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Biologicznych Praktyczne zastosowania badań mikro - BIOLOGICZNYCH pod redakcją Wojciecha Truszkowskiego Praktyczne zastosowania badań mikrobiologicznych Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie Praktyczne zastosowania badań mikrobiologicznych pod red. Wojciecha Truszkowskiego Olsztyn 2019 Praktyczne zastosowania badań mikrobiologicznych Monografia naukowa pod redakcją dr. Wojciecha Truszkowskiego Recenzenci: dr hab. Anna Biedunkiewicz dr hab. Marta Damszel Korekta: Irmina Sitkowska Nakład: 30 egz. 10 ark. wyd. ISBN 978-83-943385-9-6 © Katedra Agrotechnologii, Zarządzania Produkcją Rolniczą i Agrobiznesu, Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie Druk: Zakład Poligraficzny Uniwersytetu Warmińsko – Mazurskiego w Olsztyne Olsztyn 2019 Monografia zawiera teksty artykułów nadesłane przez uczestników 48. MSKN „Międzynarodowe Seminarium Kół Naukowych. Koła naukowe szkołą twórczego działania” i to autorzy ponoszą odpowiedzialność za przedstawione treści. Praktyczne zastosowania badań mikrobiologicznych SPIS TREŚCI WPROWADZENIE ………...…………............................................................................................... 7 ROZDZIAŁ I. WPŁYW MIKROORGANIZMÓW NA BEZPIECZEŃSTWO SANITARNE I EKOLOGICZNE MARTYNA BUTA Obecność genów integrazy wśród bakterii ściekowych ………...………………….... 11 KAROLINA NOWACKA Różnorodność gatunkowa grzybów fitopatogenicznych fyllosfery wybranych makrofitów jezior Skanda i Kortowskie ………...………………………………….... 22 WIKTOR ZIELIŃSKI Występowanie grzybów rodzaju Aspergillus w wodzie z fontanny w Parku Centralnym w Olsztynie ………...…………………………………………………..................... 37 KAMILA KULESZA Obce i inwazyjne gatunki grzybów fitopatogenicznych w Polsce ………...……….... 48 MILENA TRAUT Endobakterie porostów wybranych gatunków występujących na Spitsbergenie ….... 58 ROZDZIAŁ II. ZNACZENIE WIEDZY MIKROBIOLOGICZNEJ W ROLNICTWIE I OGRODNICTWIE DAMIAN IWAŃSKI, MICHAŁ DZIWAK Wpływ wybranych cytokinin na wydajność mikrorozmnażania Alternanthera reineckii ‘roseafolia’……….......…………………………….…………………………..….... 69 MICHAŁ DZIWAK, DAMIAN IWAŃSKI, IZABELA WIERUCKA Wpływ cytokinin na regenerację kapturnicy oskrzydlonej (Sarracenia alata) ......………………………..……...................................................................... 80 MARTA KOTŁOWSKA, KAROLINA PRZETAKIEWICZ, GRZEGORZ DZIENIS Charakterystyka grzybów występujących na liściach cyklamena (Cyclamen L.) ...... 87 KAROLINA PRZETAKIEWICZ, MARTA KOTŁOWSKA, GRZEGORZ DZIENIS Występowanie grzybów na liściach fiołka ogrodowego (Viola wittrockiana) wykazujących objawy chorobowe ……….......…………....................................... 100 5 Praktyczne zastosowania badań mikrobiologicznych ROZDZIAŁ III. ZASTOSOWANIE MIKROBIOLOGII W WYBRANYCH PROCESACH PRZEMYSŁOWYCH IZABELA KONIUSZEWSKA Wpływ mikroorganizmów na jakość piwa – ocena mikrobiologiczna surowców, produktu i procesu technologicznego ……………………………………………... 113 KAROLINA SZACHERSKA Wpływ limitacji azotu na syntezę polihydroksykwasów …………………………. 124 PAULINA MARCINIAK Wpływ warunków limitujących na syntezę polihydroksykwasów przez Pseudomonas sp. GL01 ……………………………………………………………………………………. 136 ROZDZIAŁ IV. WPŁYW WIEDZY O MIKROORGANIZMACH NA PROJEKTOWANIE BADAŃ NAUKOWYCH JAKUB TADEUSZ KOWALIK Zastosowanie technik mikroskopowych w badaniach konsorcjów mikrobialnych … 149 TOMASZ BAŁABAŃSKI Wymagania pokarmowe grzybów w kontekście zasad konstruowania podłóż diagnostycznych ………………………………………………………………….. 168 SYLWIA MACHCIŃSKA Częstość izolowania mikrogrzybów z wybranych ontocenoz myszy laboratoryjnych ……………………………………………………………………. 178 KAROL MAKOWCZENKO Charakterystyka genomu mitochondrialnego Fusarium avenaceum (Fr. & Sacc., 1886) ………………………………………………………………………………………… 185 ROZDZIAŁ V. WPŁYW MIKROORGANIZMÓW NA ZDROWIE CZŁOWIEKA MARTYNA BUCZKOWSKA Zearalenon - wpływ mykotoksyny na zdrowie oraz życie człowieka i zwierząt … 199 JAKUB HUBENY Antybiotykooporność i bakteriocynogenność bakterii izolowanych z jamy ustnej człowieka ………………………………………………………………………….. 209 6 Wprowadzenie Wiedza mikrobiologiczna znajduje szerokie zastosowanie w rozwiązywaniu problemów życia codziennego. Szczególną uwagę zwraca się na dziedziny, w których drobnoustroje mogą spowodować znaczące straty lub wpłynąć korzystnie na efektywność prowadzonych procesów produkcyjnych. Wspomaganie uprawy roślin, udział w produkcji żywności, możliwość zapobiegania jałowieniu gleby, powstrzymywanie psucia się żywności oraz leczenie chorób ludzi i zwierząt, stawia badania mikrobiologiczne w rzędzie najistotniejszych dyscyplin nauki. Tym bardziej, że szczególne właściwości bakterii, pierwotniaków, wirusów, glonów i grzybów, pozwalają na odkrywanie coraz to nowych sposobów wykorzystania metabolitów dostarczanych przez mikroorganizmy w medycynie, w przemyśle i ochronie środowiska. Badania mikrobiologiczne pozwalają na lepsze zrozumienie i sterowanie procesami biochemicznymi oraz tworzenie szczepów o pożądanych właściwościach. Celem monografii jest prezentacja różnorodnych zastosowań wyników badań mikrobiologicznych wraz z oceną możliwości rozwoju poszczególnych kierunków badawczych. Aby osiągnąć cel, poszczególne rozdziały przedstawiono zgodnie z podziałem funkcjonalnym mikrobiologii. W rozdziale pierwszym zwrócono uwagę na znaczenie środowiskowe mikroorganizmów. Poruszono zagadnienia występowania drobnoustrojów w wybranych ekosystemach. Skupiono się także na znaczeniu tych organizmów w oczyszczaniu ścieków. Rozdział drugi poświęcono mikrobiologii rolniczej i wpływowi drobnoustrojów na glebę oraz efektywność prowadzonej produkcji w rolnictwie oraz gospodarstwach ogrodniczych. W rozdziale trzecim umieszczono prace wskazujące na związek tej dyscypliny naukowej z projektowaniem procesów przemysłowych. Posłużono się przykładami zarówno z przemysłu spożywczego, jak i produkcji biodegradowalnych tworzyw sztucznych. Rozdział czwarty obejmuje rozważania dotyczące mikrobiologii ogólnej. Przedstawia przebieg wybranych procesów. Przede wszystkim skupiono się na wpływie przygotowania środowiska laboratoryjnego do prowadzenia wiarygodnych badań. Rozdział piąty przedstawia wykorzystanie mikroorganizmów w naukach medycznych. Uwzględniono tu także zjawisko antybiotykooporności. 7 Praktyczne zastosowania badań mikrobiologicznych Monografia została zredagowana z prac przygotowanych i przedstawionych przez uczestników 48. Międzynarodowego Seminarium Kół Naukowych, które odbyło się na Uniwersytecie Warmińsko-Mazurskim w Olsztynie w dniach 11-12 kwietnia 2019 r. Opracowanie zawiera referaty z zakresu nauk biologicznych. Autorami rozdziałów są studenci i doktoranci realizujący badania w ramach pracy kół naukowych. Każdy rozdział został zrecenzowany przez dwóch pracowników naukowych. Za powstanie niniejszego opracowania podziękowania należą się przede wszystkim uczestnikom 48. MSKN – autorom prac, recenzentom, osobom zaangażowanym w sprawną organizację poszczególnych sekcji oraz Konferencji, jako całości, a także władzom Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego w Olsztynie oraz Wydziału Kształtowania Środowiska i Rolnictwa. Wojciech Truszkowski 8 Rozdział I Wpływ mikroorganizmów na bezpieczeństwo sanitarne i ekologiczne Rozdział I. Wpływ mikroorganizmów na bezpieczeństwo sanitarne i ekologiczne Obecność genów integrazy wśród bakterii ściekowych The presence of integrase genes among wastewater bacteria Martyna Buta Uniwersytet Warmińsko – Mazurski w Olsztynie Wydział Nauk o Środowisku Naukowe Koło Mikrobiologów Molekularnych „COCCUS" Opiekun koła: dr hab. inż. Monika Harnisz, prof. UWM Abstract Nowadays, wastewater treatment plants use many kinds of technological solutions to purify sewage. According to the type of supplied sewage, it can contain different quantities and species of microorganisms. The most hazardous are sewage which are delivered from hospitals because they contain pathogenic bacteria derived from the hospital patients. Equally important part of the wastewaters are industrial and domestic sewage. Those bacteria owe their virulence mainly to mobile genetic elements that include plasmids, transposons and integrons. The aim of the study was to demonstrate a presence of integrase genes of classes 1 and 2 in the wastewater bacteria that were inoculated on mFc and TSA medium. The presence of intI1 and intI2 genes were analyzed by standard PCR reaction using specific primers and thermal- time profile. Samples of the treated and untreated wastewater was collected from 13 WWTPs of the Warmia and Mazury region. All chosen to this study WWTPs were characterized by different treatment systems. Results of this study indicate the presence of both genes regardless of the type of purifying system. Genes intI1 and intI2 were identified in both untreated and treated wastewater which is alarming concern for human health. The results of this study indicate a possibility of spreading the integrase genes, which are responsible for acquisition of antibiotic resistance by bacteria genes, into the environment. The results also underline the importance to improve new modification of purifying systems in WWTPs in order to effectively eliminate integrase genes from wastewater and restrict a risk of contamination of surface water reservoirs receiving WWTPs' effluents. Keywords: integrons, integrase genes, wastewater, antibiotic resistance Wstęp Zgodnie z Ustawą z dn. 22 kwietnia 2005r., praca przy oczyszczaniu ścieków znajduje się w wykazie prac stanowiących zagrożenie dla zdrowia, pod kątem szkodliwych czynników biologicznych, w skład których wchodzą bakterie, wirusy, grzyby i pasożyty wewnętrzne człowieka (DZ.U.05.81.716 2008.04.05). Drobnoustroje, które
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