosnowski's hogweed higher plants Terrestrial Hyacinthoides hispanica Garden Bluebell higher plants Terrestrial Impatiens glandulifera Himalayan Balsam higher plants Terrestrial Lamiastrum galeobdolon subsp. argentatum higher plants Terrestrial

Lonicera japonica Japanese Honeysuckle higher plants Terrestrial Lysichiton americanus American Skunk-cabbage higher plants Terrestrial Mahonia aquifolium Oregon-grape higher plants Terrestrial Microstegium vimineum Japanese stiltgrass higher plants Terrestrial Mimulus guttatus Monkeyflower higher plants Terrestrial Nassella neesiana American Needle-Grass higher plants Terrestrial Oxalis pes-caprae Bermuda-buttercup higher plants Terrestrial Parthenium hysterophorus Whitetop weed higher plants Terrestrial Parthenocissus inserta False Virginia-Creeper higher plants Terrestrial Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia-creeper higher plants Terrestrial Paspalum distichum Water Finger-grass higher plants Terrestrial Persicaria campanulata Lesser Knotweed higher plants Terrestrial Persicaria perfoliata Asiatic tearthumb higher plants Terrestrial Persicaria wallichii Himalayan Knotweed higher plants Terrestrial Petasites albus White Butterbur higher plants Terrestrial Petasites fragrans Winter Heliotrope higher plants Terrestrial Petasites japonicus Giant Butterbur higher plants Terrestrial Picea sitchensis Sitka Spruce higher plants Terrestrial Pinus contorta Lodgepole Pine higher plants Terrestrial Pinus nigra Black Pine higher plants Terrestrial Pinus pinaster Atlantic Maritime Pine higher plants Terrestrial Pistia stratiotes Water Lettuce higher plants Terrestrial Pontederia cordata Pickerelweed higher plants Terrestrial Prunus laurocerasus Cherry Laurel higher plants Terrestrial Prunus serotina Rum Cherry higher plants Terrestrial Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir higher plants Terrestrial Pueraria lobata Kudzu vine higher plants Terrestrial Quercus cerris Turkey Oak higher plants Terrestrial Quercus ilex Evergreen Oak higher plants Terrestrial Rhododendron luteum Yellow Azalea higher plants Terrestrial Rhododendron ponticum Rhododendron higher plants Terrestrial Ribes sanguineum Flowering Currant higher plants Terrestrial Robinia pseudoacacia False Acacia higher plants Terrestrial Rosa rugosa Japanese Rose higher plants Terrestrial Rubus spectabilis Salmonberry higher plants Terrestrial Sarracenia purpurea Pitcher Plant higher plants Terrestrial Sedum album White Stonecrop higher plants Terrestrial Senecio inaequidens Narrow-Leaved Ragwort higher plants Terrestrial Senecio squalidus Oxford Ragwort higher plants Terrestrial Smyrnium olusatrum Alexanders higher plants Terrestrial Smyrnium perfoliatum Perfoliate Alexanders higher plants Terrestrial

Solidago canadensis Canadian Goldenrod higher plants Terrestrial Spiraea salicifolia agg. Spiraea Bridewort group higher plants Terrestrial Symphoricarpos albus Snowberry higher plants Terrestrial Symphytum officinale x asperum = S. x uplandicum Russian Comfrey higher plants Terrestrial Syringa vulgaris Lilac higher plants Terrestrial Tamarix gallica Tamarisk higher plants Terrestrial Aedes albopictus Asian Tiger Mosquito insects Terrestrial Agrilus planipennis Emerald Ash Borer insects Terrestrial Anoplophora chinensis Citrus longhorn beetle insects Terrestrial Anoplophora glabripennis Asian longhorn beetle insects Terrestrial Aphis gossypii Cotton aphid insects Terrestrial Arge berberidis Berberis Sawfly insects Terrestrial Bemisia tabaci Tobacco Whitefly insects Terrestrial Blatta orientalis Common Cockroach insects Terrestrial Blattella germanica German Cockroach insects Terrestrial Cameraria ohridella Horse chestnut leaf miner insects Terrestrial Mediterranean Fruit Fly or Ceratitis capitata Medfly insects Terrestrial Chrysolina americana Rosemary Beetle insects Terrestrial Cinara cupressi Cypress Aphid insects Terrestrial Contarinia quinquenotata Hemerocallis gall midge insects Terrestrial Diabrotica virgifera Western Corn Rootworm insects Terrestrial Frankliniella occidentalis insects Terrestrial Graphocephala fennahi Rhododendron leafhopper insects Terrestrial Harmonia axyridis Harlequin ladybird insects Terrestrial Lasius neglectus Invasive garden ant insects Terrestrial Leptinotarsa decemlineata Colorado Beetle insects Terrestrial Leptoglossus occidentalis Western Conifer Seed Bug insects Terrestrial Lilioceris lilii Lily Beetle insects Terrestrial Linepithema humile Argentine ant insects Terrestrial Liriomyza huidobrensis Pea leaf miner insects Terrestrial Lymantria dispar Gypsy Moth insects Terrestrial Nezara viridula Southern Green Shield Bug insects Terrestrial Periplaneta americana American Cockroach insects Terrestrial Periplaneta australasiae Australian Cockroach insects Terrestrial Prokelisia marginata Spartina Planthopper insects Terrestrial Pulvinaria regalis Horse Chestnut Scale insects Terrestrial Reticulitermes lucifugus insects Terrestrial Spodoptera littoralis African Cotton Leafworm insects Terrestrial Thaumetopoea processionea Oak Processionary Moth insects Terrestrial Vespa velutina Asian Hornet insects Terrestrial

Campylopus introflexus Heath Star Moss lower plants Terrestrial Lophocolea semiteres Southern Crestwort lower plants Terrestrial Orthodontium lineare Cape Thread-moss lower plants Terrestrial non-insect Achatina fulica Giant African Land Snail invertebrates Terrestrial non-insect Arcitalitrus dorrieni invertebrates Terrestrial non-insect Arion lusitanicus Lusitanian Slug invertebrates Terrestrial non-insect Arthurdendyus triangulatus New Zealand Flatworm invertebrates Terrestrial non-insect Australoplana sanguinea Australian Flatworm invertebrates Terrestrial non-insect Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Pine Wood Nematode invertebrates Terrestrial non-insect Kontikia andersoni invertebrates Terrestrial non-insect Kontikia ventrolineata invertebrates Terrestrial non-insect Selenochlamys ysbryda Ghost Slug invertebrates Terrestrial Agapornis roseicollis Peach-faced Lovebird vertebrate Terrestrial Alectoris chukar Chukar vertebrate Terrestrial Alectoris graeca Rock Partridge vertebrate Terrestrial Alopochen aegyptiacus Egyptian Goose vertebrate Terrestrial Aratinga acuticaudata Blue-crowned Parakeet vertebrate Terrestrial Athene noctua Little Owl vertebrate Terrestrial Bubo bubo Eagle Owl vertebrate Terrestrial Buteo jamaicensis Red-tailed Hawk vertebrate Terrestrial Callosciurus erythraeus Pallas's squirrel vertebrate Terrestrial Capra hircus Feral Goat vertebrate Terrestrial Cervus nippon Sika Deer vertebrate Terrestrial Chrysolophus amherstiae Lady Amherst's Pheasant vertebrate Terrestrial Chrysolophus pictus Golden Pheasant vertebrate Terrestrial Corvus splendens Indian House Crow vertebrate Terrestrial Cynomys ludovicianus Black-tailed Prairie Dog vertebrate Terrestrial Dama dama Fallow Deer vertebrate Terrestrial Eliomys quercinus Garden Dormouse vertebrate Terrestrial Glis glis Edible Dormouse vertebrate Terrestrial Hydropotes inermis Chinese Water Deer vertebrate Terrestrial Hystrix brachyura Hodgson's Porcupine vertebrate Terrestrial Hystrix cristata Crested Porcupine vertebrate Terrestrial Lacerta bilineata Western Green Lizard vertebrate Terrestrial

Macropus rufogriseus Red-necked Wallaby vertebrate Terrestrial Melopsittacus undulatus Budgerigar vertebrate Terrestrial Meriones unguiculatus Mongolian Gerbil vertebrate Terrestrial Muntiacus reevesi Reeves's Muntjac vertebrate Terrestrial Mus domesticus House Mouse vertebrate Terrestrial Mustela furo Feral Ferret vertebrate Terrestrial Myiopsitta monachus Monk Parakeet vertebrate Terrestrial Nasua nasua Coati vertebrate Terrestrial Neovison vison American Mink vertebrate Terrestrial Numida meleagris Helmeted Guinea fowl vertebrate Terrestrial Nyctereutes procyonoides Raccoon Dog vertebrate Terrestrial Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night Heron vertebrate Terrestrial Oryctolagus cuniculus Rabbit vertebrate Terrestrial Parabuteo unicinctus Harris's Hawk vertebrate Terrestrial Phasianus colchicus Common Pheasant vertebrate Terrestrial Phasianus versicolor Green Pheasant vertebrate Terrestrial Podarcis muralis Wall Lizard vertebrate Terrestrial Procyon lotor Raccoon vertebrate Terrestrial Psittacula eupatria Alexandrine Parakeet vertebrate Terrestrial Psittacula krameri Ring-necked Parakeet vertebrate Terrestrial Pudu puda Southern Pudu vertebrate Terrestrial Rattus norvegicus Brown Rat vertebrate Terrestrial Rattus rattus Ship Rat vertebrate Terrestrial Sciurus carolinensis Grey Squirrel vertebrate Terrestrial Sciurus niger Fox squirrel vertebrate Terrestrial Syrmaticus reevesii Reeves's Pheasant vertebrate Terrestrial Tamias sibiricus Siberian Chipmunk vertebrate Terrestrial Threskiornis aethiopicus Sacred Ibis vertebrate Terrestrial Trachemys scripta Red-eared Terrapin vertebrate Terrestrial Zamenis longissimus Aesculapian Snake vertebrate Terrestrial Terrestrial and Aix galericulata Mandarin vertebrate Freshwater Terrestrial and Aix sponsa Carolina Wood Duck vertebrate Freshwater Terrestrial and Alytes obstetricans Midwife Toad vertebrate Freshwater Terrestrial and Anser caerulescens Snow Goose vertebrate Freshwater Terrestrial and Anser canagica Emperor Goose vertebrate Freshwater Terrestrial and Anser indicus Bar-headed Goose vertebrate Freshwater

Terrestrial and Bombina variegata Yellow-bellied Toad vertebrate Freshwater Terrestrial and Branta canadensis Canada Goose vertebrate Freshwater Terrestrial and Branta leucopsis Barnacle Goose vertebrate Freshwater Terrestrial and Cairina moschata Muscovy Duck vertebrate Freshwater Terrestrial and Cygnus atratus Black Swan vertebrate Freshwater Terrestrial and Emys orbicularis European Pond Terrapin vertebrate Freshwater Terrestrial and Hyla arborea Common Tree Frog vertebrate Freshwater Terrestrial and Lithobates catesbeianus American Bullfrog vertebrate Freshwater Terrestrial and Mesotriton alpestris Alpine Newt vertebrate Freshwater Terrestrial and Myocastor coypus Coypu vertebrate Freshwater Terrestrial and Netta rufina Red-crested Pochard vertebrate Freshwater Terrestrial and Ondatra zibethicus Muskrat vertebrate Freshwater Terrestrial and Oxyura jamaicensis Ruddy Duck vertebrate Freshwater Terrestrial and Pelophylax esculentus Edible Frog vertebrate Freshwater Terrestrial and Pelophylax ridibundus Marsh frog vertebrate Freshwater Terrestrial and Tadorna ferruginea Ruddy Shelduck vertebrate Freshwater Terrestrial and Triturus carnifex Italian Crested Newt vertebrate Freshwater Terrestrial and Xenopus laevis African Clawed Toad vertebrate Freshwater Spartina anglica Common Cord-grass higher plants Terrestrial and Marine

Appendix 3. Micro-organisms included in the species register (263 species)

Species name Phylum Native status Establishment status Aerococcus viridans Firmicutes Unknown E Aglaospora profusa Fungi Unknown E Agrocybe putaminum Fungi Non-Native E Amanita inopinata Fungi Unknown E Anthostomella trachycarpi Fungi Unknown E Aphanomyces astaci Oomycota Non-Native E Apiognomonia errabunda Fungi Arachnopeziza aranea Fungi Unknown E Arthrocladiella mougeotii Fungi Unknown E Aseroe rubra Basidiomycota Unknown E Astrosphaeriella trochus Ascomycota Unknown E Aulographina eucalypti Fungi Unknown E Barley mild mosaic virus Incertae sedis Unknown E Barley yellow mosaic virus Incertae sedis Unknown E Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Chytridiomycota Beet necrotic yellow vein virus Incertae sedis Unknown E Blumeriella jaapii Ascomycota Bonamia ostreae Haplosporidia Non-Native E Botryosphaeria rhodorae Fungi Unknown E Botryotinia draytonii Fungi Unknown N Botryotinia sphaerosperma Fungi Unknown E Botryotinia squamosa Fungi Unknown N Calocera pallidospathulata Fungi Calonectria kyotensis Fungi Chaetoceros calcitrans Bacillariophyta Unknown U Chroogomphus helveticus Basidiomycota Chrysomyxa abietis Fungi Unknown E Chrysomyxa ledi var. rhododendri Fungi Unknown E Ciboria americana Fungi Unknown E Circinotrichum britannicum Ascomycota Unknown E Clathrus archeri Basidiomycota Unknown E Clathrus ruber Basidiomycota Unknown E Colletotrichum acutatum Ascomycota Unknown E Collybia biformis Fungi Cornuvia serpula Fungi Unknown N Coscinodiscus wailesii Bacillariophyta Non-Native E Cronartium ribicola Fungi Unknown E Cryptodiaporthe aesculi Fungi Unknown E Cryptodiaporthe castanea Fungi Unknown E Cryptodiaporthe robergeana Fungi Unknown N Cryptosporella platanigera Fungi Unknown E Cryptostroma corticale Ascomycota Cucurbitaria laburni Fungi Unknown E Cucurbitaria piceae Fungi Unknown E Cumminsiella mirabilissima Fungi Non-Native E

Cylindrocladium buxicola Ascomycota Diaporthe aucubae Fungi Unknown E Diaporthe nobilis Fungi Unknown E Diaporthe oncostoma Fungi Unknown E Diaporthe skimmiae Fungi Unknown E Dickeya dianthicola Proteobacteria Unknown E Didymascella thujina Fungi Unknown E Didymella exitialis Fungi Unknown E Didymella lycopersici Fungi Unknown E Discohainesia oenotherae Fungi Unknown E Dothidotthia celtidis Ascomycota Unknown E Drepanopeziza populi-albae Fungi Unknown E Drepanopeziza punctiformis Fungi Elsinoe ampelina Ascomycota Unknown E Endophyllum sempervivi Fungi Unknown E Entoleuca mammata Ascomycota Entyloma calendulae Fungi Unknown E Entyloma compositarum Fungi Unknown N Entyloma dahliae Fungi Unknown E Entyloma fuscum Fungi Epibelonium gaeumannii Fungi Unknown E Erwinia amylovora Proteobacteria Non-Native E Erysiphe alphitoides Fungi Erysiphe arcuata Fungi Erysiphe euonymi-japonici Fungi Unknown E Erysiphe flexuosa Fungi Erysiphe necator Fungi Unknown E Erysiphe palczewskii Fungi Erysiphe platani Fungi Unknown E Erysiphe rayssiae Fungi Unknown E Erysiphe russellii Fungi Erysiphe syringae Fungi Unknown E Erysiphe vanbruntiana var. sambuci-racemosae Fungi Eupropolella arundinariae Fungi Non-Native E Eupropolella britannica Fungi Unknown E Flaviporus brownei Fungi Unknown E Gastrosporium simplex Basidiomycota Unknown N Geastrum campestre Basidiomycota Unknown N Geastrum floriforme Basidiomycota Unknown E Glomerella cingulata Fungi Gnomonia leptostyla Fungi Unknown E Gnomonia tetraspora Fungi Golovinomyces orontii Ascomycota Unknown E Guepinia helvelloides Basidiomycota Unknown E Guignardia aesculi Fungi Unknown E Gymnosporangium confusum Fungi Unknown E Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Fungi Non-Native E Gymnosporangium sabinae Fungi Unknown E

Hapalocystis berkeleyi Fungi Unknown E Hyalopeziza spinicola Fungi Unknown E Hyaloscypha mirabilis Fungi Unknown E Hydnangium carneum Basidiomycota Unknown E Hysterostegiella lauri Fungi Unknown E Ileodictyon cibarium Basidiomycota Unknown E Kabatiella caulivora Ascomycota Kabatina thujae Ascomycota Khuskia oryzae Ascomycota Labyrinthula zosterae Labyrinthulata Unknown E Laccaria fraterna Fungi Unknown E Lachnellula resinaria Fungi Unknown E Lachnellula willkommii Fungi Unknown E Lachnum castaneicola Fungi Unknown E Lanzia coracina Fungi Unknown E Lanzia echinophila Fungi Unknown E Lembosina aulographoides Fungi Unknown E Leptosphaeria lunariae Fungi Leucocoprinus birnbaumii Basidiomycota Unknown E Leucocoprinus tenellus Basidiomycota Leucocoprinus zeylanicus Basidiomycota Leucostoma curreyi Fungi Unknown E Leucostoma kunzei Fungi Unknown E Lichenopeltella fimbriata Ascomycota Unknown E Lophodermium piceae Fungi Unknown E Lophodermium pini-excelsae Fungi Unknown E Lophodermium vagulum Fungi Unknown E Lophomerum ponticum Fungi Unknown E Lysurus cruciatus Basidiomycota Unknown N Macrophomina phaseolina Fungi Melampsora amygdalinae Fungi Unknown E Melampsora lini var. liniperda Fungi Unknown N Melampsora ribesii-viminalis Fungi Unknown E Melampsora salicis-albae Fungi Unknown E Melampsoridium hiratsukanum Fungi Melanomma rhododendri Fungi Unknown E Melanotaenium hypogaeum Fungi Melanotaenium jaapii Fungi Unknown E Microstroma juglandis Basidiomycota Unknown E Microthyrium lauri Fungi Unknown E Mikronegeria fagi Basidiomycota Moellerodiscus advenulus Fungi Unknown E Monilinia mespili Fungi Unknown E Morenoina chamaecyparidis Fungi Unknown E Mutinus ravenelii Basidiomycota Non-Native E Mycosphaerella chrysanthemi Fungi Non-Native E Mycosphaerella cydoniae Fungi Mycosphaerella pini Fungi

Mycosphaerella pinodes Fungi Unknown E Mycosphaerella podagrariae Fungi Unknown E Mycosphaerella rhododendri Fungi Unknown E Myxobolus artus Myxozoa Nattrassia mangiferae Ascomycota Nectriella consolationis Fungi Unknown E Neobulgaria undata Fungi Niptera subbiatorina Fungi Unknown E Odontella sinensis Bacillariophyta Non-Native E Oidium hortensiae Fungi Oidium (Pseudoideum) sp. Fungi Unknown E Omphalotus olearius Basidiomycota Unknown E Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Ascomycota Unknown E Ophiostoma ulmi Ascomycota Unknown E Orbilia retrusa Fungi Unknown E Ostracoblabe implexa Incertae sedis Unknown U Paurocotylis pila Fungi Unknown E Pestalotiopsis guepinii Ascomycota Pezicula houghtonii Fungi Unknown E Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii Fungi Unknown E Phloeospora robiniae Ascomycota Phomopsis juniperivora Fungi Phragmidium fusiforme Fungi Phytophthora alni Fungi Unknown E Phytophthora cambivora Fungi Phytophthora cinnamomi Fungi Phytophthora citricola Fungi Phytophthora citrophthora Fungi Phytophthora drechsleri Fungi Phytophthora ilicis Fungi Phytophthora infestans Fungi Non-Native E Phytophthora kernoviae Fungi Unknown E Phytophthora quercina Fungi Phytophthora ramorum Fungi Unknown E Phytophthora syringae Fungi Pisolithus arrhizus Basidiomycota Unknown E Pleurosigma planctonicum Bacillariophyta Unknown U Pleurosigma simonsenii Bacillariophyta Non-Native U Plum pox virus Incertae sedis Unknown E Podosphaera mors-uvae Fungi Unknown E Podosphaera xanthii Fungi Protoventuria arxii Fungi Unknown E Pseudomassaria thistletonia Fungi Unknown E Pseudomonas syringe pv. pisi Proteobacteria Unknown E Pseudonectria pachysandricola Fungi Pseudoperonospora humuli Fungi Unknown E Pseudophacidium piceae Fungi Unknown E Pseudovalsa modonia Fungi Unknown E

Psilachnum auranticolor Fungi Unknown E Psilocybe cyanescens Fungi Non-Native E Puccinia aegopodii Fungi Unknown E Puccinia antirrhini Fungi Unknown E Puccinia cyani Fungi Puccinia distincta Fungi Unknown E Puccinia gentianae Fungi Puccinia gladioli Fungi Puccinia horiana Fungi Unknown N Puccinia kusanoi Fungi Unknown E Puccinia lagenophorae Fungi Unknown E Puccinia ljulinica Fungi Unknown E Puccinia longicornis Fungi Unknown E Puccinia malvacearum Fungi Non-Native E Puccinia mariana Fungi Puccinia oxalidis Fungi Unknown E Puccinia pazschkei var. pazschkei Fungi Puccinia pelargonii-zonalis Fungi Unknown E Puccinia porri Fungi Unknown E Puccinia prostii Fungi Unknown N Puccinia smyrnii Fungi Unknown E Puccinia sorghi Fungi Non-Native E Puccinia vincae Fungi Unknown E Pyrenophora chaetomioides Fungi Queletia mirabilis Basidiomycota Unknown N Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 Proteobacteria Non-Native E Ramularia collo-cygni Fungi Rhabdocline pseudotsugae Fungi Unknown E Rhabdovirus carpio Incertae sedis Sarcotrochila alpina Fungi Unknown E Seiridium cardinale Ascomycota Septoria betulae Fungi Soil-borne cereal mosaic virus Incertae sedis Unknown E Sphaeropsis sapinea Basidiomycota Sporisorium destruens Basidiomycota Sporisorium sorghi Basidiomycota Stigmatea aegopodii Fungi Dependent E Stomiopeltis cupressicola Fungi Unknown E Strobilurus esculentus Basidiomycota Unknown E Stromatinia gladioli Fungi Stropharia aurantiaca Fungi Unknown E Stropharia percevalii Fungi Unknown E Suillus amabilis Fungi Suillus grevillei Fungi Dependent E Suillus placidus Fungi Suillus viscidus Fungi Dependent E Synchytrium endobioticum Chytridiomycota Non-Native E Taphrina deformans Fungi Unknown E

Thalassiosira punctigera Bacillariophyta Non-Native E Probably non- Thalassiosira tealata Bacillariophyta native E Tilletia caries Fungi Unknown N Tomato spotted wilt virus Incertae sedis Unknown E Trochila laurocerasi Fungi Unknown E Tympanis laricina Fungi Unknown E Urocystis eranthidis Fungi Unknown E Urocystis gladiolicola Fungi Unknown E Urocystis occulta Fungi Unknown E Urocystis syncocca Fungi Uromyces aecidiiformis Fungi Unknown N Uromyces appendiculatus Fungi Unknown E Uromyces colchici Fungi Unknown N Uromyces dianthi Fungi Dependent E Uromyces erythronii Fungi Unknown N Ustilago cynodontis Fungi Unknown E Ustilago maydis Fungi Unknown E Ustilago tritici Fungi Probably native E Valsa laurocerasi Fungi Unknown E Venturia saliciperda Fungi Xenomeris nicholsonii Fungi Unknown E Zaghouania phillyreae Fungi Unknown X Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii Cyanobacteria Non-Native A Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus Fungi Non-Native E Favolaschia calocera Fungi Non-Native N Xylella fastidiosa Proteobacteria Non-Native A

Appendix 4. Species lists, within broad groups, designated as having a negative ecological or human impact.

Ecological Human Species Name impact impact Acanthoscelides obtectus N Acanthus mollis N Accipiter gentilis N Acer pseudoplatanus N Adelges cooleyi NN Aegopodium podagraria N Ailanthus altissima N Alchemilla mollis N Alectoris rufa N Allium paradoxum N Allium roseum N Allium triquetrum N Alopecurus myosuroides NN Alopochen aegyptiacus N N Alphitobius diaperinus NN Alphitobius laevigatus N Amelanchier lamarckii N Andricus quercuscalicis N Anguillicoloides crassus N NN Anisantha diandra N Anisantha sterilis NN Anthemis cotula N Apera spica-venti N Aphis craccivora N Aphis gossypii NN Arge berberidis N N Arthurdendyus triangulatus N N Astacus leptodactylus N Aster laevis x novi-belgii = A. x N versicolor Aster lanceolatus N Aster novi-belgii x lanceolatus = A. x N salignus Atractolytocestus huronensis N N Attagenus pellio N Austrominius modestus N

Avena fatua NN Avena sterilis N Azolla filiculoides N Bonamia ostreae N N Bothriocephalus acheilognathi N NN Botrylloides violaceus N Branta canadensis NN N Branta leucopsis N N Bruchus rufimanus N Buddleja davidii NN Callosobruchus chinensis N Calystegia silvatica N Campylopus introflexus N Capra hircus N N Carassius auratus N Carpobrotus edulis N Cerataphis orchidearum N Cervus nippon NN N Codium fragile subsp. fragile N N Coleotechnites piceaella N Columba livia NN NN Colutea arborescens N Corbicula fluminea N Cordylophora caspia N N Corella eumyota N Cornus sericea N Coscinodiscus wailesii N Cotoneaster horizontalis NN Cotoneaster integrifolius NN Cotoneaster simonsii N Crangonyx pseudogracilis N Crassostrea brasiliana N Crassostrea gigas N Crassula helmsii NN N Crepidula fornicata NN NN Crioceris asparagi N Cydalima perspectalis N Cyprinus carpio N Dactylogyrus anchoratus N N Dama dama NN N Dasineura oleae N

Dasineura oxycoccana N Dendroctonus micans NN Dermestes (Dermestes) peruvianus N Dermestes (Dermestinus) frischii N Deroceras (Deroceras) panormitanum N Diadumene lineata N Dialeurodes chittendeni N Didemnum vexillum N N Dikerogammarus haemobaphes N Dikerogammarus villosus N Disphyma crassifolium N N Dreissena bugensis NN NN Dreissena polymorpha N N Duponchelia fovealis N Dysaphis (Dysaphis) tulipae N Dyspanopeus sayi N Egeria densa N Elatobium abietinum NN Elodea nuttallii N Ephestia elutella N Epiphyas postvittana N Ergasilus briani N N Ergasilus gibbus N N Ergasilus sieboldi N N Eriocheir sinensis NN NN Eriosoma lanigerum N Euophryum confine N Euophryum rufum N Fallopia baldschuanica N Fallopia japonica NN NN Fallopia japonica x sachalinensis = F. x N N bohemica Fallopia sachalinensis N Felis catus NN Ficopomatus enigmaticus N Floria variegata N Frankliniella occidentalis NN Gammarus tigrinus N Gaultheria shallon N Glebionis segetum N Glis glis N

Gnatocerus cornutus N Gracilaria vermiculophylla NN Graphocephala fennahi N Gunnera manicata N Gunnera tinctoria N Harmonia axyridis N N Helix aspersa N Hemigrapsus takanoi NN Heracleum mantegazzianum N Hesperibalanus fallax N N Homotoma ficus N Hyacinthoides non-scripta x hispanica = N H. x massartiana Hydrocotyle ranunculoides N Hydroides dianthus N Hydroides elegans N N Hydroides ezoensis N Hydropotes inermis N N Hydrotaea aenescens N Icerya purchasi N N Impatiens glandulifera NN N Ips cembrae NN Ips sexdentatus N Khawia sinensis N NN Lacerta bilineata N Lagarosiphon major N Lamiastrum galeobdolon subsp. N N argentatum Lasius neglectus N N Latheticus oryzae N Lemna minuta N Leptoglossus occidentalis N Leucaspius delineatus N Linepithema humile NN Lithobates catesbeianus NN N Ludwigia grandiflora NN Lysichiton americanus N Macrolabis aquilegiae N Macrosiphoniella sanborni N Macrosiphum albifrons N Macrosiphum euphorbiae N NN

Mimulus N Mimulus guttatus N Monobothrium wageneri N Monocorophium sextonae N Muehlenbeckia complexa N Muntiacus reevesi NN N Mus domesticus NN NN Mustela furo NN N Myriophyllum aquaticum NN Myriophyllum heterophyllum NN Mytilicola intestinalis N N Myzus persicae N NN Myzus varians N Nathrius brevipennis NN Neoergasilus japonicus N N Neomyzus circumflexus N Neosiphonia harveyi N Neovison vison NN NN Nezara viridula N Nysius huttoni N Oncorhynchus mykiss N Oryctolagus cuniculus N NN Oxalis debilis N Oxalis latifolia N Oxalis pes-caprae N N Oxyura jamaicensis NN Pacifastacus leniusculus NN NN Palorus ratzeburgii N Paraergasilus longidigitus N Parthenocissus quinquefolia N Pealius azaleae N Pellucidhaptor pricei N N Pentaglottis sempervirens N Pentarthrum huttoni N Persicaria campanulata N Persicaria wallichii N Petasites albus N Petasites fragrans N Phasianus colchicus N Phytomyza astrantiae N Phytomyza gymnostoma NN

Pinus nigra N Pinus nigra subsp. laricio N Pinus nigra subsp. nigra N Pinus pinaster N Potamopyrgus antipodarum N Pratylenchus bolivianus N Procambarus acutus N Procambarus clarkii N N Prokelisia marginata N Prunus laurocerasus N Prunus lusitanica N Prunus serotina N Pseudamphistomum truncatum N Pseudorasbora parva NN NN Pseudosasa japonica N Psittacula krameri N Pulvinaria hydrangeae N Pulvinaria regalis N N Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi N Quercus cerris N Quercus ilex NN Rangia cuneata N Rattus norvegicus NN NN Rattus rattus NN NN Reesa vespulae N Rhithropanopeus harrisii N N Rhododendron ponticum NN Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon N Rhopalosiphum maidis NN Robinia pseudoacacia N Rosa 'Hollandica' N Rosa rugosa NN Sagittaria latifolia N Sander lucioperca N Sanguinicola inermis N NN Sargassum muticum N N Sarracenia purpurea N Sasa palmata N Sasaella ramosa N Schizoporella japonica N Sciurus carolinensis NN NN

Sinapis alba N Sinapis alba subsp. alba N Sinapis arvensis N Smyrnium olusatrum N Spartina maritima x alterniflora = S. x N townsendii Spiraea N Spiraea alba x douglasii = S. x billardii N Spiraea douglasii N Spiraea salicifolia N Spiraea salicifolia x douglasii = S. x N pseudosalicifolia Stephanitis rhododendri N Stephanitis takeyai N Styela clava N N Symphoricarpos albus N Takecallis arundicolens N Takecallis taiwanus N Tandonia budapestensis NN Tandonia sowerbyi N Tenebrio obscurus N Thaumetopoea processionea N Tinocallis (Tinocallis) ulmiparvifoliae N Tinocallis (Tinocallis) zelkowae N Tribolium castaneum NN Tribolium confusum NN Tribolium destructor NN Tricellaria inopinata N Trioza alacris N Trioza vitreoradiata N Tripleurospermum inodorum N Trogoderma glabrum N Trogoderma inclusum N Trogoderma variabile N Undaria pinnatifida N Urosalpinx cinerea N NN Veronica filiformis N Vinca minor N Watersipora subatra N N Watersipora subatra N N Xenopus laevis N N

Appendix 5. Species designated as having an unknown impact.

Species name Common name Acartia (Acanthacartia) tonsa Acartia (Acartiura) margalefi Agardhiella subulata Alitta succinea Pile worm Ammothea hilgendorfi A sea spider Andricus quercuscalicis Knopper Gall Aphis oenotherae Asellus communis Asparagopsis armata Harpoon weed Asterocarpa humilis Compass sea squirt Athene noctua Little Owl Atheta harwoodi Boettgerilla pallens Worm Slug Bonnemaisonia hamifera Branchiura sowerbyi tubificid worm Candidula intersecta Wrinkled Snail Caprella mutica Japanese skeleton shrimp Catostomus commersoni Common White Sucker Cernuella virgata Vineyard Snail Chelicorophium curvispinum Chromaphis juglandicola Corticeus linearis Corynophlaea umbellata A brown seaweed Crocidura suaveolens Lesser White-toothed Shrew Cryphalus asperatus Cryptonemia hibernica A red seaweed Cryptorchestia cavimana An amphipod Crypturgus subcribrosus Dasysiphonia japonica Siphoned Japan Weed Desdemona ornata None known Dikerogammarus villosus Killer Shrimp Drepanosiphum acerinum Dysaphis (Dysaphis) tulipae Dyspanopeus sayi Say mud crab Eulepidosaphes pyriformis Eupithecia phoeniceata Cypress Pug

Ferrissia wautieri Wautier's Limpet Frankliniella occidentalis Gammarus tigrinus Sideswimmer Goniadella gracilis Gonionemus vertens Grateloupia turuturu Devil's Tongue Weed Hemigrapsus takanoi brush clawed shore crab Holocnemus pluchei Marbled Cellar Spider Idiopterus nephrelepidis Illinoia liriodendri Illinoia rhododendri Lehmannia valentiana Greenhouse Slug Lepomis gibbosus Pond-Perch Leucaspius delineatus Belica Limnodrilus cervix tubificid worm Lithocharis nigriceps Loxomitra kefersteinii A solitary entoproct Macrorhyncolus littoralis Macrosiphum ptericolens Melaphis rhois Menetus dilatatus Trumpet Ramshorn Monocorophium acherusicum Slender-tube amphipod Musculium transversum Oblong Orb Mussel Myzaphis turanica Myzocallis boerneri Myzocallis schreiberi Orconectes virilis Virile Crayfish Otiorhynchus (Otiorhynchus) aurifer Otiorhynchus (Otiorhynchus) salicicola Otiorhynchus (Tournieria) crataegi Privet weevil Otiorhynchus armadillo Palaemon macrodactylus Oriental prawn Paralaeospira malardi None known Pelophylax ridibundus Marsh frog Pemphigus populitransversus Periphyllus acericola Periphyllus californiensis

Periphyllus lyropictus Periphyllus xanthomelas Philonthus rectangulus Phyllodicola petiti A parasitic copepod Physella acuta European physa Physella gyrina Tadpole physa Pileolaria berkeleyana A tube worm Pineus similis Pineus strobi Planaria torva Podarcis muralis Wall Lizard Rhodobium porosum Rhopalosiphum rufulum Sasa veitchii Veitch's Bamboo Schizoporella japonica Orange ripple bryozoan Scolytus laevis Scolytus pygmaeus Pygmy Elm Bark Beetle Sedum stoloniferum Lesser Caucasian-Stonecrop Sitticus pubescens Takecallis arundicolens Takecallis taiwanus Thalassiosira punctigera A centric diatom Thalassiosira tealata A centric diatom Theba pisana White Snail Thoracochaeta johnsoni A Kelp Fly Thoracochaeta seticosta A Kelp Fly Tinocallis (Tinocallis) ulmiparvifoliae Tinocallis (Tinocallis) zelkowae Tupiocoris rhododendri Tuponia brevirostris Tuponia carayoni Uroleucon erigeronensis Utamphorophora humboldti Zamenis longissimus Aesculapian Snake

Appendix 6. Non-native species which are known to have arrived since the onset of the project.

Invasion Species name Broad group year Gracilaria vermiculophylla algae 2016 Hoplitis adunca insects 2016 Vespa velutina insects 2016 Tapinoma ibericum insects 2016 Liriomyza cannabis insects 2016 Isodontia mexicana insects 2016 Brachidontes exustus non-insect invertebrates 2016 Mnemiopsis leidyi non-insect invertebrates 2016 Stramonita floridana non-insect invertebrates 2016 Lepidocyrtus sp. non-insect invertebrates 2016 Lepidocyrtus nigrescens non-insect invertebrates 2016 Undaria pinnatifida algae 2015 Anastrepha species indet insects 2015 Adelges cooleyi insects 2015 Orientus ishidae insects 2015 Acyrthosiphon primulae insects 2015 Acyrthosiphon caraganae insects 2015 Nysius huttoni insects 2015 Drosophila suzukii insects 2015 Aphis gossypii insects 2015 Dryocosmus kuriphilus insects 2015 Antiponemertes pantini non-insect invertebrates 2015 Candidula olisippensis non-insect invertebrates 2015 Cylindroiulus appeninorum non-insect invertebrates 2015 Isognomon bicolor non-insect invertebrates 2015 Pinctada imbricata non-insect invertebrates 2015 Rangia cuneata non-insect invertebrates 2015 Cynomys ludovicianus vertebrate 2015 Anas penelope vertebrate 2015 Alectura lathami vertebrate 2015 Setophaga ruticilla vertebrate 2015 Cyanochen cyanopterus vertebrate 2015 Alectoris graeca vertebrate 2015 Otus asio vertebrate 2015 Corvus splendens vertebrate 2015 Alectoris barbara vertebrate 2015 Vireo altiloquus vertebrate 2015

Pecari tajacu vertebrate 2015 Coracias benghalensis vertebrate 2015 Aythya ferina vertebrate 2015 Streptopelia chinensis vertebrate 2015 Tympanuchus pallidicinctus vertebrate 2015 Coracias abyssinica vertebrate 2015 Anas acuta vertebrate 2015 Columbina cruziana vertebrate 2015 Rynchotus rufescens vertebrate 2015 Tympanuchus cupido vertebrate 2015 Cervus canadensis vertebrate 2015 Catreus wallichii vertebrate 2015 Branta hutchinsii vertebrate 2015 Perdix perdix vertebrate 2015 Balearica regulorum/pavonina vertebrate 2015 Dendroica magnolia vertebrate 2015 Ectopistes migratorius vertebrate 2015 Bombina variegata vertebrate 2015 Aquila pennata vertebrate 2015 Bubo bubo vertebrate 2015 Dendroica palmarum vertebrate 2015 Anas strepera vertebrate 2015 Ammomanes deserti vertebrate 2015 Cygnus cygnus vertebrate 2015 Griffithsia schousboei algae 2014 Dictyota cyanoloma algae 2014 Cerodontha (Poemyza) unisetiorbita insects 2014 Enigmadiplosis agapanthi insects 2014 Carcelia iliaca insects 2014 Tanysphyrus ater insects 2014 Osmia cornuta insects 2014 Chrysymenia wrightii non-insect invertebrates 2014 Vieitezia luzmurubeae non-insect invertebrates 2014 Dreissena bugensis non-insect invertebrates 2014 Hemigrapsus sanguineus non-insect invertebrates 2014 Linepithema humile insects 2013 Insulodrilus non-insect invertebrates 2013 Dikerogammarus haemobaphes non-insect invertebrates 2012

Appendix 7. Proposed alert management system dataflow.

Appendix 8. List of associations providing records of non-native species within the GB-NNSIP species register to the NBN Atlas.

Number of Number of GB- Data Provider records NNSIP species Aggregate Industries 80 22 Amphibian and Reptile Conservation 2742 11 Argyll Bird Club 3084 27 Balfour-Browne Club 42 2 Bat Conservation Trust 494 8 Bedfordshire and Luton Biodiversity Recording and MonitoringåÊCentre 9164 19 Biological Records Centre 113522 99 BIS for Powys & Brecon Beacons National Park 16960 403 Botanical Society of Britain & Ireland 646796 1471 Bristol Regional Environmental Records Centre 159060 1030 British Bryological Society 17060 2 British Trust for Ornithology 13532452 435 Buglife 110 26 Butterfly Conservation 22504 56 Caledonian Conservation 38 10 Cambridgeshire & Peterborough Environmental Records Centre 8387 57 Cladocera Interest Group 5 1 Cofnod North Wales Environmental Information Service 34333 521 Conchological Society of Great Britain & Ireland 48547 45 Cumbria Biodiversity Data Centre 41308 252 Derbyshire Biological Records Centre 10581 53 Derbyshire Wildlife Trust 9251 309 Dipterists Forum 1 1 Dorset Environmental Records Centre 8357 323 Dumfries and Galloway Environmental Resources Centre 689 15 East Ayrshire Countryside Ranger Service 33 25 Environment Agency 223280 93 Environmental Records Information Centre North East 58431 515 Essex Wildlife Trust Biological Records Centre 2299 87 Fife Nature Records Centre 1113 123 Freshwater Habitats Trust 51 17 Froglife 30 8 Glasgow Museums BRC 597 12 Gloucestershire Centre for Environmental Records 13057 389

Greater Manchester Ecology Unit 12642 459 Hertfordshire Natural History Society Flora Group 36745 704 Highland Biological Recording Group 3676 65 Isle of Wight Local Records Centre 4936 107 John Muir Trust 28 11 Joint Nature Conservation Committee 12054 153 Kent & Medway Biological Records Centre 2041 81 Lancashire Environment Record Network 171552 1102 Leicestershire and Rutland Environmental Records Centre 5039 114 Lochaber Fisheries Trust 312 17 Lorn Natural History Group 2059 187 Manx Biological Recording Partnership 26613 723 Marine Biological Association 6787 78 Merseyside BioBank 81623 826 Ministry of Justice 208 43 National Plant Monitoring Scheme 2479 208 National Trust 16879 716 National Trust for Scotland 2158 240 Natural England 15667 407 Natural Resources Wales 16023 375 Nature Locator 18758 35 NatureSpot 11304 465 Norfolk Biodiversity Information Service 82171 700 North Ayrshire Countryside Ranger Service 454 71 North East Scotland Biological Records Centre 17421 80 Norwich Reptile Study Group 2 1 Nottinghamshire Biological and Geological Records Centre 2572 48 Outer Hebrides Biological Recording 272 39 People's Trust for Endangered Species 14681 7 Plantlife 273 14 Porcupine Marine Natural History Society 343 42 Project Splatter 7250 21 Record 123810 989 Rossendale Ornithologists' Club 155 1 Rotherham Biological Records Centre 134639 696 Royal Horticultural Society 5757 511 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 178418 30 Scotland's Environment Web 10 4 Scottish Beavers 22 3 Scottish Environment Protection Agency 526 8 Scottish Natural Heritage 4137 77

Scottish Ornithologists' Club, The 16952 35 Scottish Wildlife Trust 41155 189 Seasearch 4269 46 Sheffield Bird Study Group 9071 26 Shire Group of Internal Drainage Boards 850 111 Shropshire Ecological Data Network 66841 785 South East Wales Biodiversity Records Centre 121589 1116 Staffordshire Ecological Record 32667 560 Suffolk Biodiversity Information Service 201721 1241 Sussex Biodiversity Record Centre 871 42 Terrestrial Heteroptera Recording Scheme (Shieldbugs & allied species) 1439 3 The British Association for Shooting and Conservation 470 25 The Conservation Volunteers Scotland 7 7 The Mammal Society 22402 19 The Wildlife Information Centre 8174 388 The Wildlife Trusts 7 4 The Woodland Trust 3907 1 West Wales Biodiversity Information Centre 12314 445 Yorkshire Naturalists' Union 10 3 Yorkshire Wildlife Trust 7289 247

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