Hypoxylon Canker

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LANDOWNER UPDATE: CYTOSPORA CANKER Cytospora canker, caused by a fungal cuts to avoid accidentally spreading the pathogen known as Leucostoma kunzei, is disease. the most common disease of Norway spruce and Colorado blue spruce in Delaware. Spraying fungicides is not recommended for These trees are not native to Delaware but this disease. Some fungal material is located have been widely planted because they make internally and therefore will not be affected attractive yard specimens. by sprays. This disease usually affects older trees. Homeowners often notice that the needles on the lower branches of their trees turn brown (Figure 1), and eventually these branches die. Usually, branch dieback is accompanied by profuse resin flow from cankers on infected branches (Figure 2). Cankers are dead areas that sometimes have small black fungal fruiting bodies around their edges. If left untreated, the disease can progress up the tree as the fruiting bodies release spores during wet conditions. Figure 2. Resin oozing from a canker. Stress predisposes trees to infection. You can reduce stress by watering your trees during hot summer months without rain. Water at least once per week. Mulch around the base of trees to retain soil moisture. Avoid wounding trees with lawnmowers and weedeaters. Trees suffering from this disease, if left untreated, will often develop other, secondary problems with bark beetles, Figure 1. Dieback caused by Cytospora canker. spider mites, and diseases. It is important to address Cytospora canker on an ongoing The recommended treatments for this basis, through pruning and stress reduction, disease include pruning and stress reduction to help prevent these other problems. Stress- measures. Prune infected branches during free trees are much more capable of resisting winter or during dry periods in the growing these secondary issues. season. Cut infected branches back to the main stem, but do not cut into the main Contact the Delaware Forest Service stem. Remove cut branches from the site as (698-4500) or an ISA-certified arborist if they can still be a source of infective fungal you need a professional diagnosis. materials. Do not prune during wet periods in the summer because the wounds could serve as entry points for new infections. Spray your cutting tool with Lysol between .

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Cytospora Canker
report on RPD No. 604 PLANT April 1996 DEPARTMENT OF CROP SCIENCES DISEASE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN CYTOSPORA OR LEUCOSTOMA CANKER OF SPRUCE Cytospora or Leucostoma canker, the most common and damaging disease of spruce, is caused by the fungus Leucocytospora kunzei, synonym Cytospora kunzei (teleomorph or sexual state Leucostoma kunzei, synonym Valsa kunzei). This canker occurs on several conifers from New England to the western United States. Colo- rado or Colorado blue (Picea pungens) and Norway spruce (Picea abies), used for ornament and in wind- breaks, are the species most commonly affected in Illinois. The disease has reached epidemic proportions on Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and Douglas- fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in the eastern Rocky Mountains due to a succession of dry years in the area. Other trees reported as susceptible to the disease are given in Table 1. Spruce trees less than 10 to 15 years old usually do not have Cytospora canker. In landscape nurseries, how- ever, small branches of young Colorado blue and oc- casionally white spruces may be killed. Three varieties of Leucostoma kunzei are recognized by some spec- ialists: var. piceae on spruces, var. superficialis on pines, and var. kunzei on other conifers. Figure 1. Colorado spruce affected by Cytospora Dead and dying branches call attention to Cytospora or canker. Leucostoma canker with older branches more suscep- tible than young ones. The fungus kills areas of bark, usually at the bases of small twigs and branches, creating elliptical to diamond-shaped lesions. If the lesions enlarge faster than the stem and girdle it, the portion beyond the canker also dies.
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