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New Collections of Powdery Mildews (Erysiphales) in Poland

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New Collections of Powdery Mildews (Erysiphales) in Poland Polish Botanical Journal 47(2): 215–222, 2002 NEW COLLECTIONS OF POWDERY MILDEWS (ERYSIPHALES) IN POLAND AGATA WOŁCZAN´ SKA & WIESŁAW MUŁENKO Abstract: New hosts and records of powdery mildews (Erysiphales) in Poland are discussed. Erysiphe adunca (Wallr.) Fr. was found on a host new for this fungus: Salix repens L. subsp. arenaria (L.) Hiitonen. Two other species – Golovinomyces cichoracea- rum (DC.) V. P. Gelyuta var. cichoracearum (on Chondrilla juncea L.) and Erysiphe syringae Schwein. (on Ligustrum vulgare L.) – were collected on host plants new for Poland. The anamorphic as well as teleomorphic (cleistothecia with ascospores) state of Erysiphe syringae was observed on Ligustrum vulgare and Syringa vulgaris L.; hitherto this fungus has formed mature cleistothecia only in North America. Erysiphe flexuosa (Peck) U. Braun & S. Takamatsu has been introduced from North America to Europe recently. Aesculus pavia L. and A. × carnea Hayne are new hosts for this fungus in Poland. Golovinomyces cichoracearum var. cichoracearum [on Cirsium canum (L.) All.] and Podosphaera spiraeae (Sawada) U. Braun & S. Takamatsu (on Spiraea cf. japonica L.) are recorded on rare host plants. Key words: taxonomy, ecology, parasitic fungi, Ascomycota, Erysiphales, Erysiphe, Golovinomyces, Podosphaera Agata Wołczan´ska & Wiesław Mułenko, Department of General Botany, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, PL-20-033 Lublin, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] INTRODUCTION In recent years an increasing number of reports on observed for two other species: Erysiphe syringae the appearance of new powdery mildew species Schwein. (Braun 1987, 1995) and Erysiphe flexu- (Erysiphales) in Poland and other parts of Europe osa (Peck) U. Braun & S. Takamatsu (Ale-Agha et have been published, and the distribution areas al. 2000; Ing & Spooner 2002; Pia˛tek 2002; have been extended (e.g., Romaszewska-Sałata et Zimmermannová-Pastircˇaková & Pastircˇak 2002; al. 1982; Mułenko 1993; Wołczan´ska 1995; Braun Zimmermannová-Pastircˇaková et al. 2002). 1998; Dynowska et al. 1999; Ing 2000; Ruszkiewicz The spread of Erysiphales depends on many 2000; Pia˛tek 2000, 2002; Adamska 2001; Czer- factors. The principal one is the presence of host niawska 2001; Wołczan´ska & Oklejewicz 2001). plants, but not all potential hosts are attacked by Teleomorphs of powdery mildew fungi hitherto parasites and not under all conditions. Besides the only known as anamorphs are also encountered. genetic resistance of plants to parasitic infections Since 1750, 22 species of Ascomycota have and fungal virulence, development of diseases de- been introduced in Europe, including 18 members pends on appropriate environmental conditions. of Erysiphales (80%) (Kreisel & Scholler 1994). These dependencies are illustrated by the so- These fungi were introduced to European coun- called ‘disease triangle’, commonly accepted and tries accidentally or else came spontaneously from cited by many authors, which characterizes the other continents. A classic example in recent years basic factors indispensable for disease develop- is the rapid migration of two East Asiatic species ment (e.g., Agrios 1997). of the genus Erysiphe DC. emend. U. Braun & S. With regard to the Erysiphales, insolation, tem- Takamatsu [E. vanbruntiana (W. R. Gerard) U. perature and humidity are most important, espe- Braun & S. Takamatsu and E. palczewskii (Jacz.) cially temperature during the vegetation period U. Braun & S. Takamatsu (Romaszewska-Sałata (Karis 1995), but also high temperature and low et al. 1982, 1986)]. These fungi have already humidity in the period of ascocarp formation (Lai- spread almost throughout Europe (Braun 1995). A bach 1930; Blumer 1948; Braun 1995). Such con- recent migration in the opposite direction can be ditions during full vegetation seasons have been 216 POLISH BOTANICAL JOURNAL 47(2). 2002. 16O 20O observed not only in Poland but also the rest of Jastarnia (B1) Hel-Bór (A) S³owinski National Europe for several years, producing ecological Park (D2, F1) conditions favorable to powdery mildews. 54O Here we describe the extension of the distribu- Szczecin tion areas of several powdery mildew species, give (F1) records of new host plants or hosts new to Poland, and discuss some rare hosts of common species. P³ock (C) Warszawa Mory (C) Na³êczów (D2) TAXONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL NOTES Lublin (C,D1,D2,E, F1,F2,F3) Skorocice Recently the nomenclature of mildew fungi has reserve (B2) Sandomierz (E) Kraków (E) Tarnów (F1) changed considerably as a result of molecular 50O Krosno (D2) Bolestraszyce studies based on analysis of ITS rDNA sequences Rymanów (B2) (D2) (Braun & Takamatsu 2000). Two names of fungi are given, the first according to Braun and Taka- matsu (2000), followed by names based on Braun Fig. 1. Sites of powdery mildew species in Poland. A – Ery- (1987, 1995). The nomenclature of host plants fol- siphe adunca on Salix repens subsp. arenaria; B – Golovinomy- et al. ces cichoracearum var. cichoracearum. on: Chondrilla juncea lows Mirek (1995). All species mentioned (B1) and Cirsium canum (B2); C – Erysiphe lonicerae on below are described in detail and illustrated in Lonicera xylosteum; D – Erysiphe syringae on: Ligustrum vul- Braun (1987, 1995). All samples cited in the ‘Host gare (D1) and Syringa vulgaris (D2); E – Podosphaera spi- and locality’ sections have been deposited in the raeae on Spiraea cf. japonica; F – Erysiphe flexuosa on: Aesculus hippocastanum Aesculus pavia Aescu- mycological herbarium (LBLM) of the Depart- (F1), (F2) and lus × carnea (F3). – localities known from literature, – samp- ment of General Botany, Maria Curie-Skłodowska ling sites University (Lublin, Poland). The localities are presented in Fig. 1. Photographs of some leaves range from 25 to 40 12 to 20 m (mainly 30–36 infected by powdery mildew are presented in × μ 15–18 m). Braun (1995) gave somewhat smal- Fig. 2, and horse chestnut trees (Aesculus hippo- × μ ler dimensions for this species, ranging from 24.0 castanum L.) affected by powdery mildew fungus to 35.0 12.5 to 18.0 m. The present material and butterfly are presented in Fig. 3. × μ from Poland well fits the description in Shin (2000) from South Korea, with conidia 24–30 Erysiphe adunca (Wallr.) Fr. × 11–14 μm. Uncinula adunca (Wallr.: Fr.) Lév. var. adunca This fungus is almost circumglobal on numer- ous hosts of the family Salicaceae (e.g., Chosenia, Mycelium external on leaves, delicate, whitish, Populus, Salix, Toisusu) (Braun 1987, 1995). In rather inconspicuous among the tomenta. Conidia Poland it is known on 19 host species of the gen- cylindrical or cylindrical-ellipsoid, 20–30 × 12–13 era Populus and Salix (Sałata 1985). However, μm, formed singly (pseudoidium type). Cleisto- Salix repens subsp. arenaria is a new host for this thecia not found. parasite. HOST AND LOCALITY. On Salix repens L. subsp. are- naria (L.) Hiitonen (= Salix arenaria L.): HEL PENIN- Golovinomyces cichoracearum (DC.) V. P. Ge- SULA. Hel-Bór, in sand–dune shrubs, single locality, lyuta var. cichoracearum 9 Sept. 1999, leg. A. Wołczan´ska (LBLM ASC-7144). Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. var. cichoracearum REMARKS. The dimensions of the conidia of the fungus found are somewhat smaller than those Mycelium on both sides of leaves, arachnoid, given previously. According to Sałata (1985), they rather inconspicuous. Conidia cylindrical, cylind- A. WOŁCZAN´ SKA & W. MUŁENKO: NEW COLLECTIONS OF POWDERY MILDEWS 217 rical-ellipsoid or ellipsoid, 24–30 × 12–16 μm, ever, the collection data for L. xylosteum from the formed in chains (euoidium type). Cleistothecia Mory locality near Warsaw are doubtful and not not found. verified (Sałata 1985). The first confirmed lo- cality of this fungus on L. xylosteum is in the HOSTS AND LOCALITIES. 1 – On Chondrilla juncea vicinity of Płock (Dynowska et al. 1999). The L.: HEL PENINSULA. Jastarnia village, railway embank- ment, single locality, 31 Aug. 2001, leg. A. Wołczan´ska present collection is the second locality of this (LBLM ASC-7127); 2 – On Cirsium canum (L.) All.: fungus in Poland. DOŁY JASIELSKO–SANOCKIE BASIN. Rymanów village, common on wet meadows, 16 Aug. 2001, leg. A. Woł- Erysiphe syringae Schwein. czan´ska (LBLM ASC-7128). Microsphaera syringae (Schwein.) Magnus REMARKS. This species is a common powdery Mycelium external, whitish, conspicuous, in- mildew on numerous composites with a circum- itially in subcircular patches, later confluent and global distribution (Braun 1987, 1995). In Europe covering the entire leaf blade. Conidia cylindrical, it is known on Chondrilla juncea from Bulgaria, 22–32 × 12–14 μm, formed singly (pseudoidium Spain, France, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Romania, type). Cleistothecia (70–)80–90(–110) μm diam., the European part of Russia, Ukraine and Yugosla- on both sides of leaves, with 9–14 appendages, via (Braun 1995). However, in Poland this fungus equatorially arising, short, only 1.0–1.5 times as has not yet been collected on this host plant. long as diameter of cleistothecia, mostly (3)–5 On Cirsium canum this fungus was recorded times dichotomously branched, at base brown, only from five European countries: Switzerland, hyaline at apex. Asci 4–6, (30–)34 × 60(–66) μm the Czech Republic, Rumania, Hungary and Po- (on average 40–50 × 25–30 μm). Ascospores 4–6, land (Braun 1995). In Poland it was known before (16–)18–20 × 9–11 μm. from only one locality, the Skorocice Reserve near This species was also collected and measured Busko Zdrój (Sałata 1985). in the United States (Illinois) by Dr. Joanna Ro- maszewska–Sałata in 1991: Erysiphe lonicerae DC. – on Syringa vulgaris L.: conidia (23–)27 × 11– Microsphaera lonicerae (DC.) G. Winter var. lonicerae 14(–16) μm, cleistothecia (62–)73–110(–115) μm Mycelium external, whitish, visible on leaves diam., number of appendages (6)9–12(14), num- as subcircular patches. Cleistothecia present, ex- ber of asci 4–6, size of asci (39–)46–57 × 27–35 ternal on leaves. Measurements of conidia, asco- μm, number of ascospores 4–7, size of ascospores carps, appendages, asci and ascospores corre- (14–)16–23 × 9–12 μm.
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