The National Plant Biosecurity Status Report

2018 © Plant Health Australia 2019 Disclaimer: This publication is published by Plant Health Australia for information purposes only. Information in the document is drawn from a variety of sources outside Plant Health This work is copyright. Apart from any use as Australia. Although reasonable care was taken in its preparation, Plant Health Australia does permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part not warrant the accuracy, reliability, completeness or currency of the information, or its may be reproduced by any process without prior usefulness in achieving any purpose. permission from Plant Health Australia. Given that there are continuous changes in trade patterns, pest distributions, control measures Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction and rights and agricultural practices, this report can only provide a snapshot in time. Therefore, all should be addressed to: information contained in this report has been collected for the 12 month period from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2018, and should be validated and confirmed with the relevant Communication Manager organisations/authorities before being used. A list of contact details (including websites) is Plant Health Australia provided in the Appendices. 1/1 Phipps Close DEAKIN ACT 2600 To the fullest extent permitted by law, Plant Health Australia will not be liable for any loss, damage, cost or expense incurred in or arising by reason of any person relying on the ISSN 1838-8116 information in this publication. Readers should make and rely on their own assessment and An electronic version of this report is available for enquiries to verify the accuracy of the information provided. download from the Plant Health Australia website. Print copies can be ordered by contacting Plant Health Australia.

In referencing this document, the preferred citation is: National Plant Biosecurity Status Report (2018). Plant Health Australia, Canberra, ACT.

Cover image: Close up of banksia flower in Killcare, NSW The National Plant Biosecurity Status Report

2018 Contents

Foreword 6 Dried fruits (grapes) 84 Forestry 86 INTRODUCTION 9 Ginger 88 The importance of plant biosecurity 10 Grains 90 Growing threats to plant health 11 Hazelnuts 92 Plant biosecurity highlights in 2018 12 Honey bees 94 Lychees 96 CHAPTER 1: AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM 15 Macadamias 97 Plant biosecurity framework and legislation 18 Mangoes 98 National committees 18 Melons 99 The revised intergovernmental agreement on biosecurity 20 Olives 100 The national plant biosecurity strategy 20 Onions 101 Biosecurity legislation 21 Passionfruit 102 Government roles 22 Pineapples 103 The Australian Government 22 Pistachios 104 State and territory governments 26 Processing tomatoes 105 Non-government roles 32 Production nurseries 106 Plant Health Australia 32 Rice 108 Peak plant industry bodies 34 Rubus 109 Private sector 34 Stone fruit 110 Research funders and providers 35 Strawberries 111 Community 35 Sugarcane 112 Sweetpotatoes 114 CHAPTER 2: PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES 37 Table grapes 115 Priority pests and diseases 40 Tea tree 116 National Priority Plant Pests 40 Truffles 117 Environmental biosecurity 42 Vegetables (including potatoes) 118 Plant industry biosecurity preparedness 44 Walnuts 122 Biosecurity planning 44 Wine grapes 123 Contingency planning 54 CHAPTER 4: PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY 125 Biosecurity manuals for producers 61 Pre-border biosecurity 128 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES 63 Obligations under international trade agreements 128 Almonds 66 Pre-border activities to mitigate the risks of imports 129 Apples and pears 68 Regulating imports to manage risk 130 Avocados 70 Other international activities 134 Bananas 72 Ensuring Australian exports meet required standards 134 Blueberries 74 Border biosecurity 142 Canned fruits 75 Collaborations to reduce border biosecurity risks 142 Cherries 76 Government screening, inspection and surveillance activities 144 Chestnuts 78 Protecting our northern coastline 146 Citrus 80 Post-entry plant quarantine 146 Cotton 82 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS 149 The biosecurity obligations of all Australians 208 The role of local government 209 Plant pest surveillance 151 Controlling pests through area wide management 209 Oversight of plant pest surveillance 151 On-farm biosecurity 210 Targeted surveillance programs 152 The Farm Biosecurity Program 210 Industry surveillance strategies and programs 153 Biosecurity extension and engagement programs 211 General surveillance programs 156 Managing pests on-farm 214 Plant pest surveillance programs in 2018 158 Australia’s weed biosecurity system 216 Diagnostics – identifying plant pests and diseases 166 Coordination of weed management 216 Coordination of national plant biosecurity diagnostics 166 Preventing the entry of new weeds 216 National diagnostic protocols 168 Eradication and containment of newly established weeds 217 Diagnostic services in Australia 172 Managing established weeds 218 National reference collections 172 Handbook for the Identification of Fruit Flies 178 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 221 Online systems supporting plant biosecurity 179 National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy 223 CHAPTER 6: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – ERADICATING NEW Australian Government agencies and statutory authorities 224 PLANT PESTS 181 Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research 224 Australian Research Council 224 Reporting a plant pest or disease 182 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation 224 Pest response arrangements 182 Plant Innovation Centre 224 The Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed 183 Research and development corporations 226 Definition of an Emergency Plant Pest 183 Agrifutures Australia 227 Decision making under the EPPRD 183 Cotton Research and Development Corporation 227 PLANTPLAN 184 Forest and Wood Products Australia 227 Categorisation of pests 184 Grains Research and Development Corporation 227 Transition to Management 185 Hort Innovation 228 Evaluating activities under the EPPRD 185 Sugar Research Australia 228 Managing biosecurity incidents 186 Wine Australia 228 Biosecurity Incident Management System 186 The Plant Biosecurity Research Initiative 229 The National Biosecurity Response Team 187 State and territory governments 230 Communication in an Emergency Plant Pest response 187 University and private research institutes 230 Responses to Emergency Plant Pest incursions 188 Collaborative research arrangements 230 Maintaining the capacity to respond to incursions 194 Centre for Crop and Disease Management 230 Oversight of biosecurity emergency preparedness training 194 Centre for Fruit Fly Biosecurity Innovation 230 Qualifications for biosecurity emergency responses 194 Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis 231 Practical training for biosecurity emergency responses 195 Australian Plant Biosecurity Science Foundation 231 Online training in biosecurity 196 Cooperative Research Centres 232 CHAPTER 7: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING CRC for Honey Bee Products 232 PESTS AND WEEDS 199 Plant Biosecurity CRC 232 Plant biosecurity RD&E projects in 2018 234 National and state oversight of domestic quarantine 201 Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market Access 201 APPENDICES 269 Restrictions for interstate travellers and transport of produce 201 Organisation contact details 270 Official control of quarantine plant pests to protect overseas trade 202 Glossary 272 Australia’s regionalised pests 202 Acronyms 274 Preventing the spread of fruit flies 207 Community involvement in domestic quarantine 208 INDEX 277 Figures Tables

Figure 1. Australia’s varied climatic zones 10 Table 1. Plant biosecurity related legislation across Australia 21 Figure 2. Gross value of plant and animal production industries in Australia, Table 2. Plant Health Australia members 33 1972–2018 11 Table 3. Australia’s National Priority Plant Pests 40 Figure 3. Key components of Australia’s plant biosecurity system 17 Table 4. The top 10 National Priority Plant Pests 41 Figure 4. National government biosecurity committees and working groups Table 5. Current biosecurity plans covering Australia's plant industries 44 with plant focus 19 Table 6. High Priority Pest threats 45 Figure 5. Catchment scale land use in Australia 39 Table 7. Contingency plans 55 Figure 6. Comparative value of Australia’s plant production industries, Table 8. Biosecurity manuals for producers 61 based on gross value of production, 2016–17 64 Table 9–45. Industry specific High Priority Pest lists 66 Figure 7–86. Industry production data 67 Table 46. Australian Government import policy advice, final and in progress 131 Figure 87. Entity responsibility for biosecurity risks, first points of entry (ports) 143 Table 47. Australia's export legislation, administered by the Department Figure 88. Ports of Australia 145 of Agriculture and Water Resources 135 Figure 89. Biosecurity risk pathways regulated by NAQS 146 Table 48. Market access achievements for pollinator and plant product Figure 90. National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance System framework 151 exports from Australia since 2000 136 Figure 91. Surveillance programs by target host 158 Table 49. Australia's post-entry plant quarantine facilities 147 Figure 92. Surveillance programs by target pest type 158 Table 50. Australia's plant biosecurity surveillance programs 158 Figure 93. National Diagnostic Protocol endorsement process 168 Table 51. National Diagnostic Protocols 169 Figure 94. Incident management team structure for biosecurity incursion Table 52. Australia’s diagnostic services, their capabilities, accreditations responses 186 and collections 173 Figure 95. RD&E projects by pest type 234 Table 53. Emergency Plant Pest categories and the associated Affected Figure 96. RD&E projects by research type or location 234 Party Cost Sharing splits 184 Figure 97. RD&E projects by project value 234 Table 54. Responses to plant pests under EPPRD arrangements 189 Table 55. Plant Pest detections notified under the EPPRD in 2018 192 Table 56. Australia’s regionalised pests 202 Table 57. Sales of plant chemicals in Australia, 2016–18 214 Table 58. Weeds of National Significance 218 Table 59. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects 236

Image courtesy of Jane Richter Case studies

Chapter 1 Sowing the seeds for an international movement system 23 Growing plant biosecurity in the Pacific region 24 Review of hitchhiker pest and contaminant biosecurity risk management 25 Plant biosecurity highlights in Victoria in 2018 31 International Year of Plant Health 2020 35

Chapter 2 Improving preparedness for spotted wing drosophila 38 Biosecurity plan for acacia species 43 Wheat rust outbreak could cost Australia up to $1.4 billion 54 New biosecurity manuals for potato and onion growers 61

Chapter 4 First Australian avocados land in Japan 136 Reinstating Tasmania’s fruit fly free status 140 Solomon Islands surveillance manages off-shore risk 141 Strong action keeps bugs at bay 143 Don't be sorry, just declare it 144 Collaboration in the north building biosecurity awareness 147

Chapter 5 Partnership delivering cost-effective surveillance in northern Australia 153 Varroa detection at the Port of Melbourne 155 Biosecurity Blitz harnesses public spirit 156 Measures to encourage early reporting 157 Establishing a surveillance network in Australia’s botanic gardens and arboreta 157 Development opportunities for diagnosticians 167

Chapter 6 Eradicating citrus canker in the north 188 Exercise Fastidious tests response to xylella 195 Exercise Bee Prepared 196

Chapter 7 National Fruit Fly Symposium helps set direction 209 Banana growers recognised in biosecurity awards 210 Recognition for grains farm biosecurity efforts 211 Plant Sure scheme to weed out invaders 219

Chapter 8 Biosecurity Behaviour and Market Research Knowledge Base 222 Workshop prioritises xylella action 223 Australia and NZ join forces on plant biosecurity research 229 Research to protect Australian wheat from overseas threat 231 Australia and New Zealand consider future innovations 232

Image courtesy of the Canned Fruits Industry Council of Australia Foreword

Australia maintains its freedom from many serious plant pests by devoting considerable resources to plant biosecurity. While often taken for granted, this benefits all Australians. Our unique ecosystems, plant production industries, high standard of social amenity and rural way of life are sustained by our biosecurity system.

The goal is the delivery of an internationally first-class biosecurity system capable of supporting sustainable plant production and environmental health while maintaining and enhancing market access.

The National Plant Biosecurity Status Report is one of several tools that assists in monitoring continuous improvement in the plant biosecurity system.

The 2018 National Plant Biosecurity Status Report is the 11th such report, with the first report being published in 2008. For the first time, a timeline of notable biosecurity events during 2018 is provided, which link to features throughout the report.

The report touches on governance of biosecurity in Australia, the role of many stakeholders and the most concerning exotic plant pests. It features our plant industries, pre-border, border and post-border biosecurity efforts, pest surveillance and diagnostics, emergency responses and domestic quarantine matters. It also lists more than 600 plant biosecurity research, development and extension projects being undertaken around Australia.

I believe that Australia has developed a modern, dynamic and integrated system through the cohesive partnership between government and industry. We are all working together to fill the gaps that have been faced and preparing for future challenges.

Compiling the 2018 National Plant Biosecurity Status Report relies on input of more than 100 organisations. We are very grateful for your cooperation that allows the monitoring of the plant biosecurity system and the publication of this report annually.

I encourage you to share the report widely with those who would benefit from its content.

Steve McCutcheon Chairman Plant Health Australia

6

Image caption 7

Dorrigo National Park, NSW Introduction The importance of plant biosecurity

Australia is fortunate to be free from many serious plant pests that exist overseas, due to Almost half of Australia's total land area is used for agriculture. In the tropical and subtropical more than a century of effective quarantine measures and our geographic isolation. zones, crops such as bananas, sugarcane, pineapples, mangoes and ginger are grown. In more southern temperate zones, pome and stone fruits, grapes, nuts, onions and potatoes can be Our enviable plant health status confers significant benefits to us all. Without biosecurity cultivated. Vast areas with grassland climate are suited to broadacre production of grains, efforts, plant pests such as insects, fungi, bacteria and viruses spread to suitable host plants pulses, cotton, forestry, and pasture for livestock production, and vegetables are grown in INTRODUCTION in new areas and countries aided by the movement of people and goods. many areas.

Due to wide climate variability across Australia (see Figure 1), there are many varied natural Plant industries make a significant contribution to agricultural production and exports. ecosystems and crop species grown. Each ecosystem and crop has a set of pests that pose In 2016–17, around 394 million hectares was farmed by 88,073 crop and livestock a threat. businesses, with plant industries representing a gross value of $33.5 billion1 (see Figure 2). Plant exports were worth more than $31 billion, including large quantities of grains (such as Figure 1. Australia’s varied climatic zones wheat, barley and canola) as well as sugar, wine, forestry, cotton and horticultural products.

Produce destined for overseas must meet the standards set for market access, which often includes evidence that production areas are free from certain pests. Production and trade could be jeopardised by an incursion of a new pest that makes its way into our fields, orchards and plantations.

Protecting our unique, biodiverse, natural environments is also a very high priority. Australia has more than 500 national parks, which cover over 28 million hectares and four per cent of the total land area. A further six per cent or more of Australia is protected and includes conservation areas within state forests, nature reserves, indigenous protected areas and conservation reserves2. In 2017 the Australian Bureau of Statistics estimated these areas brought more than $6 trillion worth of benefits to Australia. Invasive exotic plant pests and weeds could threaten native species, disrupt ecosystems and change the face of these landscapes, along with parklands and other public amenities3.

1. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Canberra. Agricultural commodities March Quarter 2019 – Statistics Data Table 13. Accessed online 31 May 2019 agriculture.gov.au/abares/research-topics/agricultural-commodities/mar-2019#download-report 2. Commonwealth of Australia 2007. Conserving Australia: Australia’s National parks, conservation reserves and marine protected areas. Accessed online 19 July 2019 aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Environment_and_Communications/ Major classification groups Completed_inquiries/2004-07/nationalparks/report/index 3. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra. ABS 2017, Australian environmental–economics accounts, Equatorial Desert 2017, Cat. No. 4655.0. Accessed online 19 July 2018 Tropical Grassland abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/4655.0Main+Features12017 Subtropical Temperate

Image courtesy of the Bureau of Meteorology

10 VALUE (GVP $ BILLION) Figure 2. * Includesforestry from 1995–96 regionalised pestsare thosecurrently present withinAustralia. and fauna.Exotic pestsare thosenot currently present inAustralia. Establishedor fibre, ornamental crops, beesandstored products, aswell as environmental flora pathogens (diseases) andweeds thathave thepotential toadversely affect food, The definitionofapestusedinthisreport covers insects,mites,snails,nematodes, 40 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5

1973–74 Gross value ofplantandanimalproduction industriesinAustralia,1972–2018*

Total livestock Total crops 1975–76

1977–78

1979–80

1981–82

1983–84

1985–86

1987–88

1989–90

1991–92

1993–94

1995–96 YEAR

1997–98

1999–00

2001–02

2003–04

2005–06

2007–08

2009– 10 2011–12

2013–14

2015–16

2017–18 and theincreasing volume ofgoodsmoved are allcontributing toincreasing biosecurityrisks Factors suchasglobalisation,international andinterstate movement, climatechange,tourism Growing threats toplanthealth 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. biosecurity planningby Plant Health Australia(PHA)(see Some 370highprioritypestshave beenidentified for Australia’s plant industriesthrough and withinAustralia(post-border). partnerships, andby coordinated activitiesthatoccur pre-border (overseas), attheborder almost 60,000km,ourborders canonlybeprotected from plant pestsby collaborative It takes agreat effort tokeep exotic pestsoutofAustralia.Withatotal coastline stretching including 60,000itemssniffed outby biosecuritydetector dogs officers intercepted more than350,000itemsofbiosecurityconcern across the country, and travel, ahighpriorityisplaced onplant biosecurity. During2018,Australianbiosecurity To maintain Australia’s favourable biosecuritystatusinthisageofincreased globaltrade foreigners. 1 milliontonnesby air for Australia.Annuallythere isnow nearly100milliontonnesoffreight arrivingby sea The growth intradeandinternational movement ofpeoplepresents biosecuritychallenges • • • Plant pestsanddiseasesspread inthree mainways: reports, innovations, events andannouncements. preparedness activities,publicawareness activities,international collaborations, significant over thepage.They includeexotic plant pestdetections, biosecuritysurveillance and Some ofthehighlights relating tosignificant plant biosecurityevents in2018are shown or regionalised peststhatare already present. Just asimportant askeeping exotic pestsoutofAustraliaisthemanagement ofestablished pests for theenvironmental landscapeswillbeidentified in2019. carried by vectors suchas insects. by environmental forces includingwater andwind through tradinggoodsandmovement ofpeople 16 July2019 Department of Agriculture andWater Resources. BiosecurityMattersEdition 12019.Accessed online tra.gov.au/International/International-tourism-results/overview Austrade. LatestInternational VisitorSurvey Results, March 2019.Accessed online16July2019 Accessed online16July 2019 Department ofInfrastructure, Regional Development andRegional Economics. Aviation Statistics. 2015–16. Accessed online16July2019 Department ofInfrastructure, Regional Development andRegional Economics. AustralianSeaFreight agriculture.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/igab-review-response.pdf agriculture ministers(November 2018).Accessed online16July2019 Commonwealth ofAustralia.Prioritiesfor Australia's BiosecuritySystem: Response from Australian agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity/australia/reports-pubs/biosecurity-matters/2019-01 6 , and21millioninternational travellers arriving bitre.gov.au/statistics/aviation bitre.gov.au/publications/2018/asf_2015_16.aspx

Chapter 2

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11 INTRODUCTION Plant biosecurity highlights in 2018

Below is a timeline of some key plant biosecurity related events during 2018 that involved a broad range of stakeholders across Australia working to protect our plant resources. These events are referenced throughout the report. INTRODUCTION JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN

Queensland fruit fly Exercise Border Bridge Suspected citrus International Clean found in Tasmania undertaken canker incursion in NT Seed Pathway (23 January). Pest free (5–9 March) (19 April). National Workshop (7–8 June) status reinstated Plant and animal See page 195 response initiated Launch of new inflight See page 23 9 January 2019 health surveys in 1 June video ‘Don’t be sorry’ See page 140 Solomon Islands Australian Biosecurity See page 188 (1 May) See page 141 Awards (6 March) See page 144 See page 210 New Fruit Fly ID Xylella–Priority Exercise Bee Prepared Australia website and Actions Workshop Biosecurity Innovation Exercise Bee Prepared NSW (24 May) handbook launched (15 February) Exchange with NZ in ACT (26 April) See page 196 (14 June) See page 223 (8 March) See page 196 See page 178 See page 232 Plant Sure Scheme Launch of Onion Varroa mite detected Workshop in Sydney Growers’ Biosecurity at Port Melbourne (23 February) Manual (25 June) with See page 219 Diagnosticians' See page 61 freedom declared Workshop (21 March) 10 August See page 167 See page 31

Release of Queensland Pacific Plant Biosecurity Strategy Biosecurity Capacity (29 March) Building Workshop in See page 28 Fiji (26–27 June) See page 24

Release of Potato Growers’ Biosecurity Manual See page 61

12 JUL See Tasmania Exercise BeePrepared See (13 July) management released biosecurity risk pest andcontaminant Review ofhitchhiker page 196 page 25

(17–18 July)

AUG See (14–15 August) Symposium National Fruit Fly page 209

SEP See (25 September) announced biosecurity scheme thirty-party HACCP ‘approved’ NGIA BioSecure See (6 September) wheat rustreport ABARES releases page 106 page 54

OCT See (30 October) Network Workshop Arboreta Surveillance Botanic Gardens and See (29 October) Drosophila Workshop Spotted Wing See surveys (lateOctober) NT grower biosecurity See 16 November) (19 October– WA BiosecurityBlitz See in NSW(14October) Exercise OrangeJuice See appointed (4October) Biosecurity Officer Chief Environmental page 157 page 38 page 147 page 156 page 195 page 22

NOV See (29 November) released the IGABreview Minister’s response to See (14–15 November) fastidiosa response to exercise totest National simulation See (9 November) biosecurity research new collaboration on Australia andNZenter page 20 page 195 page 229

in Brisbane inBrisbane Xylella

DEC See (21 December) of PlantHealth the InternationalYear UN proclaims 2020 See bugs (19December) marmorated stink due toriskofbrown Australian territory directed toleave Second vessel See Japan (11December) avocados arrive in First Australian page35 page 143 page 136

13 INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1 Australia's plant biosecurity system Australia's plant biosecurity system

Australia works across the three layers of the biosecurity continuum – pre-border, at the border and post-border – with activities to help prevent the introduction, spread and establishment of pests and diseases. Surveillance and monitoring of risk areas are critical to the integrity of the system, along with border control activities, which focus on assessing and managing potential biosecurity threats at Australia’s airports, seaports and international mail centres.

The three layers of protection and the whole of system assets, are expanded upon throughout this report (see Figure 3).

The enormous challenge of protecting Australia from plant pests can only be achieved by stakeholders operating in a coordinated fashion, referred to as the plant biosecurity partnership.

While the activities of the Australian Government, such as restrictions on what comes in at AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM BIOSECURITY PLANT AUSTRALIA'S international arrival points, are often the most visible aspects of the plant biosecurity system, in fact all Australians have a role to play in keeping Australia free from new pests.

Other key stakeholders with important roles to prevent the spread of weeds and pests include state

CHAPTER 1: 1: CHAPTER government agencies, peak industry bodies and their growers, local councils, grower groups, transporters, research organisations, international and domestic travellers, gardeners and anyone who visits a farm, including utility providers such as electricity and water service staff.

The principle of biosecurity partnerships was established in recognition that, in addition to plant producers and governments, the wider Australian community benefits from the biosecurity system. Benefits include improved productivity, product quality and cost, market access, trade, profitability, sustainability and environmental preservation.

Everyone has a role to play in safeguarding Australia from weeds, pests and diseases. 16 Image captiontaken in Rundle Mall, Adelaide Figure 3. PRE-BORDER • • • • • • • • exports Documentation System (EXDOC)tofacilitate Requirements (MICoR) andExport Maintaining theManualofImportingCountry Negotiating export market access pest intelligence Anticipating pestthreats by gatheringglobal Building capacityoverseas Developing international standards Undertaking pestsurveillance overseas exporters Inspecting, verifying andauditingoverseas imports Analysing pestrisksassociatedwithproposed Key components ofAustralia’s plantbiosecuritysystem AT THEBORDER • • • • • • • • preparedness andprevention activities Prioritising exotic peststotarget with post-entry quarantine Isolating newly arrived plant materialin Enforcing border restrictions Strategy (NAQS) with theNorthern AustraliaQuarantine Protecting Australia’s northfrom exotic pests pests by portworkers andimporters Encouraging thereporting ofsuspectednew Imposing biosecuritymeasures atports movement restrictions Raising awareness ofplant pestsand cargo, mailandplant products Inspecting andmonitoringarrivals ofpeople, POST-BORDER • • • • • • • • • • • • Managing weeds Managing pestfruitfliesonanationalbasis measures Protecting farmswithon-farm biosecurity Agreement National Environmental BiosecurityResponse Responding toenvironmental threats with the Maintaining emergency response capacity plant pests Maintaining theabilitytodiagnose Managing establishedpests Encouraging thereporting ofanything unusual Australians Managing risksunderthecontrol ofeveryday Plant Pest Response Deed Eradicating exotic pestsundertheEmergency pests withsurveillance Providing earlywarning ofincursionsexotic Preventing thespread ofregionalised pests

17 CHAPTER 1: AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM Plant biosecurity framework and legislation

The framework for managing the cooperative partnership that underpins Australia’s The Secretary of the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources is a member of AGSOC effective plant biosecurity system is supported by a suite of strategies, agreements, review and chairs the NBC. The Australian Government is also represented by the Department of reports, policies and legislation, developed over many years. These not only provide the Agriculture and Water Resources Deputy Secretary responsible for biosecurity (or a delegate), current structure but provide a vision of how the plant biosecurity system should operate and a Deputy Secretary from the Department of the Environment and Energy (or a delegate). into the future. Plant Health Australia (PHA) and Animal Health Australia are observers. Remaining members are senior representatives from the departments of primary industry and/or environment The Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources administers for each state and territory. Jurisdictions may have up to two representatives. a range of Australian Government legislation to manage Australia’s biosecurity system, manage imports and regulate export certification of agriculture, fish and forest products. The Plant Health Committee (PHC) is the peak government plant biosecurity policy forum. As an Australian Government regulator, the department also carries the responsibility for Its role is to maintain or improve plant health in Australia to support the economy, monitoring compliance with import and export legislation. environment and community. PHC’s membership comprises representatives from the Australian, state and territory governments. PHA and subcommittee chairs attend PHC NATIONAL COMMITTEES meetings with observer status. While state and territory governments have responsibility for implementing many biosecurity

AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM BIOSECURITY PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PHC reports to the NBC and provides strategic policy, technical and regulatory advice, activities within their borders, a level of coordination is required between the jurisdictions and national leadership on plant biosecurity matters. It is responsible for overseeing the and with the Australian Government. implementation of the government aspects of the National Plant Biosecurity Strategy and the Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity (IGAB) with respect to plant health. National committees provide a formal mechanism for developing and coordinating key plant

CHAPTER 1: 1: CHAPTER biosecurity policy and procedures that are nationally consistent. As such, Australia’s plant In 2018, PHC continued implementation of the National Plant Biosecurity Strategy, using biosecurity committee structure plays a major role in facilitating partnerships between the document as one of the main guiding principles when determining work area priorities. governments. PHC also continued to progress various lines of work to support and maintain trade and market access, both domestically and internationally. Figure 4 shows the structure of Australian government biosecurity committees that are tasked with national coordination of plant biosecurity. Through its subcommittees – the Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics, Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance and Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and The Agriculture Senior Officials' Committee (AGSOC) is responsible for primary industry policy Market Access – PHC also facilitates a consistent national approach to legislative outcomes issues. AGSOC comprises the heads of primary industry government departments from the and standards within the plant biosecurity sector. Australian Government, Australian states and territories and the New Zealand Government. AGSOC is supported by the National Biosecurity Committee (NBC). PHA has observer status at NBC and is a member of PHC and its three subcommittees, as well as the majority of emergency response committees. It is also an observer of the The NBC is responsible for managing a national, strategic approach to biosecurity issues and Environment and Invasives Committee, which considers environmental biosecurity matters threats relating to plant and animal pests and diseases, marine and aquatic pests, and the and manages many of the exotic plants and pests that have established in Australia. impact of these on agriculture production, the environment, community wellbeing and social amenity. It does this by focusing its efforts on those areas that have been identified as There are also a number of government and industry representative committees overseeing priority reforms for the national biosecurity system, as well as managing ongoing or ‘normal’ biosecurity. They include groups such as the Northern Australia Biosecurity Reference commitments. Group, the National Fruit Fly Council and the Plant Health Surveillance Consultative Committee, amongst others, such as biosecurity reference groups for each industry. A core objective of the committee is to promote cooperation, coordination and consistency across and between Australian governments. The NBC reports to ministers responsible for biosecurity through relevant Chief Executive Officers. The NBC provides advice to the AGSOC on national biosecurity matters and progress towards implementing the Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity (see page 20 for more information) and priority reform areas.

18 Figure 4. National Management management groups Group (EPPRD) Animal Health Non-EPPRD Committee National government biosecuritycommittees andworkinggroups withplantfocus Implementation Committee Biosecurity RD&EStrategy Agriculture SeniorOfficials’ Committee Research & Innovation Committee National Plant Federal andstate/territory Officials’ Committee Consultative Committee Agriculture Senior Domestic Quarantine on Emergency Plant Sectorial Committee and Market Access Subcommittee on Pests (EPPRD) Ministers Non-EPPRD consultative committees Marine Pest National Biosecurity Committee National PlantHealth Scientific Advisory Subcommittee on Panel (EPPRD) Plant Health Surveillance Committee Implementation Taskforce Agreement onBiosecurity Emergency Preparedness Engagement Network Invasives Committee National Biosecurity National Biosecurity Communication and Subcommittee on Intergovernmental Environment and Plant Health Expert Group Diagnostics Response Deed(EPPRD) Emergency PlantPest KEY Emergency response biosecurity focus industries andplant Environment, primary R&D committees NBC workinggroups

19 CHAPTER 1: AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM THE REVISED INTERGOVERNMENTAL AGREEMENT ON The structure of IGAB2 differs from its predecessor in an attempt to simplify, clarify and BIOSECURITY strengthen the agreement by clearly defining the roles and responsibilities of each party. For governments, Australia’s partnership approach to biosecurity was cemented by the Agriculture ministers have also agreed on four key priority reform areas for the national Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity (IGAB), which came into effect in January 2012. biosecurity system, which are: • a unified, strategic framework for the national biosecurity system The IGAB was developed under the Council of Australian Governments to strengthen the working partnership between the Australian Government and state and territory governments. • enhanced national capacity to manage risks associated with priority pests and diseases It defines the roles and responsibilities of each jurisdiction and outlines priority areas for • reduced impediments to maintaining and growing market access collaboration to minimise the impact of pests and diseases on Australia’s economy, • improved system performance and accountability. environment and community. It ensures all governments work together on biosecurity issues.

As global trade increases biosecurity risks change, and pests can enter the country in faster THE NATIONAL PLANT BIOSECURITY STRATEGY and more complex ways. The objective of the biosecurity system is to manage risk to a very The National Plant Biosecurity Strategy outlines a set of aims and activities to strengthen low level – not to zero – to ensure the safe movement of people, animals, plants, food and Australia’s plant biosecurity system by 2020. PHA developed the strategy by drawing together cargo into Australia. To do this, complementary measures are applied across the biosecurity the views of stakeholders across Australia, aligning them with the IGAB to ensure consistency. continuum, pre-border, at the border and post-border. The national strategy was finalised in December 2010 (prior Continuous review of the biosecurity system is essential to ensure it is contemporary and National Plant to IGAB) with endorsement from PHA members, and in 2011 AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM BIOSECURITY PLANT AUSTRALIA'S flexible, and that resources are allocated appropriately to reflect changing risks and priorities. Biosecurity the process of implementing the recommendations began. In 2016, the IGAB was reviewed by an independent panel as part of a broader review of Strategy With the benefits of many of the recommendations cutting Australia’s biosecurity system. In July 2017 the final report, Priorities for Australia’s across both industry and governments, responsibility for Biosecurity System, was presented to the Agriculture Ministers’ Forum. guiding the implementation process is shared among CHAPTER 1: 1: CHAPTER organisations and committees, based on their expertise. The review recognised the significant achievements of the IGAB (since its commencement in 2012), including the strong and healthy working relationships it fosters between governments, Towards the end of 2014, halfway through its lifespan, PHA and the development of sound national policy principles and frameworks for an effective reviewed the strategy and assessed progress against each and well-regarded system. of the recommended activities and alignment with IGAB. December 2010 An implementation plan that lists the remaining tasks to be The final intergovernmental response to the review’s completed was published in 2015. recommendations agreed by agriculture ministers was published on 29 November 2018. Agriculture ministers have All plant biosecurity stakeholders have a role to play in agreed, or agreed in principle, to all of the review’s 42 National Plant achieving the vision set out for 2020. recommendations. The response is structured according to Biosecurity the priority themes identified by the review. They were: Strategy Implementation of government responsibilities is overseen Priorities for Australia’s biosecurity system 2015–2020 Implementation Plan by the Plant Health Committee, with specific input from the An independent review of the capacity of the national biosecurity system engagement and communication with system participants; and its underpinning intergovernmental agreement Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics and the RESPONSE FROM AUSTRALIAN AGRICULTURE MINISTERS financial sustainability of the system; system governance; NOVEMBER 2018 risk and capability; and governance performance and Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance in accountability. relation to implementing the diagnostic and surveillance aspects, respectively. More information about the work of the The review has also guided the development of a revised diagnostics and surveillance subcommittees is in Chapter 5.

IGAB, known as IGAB2. The new agreement between first July 2015 The Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market Access ministers is now in effect and will be implemented over the works to ensure consistency of biosecurity requirements across next five years. states and internationally. More information is available in Chapter 7.

20 More information aboutthegeneralbiosecurityobligationordutyison in thefuture. Tasmania isdeveloping anew BiosecurityAct tobeintroduced in2019. governments have indicatedthatthey willalsoformalise thisresponsibility inlegislation their control, known asthegeneralbiosecurityobligationorduty. Otherstateandterritory into lawtheprinciplethateveryone hasaresponsibility for mitigatingbiosecurityrisksunder during 2017.Thenew legislationalignswithQueensland’s The NSW incident responses. levies tocover thecosts ofbiosecurityactivities,reporting ofsuspiciouspestsandbiosecurity commodities. There are alsolaws covering aspectssuchasthecollection ofprimaryindustry goods into Australia,movement ofgoodswithinthecountry andtheexport ofagricultural Legislation covers arangeofactivitiesinvolving theinternational movement ofpeopleand environmental agencies.Legislation current asat31December 2018islistedinTable 1. legislation, administered andmanagedby therespective government agriculturaland Australia’s biosecuritysystem operatesunderCommonwealth, stateandterritory system. for nationalplant biosecurityactivitiesand,through itsimplementation, willstrengthen the The NationalPlant BiosecurityStrategy continues toprovide thefocus andstrategicdirection contingency plansandprioritisingthreats viatheindustrybiosecurityplanningprocess. implementation ofthestrategythrough biosecuritypreparedness activitiessuchasdeveloping Plant industries,PHAandresearch anddevelopment corporations are contributing tothe BIOSECURITY LEGISLATION Biosecurity Act 2015 was assented toinSeptember 2015andcameinto effect Biosecurity Act 2014 page 208 , introducing .

Table 1. Commonwealth Jurisdiction WA Victoria Tasmania SA Queensland NT NSW ACT Commonwealth Plant biosecurityrelated legislationacross Australia Development Industries andRegional Department ofPrimary and Regions Department ofJobs, Precincts Environment Industries, Parks, Water and Department ofPrimary Primary IndustriesandRegions Fisheries Department ofAgriculture and Industries andResources Department ofPrimary Industries Department ofPrimary Directorate Sustainable Development Environment Planningand Environment andEnergy Department ofthe Water Resources Department ofAgriculture and Administering authority • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Legislation Management Regulations 2013 Biosecurity andAgriculture Management Act 2007 Biosecurity andAgricultural Plant BiosecurityRegulations 2016 Plant BiosecurityAct 2010 Weed Management Act 1999 Plant Quarantine Act 1997 Plant Health Regulations 2009 Plant Health Act 2009 Biosecurity Regulation 2016 Biosecurity Act 2014 Plant Health Regulations 2011 Plant Health Act 2008 legislation suchasControl Orders 2017 Biosecurity Order (Permitted Activities) Biosecurity Regulation 2017 Biosecurity Act 2015 Pest Plants andAnimalsAct 2005 Plant DiseaseAct 2002 2000 Biodiversity Conservation Regulations Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 Environment Protection and Provisions) Act 2015 Amendments andTransitional Biosecurity (Consequential Biosecurity Act 2015 and other supporting

21 CHAPTER 1: AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM Government roles

THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT Department of Agriculture and Water Resources Most of the responsibilities of the Australian Government are delivered through the Under national legislation, the Australian Government has responsibility for the bulk of agriculture portfolio, in collaboration with other agencies described in the following pages. biosecurity activities pre-border and at the border. This includes screening and compliance at the multiple entry points that make up the nation’s border, international phytosanitary The Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources (DAWR) focuses (plant health) obligations, carrying out risk analysis for proposed imports, and post-entry on maintaining a strong and resilient biosecurity system into the future that will protect plant quarantine. Australia from new biosecurity challenges, whatever they may be.

As well as regulating imports, the Australian Government’s biosecurity activities also play DAWR administers national legislation to manage imports and regulate export certification a key role in the export of Australian produce. This is because overseas markets can reject of agriculture, fish and forest products. It is also responsible for monitoring compliance with produce if it is grown in areas known to have particular pests. import and export legislation.

The Australian Government assists in market access negotiation by working with states and The millions of people, mail parcels, baggage, ships, animals, plants and cargo containers that territories and plant industry peak bodies to collect and analyse plant health surveillance enter Australia every year are screened and inspected by DAWR staff, supported by x–ray data, to provide trading partners with evidence of our freedom from pests and diseases.

AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM BIOSECURITY PLANT AUSTRALIA'S machines, surveillance activities and detector dogs. Of equal importance are the pre-border measures to prevent pests and diseases from arriving in the country. Managing Australia’s The Australian Government also undertakes negotiations to determine what, if any, biosecurity is a big job and DAWR promotes a shared responsibility with clients, stakeholders treatments or conditions need to be met to send Australia’s plant products overseas. and the general public, all of whom have a role to play.

CHAPTER 1: 1: CHAPTER In addition to bilateral and multilateral trade negotiations Australia also plays a leading role Australia’s Chief Plant Protection Officer, currently Dr Kim Ritman, is the primary representative in developing and implementing international agreements known as phytosanitary of, and an advisor to, the Australian Government on all matters relating to Australia’s plant agreements that aim to prevent the spread of plant pests. health status and its supporting systems. Working within DAWR, the officer aims to promote Under the Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper, Stronger Farmers, Stronger a shared vision for plant health that protects and enhances Australia’s valuable plant resources Economy9, the Australian Government invested $200 million into improving biosecurity and production capacity. They are also Australia’s official contact point for the International surveillance and analysis, to better target critical biosecurity risks and improve market Plant Protection Convention. access for Australian producers. The position of Chief Environmental Biosecurity Officer was established to ensure Australia’s In May and June 2018, the Australian Government announced a major ongoing funding environment and amenity is safeguarded from the impacts of exotic pests and diseases. boost to strengthen the biosecurity system to further protect Australia’s farm industries and The position provides policy leadership on national environmental biosecurity issues. environment. This amounted to a $313 million investment over six years from 2017–18 to The role of the Chief Environmental Biosecurity Officer is to: help detect, identify and respond to exotic pests and diseases earlier to keep Australia’s clean, green image and favourable pest and disease status. • enhance understanding and oversight of environmental biosecurity risks • perform a national policy, engagement and leadership role including major source of advice to the Commonwealth on environmental biosecurity matters 9. Commonwealth of Australia (2015). Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper, Stronger Farmers, • ensure environmental and community biosecurity risks are better defined and prioritised Stronger Economy, Canberra • improve the maturity of environmental biosecurity preparedness, surveillance and response capacity • support responses to detections and incursions of environmental pests and diseases.

Ian Thompson was appointed as Chief Environmental Biosecurity Officer in October 2018.

22 plant biosecuritysystem. (ABARES) provides current scientific andeconomic advice todecisionmakers tosupportthe Within DAWR, the The department's overseas officers play akey role infacilitatingthisprocess. the importingnation’s biosecurityrequirements, cansometimes take years towork through. The negotiations for access tooverseas markets, includingtechnicalconsultations about department intheprocess. promote Australianproducts. They work closelywithindustry, overseas authoritiesandthe for information, facilitatevisitsandinspectionstoprogress market access requests and trading partners.Counsellors organise andleaddiscussions,receive andrespond torequests The agriculturalcounsellors’ role istobuildandmaintain key relationships withAustralia’s United States. the MiddleEast,Thailand,SaudiArabia,Vietnam, Chile,Mexico, theUnitedKingdomand Belgium, China,Dubai,Europe, France, India,Indonesia,Italy, Malaysia, Japan,Taiwan, Korea, This work issupportedandenhanced by anetwork ofagriculturalcounsellors locatedin • • • • multilateral engagement. Priorityisgiven to: and access totheAustralianmarket for ourtradingpartnersthrough bilateral,regional and DAWR alsopursuesinternational market access for Australia’s plant production industries Biosecurity Officer in There are more details onenvironmental biosecurityandthenew ChiefEnvironmental assisting thedevelopment ofinternational standards. facilitating targeted technicalassistance andagriculturalcooperation progressing andresolving market access prioritiesand issues working toremove barrierstointernational trade Australian Bureau ofAgriculture andResource Economics andSciences Chapter 2 .

In June2018theInternational CleanSeedPathway Workshop was heldinBrisbane Sowing theseedsfor aninternationalmovement system Australia imports large quantities of vegetable seedsevery year. Image courtesy of AUSVEG Approach Workshop inRome inApril2018. DAWR alsopresented Australia’s work at theInternational SeedFederation Systems and potential systems ofseedproduction, process andbiosecurityriskmanagement. Production Workshop withtheAustralianSeedFederation todiscussthecurrent Prior totheworkshop, inAprilDAWR organised aGlobalIntegrated System ofSeed Protection Convention was alogicalforum for globaladoption ofthesystem. the globalmovement ofcleanseed.They alsoagreed thattheInternational Plant The group showed overwhelming supporttodevelop asinglesystem tofacilitate Thailand andtheUnitedStates –took partintheworkshop. Canada, Chile,India,Indonesia,Malaysia, theNetherlands, New Zealand, Switzerland, exporters, researchers andregulators from 12countries –Australia,Belgium, More than60participants, comprising seedproducers andusers,importers, as large volumes ofseeds,particularlyvegetable seeds,are importedevery year. that canhave devastating consequences. This isparticularlyrelevant toAustralia, healthy, vigorous crops. Seedsare apotential pathway for introducing diseases Managing thesafe movement ofseediscriticalascleanthefoundation for for regulating thephytosanitary healthofseeds. following theWorld SeedCongress. Theaimwas todiscussanintegrated system

23 CHAPTER 1: AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM Growing plant biosecurity in the Pacific region Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) helps make Australia stronger, safer On 26–27 June 2018, a Pacific Plant Biosecurity Capacity Building Workshop was and more prosperous by promoting and protecting our interests internationally and held in Nadi, Fiji, to strengthen biosecurity in the Pacific. contributing to global stability and economic growth. This was part of a new biosecurity capacity building program of the Australian DFAT helps progress Australia’s international trade interests by promoting a strong biosecurity Government’s Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR). system to trading partners. This work helps to facilitate trade and market access. DFAT is Initially the program will run in Fiji, Kiribati, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon engaged in new work to address non-tariff barriers that impede Australian exports. Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. DFAT is also responsible for progressing Australia’s international aid and development policy The Pacific region is facing major new threats, such as the giant African snail, the to enhance economic growth, stability and security in the Indo-Pacific region, including coconut rhino beetle and coffee berry borer, and the challenge of maintaining through regional biosecurity and trade. biosecurity levels for existing commodity exports.

Preliminary analysis identified 57 specific pest and diseases as either current Other agencies within the portfolio include: threats or potential risks in the Pacific. Other key issues included lack of appropriate • The Australian Trade and Investment Commission (Austrade), whose role is to advance infrastructure and equipment, outdated policy, legislation and regulations, concerns Australia's international trade, investment and education interests by providing information, about lack of shared surveillance information, limited emergency response advice and services. capabilities and market access barriers due to inadequate treatment facilities. • The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), a statutory AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM BIOSECURITY PLANT AUSTRALIA'S The program is targeting regional, national, institutional and individual needs, with authority that is part of the Australian Government's development cooperation programs. a training program backed up by mentoring, including work placements. This will in ACIAR encourages Australia's agricultural scientists to use their skills for the benefit of turn lead to strong relationships and a responsive biosecurity network being developing countries and Australia. developed across the region. CHAPTER 1: 1: CHAPTER Department of the Environment and Energy A fellowship program will consider country specific key issues and build on existing knowledge, networks and systems. The Department of the Environment and Energy (DEE) contributes to the development of national policies on pests and invasive plants that cause harm to the environment.

The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 establishes a list of specimens considered suitable for live import into Australia, known as The Live Import List. Amendments to the list to include live animal specimens are managed by DEE. Imports of live plants are managed by the DAWR. The import of live plants and animals should not be inconsistent with the Biosecurity Act 2015.

The DEE is responsible for ensuring that Australia complies with its obligations under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Permits for the import of CITES listed species (plants or animals) are managed by DEE.

Advice is also provided to the DAWR on environmental issues in relation to risk assessments.

A new plant biosecurity fellowship program aims to build a responsive biosecurity network across the Pacific region. Image courtesy of ACIAR 24 research, development andextension, see For alistofother AustralianGovernment organisations thatsupportplant biosecurity Australian Pesticides andVeterinary Medicines Authority. biosecurity system includetheCSIRO, theOffice ofthe GeneTechnology Regulator andthe Other AustralianGovernment agenciesthatcontribute tomaintaining Australia’s plant Other AustralianGovernment organisations Biosecurity recommendations. Thesereports are available from biosecurity riskmanagement; andtheimplementation ofInterim Inspector-General of in Australia;militarybiosecurityriskmanagement inAustralia;horseimportation management Biosecurity completed four reviews: hitchhiker pestandcontaminant biosecurityrisk and Water Resources andtheDirector ofBiosecurity. In2018,theInspector-General of A review program ispublishedannually, set inconsultation withtheMinisterfor Agriculture system. by theDirector ofBiosecurityandmake recommendations for improvement totheoverall The Inspector-General may review theperformance offunctionsandtheexercise ofpowers particular review requests. The positionisindependent from theDAWR anditsMinister, thoughthey willconsider across thewholesystem: pre-border, attheborder andpost-border. biosecurity systems through independent evaluation oftheperformance oftheseprograms The industry, toensure thesafe international movement ofpeopleandgoods. Australia’s biosecuritysystem relies onvarious government programs, incooperation with The Inspector-General ofBiosecurity to regulate andcontrol themovement ofgoodsandpeopleacross theAustralianborder. in particulartheAustralianFederal Police, the DAWR andtheDepartment ofDefence, Australia’s borders. Itworks closelywithother government andinternational agencies, The Department ofHome Affairs Inspector-General ofBiosecurity Department ofHome Affairs , formed in2017,managesthesecurityandintegrity of was establishedtoenhance theintegrity ofAustralia’s Chapter 8 . igb.gov.au

contaminants-report.pdf hitchhiker pestandcontaminants toAustralia. effectiveness ofthemanagement ofbiosecurity risksassociatedwithmajor On 13July2018theInspector-General ofBiosecurityreleased areview ofthe risk management Review ofhitchhiker pestandcontaminant biosecurity To read thereport visit volumes andchanging globalpestanddiseasethreats. Australia risksbeingoverwhelmed by biosecurity threats posedby increasing trade systems –willbeessential tolong-term biosecurityriskmanagement. Withoutthis, programs andfrontline inspectionservices –andongoingdevelopment of improved The Inspector-General's report saidadequate continued resourcing ofcurrent controls. territory governments are essential todetect peststhat breach border biosecurity surveillance program andincreased engagement withindustryandstate Because more hitchhiker pestshave beenfound inrecent years, theborder improve thesystem. The development andvalidation ofautomatedinspectionmethods could further ports may provide thebiggestshort-term reduction inexternal biosecurityrisk. continue torisesteadily, automatedcontainer washing atmajorcontainer receival However, itfound withthevolume ofseacontainers entering Australialikely to and diseasesfrom entering Australia. and contaminants are preventing agreat dealofbiosecurityriskmaterial,pests The report found thedepartment’s efforts tointercept andexterminate hitchhikers hitchhiker and contaminant biosecurityrisks. Ministry for PrimaryIndustriesworks with industryandthecommunity tomanage (including pre-border). They alsoobserved how the New Zealand Government hitchhiker andcontaminant management measures through thesupplychain key stakeholders how industrybodiesinteract withthedepartment toapply offices around Australiafor discussionswithstaff. Theteamalsodiscussedwith The review teamsawoperationsfirsthandatseaandairports,visited regional cargo andbulkcargo ships–aswell asaircraft andaircargo containers. risks associatedwitharrivingseavessels –suchasseacontainers, break-bulk and Water Resources tomanagetherisksand toidentify andrespond toemerging The review looked attheadequacyofprocesses oftheDepartment ofAgriculture to other countries whonolongerconsider them ahighpriority. and diseases around theworld, andthe fact thatthepestsmay already beendemic This isamajorchallengebecauseofgreater globaltradeandmovement ofpests igb.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/hitchhikers-

25 CHAPTER 1: AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM STATE AND TERRITORY GOVERNMENTS While the Australian Government has responsibilities for the majority of pre-border and border biosecurity activities, state and territory governments are responsible for the delivery of plant biosecurity operations and the supporting legislation within their borders.

Each state and territory has a different approach to the role, primarily due to the varied climatic conditions and legislative frameworks across the country. Jurisdictions each provide a number of core services, most of which involve the community.

Broadly, these are activities concerned with preventing the spread of existing plant pests further within Australia, including any newly detected exotic pests. State and territory government responsibilities include: • Managing domestic imports and exports into and out of their jurisdiction, primarily to prevent the spread of regionalised pests around Australia. There are two components to this: àà Domestic quarantine services for the clearance of passengers, cargo, mail, plants and plant products moving interstate. àà Export and market access support for producers who want to sell their produce across state boundaries. This includes plant health certification services, surveys and inspections to support AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM BIOSECURITY PLANT AUSTRALIA'S area freedom and the accreditation and auditing of export compliance arrangements. • Providing quarantine services, involving activities to prepare for, and respond to, any plant pest incursions in their jurisdiction, including communicating with communities. • Maintaining the capacity and capability to deliver responsibilities under the Emergency Plant Pest CHAPTER 1: 1: CHAPTER Response Deed, which is activated when a suspected Emergency Plant Pest is detected in their jurisdiction. Responsibilities may include setting up and enforcing quarantine zones, informing the public and treating pests and plants. The lead agency also carries out surveillance to find out how far pests have spread, and at the end of the response, to confirm that eradication has been achieved. • Undertaking pest surveillance in their jurisdiction, in partnership with industry and community volunteers. There are 110 surveillance programs carried out by state and territory governments, requiring significant resourcing. Pest surveillance is crucial for the early detection of new pests, discovering the extent of pest spread (delimiting), and providing evidence of area freedom to facilitate market access. • Providing diagnostic services to identify plant pests (both endemic and exotic) found in their jurisdiction, or to assist other jurisdictions. This includes holding reference collections for comparison of species. • Developing and maintaining information systems to support routine and emergency plant biosecurity management. • Sending out public information to raise awareness of biosecurity threats and calls to action, and raising awareness in the community of the importance of biosecurity. • Carrying out science-based risk analyses to identify pest threats and inform plant biosecurity policy and operations. • Funding and providing research, development and extension to support the continued improvement of pest management and protection capabilities. NSW Biosecurity Collections technical officer Ros Mirington preparing insect • Developing and administering plant biosecurity policies and legislation, and work on national 26 Imagemicroscope caption slides for examination. Image courtesy of NSW DPI committees to ensure that these are in line with other governments around Australia. on Exercise BeePrepared on and participatedinExercise BeePreparedmore incooperation withPlant Health Australia.See In 2018theACT conducted considerable traininginthemanagement ofbeediseaseincursions such asexotic fruitflies,Asiangypsy moth andbeepests. as willtheregular plant surveillance conducted around theairporttocheckfor exotic pests biosecurity riskspresented by international flights toCanberraAirportwhichbeganin2016, Modern biosecuritytoolswithenhanced emergency response powers willhelpaddress the framework andalignitwithsimilarlegislationinother jurisdictions,particularlyNSW. development ofacomprehensive BiosecurityBilltomodernisetheACT’s biosecuritylegislative Following release oftheACT BiosecurityStrategy 2016–26in2016,theACT hascommenced tree management andnationalparks. and strategieswhenithasexpertise tocontribute. Ithasparticularexpertise inforestry, urban plant pestemergency responses andinthedevelopment ofassociatednationalframeworks industries withinitsboundaries,thegovernment participatesonnationalcommittees during the Plant biosecurityactivitiesintheACT are underpinnedby the policy development andshares operationalimplementation withTCCS. with theTransport Canberraand CityServices (TCCS). Thedirectorate isresponsible for The ACT Government managesplant biosecuritythrough theEPSDDirectorate, together environment.act.gov.au Lead agency:Environment PlanningandSustainableDevelopment (EPSD) Directorate Australian CapitalTerritory Response Deed( 18 Agreement onBiosecurity( State andterritorygovernments coordinate theiractivitiesthrough theIntergovernmental ), through Plant Health Australia( Pest Plants andAnimalsAct 2005 page 183 ). page 20 page 196 ), thePlant Health Committee andsubcommittees ( . AlthoughtheACT doesnot have many plant production page 32 . ) andthrough theEmergency Plant Pest Plant DiseasesAct 2002 and

page positive stepforward intheway NSWDPImanagesbiosecurity. managed underthisnew legislative structure. TheAct hasproven tobeaninnovative and incursions, infringements and investigations in2018were confidently andsuccessfully and emergency plant pests.NSWDPImaintains rapidresponse mechanismsfor pestincursions policies, management andprocedures are inplace to minimisetheimpactofexisting, invasive NSW DPIistheprincipalagencyresponsible for plant biosecurityinthestate,ensuringthat dpi.nsw.gov.au Lead agency:Department ofPrimaryIndustries(NSWDPI) New SouthWales Following thecommencement ofthe and plant pathologyresearchers isintegral totheseactivities. and theemergency management FirstResponse Team. Closecollaboration withentomology Agricultural Institute,thestate-wide network ofcompliance officers, Local LandServices the Elizabeth MacarthurAgricultural Institute,theBiosecurityCollections UnitatOrange Diagnostic andsurveillance activitiesare supportedby thePlant Health DiagnosticService at plant products. for plant pestsofnationalsignificance andinterstate market access for NSWplants and The group provides advice to,andparticipatesactively in,nationaldecision-makingforums directions andhasoversight ofoperationalresponses toEmergency Plant Pests. Within NSWDPI,thePlant BiosecurityandProduct Integrity unitdevelops plant pestpolicy government agencies,industryandthepublic,managesbiosecurityriskstoNSW. The the environment. in order toprotect tradeandmarket access, agriculturalresources, regional economies and NSW BiosecurityStrategy 2013–21 Biosecurity Act 2015 defineshow NSWDPI,inpartnershipwithother in 2017, all NSW plant biosecurity in 2017,allNSWplant biosecurity

27 CHAPTER 1: AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM Northern Territory Queensland Lead agency: Northern Territory Department of Primary Industry and Resources (NT DPIR) Lead agency: Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (QDAF) dpir.nt.gov.au daf.qld.gov.au

Plant biosecurity in the Northern Territory (NT) is managed by the Plant Biosecurity Branch, Biosecurity Queensland is the lead agency within the department responsible for managing within NT DPIR’s Biosecurity and Animal Welfare Division. The Plant Biosecurity Branch is biosecurity risks within the state. The Plant Biosecurity and Product Integrity program within responsible for the development and implementation of plant biosecurity policies, programs Biosecurity Queensland is responsible for developing policies, standards, delivery systems and procedures aimed at maintaining NT’s freedom from plant pests that could adversely and services to reduce the risk of introducing exotic plant pests, minimise the impacts of impact on trade, market access, public health and the environment. new plant pest incursions on Queensland’s plant industries, environment and communities, and facilitate market access for Queensland’s plant-based industries. The NT agricultural sector provides over $610 million to the Australian economy each year. Horticultural industries contribute almost a quarter of this value, in annual production of iconic The Plant Biosecurity and Product Integrity program is responsible for plant biosecurity Territory produce such as mangoes and melons. Other markets offer growth opportunities. diagnostics and the implementation of programs for the detection, prevention, control and containment of certain plant pests. To protect this, the environment and social amenity, the Plant Biosecurity Branch undertakes the following services: Other QDAF business groups also contribute to biosecurity risk management. Links with other Queensland Government departments provide access to a range of relevant expertise • maintaining and improving the plant health status of the plant and plant product industries across all plant production sectors, including native and plantation forestry. Key links include: of NT AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM BIOSECURITY PLANT AUSTRALIA'S • minimising the risk of exotic pests entering NT through compliance and surveillance • QDAF’s Agri-Science Queensland business area, which provides science, innovation and associated services, including additional diagnostic capability, surveillance and integrated • facilitating interstate trade of plant and plant products through certification, inspection management packages to limit the impacts of pests within farming systems and the Interstate Certification Assurance program • Department of Environment and Science, which plays a role in managing the natural

CHAPTER 1: 1: CHAPTER • conducting active and passive pest surveillance to support market access nationally and environment and environmental pests within NT • Queensland Museum, which specialises in the identification of molluscs, mites and spiders. • conducting active surveillance for the early detection of a range of Emergency Plant Pests • preparing effective response mechanisms in the event of an Emergency Plant Pest The Biosecurity Act 2014 and Biosecurity Regulation 2016, provide the framework for plant incursion biosecurity management in Queensland. The act is risk-based and is underpinned by the • developing, implementing and reviewing NT’s plant health policy and legislation. concept of shared responsibility, where everyone has a general biosecurity obligation to take all reasonable and practical steps to manage biosecurity risks that are within their control. Recently, the NT has been providing front line services to eradicate or manage pests including: banana freckle, as part of the National Banana Freckle Eradication Program; This legislation is also complemented by a number of other acts, including the Chemical browsing ant, as part of the National Browsing Ant Eradication Program; citrus canker, as Usage (Agricultural and Veterinary) Control Act 1988 and the Agricultural and Veterinary part of the Citrus Canker Emergency Response; Asian honey bee, as part of the Asian Honey Chemicals (Queensland) Act 1994. Bee Emergency Response; and the Queensland Fruit Fly Eradication Program. On 29 March 2018, the Queensland Government released the Queensland Biosecurity Plant biosecurity programs in the NT are underpinned by the Plant Health Act 2008 and Plant Strategy, the five-year plan to build the framework for Queensland’s future biosecurity Health Regulations 2011. In addition, the Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals (Control of Use) system to protect the state’s almost $20 billion agriculture industry. Act and the Biological Control Act support NT work. The new strategy departs from previous ones in that it is not just for government, but for all Queenslanders. More than 30 organisations contributed to the development of the strategy and the six strategic themes that underpin it.

28 South Australia Lead agency: Department of Primary Industries and Regions SA (PIRSA) pir.sa.gov.au

Biosecurity SA, a division within PIRSA, develops and implements plant biosecurity policies, programs and procedures aimed at maintaining SA’s freedom from pests that could adversely impact trade, market access, public health, food safety, the rural economy and the environment.

Given SA’s freedom from fruit flies of economic significance, PIRSA focuses on operations to prevent their entry and establishment. Activities include a dedicated state-wide fruit fly trapping grid, static quarantine stations and random roadblocks, targeted awareness and education campaigns, regulatory arrangements for importers, and specific measures to effectively respond to and eradicate any fruit flies that are detected.

The South Australian Government has, in partnership with Hort Innovation and the SITplus consortium, constructed and commissioned the National Sterile Insect Technology (SIT) Facility in Port Augusta, capable of producing 50 million sterile Queensland fruit flies per week.

The South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI) is the principal research institute AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM BIOSECURITY PLANT AUSTRALIA'S and provides Biosecurity SA with plant diagnostic, pathology and entomology advice.

SARDI also undertakes targeted research and development to reduce losses from plant diseases in the cereal, pulse, pasture, viticulture and horticulture industries. This includes delivery of plant health diagnostic services to state and national plant biosecurity authorities, growers and consultants. 1: CHAPTER The group collaborates closely with breeding companies, pre-breeding programs and the private sector to develop disease resistant plant varieties.

Plant biosecurity programs in SA are underpinned by the Plant Health Act 2009 and Plant Health Regulations 2009. In addition, the Plant Quarantine Standard SA has been established under the act to identify the relevant conditions of entry for fruit, vegetables, plants, plant products, machinery and equipment of biosecurity concern.

Citrus Canker Eradication Program plant health inspectors conducting removal activities in Nakara restricted area of Darwin. Image courtesy of NT DPIR 29 Tasmania Lead agency: Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (DPIPWE) dpipwe.tas.gov.au

The department’s Biosecurity Tasmania Division manages biosecurity policy and programs for plant pests. The Plant Biosecurity and Diagnostics Branch of the division supports and maintains Tasmania’s biosecurity system in the development of plant biosecurity policy and the delivery of plant health diagnostic and associated service areas. It does this via programs across three areas: plant biosecurity policy and administration, plant health diagnostics (entomology) and plant health diagnostics (plant pathology). The branch also contains a market access unit in relation to plants and plant products, and a plant biosecurity surveillance unit that manages the policy and smaller operational aspects of surveillance.

The branch also provides diagnostic and control advice for plant pests and diseases in primary industry, horticulture and biosecurity situations. Plant Diagnostic Services, administered by the branch, provides state-wide laboratory services that supply a range of tests for plant pests and pathogens, using microbiological, molecular, ELISA and electron microscopy techniques on a wide range of plants and seeds for private industry, government research bodies and certification schemes. AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM BIOSECURITY PLANT AUSTRALIA'S The branch maintains and develops Tasmania’s capability to effectively respond to and recover from plant biosecurity emergencies, compiles and maintains official pest records to assist market access and trade, and leads the implementation of plant biosecurity risk analysis activities consistent with

CHAPTER 1: 1: CHAPTER the Import Risk Analysis Framework.

The Biosecurity Operations Branch implements regulatory requirements with respect to the import of plants and plant products into Tasmania, and also does a range of surveys for plant pests, including Queensland and Mediterranean fruit fly.

A draft Biosecurity Bill 2019 has been developed and will be considered by the Tasmanian Parliament during 2019. The single new Biosecurity Act will promote good regulatory practices through an efficient and effective legislative framework. The framework will support a strong biosecurity system in Tasmania that facilitates trade and protects business, the environment and the community.

Victoria Lead agency: Victorian Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions (DJPR) ecodev.vic.gov.au

The Biosecurity and Agriculture Services Branch, within DJPR, delivers biosecurity and product integrity programs across the agriculture, horticulture, forest and amenity plant sectors. Activities are guided by the Biosecurity and Agricultural Services Strategy which aims to minimise the impact of Emergency Plant and Apiary Pest incidents on the environment and production systems and maintain access to local and overseas markets.

The Chief Plant Health Officer Unit is responsible for the development, review and monitoring of policies, protocols and procedures in accordance with national and international obligations.

Detector dog at work checking incoming passengers to Tasmania. 30 Image courtesy of DPIPWE Tasmania raise fundsfor biosecurityrelated purposes. chemicals, establishstandards toensure thesafety and qualityofagriculturalproducts and spread andimpactofharmfulorganisms, control theuseofagriculturalandveterinary Act 2007 Plant biosecurityinWA ismainlymanagedunderthe biosecure agriculturalandaquaticproducts. market access, helpingWA tomaintain itsreputation asaproducer ofsafe, sustainableand management, operationsandcompliance functions.Itlargely focuses onregulations and Sustainability andBiosecurityorganisational pillar. Thisincludesbiosecurity, resource implementation ofplant biosecuritypolicies,programs andprocedures delivered underthe DPIRD istheleadagencyresponsible for plant biosecurityinWA, withdevelopment and dpird.wa.gov.au Lead agency:Department ofPrimaryIndustriesandRegional Development (DPIRD) Western Australia pests anddiseasesthatthreaten agriculturalindustries. surveillance andtrainingtoprevent theentry andestablishment ofexotic plant andapiary Agriculture Victoriainvests extensive resources into emergency preparedness planning, provided toother jurisdictionsasrequired, tosupportresponses tonew pests. mycology, nematology, virology andbacteriology. Specialistservices andexpertise isalso biosecurity by conducting research andproviding diagnosticservices intheareas ofentomology, The research team,anditsassociatedCrop Health Services diagnosticbusiness,supports import riskanalyses andserve onnationalcommittees andworking groups. help develop andreview biosecurityplansfor industries,conduct pestriskanalyses and with incursionresponses, market access programs andother biosecurityinitiatives. Staff also including expert technicaladvice onsuspectandexotic plant andapiarypests,assistance Scientific anddiagnosticsupportisprovided by thestaffofAgriculture VictoriaResearch, which are subjecttoregular auditsandimprovement. under thelegislationfor producers andmarketers toadopt qualityassurance arrangements Regulations 2016 Act 2010 according totechnicalstandards andprotocols thatare underpinnedby the The Plants, ChemicalsandInvasives Unitoperatesfrom metropolitan andregional centres . Theactprovides for amodernbiosecuritysystem tocontrol theentry, establishment, and Livestock DiseaseControl Act 1994 and Livestock DiseaseControl Regulations 2017 andimplemented by the Biosecurity andAgriculture Management . Opportunitiesare provided Plant Biosecurity Plant Biosecurity

chestnut blight, aswell aschocolate band,Monacha andCernuella snails. Agriculture Victoria(AgVic) responded includePsa3inkiwifruit,Khaprabeetle, and capacitytorespond toanexotic pest.Recent pestincursions towhich 25 June2018demonstratedtheeffectiveness ofAgriculture Victoria’s planning better work withAgVic inthisarea. appreciation ofthestructure oftheIncident Management Team andhow they can ways inwhichtoimprove preparedness. Industryparticipants alsohave agreater for industryinvolvement duringan incursion. Post-exercise evaluation identified designed totestthecomponents ofanemergency response andthearrangements and pathogens.SixtyAgVic andindustrystaffparticipatedinatwo-day operation the detection oftarnishedplant bug,oneofVictoria’s ‘Top 20’emergency pests AgVic alsoheldExercise Coombes atAttwood inJune2018.Thisexercise simulated AgVic hassufficient capacitytomanagesuchanincident inthefuture. response protocols indicatedthatthe scenario was effectively managedandthat Honey BeeIndustryCouncil public information disseminationand liaisingwitharepresentative ofthe management teamof19staffranthescenario, whichincludedplanning,operations, the firsttwo toseven days afterthedetection ofvarroa mites.Afullincident 13 March 2018.Theexercise testedAgVic’s response capacityandcapabilityin The Victoriancomponent ofExercise BeePrepared was heldatAttwood on readiness for future incursions(see Participation inemergency response exercises hasalso strengthened organisational The response toaninterception of Plant biosecurityhighlightsinVictoria2018 AgVic participated inExercise Bee Prepared incooperation with PHA . Thepost-exercise evaluation ofsurveillance and Varroa destructor page 195 ). atthePort ofMelbourne on Australian Australian

31 CHAPTER 1: AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM Non-government roles

PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA PHA provides strategic perspective PHA’s independence and expertise enable the company to take a lead in monitoring the Plant Health Australia (PHA) is the national coordinator of the government–industry performance of the national biosecurity system and determining its future needs. partnership for plant biosecurity in Australia. In close consultation with stakeholders, PHA formulates the strategies, plans and reports PHA facilitates this partnership and drives action to improve policy, practice and performance of that contribute to government and industry policy development, facilitate improved national Australia’s plant biosecurity system and to build capability to respond to plant pest emergencies. coordination and collaboration, and target member efforts and investment to best effect. PHA independently advocates on behalf of the national biosecurity system to benefit plant The National Plant Biosecurity Strategy, biosecurity plans for industries and the series of industries and the environment. The company’s goal is to minimise plant pest impacts on annual plant biosecurity status reports are examples of this work. Australia, boost industry productivity and profitability and enhance market access. PHA facilitates and manages emergency responses to exotic plant pests PHA’s efforts help to: Another central role for PHA is the establishment of funding and management arrangements • minimise plant pest impacts • support the sustainability and for effective responses to Emergency Plant Pest incursions. PHA undertakes this role

AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM BIOSECURITY PLANT AUSTRALIA'S • enhance Australia’s plant health status profitability of plant industries and the through its custodianship and administration of the EPPRD, and its operational guide communities that rely upon them PLANTPLAN, which sets out the agreed approach that government and industry stakeholders • assist trade domestically and will take whenever an Emergency Plant Pest (a new exotic pest of significance) is found. internationally • preserve environmental health and amenity. • safeguard the livelihood of producers At the end of 2018, there were 47 signatories to the EPPRD and eradication responses were CHAPTER 1: 1: CHAPTER underway. In addition to ensuring that a response is carried out and cost-shared in accordance Plant Health Australia members with the EPPRD, PHA runs a process to continually improve its provisions. Twice a year, PHA convenes meetings of signatories to discuss and agree modifications to the agreement to PHA members comprise all major plant industry peak bodies that represent Australia’s take account of new information and procedural improvements that are identified through growers and beekeepers, plus all state and territory governments and the Australian post-incident reviews. Government, a total of 61 as at 31 December 2018. Table 2 gives a full list of industry, government and associate members. The honey bee industry is a member of PHA because In addition, PHA assists signatories to meet their preparedness and prevention obligations of the benefits that pollination brings to crop yield. that are stipulated under the EPPRD. As part of this, PHA provides a range of services including contingency planning, surveillance and diagnostic systems support, response Being a PHA member enables parties to stay up to date on plant biosecurity issues and to training and simulation exercises, all of which boost preparedness. work together on strengthening all aspects of the system. Membership also gives members the option of being a signatory to the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed (EPPRD), providing significant benefits for all parties in the event of an Emergency Plant Pest PHA works with members to mitigate risks posed by pests incursion (see Chapter 6). Beyond its contribution to response arrangements, PHA supports the national plant biosecurity system by coordinating and assisting efforts to reduce the risks posed by Through PHA, current and future needs of the plant biosecurity system can be mutually Emergency Plant Pests. This is achieved in large part by supporting industries and agreed upon, issues identified and solutions to problems found. governments to develop strategies and plans that improve biosecurity standards and by providing assistance to implement agreed risk mitigation measures. PHA’s autonomy fosters an impartial approach to servicing member needs, allowing the company to put the interests of the plant biosecurity system first, as well as supporting a Biosecurity plans, manuals for producers and awareness raising extension services are long-term view. examples of activities that PHA undertakes with and on behalf of members. See more in Chapter 2. The number of plant biosecurity partnerships are increasing over time, and the model is proving highly successful. One example of a biosecurity partnership facilitated by PHA is the National Bee Pest Surveillance Program, described on page 154. 32 Table 2. detailed ineacheditionofitsAnnualOperationalPlan. PHA’s mainactivitiesare fundedfrom annualsubscriptions paidby members,allocatedas Additional activitiestomitigaterisk members. and other kindsofinformation onseriousexotic pests,whichisfrequently usedby PHA Document Database.Thisonlineinformation resource holdspubliclyavailable factsheets surveillance protocols andprovides information onexotic pestsincludingthePest Information systems, diagnosticexpertise, targeted research, development andextension activities,and PHA alsoworks toensure thatthesystem issupportedwithassets suchasinformation Corporation Cotton Research and Development Bendigo KanganInstituteofTAFE AgNova Technologies Associate members Commonwealth ofAustralia Australian CapitalTerritory Government Government members Association Australian Lychee Growers' Australian Honey BeeIndustryCouncil Australian GingerIndustryAssociation Australian Forest Products Association Association Australian BlueberryGrowers' Australian BananaGrowers' Council Apple andPear Australia Almond Board ofAustralia Industry members Plant Health Australiamembers Horticulture Innovation Australia Corporation Grains Research andDevelopment CSIRO Northern Territory Government New SouthWales Government Association Australian Tea Tree Industry Australian Table GrapeAssociation Australian Sweetpotato Growers Research Council Australian Processing Tomato Australian Olive Association Australian Melon Association Australian MangoIndustryAssociation Australian MacadamiaSociety Sugar Research Australia Plant BiosecurityCRC Northern Territory Farmers Association South AustralianGovernment Queensland Government Cherry Growers Australia Australia Canned Fruit IndustryCouncil of CANEGROWERS Avocados Australia AUSVEG Limited Australian Walnut IndustryAssociation Australian Vigerons Australian Truffle Growers' Association non-subscription fundedprojects boostbiosecurityfor particularindustries.Examples of individual members,groups ofmembersinpartnership,andnon-members.Oftenthese In addition,PHAisalsocommissioned toundertake many riskmitigationprojects by For more information see native Australianflora. organisations andplant healthscientists around theworld toenablemonitoringfor pestsof Sentinel Network In anew initiative, PHAiscoordinating Australia’s engagement withthe response simulations,andbiosecuritymanualstoinform growers. such projects includeindustryfundedbiosecurityoutreach officers, Emergency Plant Pest Wine Australia Vinehealth Australia Victorian Farmers Federation Victorian Government Tasmanian Government Nursery andGarden IndustryAustralia Hazelnut Growers ofAustralia GROWCOM Grain Producers Australia Dried Fruits Australia Cotton Australia Citrus Australia Chestnuts Australia thatislinkingbotanic gardens andarboreta, nationalplant protection planthealthaustralia.com.au Western AustralianGovernment Winemakers' Federation ofAustralia Summerfruit Australia Strawberries Australia Ricegrowers' Associationof Australia Raspberries andBlackberriesAustralia Pistachio Growers' Association Passionfruit Australia Onions Australia International Plant

33 CHAPTER 1: AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM PEAK PLANT INDUSTRY BODIES Other levies or funding mechanisms at regional, state or national levels are increasingly being used to fund specific plant biosecurity preparedness activities that benefit the industry, Australia’s farmers have peak representative bodies that act on their behalf on a range of such as research and development projects or industry outreach programs. Other initiatives activities of collective importance, including biosecurity. may include the funding of surveillance activities for early detection of high-risk pests or the development of contingency plans to facilitate the preparation of a Response Plan in the Most plant industry peak bodies represent producers of one crop, such as avocadoes, or a event of an Emergency Plant Pest incursion. More information on Emergency Plant Pest group of similar crops such as vegetables. In addition to broadacre farmers and horticulture responses is provided in . producers, industry peak bodies represent truffle growers, foresters and beekeepers (due to Chapter 6 the importance of honey bees as pollinators for many crops), and most of these peak bodies Peak industry bodies have contributed to industry profiles in Chapter 3 of this report. are members of PHA.

Industry bodies consider biosecurity to be a matter of importance, since it underpins the PRIVATE SECTOR sustainability of their industry. New plant pests can make production more expensive due to The private sector makes a large contribution to the plant biosecurity system. increased use of pesticides, greater labour costs or additional procedures. Pests can lower yields, reduce quality or cause damage to stored produce. In some cases, these factors Plant producers and beekeepers have a responsibility to protect their enterprises and those mean it is no longer viable to grow a particular crop in a region. Pests can also cause loss of of others in their region and industry from new pests and weeds by using on-farm biosecurity access to markets so that some growers have fewer market options to sell their crops. measures and resources (covered in Chapter 7).

As a result of these potential biosecurity threats to sustainability, Australia’s peak industry Trade, transport and logistics companies include importers (commercial and non-commercial), AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM BIOSECURITY PLANT AUSTRALIA'S bodies are proactive about biosecurity risk mitigation. Most have joined PHA to be a part of customs brokers, freight forwarders and agents, integrated logistic suppliers, vessel and the plant biosecurity partnership, which ensures that they are kept up to date on biosecurity port operators. They are required to follow strict guidelines to ensure exotic pests do not and can contribute to strengthening the plant biosecurity system. enter Australia on plant products or on cargo, and do not move around Australia.

Private consultants and advisers provide extensive plant biosecurity advice across a range CHAPTER 1: 1: CHAPTER The majority (37 of 40 industry members) of PHA’s plant industry members are also signatories to the EPPRD. This provides a number of benefits including the potential to of crop types, and in most key production areas. Commercial agronomists also provide local provide Owner Reimbursement Costs to represented growers in the event of an Emergency services through the major distribution chains. They are backed by national technical networks Plant Pest response. In becoming a signatory to the EPPRD, peak plant industry bodies which provide a comprehensive suite of services to agricultural industries. establish a funding mechanism called an Emergency Plant Pest Response Levy. This ensures Australian societies and associations have members that include scientific professionals that the industry can pay their share of an agreed Cost Shared eradication response for an who are linked with plant biosecurity. These organisations contribute to the development of Emergency Plant Pest that affects their crops. This levy is established under the terms of Australia’s plant biosecurity system through a range of activities including: the Australian Government Levy Principles and Guidelines and requires consultation with and support of relevant growers. • peer reviews and publication of research findings • provision of pest, disease and weed notes Importantly, plant industry bodies represent growers in an Emergency Plant Pest response, which can be a significant commitment. They also contribute to scientific advisory panels • scientific reviews when Emergency Plant Pest responses need information to make decisions. • convening forums to share plant biosecurity research • independent comment and input into the development and implementation of plant Plant industry peak bodies also: biosecurity policy and the development of international phytosanitary standards • work with government departments to negotiate international market access • encouraging professionalism amongst plant scientists and technicians. • take part in government consultation events such as Biosecurity Roundtables Key associations include the Australasian Plant Pathology Society, the Australian Society for • communicate with growers about the need for on-farm biosecurity and other biosecurity Microbiology, the Australian Entomological Society, the Australian Society of Agronomy and risk mitigation activities the Council of Australian Weed Societies. • work with government departments on pest surveillance activities • develop information on exotic pests, often in collaboration with the relevant state or territory department of agriculture or PHA.

34 RESEARCH FUNDERS AND PROVIDERS Research funders and scientists ensure that scientific research, development and extension (RD&E) activities provide answers to pest problems faced by Australian producers. Researchers have a responsibility to protect Australia from biosecurity risks and are required to report any findings of biosecurity concern, such as finding new variants or species of pests in the course of their work. They also have a responsibility to protect Australia’s plant resources through safe biosecurity practices when conducting research, particularly when doing field work.

Research activities are carried out by university, government and industry researchers, often through cooperative funding organisations like research and development corporations (RDCs) and the Plant Biosecurity Research Initiative, a joint initiative of seven RDCs. Research includes methods of identifying pests (diagnostics), effective management techniques and work to breed resistant crop varieties. Plant biosecurity research is covered in Chapter 8. COMMUNITY The community includes the general Australian public and others such as local governments, landholders, travellers returning from overseas, tourists, home gardeners and anyone moving goods into or around the country or visiting rural areas. SYSTEM BIOSECURITY PLANT AUSTRALIA'S

Primarily, community members have post-border biosecurity responsibilities, although people returning from overseas and those importing goods from overseas must abide by international border restrictions to prevent incursions of exotic pests. The roles of community in preserving the integrity of Australia’s CHAPTER 1: 1: CHAPTER plant biosecurity status are explained in Chapter 7.

International Year of Plant Health 2020

On 20 December 2018 the UN Food and Agriculture Organization and the International Plant Protection Convention Secretariat welcomed the UN General Assembly’s adoption of a resolution proclaiming 2020 as the International Year of Plant Health (IYPH).

The theme of the year will be ‘Protecting the world’s plant resources from pests’ with the goal to mobilise governments, industries, civic organisations, scientist and the public to: • work together to protect the world’s plants against the spread of devastating pests • encourage scientific innovation to address pest threats • promote responsible practices that reduce pest spread • increase public and private sector support for more sustainable plant health strategies and services. Australia will be actively participating in the International Year of Plant Health in 2020. More information is available from ippc.int/en/iyph

Trade, transport and logistics companies are required to follow strict guidelines to ensure exotic pests do not enter Australia on plant products or on cargo, and do not move around Australia 35

Chapter 2 Protecting Australia's plant resources Protecting Australia's plant resources

The damage to plants caused by pests varies from species to species, but it can be significant. It is estimated that every year between 20 and 40 per cent of crops are lost to plant pests and weeds globally10. Some invasive exotic pest species also have the potential to cause permanent damage to native plants in our unique natural ecosystems. Others can reduce the social value of public amenities such parks and gardens.

This chapter covers the priority pest and disease threats to the environment and for each of the major plant production industries. It describes Australia’s plant resources and environmental biosecurity, and summarises key features and biosecurity planning activities by most of the peak plant industry bodies.

Figure 5 shows the catchment scale land uses in Australia as at December 201811. The map shows the single dominant land use for a given area, based on the primary management objective of the land manager (as identified by state and territory agencies). PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING

Improving preparedness for spotted wing drosophila

CHAPTER 2: 2: CHAPTER On 29 October 2018, growers, government biosecurity officers and international experts came together to consider the threat posed by spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii, SWD), an exotic fly of high biosecurity concern.

At the workshop, international researchers Professor Rufus Isaacs from Michigan State University, USA, and Dr Bethan Shaw from the National Institute of Agricultural Botany, UK, shared how berry growing industries in their countries were impacted by the arrival of SWD and highlighted the strategies that can be used to manage the pest.

Following the workshop, presentations to raise awareness of SWD were held between 30 October to 2 November in Wandin (Victoria), Launceston (Tasmania), Coffs Harbour (NSW) and Caboolture (Queensland), giving growers from a range of production regions a chance to hear from these international experts.

The events were held as part of a project PHA, cesar and New Zealand's Plant & Food Research are working on together to improve Australia’s preparedness for the pest. The project is funded by Hort Innovation with the support of the strawberry, raspberry and blackberry, cherry and summerfruit R&D levies.

10. Savery, S. Ficke, A, Aubertot, J-N and Hollier, C (2012). Crop losses due to diseases and their implications for global food production losses and food security. Food Security, 4(4):519-537 11. ABARES (2018). Catchment scale land use of Australia. Accessed online 15 May 2019 agriculture.gov.au/abares/aclump/Pages/land-use/Catchment-scale-land-use-of-Australia-2018.aspx 38 * commercial andother Intensive uses Production from irrigatedagriculture andplantations Production from drylandagriculture andplantations Production from relatively naturalenvironments Conservation andnaturalenvironments FIGURE LEGEND Figure 5. Intensive horticulture Irrigated landintransition Irrigated seasonalhorticulture Irrigated perennial horticulture Irrigated cropping Grazing irrigatedmodifiedpastures Irrigated plantation forests* Land intransition Seasonal horticulture Perennial horticulture Cropping Grazing modifiedpastures Plantation forests* Production native forests Grazing native vegetation Minimal use Managed resource protection Nature conservation Catchment scale land use in Australia Image courtesy of theDepartment of Agriculture and Water Resources

39 CHAPTER 2: PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES Priority pests and diseases

Identifying exotic pest threats and the ways in which they might make it into Australia can Table 3. Australia’s National Priority Plant Pests significantly increase the chance of containing and successfully eradicating them should they arrive. Prioritising pests according to their potential impact allows biosecurity activities National priority plant pests – such as surveillance, pathway analysis, and border screening and inspection – to target Xylella fastidiosa and confirmed and Hessian fly, barley stem gall midge the most serious risks. unconfirmed vectors Khapra beetle Texas root rot NATIONAL PRIORITY PLANT PESTS Exotic, economic fruit fly (both lure and Wheat stem sawfly Australia’s least wanted plant pests and diseases were endorsed by the Plant Health non-lure responsive) Committee in June 2016. Australia’s National Priority Plant Pests are listed in Table 3, Karnal bunt Golden apple snail with the top 10 featured in Table 4. Huanglongbing and Asian, African citrus Barley stripe rust The pests were identified considering: psyllid complex • the likelihood of them entering the country Exotic gypsy moth Cereal cyst nematode Solenopsis spp. and other exotic invasive ant • their ability to become established and spread Sharka species PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING • the consequences for businesses, human health and the environment if they do Internal and external mites of bees Exotic drywood termite • the ability to demonstrate a need for and benefit from nationally coordinated action. Giant African snail Exotic subterranean termite Identifying the National Priority Plant Pests enables decision makers to focus biosecurity Brown marmorated stink bug Exotic longhorn beetle (Anoplophora spp. )

CHAPTER 2: 2: CHAPTER activities to achieve higher returns on investments in risk management, facilitating an Red ring disease, pine wood nematode integrated and harmonised approach to prevent and prepare for pest threats. Zebra chip and tomato potato psyllid complex complex Potential areas to focus national investment include: Ug 99 wheat stem rust Fusarium wilt • national pre-border or border measures to reduce the likelihood of entry Russian wheat aphid (holocyclic form) Sugarcane stalk borer • controls on the movement of plant products that can carry regionalised pests interstate Citrus canker Black sigatoka • surveillance for early warning of the presence of pests, area freedom from pests and Guava (Eucalyptus) rust (exotic strains) Potato late blight delimiting the extent of an incursion Air-borne Phytophthora spp. Sunn pest • diagnostics, as a tool for border protection, surveillance and incursion responses Exotic bees Western plant bug, tarnished plant bug • contingency planning, which may highlight areas for improvement such as: Panama tropical race 4 Exotic sawyer beetles àà tracing the origin and spread of pests Potato cyst nematode Burning moth àà developing mapping systems Leafminers (Liriomyza spp.) European canker àà breeding new plant varieties àà negotiating access to markets Fire blight Dutch elm disease àà training to improve preparedness For more information on National Priority Plant Pests go to agriculture.gov.au/pests- àà pre-emptive registration of new pesticides for use in incursions diseases-weeds/plant/national-priority-plant-pests-2016 àà identifying possible biological control agents àà identifying research needs àà gaps in the regulatory system.

40 Table 4. 5. Huanglongbing 4. Karnal bunt 3. Exotic fruitflies 2. Khaprabeetle 1. Pat Barkley FAO John Davis Bugwood.org Pest andDiseasesImageLibrary, Christine Horlock, QDAF Xylella fastidiosa The top10NationalPriorityPlantPests destroy allinfected trees. tree. There isnocure –theonlyway tostopthediseaseis through thetree canopy, causingdeclineandthendeathofthe One oftheworst diseasesofcitrustrees worldwide, itspreads asiaticus andwas previously known ascitrus greening disease. Huanglongbing isadiseasecaused by for uptofour years. almost impossibletoeradicateasitsspores canpersistinsoil ability tosellinfected crops. Ifintroduced, Karnalbunt would be wheat industryby itspotential heavy impactonthequalityand highly invasive exotic grainpestwhich threatens Australia’s Karnal bunt isadiseasecausedby thefungus (pictured left)are kept outby ongoingbiosecuritymeasures. exotic speciessuchasspotted wingdrosophila ( vegetables. WhileAustraliaalready hassomefruitflies,other horticultural pestsandputatriskmore 300typesoffruitand Exotic fruitfliesare onetheworld’s mostdestructive group of straw, stored grain,cargo ormachinery. Once here, itcould spread easilyviathemovement ofseed, mail items,orbebrought inby travellers inpersonaleffects. with very littlefood. Itcould arrive incargo, machinery, food or tough: larvae cansurvive inadormant statefor uptotwo years threatening access toexport markets. Thebeetle issmall but impact onthegrainsindustryifitwere toestablishinAustralia, Khapra beetle isapestofstored grainthatwould have amajor infected sapsuckinginsectsthatcanhitcharidetoAustralia. Australia withillegallyintroduced plant materialorwith being eradicatedonce ithasbecome established.Itcould enter There isnotreatment andnodocumented example ofitever commercial andornamental plant speciesare susceptible. crops, native floraandgardens ashundreds ofnative, Xylella fastidiosa isabacteriathatcould devastate horticultural Candidatus Tilletia indica Drosophila suzuki Liberibacter , a i )

10. Brown marmoratedstinkbug 9. GiantAfrican snail 8. Mitesofbees 7. Tramp ants 6. Gypsy moths of Agriculture, Bugwood.org Steven Valley, Oregon Department Bugwood.org Pest andDiseasesImageLibrary, Research Service, Bugwood.org Scott Bauer, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org Scott Bauer, USDA Agricultural Recreation, Bugwood.org Department of Forests, Parksand E. Bradford Walker, Vermont way to new regions oftheworld andspread rapidly. dormant andspread hiddenincargo hasenabledittomake its impact onthecommunity. Theabilityofthisstinkbugtolie extremely difficultandexpensive tomanageandhave abroad amenity plants. IfitestablishedinAustraliawould be horticulture andother crops andcould alsoimpactnative and biosecurity riskbecauseitaffects avery widerangeof Brown marmoratedstinkbug( bare handsorifeatenrawpartiallycooked. infecting peoplewithbacteriaandparasitesifhandled most damaginglandsnails.Itcanalsoaffect humanhealth, and eatsmore than500plant species, makingitoneofthe Giant African snail( the honey beeandhoney beereliant plant industries. tropilaelaps mite( Other exotic pestslike tracheal mite( they provide by 90to100percent ifitestablishedinAustralia. unmanaged European honey beesandthepollinationservices pose aseriousthreat tobees,reducing thenumbersof Mites ofbeessuchasvarroa mite( already beenintroduced andare now established. wellbeing are threatened by theseants, someofwhichhave invasive pests.Australia’s environmental, economic, andsocial species oftrampants are amongstthemostseriousglobal that canrapidlyestablishandspread ifintroduced. Several Tramp ants are adiverse group ofaggressive, invasive ants because oftheirbroad hostrange. would beextremely difficultandexpensive tomanage,partly reproductive rate.Ifgypsy moths becameestablished,they because oftheirtendencytohitchhike andtheirhigh and horticulture. They poseahighbiosecurityrisktoAustralia Gypsy moths ( Lymantria Tropilaelaps Lissachatina fulica spp.)are destructive pestsofforests spp.)would alsoseriouslyimpact Halyomorpha halys Varroa destructor ) hasavoracious appetite Acarapsi woodi ) posesahigh ) would ) and

41 CHAPTER 2: PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES Environmental biosecurity

Environmental biosecurity is the protection of plants in the environment and those planted for social amenity from the risks and negative effects of pests and diseases entering, emerging, establishing or spreading in Australia.

The ‘environment’ includes Australia’s natural terrestrial, inland water and marine ecosystems, and its natural and physical resources. ‘Social amenity’ includes the social, economic and cultural aspects of the environment, such as tourism, human infrastructure, cultural assets and national image.

Environmental biosecurity is distinct from agricultural biosecurity, which focuses on pests and diseases that could have an economic impact on Australia’s agricultural productivity. Although distinct, there may be a significant overlap in pests that affect plants grown for agricultural purposes and those found in the natural environment or that have social amenity in urban spaces. Examples include growing eucalypt and tea tree species as commercial crops for harvest and the propagation of native plants by production nurseries for landscaping and home gardeners.

An example of two pests that together can affect both agricultural crops and native vegetation is PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Australia’s top biosecurity threat Xylella fastidiosa and an insect that can carry and spread the disease it causes, the glassy winged sharpshooter. They can cause and spread disease in production crops such as grapevines and olives, along with acacia, grevillea and Myrtaceae species that are significant in the environment, urban and rural settings, and also garden plants such as lavender and oleander. CHAPTER 2: 2: CHAPTER The National Biosecurity Committee and the Environment and Invasives Committee (see page 19) administer environmental biosecurity. The committees include representatives from national and state agriculture and environment departments to ensure cross agency awareness and action on environmental biosecurity issues.

The National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement (NEBRA) establishes national emergency response arrangements, including for cost-sharing, for responding to biosecurity incidents such as pests and diseases that primarily impact on the environment or social amenity and where the response is for the public good. The agreement was signed by the Commonwealth, state and territory governments in January 2012.

Australia’s preparedness for biosecurity incidents is also developed through training, simulation exercises and planning. Planning allows stakeholders to determine pests of highest priority, analyse the risks they pose, and to put in place practices and procedures to rapidly detect and respond to an incursion. This work minimises the impact if a pest incursion occurs and reduces the chance of pests becoming established.

In November 2018, a simulation exercise tested the response to a detection of Xylella fastidiosa. The exercise centred on the decision-making process and the eradication strategy implemented in response to the presence of both the bacterium and its insect carrier. See page 195 for more information.

42 Biosecurity Officer. pests, weeds anddiseaseswillbeannounced by theoffice oftheChiefEnvironmental It isanticipated thatinlate2019theinauguralnationalprioritylistofexotic environmental of 2018. manages environmental biosecurityconcerns. Thereport was not released asoftheend management inAustralia.Thereview was instigatedtoexamine how effectively theDAWR In 2018,theInspector-General for Biosecurityconducted areview ofenvironmental risk Department oftheEnvironment andEnergy. Australian Government Department ofAgriculture andWater Resources (DAWR) andthe future actionsandshare information oninitiatives. Theroundtables are aninitiative ofthe discussion onenvironmental biosecurityissues,toidentify potential solutionstoshape In Australiaenvironmental BiosecurityRoundtables are heldtwice eachyear tofacilitate and actionstaken toaddress theissues. to thatfor production pestsanddiseases,involving preparedness, response, management established for production biosecurity. Theapproach toenvironmental biosecurityissimilar Environmental biosecuritycanmake useof andbuildonmany aspectsofthesystem

Agriculture andWater Resources The ChiefEnvironmental BiosecurityOfficer, Ian Thompson.Imagecourtesy of theDepartment of Biosecurity planfor acaciaspecies Environmental BiosecurityOfficer. The planwillbeupdatedin2019collaboration withtheoffice of theChief community. costs ofpestincursionsonacaciagrowers, theenvironment andthewider biosecurity plan,stakeholders are better placed toreduce thesocialandeconomic By identifying andprioritisingthekey biosecurityrisksthrough developing the pest threats is stakeholders whodependonthem.Oneofthemajor to impactonAustralianacaciaspeciesandthe A numberofexotic plant pestshave thepotential forestry andfor revegetation programs. ecosystems, somespeciesare usedinhorticulture, In additiontobeingcriticalmany ofAustralia’s Australia, withmore than700native species. Acacia isthelargest genusofflowering plants in Resources. Government Department ofAgriculture andWater produced by PHAwithfundingfrom theAustralian In 2018abiosecurityplanfor acaciaspecies was Xylella fastidiosa .

43 CHAPTER 2: PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES Plant industry biosecurity preparedness

There are a number of ways that industries and governments can minimise the risks posed To identify and prioritise exotic plant pests, experts from the industry and government(s) by exotic pests to plant industries. One is to identify the exotic pests that pose the greatest are brought together to form a Technical Expert Group. Pest risk assessments take into risk to an industry through biosecurity planning. The planning process also prioritises account the pest’s likelihood of entry, establishment and spread, as well as the economic activities to mitigate the risks associated with these pests and improve biosecurity overall impact if it established in Australia. The assessment includes all entry pathways including for an industry. legal, illegal, accidental or through natural dispersal. This is broader than the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources Import Risk Assessment process which focuses only Contingency planning can also prepare an industry for exotic pest incursions. A contingency on specific regulated import pathways (see page 130). plan identifies the information needed when planning an emergency response to an exotic pest. Industries can also improve awareness of exotic pests and biosecurity practices by The exotic pests that pose the greatest risk with the largest potential economic impact for developing a biosecurity manual for use by producers. an industry are deemed to be High Priority Pests. Table 6 lists all of the High Priority Pests identified in the 33 biosecurity plans developed by PHA. The same pests are also listed BIOSECURITY PLANNING throughout Chapter 3 with the crops that they affect.

One of the first steps to reduce the biosecurity risks to an industry is to develop a biosecurity Having identified the pests that pose the greatest risk to industry the next step is to plan for the crop(s) produced. A risk assessment is made to identify high priority pests and develop and agree on effective biosecurity measures to protect against them. This involves guide the biosecurity activities undertaken by industry and government. Each of PHA’s plant the industry, governments, the relevant RDC and PHA working in partnership with each PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING industry members has developed a biosecurity plan in partnership with governments. other. Agreed risk mitigation methods might include: Developing a biosecurity plan is a requirement for Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed signatories and they are generally funded by a research and development corporation (RDC) • developing contingency plans that will assist the response to particular plant pests, or plant industry peak body. See Table 5 for a list of biosecurity plans prepared by PHA. should they make it to Australia

CHAPTER 2: 2: CHAPTER • developing diagnostic protocols so that pests can be identified quickly Table 5. Current biosecurity plans covering Australia's plant industries • promoting on-farm biosecurity measures among growers to limit the potential for entry and spread of pests Industry plans • developing surveillance plans so that incursions of exotic pests are detected early Plantation forest IBP • carrying out pre-emptive plant breeding programs to develop more resistant crop Apple and Pear BP (Version 3.0) Honey bee IBP (Version 1.1) (Version 2.0) varieties Avocado IBP (Version 2.01) Lychee BP (Version 1.0) Potato IBP (Version 2.0) • gaining pre-emptive permit registration for pesticides that would be needed to manage pests. Banana IBP (Version 2.0) Mango IBP (Version 2.1) Rice IBP (Version 3.0) Blueberry BP (Version 1.0) Melon IBP (Version 1.0) Rubus IBP (Version 1.0) Cherry BP (Version 3.0) Nursery IBP (Version 3.0) Strawberry IBP (Version 2.0) Citrus BP (Version 3.0) Nuts BP (Version 3.0) Sugarcane IBP (Version 3.0) Coffee BP (Version 3.0) Olive BP (Version 2.0) Summerfruit IBP (Version 1.0) Cotton BP (Version 3.0) Onion IBP (Version 2.0) Tomato BP (Version 1.0) Cut flower BP (Version 1.0) Papaya IBP (Version 1.0) Truffle BP (Version 1.0) Ginger IBP (Version 1.0) Passionfruit IBP (Version 1.0) Vegetable BP (Version 3.0) Grains BP (Version 3.0) Pineapple BP (Version 2.0) Viticulture IBP (Version 3.0)

44 The biosecurity plan is endorsed by the peak industry body Table 6. High Priority Pest threats and by all Australian governments through the Plant Health Committee. This means that key stakeholders in the plant Scientific name Common name High priority pest of biosecurity system have agreed on the priorities and risk Abaca bunchy top virus (Babuvirus) Abaca bunchy top virus Banana mitigation efforts to protect that industry. Acarapis woodi Tracheal mite Honey bee Since 2017, a Biosecurity Reference Panel of government and Achatina achatina Giant African snail Vegetable industry experts has been appointed to assess the progress of Aleurolobus barodensis Sugarcane whitefly Sugarcane activities in individual plans. This ensures that by the end of a plan activities have been achieved, providing a significant Alternaria humicola Leaf spot Vegetable boost in protection from pest threats. Biosecurity plans Amyelois transitella Navel orangeworm Nut undergo formal reviews every four to five years to ensure they Anastrepha ludens Mexican fruit fly Citrus remain up-to-date, taking into consideration new research, Eastern filbert blight incursions overseas and changes to potential entry pathways. Anisogramma anomala Truffle, Nut (hazelnut blight) In 2018 revised biosecurity plans were produced for the Anthonomus grandis Cotton boll weevil Cotton PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING vegetable, coffee and cherry industries. Aphis fabae Black bean aphid Vegetable Growers too can support Australia’s biosecurity status by Aphis gossypii (exotic strains) Cotton aphid Cotton, Production nurseries implementing biosecurity practices to protect their crops from Apis cerana (exotic strains,

Asian honey bee Honey bee 2: CHAPTER established and exotic pests. See on-farm biosecurity in genotypes and sub-species) Chapter 7 and biosecurity manuals for producers on page 61. Apis mellifera capensis Cape honey bee Honey bee Apis mellifera scutellata African honey bee Honey bee Apis mellifera scutellata (hybrid) Africanised honey bee Honey bee Aristobia testudo Lychee longicorn beetle Lychee Arthuriomyces peckianus Orange rust (long-cycled) Rubus Ascochyta rabiei (MAT1-1 is exotic, Ascochyta blight Grains MAT1-2 is endemic) Aspidiella hartii Yam scale (rhizome scale) Ginger Aulacophora foveicollis Red pumpkin beetle Vegetable Avocado sunblotch viroid Avocado sunblotch Avocado (asymptomatic strains) Avocado sunblotch viroid Avocado sunblotch Avocado (symptomatic strains) Bactericera cockerelli Tomato potato psyllid Tomato, Potato Avocado, Tomato, Citrus, Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly Mango, Papaya, Passionfruit, Vegetable, Viticulture

45 Table 6. High Priority Pest threats (continued)

Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fruit fly Vegetable Botrytis squamosa Leaf blight Onion Apple and Pear, Avocado, Burkholderia caryophylli (syn. Bacterial wilt of carnation Cut flower Coffee, Cherry, Citrus, Pseudomonas caryophylli) Bactrocera dorsalis (syn. Lychee, Mango, Melon, B. invadens, B. papayae, Oriental fruit fly Papaya, Passionfruit, Bursaphelenchus spp. including Pinewood nematode B. philippinensis) Forestry Summerfruit, Tomato, B. xylophilus species complex Vegetable, Viticulture Cacoecimorpha pronubana Carnation tortrix Cut flower Avocado, Passionfruit, Bactrocera facialis Tropical fruit fly Caliothrips fasciatus Bean thrips Citrus Tomato Huanglongbing (African Bactrocera kandiensis Fruit fly Avocado, Citrus, Passionfruit Candidatus Liberibacter africanus Citrus strain) Bactrocera kirki Fijian fruit fly Avocado, Passionfruit Candidatus Liberibacter Huanglongbing (American Citrus americanus strain) Bactrocera latifrons Solanum fruit fly Melon Huanglongbing (Asiatic Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Citrus, Production nurseries Bactrocera melanotus Fruit fly Avocado, Passionfruit strain) PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Bactrocera occipitalis Fruit fly Citrus Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (syn. Candidatus Zebra chip Potato, Tomato, Vegetable Bactrocera oleae Olive fly Olive Liberibacter psyllaurous) Avocado, Papaya, Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni CHAPTER 2: 2: CHAPTER Bactrocera passiflorae Fijian fruit fly Peach X disease Cherry, Summerfruit Passionfruit, Vegetable (syn. X disease phytoplasma) Bactrocera psidii South Sea guava fruit fly Passionfruit Candidatus Phytoplasma European stone fruit Cherry, Summerfruit prunorum yellows Bactrocera trivialis New Guinea fruit fly Citrus, Vegetable Bactrocera xanthodes Pacific fruit fly Avocado, Passionfruit Candidatus Phytoplasma solani Bois noir Viticulture Banana bunchy top virus Peach fruit moth, small Banana bunchy top disease Banana Carposina sasakii Apple and Pear (Nanovirus) peach fruit borer Barley mild mosaic virus Barley mild mosaic virus Grains Cephus cinctus Wheat stem sawfly Grains (Bymovirus) European wheat stem Bean common mosaic virus Cephus pygmeus Grains Bean common mosaic virus Grains sawfly (Potyvirus), peanut stripe strain Bemisia tabaci (biotypes other Cotton, Melon, Production Mango sudden decline Silverleaf whitefly Ceratocystis fimbriata sensu lato Coffee, Mango than B and AN) nurseries syndrome Mango sudden decline Bemisia tabaci (types Asia 1, China Ceratocystis manginecans Mango 1, China 2, Asia II (1-8), Italy, syndrome Cotton, Melon, Production Sub-Saharan Africa (1-4), Uganda, Silverleaf whitefly nurseries, Tomato, Mango sudden decline New World, Mediterranean, Ceratocystis omanensis Mango Vegetable syndrome Middle East-Asia Minor 2, Indian Ocean) Ceratovacuna lanigera Sugarcane woolly aphid Sugarcane

Blood disease bacterium Blood disease Banana Cercosporella rubi Rosette Rubus

46 Table 6. High Priority Pest threats (continued)

Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Ceutorhynchus assimilis (syn. Colletotrichum truncatum (lentil Cabbage seedpod weevil Grains Lentil anthracnose Grains Ceutorhynchus obstrictus) strain) Ceutorhynchus napi Rape stem weevil Grains Conopomorpha sinensis Lychee fruit borer Lychee Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus Cabbage stem weevil Grains Conotrachelus aguacatae Small avocado seed weevil Avocado Cherry leaf roll virus (Nepovirus) Conotrachelus nenuphar Plum curculio Cherry, Summerfruit Blackline Cherry, Rubus (exotic strains) Conotrachelus perseae Small seed weevil Avocado Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus Chickpea chlorotic dwarf Grains Formosan subterranean (Mastrevirus) virus Coptotermes formosanus Forestry termite Chickpea chlorotic stunt virus Chickpea chlorotic stunt Grains Coptotermes gestroi Asian subterranean termite Forestry (Polerovirus) virus Cotinis mutabilis Fig beetle Pineapple Chilo auricilius Sugarcane internode borer Sugarcane Cotton leaf curl virus (Begomovirus) Cotton leaf curl disease Cotton Yellow top borer of Chilo infuscatellus Sugarcane sugarcane Cotton leafroll dwarf virus Cotton blue disease Cotton (Polerovirus) Chilo orichalcociliellus Coastal stem borer Grains RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Croesia curvalana Blueberry leaftier Blueberry Chilo partellus Spotted stem borer Grains Cryphonectria parasitica Chestnut blight Nut Chilo sacchariphagus Sugarcane internode borer Sugarcane Cryptosporella umbrina Brown rose canker Cut flower Chilo terrenellus Sugarcane stem borer Sugarcane 2: CHAPTER Cydia funebrana Plum fruit moth Summerfruit Spotted sugarcane stem Chilo tumidicostalis Sugarcane Cydia inopinata (syn. Grapholita borer Manchurian fruit moth Apple and Pear inopinata) Chinavia hilaris (syn. Chinavia hilare) Green stink bug Nut Cylindrocopturus adspersus Sunflower stem weevil Grains Chromatomyia horticola Pea leafminer Cut flower Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (exotic Grapevine phylloxera Viticulture strains) Chrysoporthe austroafricana Eucalyptus canker disease Forestry Dasineura mali Apple leaf curling midge Apple and Pear Citripestis sagittiferella Citrus fruit borer Citrus Red banded mango Deanolis sublimbalis (syn. Noorda caterpillar (red banded Mango Citrus leprosis virus (unassigned) Citrus leprosis disease Citrus albizonalis) borer) Citrus tristeza virus (Closterovirus) Mandarin stem-pitting Citrus (mandarin stem-pitting strain) Deformed wing virus (Iflavirus) Deformed wing virus Honey bee Cladosporium allii Leaf spot Onion Delia antiqua Onion fly Onion, Vegetable Delia floralis Summer cabbage fly Vegetable Colletotrichum higginsianum Anthracnose Vegetable Colletotrichum kahawae subsp. Delia florilega Bean fly Onion, Vegetable kahawai (syn. Colletotrichum Coffee berry disease Coffee Dendroctonus ponderosae Mountain pine beetle Forestry coffeanum) Dendroctonus valens Red turpentine beetle Forestry Colletotrichum lentis (lentil affecting Lentil anthracnose, Vegetable strain) soybean anthracnose Diabrotica barberi Northern corn root worm Grains

47 Table 6. High Priority Pest threats (continued)

Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Diabrotica undecimpunctata Southern corn root worm Grains Erwinia herbicola (exotic strains) Avocado blast Avocado Diabrotica virgifera Western corn root worm Grains Erwinia herbicola pv. gypsophilae Bacterial gall Cut flower Diaphorina citri Asian citrus psyllid Citrus, Production nurseries Erwinia papayae Bacterial crown rot Papaya Diaporthe helianthi Sunflower stem canker Grains Erwinia spp. Mushy canker Papaya Dickeya dianthicola (syn. Erwinia Erwinia tracheiphila Cucurbit bacterial wilt Melon Slow wilt Cut flower chrysanthemi pv. dianthicola) Eumerus amoenus Onion bulb fly Onion Dickeya spp. (pineapple infecting Bacterial fruit collapse, Pineapple Eumerus strigatus Lesser bulb fly Onion, Vegetable strains) syn. Erwinia chrysanthemi bacterial heart rot Sugarcane leafhopper Dickeya spp. (onion infecting exotic Eumetopina flavipes (vector of Ramu stunt Sugarcane pathovars) syn. Erwinia Bacterial soft rot Onion disease) chrysanthemi Apple and Pear, Blueberry, Eurygaster integriceps Sunn pest Grains Drosophila suzukii Spotted wing drosophila Cherry, Rubus, Summerfruit, Euschistus conspersus Consperse stink bug Rubus Viticulture PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Eutetranychus banksi Texas citrus mite Coffee Dryocosmus kuriphilus Oriental chestnut gall wasp Nut Frankliniella bispinosa Florida flower thrips Citrus Apple and Pear, Dysaphis plantaginea Rosy apple aphid Summerfruit Frankliniella intonsa Flower thrips Cut flower, Tomato CHAPTER 2: 2: CHAPTER Dysdercus spp. (including Frankliniella tritici Eastern flower thrips Cut flower D. honestus, D. maurus, D. suturellus Cotton stainer Cotton (American species)) Fusarium circinatum Pitch canker Forestry Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Grey pineapple mealybug Pineapple Fusarium mangiferae Mango malformation Mango East Asian passiflora virus East Asian passiflora virus Passionfruit Fusarium mexicanum Mango malformation Mango (Potyvirus) Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Fusarium wilt of Cut flower Echinothrips americanus Poinsettia thrips Production nurseries chrysanthemi chrysanthemum African sugarcane Eldana saccharina Sugarcane Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris Fusarium wilt of chickpea Grains stalkborer Panama disease, tropical Elytroteinus subtruncatus Fijian ginger weevil Ginger Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Banana race 4 Endocronartium harknessii Western gall rust Forestry Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. glycines Fusarium wilt of soybean Grains South African carnation Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lupini Fusarium wilt of lupin Grains Epichoristodes acerbella tortrix, South African Cut flower carnation miner Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Fusarium wilt Cotton Ericaphis fimbriata (with blueberry vasinfectum (exotic races) Blueberry aphid Blueberry scorch Carlavirus) Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis Fusarium root and stem rot Melon Erionota thrax Banana skipper butterfly Banana (exotic races) of melons Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum Fusarium root and stem rot Melon Erwinia amylovora Fire blight Apple and Pear (exotic races) of melons

48 Table 6. High Priority Pest threats (continued)

Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. Fusarium root and stem rot Melon Hemileia vastatrix Coffee leaf rust Coffee radicis-cucumerinum of melons Heterocrossa rubophaga Raspberry bud moth Rubus Fusarium proliferatum Mango malformation Mango Heterodera carotae Carrot cyst nematode Vegetable Fusarium spp. (F. ananatum and Fusariosis, fusarium stem F. guttiforme syn. F. subglutinans rot, pineapple eye rot, Pineapple Heterodera ciceri Chickpea cyst nematode Grains, Vegetable f.sp. ananas) fruitlet core rot Heterodera filipjevi Cereal cyst nematode Grains Fusarium sterilihyphosum Mango malformation Mango Heterodera glycines Soybean cyst nematode Grains Fusarium virguliforme Sudden death syndrome Grains Fusarium xylarioides f. sp. abyssiniae Mediterranean cereal cyst Coffee wilt Coffee Heterodera latipons Grains and F. xylarioides f. sp. canephorae nematode Fusicladium effusum (syn. Heterodera sorghi Sorghum cyst nematode Grains Pecan scab Nut Cladosporium caryigenum) Cherry, Citrus, Production Homalodisca vitripennis (syn. Glassy winged Globodera pallida (pathotypes PA1, Potato cyst nematode nurseries, Summerfruit, Potato Homalodisca coagulata) sharpshooter Viticulture PA2) (white or pale) RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Globodera rostochiensis (exotic Potato cyst nematode Homoeosoma electellum Sunflower moth Grains Potato strains) (golden) Hoplostoma fuligineus Large hive beetle Honey bee Grapevine flavescence dorée Flavescence dorée Viticulture

phytoplasma Hyalesthes obsoletus Cixiidae planthopper Viticulture 2: CHAPTER Grassy shoot phytoplasma Grassy shoot Sugarcane Hylesia nigricans Burning moth Forestry Groundnut bud necrosis virus Bud necrosis disease Grains, Vegetable Hypothenemus hampei Coffee berry borer Coffee (Tospovirus) Hypothenemus obscurus Tropical nut borer Nut Groundnut ringspot virus Groundnut ringspot virus Grains (Tospovirus) Ips typographus Spruce bark beetle Forestry

Guignardia bidwellii Black rot Viticulture Leptoglossus clypealis Leaf footed bug Nut

Guignardia musae Banana freckle Banana Leptoglossus occidentalis Western conifer seed bug Nut Leptoglossus zonatus Western leaf footed bug Nut Gymnoconia nitens Orange rust (short-cycled) Rubus Lettuce infectious yellows virus Lettuce infectious yellows Apple and Pear, Cherry, Production nurseries Brown marmorated stink (Crinivirus) virus Halyomorpha halys Cotton, Nut, Rubus, Truffle, bug Vegetable Liriomyza bryoniae Tomato leafminer Melon, Tomato, Vegetable

Haplothrips chinensis Chinese thrips Cut flower Liriomyza congesta Pea leafminer Cut flower Cut flower, Melon, Harpophora maydis Late wilt Grains, Vegetable Liriomyza huidobrensis Serpentine leafminer Production nurseries, Heilipus lauri Large seed weevil Avocado Tomato, Vegetable

Helicoverpa armigera (carrying Bt Vegetable leafminer, Melon, Onion, Tomato, Cotton bollworm Cotton Liriomyza sativae resistance alleles) American leafminer Vegetable

49 Table 6. High Priority Pest threats (continued)

Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Scientific name Common name High priority pest of American serpentine Cut flower, Melon, Tomato, Mungbean yellow mosaic virus Mungbean yellow mosaic Liriomyza trifolii Grains leafminer Vegetable (Begomovirus) virus Lissachatina fulica (syn. Achatina Production nurseries, Mycosphaerella eumusae Eumusae leaf spot Banana Giant African snail fulica) Tomato, Vegetable Nemorimyza maculosa Chrysanthemum leafminer Cut flower Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice water weevil Rice Neonectria ditissima (syn. Nectria European canker Apple and Pear, Cherry Lobesia botrana European grapevine moth Viticulture galligena and Neonectria galligena) Cotton, Strawberry, Nysius huttoni Wheat bug Grains Lygus hesperus Western plant bug Vegetable Oligonychus ilicis Southern red mite Coffee, Production nurseries Cotton, Production Lygus lineolaris Tarnished plant bug Oligonychus perseae Persea mite Avocado nurseries, Strawberry White spotted tussock Apple and Pear, Forestry, Orgyia thyellina Forestry Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth moth Nut, Production nurseries Pantoea stewartii Stewart's wilt of maize Grains Rosy gypsy moth, pink

PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Lymantria mathura Apple and Pear gypsy moth Paracoccus marginatus Papaya mealy bug Coffee, Papaya Apple and Pear, Forestry, Lymantria monacha Nun moth Paradasynus longirostris Hong Kong stink bug Lychee Truffle Parasa lepida Blue striped nettle grub Mango Magnaporthe grisea Rice blast Grains, Rice CHAPTER 2: 2: CHAPTER Passiflora chlorosis virus (Potyvirus) Passiflora chlorosis virus Passionfruit Mayetiola destructor Hessian fly Grains Passionfruit crinkle virus (Potyvirus) Passionfruit crinkle virus Passionfruit Mayetiola hordei Barley stem gall midge Grains Passionfruit ringspot virus Meloidogyne enterolobii (syn. Passionfruit ringspot virus Passionfruit Root knot nematode Vegetable (Potyvirus) Meloidogyne mayaguensis) Passionfruit severe leaf distortion Passionfruit severe leaf Passionfruit Meloidogyne naasi Barley root knot nematode Vegetable virus (Begomovirus) distortion virus Apple and Pear, Blueberry, Passionfruit Sri Lankan mottle virus Passionfruit Sri Lankan Monilinia fructigena Brown rot Passionfruit Cherry, Summerfruit (Potyvirus) mottle virus Monilinia leaf blight, Passionfruit vein clearing virus Passionfruit vein clearing Monilinia mali Apple and Pear Passionfruit blossom wilt (Rhabdovirus) virus Apple and Pear, Passionfruit yellow mosaic virus Passionfruit yellow mosaic Monilinia polystroma Asiatic brown rot Passionfruit Summerfruit (Tymovirus) virus Mummy berry, cotton ball Peach rosette mosaic virus Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi Blueberry Peach rosette mosaic virus Summerfruit disease (Nepovirus) Monochamus spp. including Peanut clump virus (Pecluvirus) Peanut clump virus Grains M. alternatus, M. galloprovinicialis, Longhorn beetles Forestry M. titillator, M. scutellatus Pennisetia hylaeiformis Raspberry crown borer Rubus Monosporascus cannonballus Monosporascus root rot Melon Pennisetia marginata Raspberry crown borer Rubus

50 Table 6. High Priority Pest threats (continued)

Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Perkinsiella vastatrix Sugarcane plant hopper Sugarcane Popillia japonica Japanese beetle Rubus, Summerfruit Perkinsiella vitiensis Sugarcane plant hopper Sugarcane Potato spindle tuber viroid Potato spindle tuber viroid Potato Peronophythora litchii Brown blight Lychee (Pospiviroidae) Philippine downy mildew of Potato virus Y (Potyvirus) (exotic Peronosclerospora philippinensis Grains, Sugarcane Potato virus Y Potato maize strains) Peronosclerospora sacchari Sugarcane downy mildew Sugarcane Prays oleae Olive moth Olive Procontarinia spp. (exotic species) Mango gall midges Mango Peronosclerospora sorghi Downy mildew of sorghum Grains Prostephanus truncatus Larger grain borer Grains Phialophora cinerescens Phialophora wilt Cut flower Pseudocercospora fijiensis (syn. Black sigatoka Banana Phymatotrichopsis omnivora (syn. Mycosphaerella fijiensis) Phymatotrichum omnivorum, Texas root rot Cotton Citrus mealybug, citriculus Pseudococcus cryptus (syn. Ozonium texanum) mealybug, cryptic Coffee Pseudococcus citriculus) Phytomyza gymnostoma Allium leafminer Onion, Vegetable mealybug PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Pseudococcus maritimus Grape mealybug Viticulture Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae Red steele root rot Strawberry Pseudomonas avellanae (syn. Bacterial canker Truffle Phytophthora infestans (A2 mating P. syringae pv. avellanae) type and exotic strains of A1 Late blight Potato, Vegetable

Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae Avocado, Production 2: CHAPTER mating type) Bacterial canker (exotic races) nurseries Phytophthora kernoviae Phytophthora blight Avocado Pseudotheraptus wayi Coconut bug Lychee Phytophthora mengei Trunk canker Avocado Psila rosae Carrot rust fly Vegetable Phytophthora pinifolia Dano foliar del pino Forestry Puccinia agrophila Vegetable Avocado, Blueberry, Cut Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death flower, Forestry, Nut, Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (exotic Stem rust of wheat Grains Production nurseries, Truffle pathogenic races e.g. Ug 99) Planococcus ficus Vine mealybug Viticulture Puccinia opizii Lettuce rust Vegetable Puccinia psidii sensu lato (exotic Cut flower, Forestry, Planotortrix octo Green headed leaf roller Cherry Guava rust, Eucalyptus rust variants) Production nurseries Downy mildew of Plasmopara halstedii Grains Puccinia spp. (exotic species sunflower Rust Onion affecting Allium spp.) Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Plum pox virus Cherry, Summerfruit Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei Barley stripe rust Grains Polychrosis viteana American berry moth Viticulture Pucciniastrum coryli Hazelnut rust Truffle

Polyocha depressella Root borer Sugarcane Pyrilla perpusilla Sugarcane pyrilla Sugarcane

Pomacea canaliculata Golden apple snail Production nurseries, Rice Radopholus similis (exotic strains) Burrowing nematode Ginger

51 Table 6. High Priority Pest threats (continued)

Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Raffaelea lauricola Laurel wilt Avocado Stagonospora sacchari Leaf scorch Sugarcane Ralstonia solanacearum, race 2 Moko Banana Stenoma catenifer Avocado seed moth Avocado Ralstonia solanacearum, race 3 Sternochetus frigidus Mango pulp weevil Mango Bacterial wilt Potato (exotic strains) Strawberry latent ringspot virus Strawberry latent ringspot Rubus, Strawberry Ralstonia solanacearum, race 4 (Sadwavirus) virus (exotic strains) (syn. Pseudomonas Bacterial wilt Ginger Strymon megarus (as a vector of solanacearum) Pineapple fruit borer Pineapple fusariosis) Raspberry ringspot virus (Nepovirus) Raspberry ringspot virus Rubus, Strawberry Sugarcane streak mosaic virus Sugarcane streak mosaic Sugarcane Rastrococcus spinosus Mango mealybug Coffee (Poacevirus) Rhagoletis pomonella Apple maggot Apple and Pear Coniothyrium eucalyptus Teratosphaeria gauchensis Forestry canker Rhizoctonia solani f. sp. sasaki (AG 1) Banded leaf and sheath spot Grains, Vegetable Coniothyrium eucalyptus Rhizoglyphus callae Bulb mite Onion Teratosphaeria zuluensis Forestry canker

PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Rhizoglyphus setosus Bulb mite Cut flower, Onion, Vegetable Tetranychus piercei Banana spider mite Banana Rhodococcus fascians Leafy gall Cut flower Citrus, Cotton, Grains, Thaumatotibia leucotreta (syn. Rice grassy stunt virus (Tenuivirus) Rice grassy stunt virus Rice False codling moth Pineapple, Summerfruit, Cryptophlebia leucotreta) Vegetable Rice ragged stunt virus (Oryzavirus) Ragged stunt virus Rice CHAPTER 2: 2: CHAPTER Thrips tabaci (exotic strains and Rice tungro bacilliform virus Onion thrips Onion Rice tungro bacilliform virus Rice biotypes) (unassigned) Tilletia indica Karnal bunt Grains Rice tungro spherical virus Rice tungro spherical virus, Rice (Waikavirus) waikavirus Tomato black ring virus (Nepovirus) Tomato black ring virus Strawberry Riptortus dentipes Pod sucking bug Grains Tomato ringspot virus (Nepovirus) Tomato ringspot virus Rubus, Strawberry Schizaphis graminum Greenbug Grains Tomicus piniperda Pine shoot beetle Forestry Scirpophaga excerptalis Top shoot borer Sugarcane Toxotrypana curvicauda Papaya fly Papaya Scirtothrips perseae Avocado thrips Avocado Trichoplusia ni Cabbage looper Vegetable Sesamia grisescens Stem borer Sugarcane Trioza erytreae African citrus psyllid Citrus Slow paralysis virus (Iflavirus) Slow paralysis virus Honey bee Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle Grains, Nut, Rice Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus Soil-borne wheat mosaic Grains (Furovirus) virus Apple and Pear, Honey bee, Tropilaelaps clareae Tropilaelaps mite Nut Sphaceloma perseae Avocado scab Avocado Apple and Pear, Honey bee, Tropilaelaps mercedesae Tropilaelaps mite Spiroplasma citri Stubborn Citrus Nut Spodoptera eridania Southern armyworm Cut flower South American tomato Tuta absoluta Tomato, Vegetable Spodoptera frugiperda Fall armyworm Cut flower moth, tomato leafminer Spodoptera littoralis Cotton leafworm Cut flower Unknown Ramu stunt disease Sugarcane, Vegetable

52 Table 6. High Priority Pest threats (continued)

Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Unknown (suspected Longan and lychee witches’ Almond leaf scorch, pecan Lychee Xylella fastidiosa subsp. piercei Nut phytoplasma) broom disease bacterial leaf scorch Urocerus gigas Giant wood wasp Forestry Xylosandrus compactus Black twig borer Mango Uromyces lineolatus Rust Vegetable Zea mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Zea mosaic virus Grains Apple and Pear, Honey bee, Avocado, Melon, Papaya, Varroa destructor Varroa mite Zeugodacus curcubitae (syn. Nut Melon fruit fly Passionfruit, Summerfruit, Bactrocera cucurbitae) Varroa jacobsoni Varroa mite Honey bee Tomato, Vegetable

Verticillium dahliae (defoliating strain) Verticillium wilt Cotton, Nut, Olive

Vespa spp. (exotic species) Hornets Honey bee Watermelon bud necrosis virus Watermelon bud necrosis Vegetable (Tospovirus) White leaf phytoplasma White leaf Sugarcane

Xanthomonas albilineans (exotic RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Leaf scald Sugarcane strains, serological groups 2 or 3) Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. allii Xanthomonas leaf blight Onion

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. 2: CHAPTER Bacterial blight Passionfruit passiflorae Xanthomonas campestris (avocado Bacterial canker Avocado strain) Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (syn. Citrus canker Citrus X. axonopodis pv. citri) Xanthomonas citri subsp. Bacterial blight, angular malvacearum (syn. X. axonopodis Cotton leaf spot pv. malvacearum) Strawberry angular leaf Xanthomonas fragariae Strawberry spot Pierce’s disease, blueberry Xylella fastidiosa (subspecies not leaf scorch, olive leaf Blueberry, Cherry, Viticulture specified) scorch, olive quick decline, phony peach Pierce’s disease, blueberry Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa Coffee, Nut leaf scorch, olive leaf scorch Xylella fastidiosa subsp. multiplex No common name Nut, Olive Pierce’s disease, blueberry Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca leaf scorch, olive quick Citrus, Coffee, Olive decline

Image courtesy of the Australian Melon Association 53 CONTINGENCY PLANNING Contingency planning is a pre-emptive preparedness initiative that improves readiness for a particular exotic pest threat. Contingency plans are developed by PHA, industries and governments.

Before any incursion occurs, experts are brought together to collate information on a particular pest or pest group, its biology and available control measures. Each contingency plan provides guidelines and options for steps to be undertaken and considered when developing a Response Plan for this pest.

Table 7 provides a list of 124 contingency plans that have been developed to date. These plans make a considerable contribution to Australia’s preparedness for serious exotic plant pest threats. Contingency plans are available on PHA’s website, in the Pest Information Document Database.

Wheat rust outbreak could cost Australia up to $1.4 billion

On 6 September 2018 the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) issued a report on the potential economic impacts of the wheat stem rust strain Ug 99 in Australia. PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING

The Ug 99 strain is not present in Australia, but it poses a major risk to the $6 billion wheat industry in terms of revenue losses and increased production costs, should it arrive in the country. CHAPTER 2: 2: CHAPTER The report provides estimates of the economic impact over 10 years of three scenarios for disease spread, ranging from $574 million for wheat-growing areas in the western region, to $1.4 billion if all wheat growing areas in Australia were to become affected.

Disruptions to Australian wheat exports may also result if markets that are sensitive to Ug 99 contamination were to ban imports of Australian wheat.

Eradication of Ug 99 would likely only be technically feasible if the rust is detected while still contained within a very small area with a light spore load, so it is crucial Australia takes measures to keep Ug 99 from entering the country in the first place.

To help manage the risk posed by this significant wheat disease, work is being done in surveillance, monitoring pathogen populations to track the evolution of potential virulence, and pre-breeding of resistant varieties of wheat.

Potential economic impacts of the wheat stem rust strain Ug 99 in Australia is available at agriculture.gov.au/wheat-stem-rust-report

54 Table 7. Contingency plans

Scientific name Common name Year Location of document Scope Acarapis woodi Tracheal mite 2012 PHA National – honey bee industry Agromyza ambigua, A. megalopsis, Cerodontha denticornis, Cereal leafminers 2009 PHA National – grains industry Chromatomyia fuscula and C. nigra Agrotis segetum Turnip moth 2011 PHA National – grains industry Alternaria humicola Leaf spot of field pea 2009 PHA National – grains industry Alternaria triticina Leaf blight of wheat 2009 PHA National – grains industry Anoplophora chinensis Citrus longicorn beetle 2009 PHA National – production nurseries Aphis fabae, Haplothrips tritici and Schizaphis graminum Exotic sap-sucking pests 2015 PHA National – grains industry Atherigona soccata Sorghum shoot fly 2008 PHA National – grains industry Austropuccinia psidii (syn. Uredo rangelii) Myrtle rust 2012–13 DJPR State Austropuccinia psidii (syn. Uredo rangelii) Myrtle rust 2015 PIRSA State Bactericera cockerelli Tomato potato psyllid 2017–18 PIRSA State PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Bactericera cockerelli and Candidatus Liberibacter National – vegetable and potato Zebra chip complex 2011 Hort Innovation, PHA solanacearum industries Oriental fruit fly, Queensland fruit fly and Bactrocera dorsalis, B. tryoni and Ceratitis capitata Updated bi-annually PIRSA State Mediterranean fruit fly CHAPTER 2: 2: CHAPTER Bactrocera tryoni and Ceratitis capitata Queensland fruit fly and Mediterranean fruit fly 2013 DPIPWE State Bactrocera tryoni, Ceratitis capitata and exotic fruit fly species Fruit flies Updated bi-annually PIRSA State Barley stripe mosaic virus (Hordeivirus) Barley stripe mosaic virus 2009 PHA National – grains industry Beet pseudo-yellows virus (Closterovirus), Diodia vein chlorosis virus (Crinivirus), Lettuce infectious yellows virus Whitefly transmitted viruses 2011 PHA National – production nurseries (Crinivirus) and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (Begomovirus) Curvularia spicifera (syn. Bipolaris spicifera) Leaf blotch of cereals 2009 PHA National – grains industry Braula coeca Braula fly 2012 PHA National – honey bee industry Burkholderia glumae Panicle blight 2008 PHA National – rice industry Candidatus Liberibacter africanus, Ca. L. americanus, Huanglongbing and vectors 2013 QDAF, NGIA National – production nurseries Ca. L. asiaticus, Diaphorina citri and Trioza erytreae Candidatus Liberibacter africanus, Ca. L. americanus, National – citrus and nursery Huanglongbing and vectors 2009 (under review) Hort Innovation Ca. L. asiaticus, Diaphorina citri and Trioza erytreae industries Candidatus Liberibacter africanus, Ca. L. americanus, National – citrus and nursery Huanglongbing and vectors 2015 Hort Innovation, PHA Ca. L. asiaticus, Diaphorina citri and Trioza erytreae industries Cantareus apertus Green snail 2012–13 DJPR State

55 Table 7. Contingency plans (continued)

Scientific name Common name Year Location of document Scope Cephus cinctus and Thaumatotibia leucotreta Wheat stem sawfly and false codling moth 2015 PHA National – grains industry Cephus pygmeus European wheat stem sawfly 2008 PHA National – grains industry Ceratocystis ulmi Dutch elm disease 2001 DJPR State Cabbage seedpod weevil and brassica pod Ceutorhynchus assimilis and Dasineura brassicae 2011 PHA National – grains industry midge Chilo partellus Spotted stem borers 2009 PHA National – grains industry Chilo spp. Sugarcane stem borer 2008 SRA National – sugarcane industry Chortoicetes terminifera Plague locust 2010 PIRSA State Chromatomyia horticola, Liriomyza bryoniae, L. cicerina, L. Agromyzid leafminers 2008 PHA National – grains industry huidobrensis, L. sativae and L. trifolii Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (Tospovirus), Impatiens necrotic ringspot virus (Tospovirus), Pelargonium flower break Thrips-transmitted viruses 2011 PHA National – production nurseries virus (Carmovirus) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (Tospovirus) PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Colletotrichum truncatum (lentil strain) Lentil anthracnose 2008 PHA National – grains industry Conopomorpha cramerella Cocoa pod borer 2012–14 QDAF State Cryphonectria parasitica Chestnut blight 2010 DJPR State – chestnut industry

CHAPTER 2: 2: CHAPTER State – containment by melon, Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus CGMMV 2015 QDAF vegetable and nursery industries Daktulosphaira vitifolii Grape phylloxera Updated bi-annually PIRSA State – viticulture industry Deanolis sublimbalis Red banded mango caterpillar 2008 PHA State Diatraea spp. Sugarcane borer 2008 SRA National – sugarcane industry Diuraphis noxia Russian wheat aphid 2012 PHA National – grains industry Dorysthenes buqueti Sugarcane longhorn stemborer 2009 SRA National – sugarcane industry Echinothrips americanus Poinsettia thrips 2010 PHA National – production nuseries Eldana saccharina African sugarcane moth borer 2008 SRA National – sugarcane industry Eoreuma loftini Mexican rice borer 2008 SRA National – sugarcane industry Erwinia amylovora Fire blight 2002 DJPR State Erwinia amylovora Fire blight 2007 Hort Innovation, PHA National – apple and pear industry Erwinia amylovora (and its impact on honey bees) Fire blight 2004 DPIPWE State – honey bee industry Erwinia papayae Bacterial crown rot 2011 PHA National – papaya industry Eumetopina flavipes Island sugarcane planthopper 2009 SRA National – sugarcane industry Eurogaster integriceps Sunn pest 2008 PHA National – grains industry

56 Table 7. Contingency plans (continued)

Scientific name Common name Year Location of document Scope Fulmekiola serrata Oriental sugarcane thrips 2009 SRA National – sugarcane industry Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, F. oxysporum f. sp. lentis and Fusarium wilt of chickpea, lentil and lupin 2009 PHA National – grains industry F. oxysporum f. sp. lupini Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans Fusarium wilt of canola 2007 PHA National – grains industry Gibberella fujikuroi Bakanae 2005 NSW DPI National – rice industry Gibberella fujikuroi Bakanae 2008 PHA National – rice industry Globodera pallida Potato cyst nematode 2001 DPIPWE State Globodera rostochiensis Potato cyst nematode 2002 DJPR National Halyomorpha halys Brown marmorated stink bug 2016 PHA Not specific to a particular industry Harpophora maydis and Plasmopara halstedii Exotic soil-borne pathogens of grains 2013 PHA National – grains industry Helicoverpa zea Corn earworm 2009 PHA National – grains industry Heterodera avenae, H. filipjevi and H. latipons Cereal cyst nematodes 2012 PHA National – grains industry PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Heterodera carotae Carrot cyst nematode 2008 DPIRD, Hort Innovation National – vegetable industry Heterodera ciceri, H. glycines and H. zeae Exotic nematodes of grains 2013 PHA National – grains industry Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter 2009 PHA National – production nurseries CHAPTER 2: 2: CHAPTER Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter 2018 PHA, NGIA National – production nurseries Hylotrupes bajulus European house borer 2011 QDAF State Hypothenemus hampei Coffee berry borer 2012–13 QDAF State Invasive exotic ants Various 2018 draft QDAF National – production nurseries Liriomyza bryoniae, L. huidobrensis, L. sativa, L. trifolii and Agromyzid leafminers 2008 QDAF, Hort Innovation National Chromatomyia horticola Liriomyza huidobrensis Serpentine leafminer 2009 PHA National – production nurseries National – ornamentals, Lissachatina fulica (syn. Achatina fulica) Giant African land snail 2015 NGIA vegetables, legumes Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice water weevil 2005 NSW DPI National – rice industry Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice water weevil 2008 PHA National – rice industry Lygus lineolaris Tarnished plant bug 2011 PHA National – production nurseries Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth, gypsy moth complex 2002 NSW DPI National Lymantria dispar dispar Gypsy moth (Asian and European strains) 2009 PHA National – production nurseries Magnaporthe grisea Rice blast 2005 NSW DPI National – rice industry Magnaporthe grisea Rice blast 2008 PHA National – rice industry

57 Table 7. Contingency plans (continued)

Scientific name Common name Year Location of document Scope Maize dwarf mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Maize dwarf mosaic virus 2011 PHA National – grains industry Mayetiola destructor Hessian fly 2005 PHA National – grains industry Mayetiola hordei Barley stem gall midge 2008 PHA National – grains industry Meromyza americana and M. saltatrix Wheat stem maggots 2009 PHA National – grains industry Nysius huttoni Wheat bug 2008 PHA National – grains industry Paracoccus marginatus Papaya mealy bug 2011 PHA National – papaya industry Peronosclerospora philippinensis and P. sorghi Downy mildew of maize and sorghum 2009 PHA National – grains industry Phakopsora euvitis Grapevine leaf rust 2006 QDAF National Phyllophaga spp. May beetle 2008 PHA National – grains industry Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death 2010 PHA National – production nurseries Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death 2018 PHA, NGIA National – production nurseries

PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) and Tobacco etch virus (Potyvirus) Aphid-transmitted viruses 2011 PHA National – production nurseries Pomacea canaliculata Golden apple snail 2008 PHA National – rice industry Potato spindle tuber viroid Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) 2012–13 DJPR State Psila rosae Carrot rust fly 2009 DPIRD, Hort Innovation National – vegetable industry CHAPTER 2: 2: CHAPTER Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (pathotype Ug99) Stem rust of wheat 2009 PHA National – grains industry Puccinia psidii Myrtle rust 2015 DPIRD State Puccinia psidii sensu lato Eucalyptus rust 2009 PHA National – production nurseries Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei Barley stripe rust 2010 NSW DPI, PHA National – grains industry Pyrenophora teres f. sp. teres Net form of net blotch 2009 PHA National – grains industry Red clover vein mosaic virus (Carlavirus) Red clover vein mosaic virus 2008 PHA National – grains industry Scirpophaga spp. Top borers 2008 SRA National – sugarcane industry Sesamia spp. Sugarcane and maize borers 2008 SRA National – sugarcane industry Sitobion avenae Wheat aphid 2009 PHA National – grains industry Sitona spp. complex, especially S. lineatus Pea leaf weevils 2005 DPIRD, PHA National – grains industry Solenopsis invicta Red imported fire ant 2013 QDAF, NBC National Solenopsis invicta Red imported fire ant 2013 QDAF, TACC State Thekopsora minima Blueberry rust 2014 DJPR State Tilletia barclayana Kernel smut of rice 2008 PHA National – rice industry

58 Table 7. Contingency plans (continued)

Scientific name Common name Year Location of document Scope Tilletia contraversa Dwarf bunt of wheat 2007 PHA National – grains industry Tilletia indica Karnal bunt 2005 PHA National – grains industry Tilletia indica Karnal bunt 2006 NSW DPI National – grains industry Tilletia indica Karnal bunt 2017 PIRSA State Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle 2005 PHA National – grains industry Tropilaelaps clareae and T. mercedesae Tropilaelaps mites 2012 PHA National – honey bee industry Uromyces pisi and U. viciae-fabae Field pea and lentil rust 2009 PHA National – grains industry Ustilago scitaminea Sugarcane smut 1997 SRA National – sugarcane industry Various Tramp ant 2015 draft DJPR National – production nurseries Varroa destructor and V. jacobsoni Varroa mites 2015 DJPR National – honey bee industry Verticillium longisporum Verticillium wilt of canola 2011 PHA National – grains industry

Wasmannia auropunctata Electric ant 2013 QDAF, TACC State RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Citrus canker 2006 QDAF State – citrus industry Xanthomonas translucens pv. translucens and X. translucens Bacterial leaf streak 2011 PHA National – grains industry pv. undulosa National – viticulture and 2: CHAPTER Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease 2002, 2011, 2016 DJPR, PHA, QDAF, NGIA production nurseries

There are more than 130,000 hectares of vineyards in Australia, tended by 6,200 wine grape growers. Image courtesy of Australian Vignerons

59 PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING CHAPTER 2: 2: CHAPTER

60 BIOSECURITY MANUALS FOR PRODUCERS New biosecurity manuals for potato and onion growers

To help guide improved farm biosecurity for specific crops, PHA in partnership with plant In June 2018 the Potato Growers’ Biosecurity production industries and governments, has released 21 crop-specific biosecurity manuals, Manual was released as a guide to farm biosecurity listed in Table 8. In 2018 two biosecurity manuals were produced: one for potato producers measures to reduce the risk posed by weeds, pests and another for onion producers. and diseases. It was developed by PHA in consultation with AUSVEG and potato growers across NSW, These booklets are designed with growers and consultants in mind, explaining effective Victoria and South Australia. measures that can be incorporated into day-to-day operations to improve biosecurity and help protect farms from both new and established pests. Each booklet also raises awareness The manual is designed to be used by potato growers of the High Priority Pests of that industry, increasing the likelihood of detecting an exotic and their staff, as well as contractors, processors, pest incursion early. researchers and consultants working in the potato industry. It gives specific advice on what potato The information from biosecurity manuals is also provided in the crops section of the producers need to be aware of, and what measures Farm Biosecurity website farmbiosecurity.com.au and complete manuals are available they should be taking on their farm to reduce for download. biosecurity risks.

Table 8. Biosecurity manuals for producers Onion growers also have tailored advice on recommended farm biosecurity practices to minimise the risk of introducing and spreading pests, diseases and weeds and help protect farms, regions and the onion industry. Manual Version Manual Version PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Farm Biosecurity Manual for the The Onion Grower’s Biosecurity Manual, launched in Biosecurity Induction Manual for 1.0 Northern Adelaide Plains 1.0 Bundaberg Horticultural Farms April 2018, is for onion growers and staff, as well as Vegetable Growers contractors, researchers and consultants working in Farm Biosecurity Manual for the the industry. The manual includes simple procedures Biosecurity Manual for Beekeepers 1.1 1.0 2: CHAPTER Organic Grains Industry that can be used in day-to-day operations to improve farm biosecurity. Biosecurity Manual for Citrus 2.0 Onion Growers’ Biosecurity Manual 1.0 Producers The manual focuses on how onion growers can address Biosecurity Manual for Grain Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the 4.0 1.0 biosecurity risks related to pests and diseases already Producers Almond Industry in Australia that are restricted to particular growing Biosecurity Manual for Sugarcane Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the regions, and exotic pests and diseases that could 1.0 2.0 Producers Apple and Pear Industry potentially impact onion growers if they were to Biosecurity Manual for the Nursery Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the enter and become established in Australia. 1.0 1.0 Production Industry Avocado Industry Biosecurity Manual for the Papaya Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the 1.0 1.0 Industry Cherry Industry Biosecurity Manual for the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the 1.0 1.0 Plantation Timber Industry Mango Industry Biosecurity Manual for the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the 1.0 1.0 Viticulture Industry Summerfruit Industry Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Potato Growers' Biosecurity 1.0 1.0 Banana Industry Manual Farm Biosecurity Manual for the 1.1 Cotton Industry

61

Chapter 3 Plant industry profiles Plant industry profiles

The following pages profile PHA plant industry members, their value, and where crops are produced across the states and territories. Each profile also provides the industry’s key exotic pest threats, and the biosecurity initiatives that they have undertaken.

Graphs show trends over recent years in local value of production (LVP), which is the value of agricultural commodities at the farm gate. Note that data used in the graphs are up to 2016–17, the latest year for which they are available.

Farm gate values are sourced from approved statistical authorities such as Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT and industry sources. Export figures are sourced from the Australian Horticulture Statistics Handbook 2016–17 (Hort Innovation 2018).

Figure 6 shows the contribution of each of the main plant production industries (including honey and

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER beeswax) to total plant gross value of production in 2016–17 (the latest year for which this breakdown is available).ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Figure 6. Comparative value of Australia’s plant production industries, based on gross value of production, 2016–1712

47% Grains 5% Cotton 5% Sugarcane 5% Pasture and hay 5% Nursery 9% Fruit 2% Nuts 4% Grapes 11% Vegetables 7% Forestry <1% Honey

12. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics. Canberra. Agricultural commodities March Quarter 2019 – Statistics Data Table 13. Accessed online 22 July 2019 agriculture.gov.au/abares/research-topics/agricultural- commodities/mar-2019#download-report, Australian Bureau of Statistics. Canberra. ABS 7503 data series; Value of Agricultural Commodities Produced, Australia, 2016-17. Accessed online 22 July 2019 abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@. nsf/Lookup/7503.0Main+Features12016-17?OpenDocument 64 PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER

ImageWerribee, caption Victoria 65 ALMONDS

Represented by the Almond Board of Australia Table 9. High Priority Pests of the almond industry australianalmonds.com.au Scientific name Common name In 2016–17, almond production was valued at $513 million (LVP), with exports valued at $461 million. Amyelois transitella Navel orange worm Chinavia hilaris (syn. Acrosternum hilare, Green stink bug, pistachio bug While the domestic market for almonds continues to grow strongly, this is dwarfed by the Pentatoma hilaris, Chinavia hilarae, Nezara hilaris) export market, with three tonnes of almonds being shipped overseas for every tonne Leptoglossus clypealis Leaf footed bug consumed in Australia. Historically, India has been the largest export market, but sales to China are increasing, making it the major destination for Australian almonds. Leptoglossus occidentalis Western conifer seed bug Leptoglossus zonatus Western leaf footed bug The industry has been expanding rapidly since 2016 with an additional 14,000 hectares

PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle being planted, bringing the total industry orchard area to 45,000 hectares. The orchards are concentrated along the Murray Valley in Victoria (56%), SA (22%), and NSW (20%), with an Tropilaelaps clareae Tropilaelaps mite orchard in WA (2%). Tripilaelaps mercedesae Tropilaelaps mite Varroa destructor Varroa mite

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER The 2018 production was 80,000 tonnes however, when current plantings reach full maturity, the industry’s productive capacity will exceed 140,000 tonnes. Verticillium dahliae (exotic defoliating strains) Verticillium wilt Xylella fastidiosa (including X. fastidiosa subsp. Nonpareil continues to be the most popular variety with several pollinator varieties such as fastidiosa, X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex, Almond leaf scorch, pecan bacterial leaf scorch Carmel, Price and Monterey planted to overlap the flowering period of Nonpareil to achieve X. fastidiosa subsp. piercei) (with vector) good nut set.

The Australian almond industry depends on honey bees for pollination, with approximately 180,000 hives required during the pollination season. The almond blossoms provide one of the first natural sources of food for bees each spring.

The almond industry is covered by version 3.0 of the nut industry biosecurity plan and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Almond Industry Version 1.0.

Image courtesy of the Almond Board of Australia 66 Figure 7. Figure 8. ACT Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 100 200 300 400 500 700 600 0 Annual value ofalmondproduction, 2007–17 Distribution ofalmondproduction by stateandterritory, 2016–17 (basedonLVP) 07/08 NSW 08/09 09/10 NT 10/11 QLD FINANCIAL YEAR 11/12 12/13 <1% 73% 14% 13% 0% 0% 0% 0% SA 13/14 Western Australia Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern Territory New SouthWales Australian CapitalTerritory 14/15 TAS 15/16 VIC 16/17 WA

67 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES APPLES AND PEARS

Represented by Apple and Pear Australia apal.org.au In 2016–17, apple and pear production was valued at $537 million (LVP) and exports were valued at $24 million. The total planted area for apples was 9,375 hectares and 3,175 hectares for pears.

There are approximately 550 commercial apple and/or pear grower businesses in Australia. Victoria produces 46 per cent of Australia’s apples and 88 per cent of pears: the remainder of the gross production is divided evenly across the remaining states.

The major production areas include the Goulburn Valley, Gippsland, Yarra Valley and the Mornington Peninsula in Victoria; Stanthorpe in Queensland; Batlow and Orange in NSW; the Huon Valley and PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT Tamar Valley in Tasmania; the Adelaide Hills in SA; and Donnybrook, Manjimup and the Perth Hills in WA.

The four most common apple cultivars are Cripps Pink (Pink Lady™), Gala, Fuji and Granny Smith.

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER Areas of Cripps Red (Sundowner™), Red Delicious and Golden Delicious are declining. A number of newer club apples such as Jazz™, Kanzi™, Envy™, Smitten™, Rockit™ and Bravo™ have been increasing in production recently. Australia’s main apple export markets are Europe, Papua New Guinea, Hong Kong and Indonesia.

Packham and Williams’ bon chrétien are the most common pear cultivars grown plus smaller areas of Beurre Bosc and Corella. New cultivars include ANP-0118 (Lanya™), ANP-0131 (Rico™), and Piqa Boo™. The main pear export markets are New Zealand, Indonesia, Canada and Singapore.

The apple and pear industry is covered by version 3.0 of the apple and pear biosecurity plan and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Apple and Pear Industry Version 2.0.

68 Table 10. Varroa destructor Tropilaelaps mercedesae Tropilaelaps clareae Rhagoletis pomonella Neonectria ditissima Monilinia polystroma Monilinia mali Monilinia fructigena Lymantria monacha Lymantria mathura Lymantria dispar Halyomorpha halys Erwinia amylovora Dysaphis plantaginea Drosophila suzukii Dasineura mali Cydia inopinata Carposina sasakii Bactrocera dorsalis Scientific name High PriorityPestsoftheappleandpearindustry (syn. (syn. (syn. (syn. Grapholita inopinat Leucophenga suzuki Halyomorpha mist Neonectria galligena a ) a i ) ) ) Varroa mite Tropilaelaps mite Tropilaelaps mite Apple maggot rot eye European canker, nectriacanker, crotch canker, Asiatic brown rot Monilinia leafblight, blossomwilt Brown rot Nun moth Rosy gypsy moth, pinkgypsy moth Gypsy moth (AsianandEuropean strains) Brown marmoratedstinkbug Fire blight Rosy appleaphid Spotted wingdrosophila Apple leafcurlingmidge Manchurian fruitmoth Peach fruitmoth, smallpeachfruitborer Oriental fruitfly Common name (based onLVP) Figure 10. Figure 9.

ACT Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0 Annual value ofappleandpearproduction, 2007–17 Distribution ofappleandpearproduction by stateandterritory, 2016–17 07/08 NSW 08/09 09/10 NT 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD 11/12 12/13 13% 47% 14% 12% 7% 0% 7% 0% SA 13/14 Western Australia Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern Territory New SouthWales Australian CapitalTerritory 14/15 TAS 15/16 16/17 VIC WA

69 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES AVOCADOS

Represented by Avocados Australia Table 11. High Priority Pests of the avocado industry avocado.org.au In 2016–17, avocado production was valued at $256 million (LVP), with exports worth Scientific name Common name $12.5 million from just over two per cent of production. Australians’ love of avocados has Avocado sunblotch (asymptomatic and Avocado sunblotch viroid grown steadily each year since the 1990s. Consumption in 2017–18 reached 3.5kg per symptomatic strains) person, up from 1kg in 1997-98. Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly Exports were mostly shipped to Malaysia and Singapore. In 2018 market access to Japan Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fly was achieved for Hass avocados grown in areas of Australia that are free of Queensland Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly fruit flies (see page 136). Bactrocera facialis Tropical fruit fly

PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT Queensland dominates Australia’s avocado production, followed by WA, NSW, Victoria and Bactrocera kandiensis Fruit fly SA, with a small amount of production in Tasmania. This geographic diversity in growing Bactrocera kirki Fruit fly regions ensures domestic access to Australian avocados year round. Fruit imported from New Zealand supplements supply during spring and summer. Bactrocera melanotus Fruit fly

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER Bactrocera passiflorae Fijian fruit fly The Hass variety is the predominant avocado produced in Australia, accounting for Bactrocera xanthodes Pacific fruit fly approximately 78 per cent of production, with Shepard accounting for about 19 per cent. Other varieties such as Reed, Sharwil, Gwen, Wurtz and Fuerte make up the balance. Conotrachelus aguacatae (Barber) Small avocado seed weevil Conotrachelus perseae Small seed weevil The avocado industry is covered by the avocado biosecurity plan version 2.01 and the Erwinia herbicola Avocado blast complex Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Avocado Industry Version 1.0. Heilipus lauri (Boheman) Large seed weevil Oligonychus persea (Tuttle, Baker and Abbatiello) Persea mite Pseudomonas syringae Avocado blast complex Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (van Hall) Bacterial canker complex Scirtothrips perseae (Nakahara) Thrips Stenoma catenifer (Walsingham) Stenomid (avocado) moth

Avocados at the markets. Image courtesy of Avocados Australia 70 Figure 11. Annual value of avocado production, 2007–17

300 270 240 210 180 oduction 150 120 PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT ($ MILLION)

alue of P r 90 60

Local V 30 0

07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17 3: CHAPTER FINANCIAL YEAR ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Figure 12. Distribution of avocado production by state and territory, 2016–17 (based on LVP)

0% Australian Capital Territory 12% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 53% Queensland 3% South Australia <1% Tasmania 2% Victoria 30% Western Australia

Avocado nursery plants. Image courtesy of Avocados Australia 71 BANANAS

Represented by the Australian Banana Growers’ Council (ABGC) abgc.org.au In 2016–17, banana production was valued at $580 million (LVP). The vast majority of the Australian banana crop is supplied to the domestic market while a small number of growers are creating export markets in Asia.

Bananas are grown commercially in Queensland, NSW, WA and NT. There are currently about 13,000 hectares of bananas grown in Australia, 94 per cent of which are located in four north Queensland growing regions Tully, Innisfail, Lakeland and the Atherton Tablelands.

Bananas are grown all year round with the two main varieties being Cavendish and Lady Finger. PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT The Cavendish variety accounts for 95 per cent of production.

In 2018, there were three major biosecurity threats challenging the banana industry: • banana freckle in the NT CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER • Panama disease tropical race 4 (TR4) in north Queensland • banana bunchy top virus in northern NSW and south-east Queensland.

The National Banana Freckle Eradication Program (carried out under the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed) successfully eradicated banana freckle from the NT in 2018, with national proof of area freedom expected to be declared in February 2019.

Panama disease tropical race 4 was first detected on a north Queensland banana farm in March 2015. Due to the collaborative efforts of banana growers, the ABGC and Queensland’s Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, the disease has been contained to three farms in the Tully Valley. While the plants on the original infected property were destroyed and all farming operations ceased, the other two quarantined farms continue to produce and pack fruit under strict biosecurity conditions. Biosecurity Queensland continues to conduct surveillance on all medium and high-risk commercial banana farms in north Queensland.

A control program for banana bunchy top virus has been operating in NSW and south-east Queensland since 2009. The aim is to contain the virus to a limited area through targeted surveillance and destruction of infected plant material.

In addition to these major biosecurity threats, ABGC is active in other biosecurity programs. Yellow sigatoka is an important endemic leaf disease that spreads easily if not controlled and causes significant production losses. An officer is employed by the ABGC to undertake inspections for the presence of yellow sigatoka in the north Queensland commercial production area and work with growers to assist them to control the disease.

72 Table 12. over thenext five years. The identification ofpriorityactivitieshascommenced andimplementation willcontinue including theHighPriorityPest listwas reviewed in2018andisawaiting finalapproval. the The bananaindustryiscovered by version 2.0ofthebananaindustrybiosecurityplanand and implementation. coordinating biosecurityrelated research anddevelopment aswell as strategydevelopment The ABGCalsoemploys two staffmemberswhohave acombined responsibility for Teranychus piercei Ralstonia solanacearum Mycosphaerella fijiensis Mycosphaerella eumusae Guignardia musae Fusarium oxysporum Erionata thrax Blood diseasebacterium Banana bunchy top virus Banana bract mosaicvirus Abaca bunchy top virus Scientific name Farm BiosecurityManualfor theBananaIndustryVersion 1.0 High PriorityPestsofthebananaindustry f. sp. (Babuvirus) race 2 (Nanovirus) cubense (Potyvirus) Black sigatoka Eumusae leafspot Banana freckle Panama diseasetropical race 4 Banana skipperbutterfly Blood disease Banana bunchy topdisease Banana bractmosaicdisease Abaca bunchy topvirus Banana spidermite Moko Common name . Thebiosecurityplan

Figure 13. Figure 14.

ACT Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 50 0 Annual value ofbananaproduction, 2007–17 Distribution ofbananaproduction by stateandterritory, 2016–17(basedonLVP) 07/08 NSW 08/09 09/10 NT 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD 11/12 12/13 98% <1% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% SA 13/14 Western Australia Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern Territory New SouthWales Australian CapitalTerritory 14/15 TAS 15/16 VIC 16/17 WA

73 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES BLUEBERRIES

Represented by the Australian Blueberry Growers' Association Figure 15. Annual value of blueberry production, 2011–17 abga.com.au In 2016–17, blueberry production was valued at $146 million (LVP). The industry is rapidly expanding with on average 18,000 tonnes of blueberries being produced per annum. 200 The majority of blueberry production is consumed domestically, with less than five per cent exported to markets including Hong Kong, Singapore and Thailand. 160

Around 300 growers produce blueberries over 2,500 hectares in all states of Australia, except 120 NT. The major production area of the Australian blueberry industry is on the NSW north coast. oduction NSW produced around 70–75 per cent of the Australian crop in 2018. Other regions have 80 increased plantings to take advantage of late and early season fruit, with the aim of having ($ MILLION) alue of P r PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT Australian blueberries available all year round. 40

The crop is grown on the NSW north coast and Tumbarumba in southern NSW; the Atherton Local V Tablelands, Bundaberg and Mundubbera in Queensland; the Tamar Valley, Meander Valley, 0 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER Bernie, Devonport and the Huon Valley in Tasmania; the Grampians, Silvan and Strathbogie FINANCIAL YEAR in Victoria; Margaret River and Geraldton in WA; and the Mount Lofty ranges in SA. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

There are three varieties of blueberries grown in Australia: northern highbush, southern highbush and rabbiteye. Northern highbush are grown in the cooler climate areas such as Figure 16. Distribution of blueberry production by state and territory, 2016–17 (based on LVP) Victoria, Tasmania and the southern highlands of NSW, whereas southern highbush and rabbiteye varieties are grown in NSW and Queensland.

The blueberry industry is covered by the blueberry biosecurity plan version 1.0.

0% Australian Capital Territory Table 13. High Priority Pests of the blueberry industry 71% New South Wales Scientific name Common name 0% Northern Territory Croesia curvalana Blueberry leaftier 15% Queensland Drosophila suzukii Spotted wing drosophila <1% South Australia Ericaphis fimbriata (with Blueberry scorch Blueberry aphid (Carlavirus)) 9% Tasmania Homalodisca vitripennis (with Xylella fastidiosa) Glassy winged sharpshooter 4% Victoria Monilinia fructigena Brown rot 1% Western Australia Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi Mummy berry disease Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death Blueberry leaf scorch, Pierce's disease of Xylella fastidiosa grapevine

74 Image courtesy of theCanned Fruits IndustryCouncil of Australia industries. by plansandmanualsfor the The cannedfruitsindustrydoesnot have aspecificbiosecurityplanormanualbutis covered of Victoria,processing Australianapples,apricots, peaches,pearsandplumsatShepparton. The canneddeciduousfruitbusinessisprimarilybasedintheGoulburn-Murray Valleys region The industryrepresents more than110fruitgrowing businessesandoneprocessor. volumes of35,000to40,000tonnesprocessed annually. (apples, apricots, peaches,pearsandplums) iscarriedoutfrom December toMay, with Fruit production ofthevarieties represented by CannedFruits IndustryCouncil ofAustralia valued at$5.1million. In 2016–17production ofcannedfruitwas valued at$17.6million(LVP). Exportswere fgv.com.au Represented by theCannedFruits IndustryCouncil ofAustralia CANNED FRUITS pome fruit (apple andpear) and stone fruit

(summerfruit) Figure 17. (based onLVP) Figure 18.

ACT Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0 5 Annual value ofcannedfruitproduction, 2007–17 Distribution ofcannedfruitproduction by stateandterritory, 2016–17 07/08 NSW 08/09 09/10 NT 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD 11/12 12/13 100% SA 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 13/14 Western Australia Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern Territory New SouthWales Australian CapitalTerritory 14/15 TAS 15/16 VIC 16/17 WA

75 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES CHERRIES

Represented by Cherry Growers Australia Figure 19. Annual value of cherry production, 2007–17 cherrygrowers.org.au In 2016–17, cherry production was valued at $133 million (LVP), with exports valued at $43.3 million. The industry produces more than 15,000 tonnes of cherries every year, 160

of which 40 per cent is exported. This is expected to rise to 20,000 tonnes by 2020 with 140 up to 50 per cent exported. 120

Cherries are produced in six states, with NSW, Victoria and Tasmania being the three largest 100 producers followed by SA. These four states have a strong export focus. WA and Queensland oduction 80 are relatively small producers primarily focused on the domestic market. 60 ($ MILLION) alue of P r PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT Australian cherries are available from mid to late October until late February. The window of 40 supply in each region is determined by the varieties grown and the local climate. 20 Local V

The cherry industry is increasing its production and moving into new areas. Recent market 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER access to key Free Trade Agreement markets such as China and Vietnam have given mainland growers unprecedented opportunity which until now has been the exclusive domain of ACT NSW NT QLDFINANCIAL YEARSA TAS VIC WA Tasmania with its fruit fly free status. As of 1 January 2019, every major market serviced by Australian cherries, except India, will be tariff free.

This improved market access has resulted in an increase in the number of growers Figure 20. Distribution of cherry production by state and territory, 2016–17 (based on LVP) registering for export in the 2018–19 season, with approximately 90 Australian growers (>2,000 hectares) registered for protocol markets.

National expansion is underpinned by ongoing research and strong biosecurity principles, established through the cherry industry’s Biosecurity Management Programme, and supported by the cherry biosecurity plan version 3.0 and Orchard Biosecurity Manual for 0% Australian Capital Territory the Cherry Industry Version 1.0. 18% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory Table 14. High Priority Pests of the cherry industry 0% Queensland

Scientific name Common name 8% South Australia Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly 40% Tasmania Drosophila suzukii Spotted wing drosophila 33% Victoria Halyomorpha halys Brown marmorated stink bug 1% Western Australia Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter Monilinia fructigena Brown rot Neonectria ditissima European canker Planotortrix octo Greenheaded leafroller Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Plum pox, sharka Xylella fastidiosa (multiple subspecies) Cherry leaf scorch, Pierce’s disease

76 77 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES CHESTNUTS

Represented by Chestnuts Australia chestnutsaustralia.com.au In 2016–17 chestnut production was valued at $12.8 million (LVP). Around 1,480 hectares are planted with 275,000 chestnut trees.

In 2018, approximately 1,100 tonnes of chestnuts were produced. It is estimated that with more trees planted, production will rise to approximately 1,300 tonnes with a value of $12 million by 2021.

The main varieties grown are Red Spanish, Purton's Pride and De Coppi Marone. Chestnuts flower during November and December and are harvested from March through to May.

PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT The industry is primarily focused on the domestic market with approximately two per cent exported, mainly to Asian markets.

Chestnuts are grown mainly in the eastern and southern states of Australia, primarily in Victoria and with an expanding industry in NSW. CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER

Throughout 2018, Chestnuts Australia continued to participate in the Emergency Plant Pest response for chestnut blight, including sitting on the chestnut blight decision-making committees, the Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests (CCEPP) and the National Management Group (NMG). In addition, Chestnuts Australia has participated on other relevant and appropriate NMG and CCEPP activities and exotic incursions.

Australia is free from major exotic insect pests such as the chestnut gall wasp and chestnut weevil.

Chestnuts Australia includes biosecurity as an integral part of its activities. Biosecurity is considered in the Australian Chestnut Industry Five Year Strategic Plan – 2015 to 2020 and is covered by the risk analysis documented in the nut industry biosecurity plan. A biosecurity section is maintained in the industry section of the Chestnuts Australia website. The industry has regular representation at PHA meetings and the Australian Government’s Biosecurity Roundtables.

A Hort Innovation project is keeping the industry up to date with the latest news, R&D outputs and other information, including on biosecurity, through a variety of channels.

The chestnut industry is covered by version 3.0 of the nut industry biosecurity plan.

78 Table 15. Scientific name Verticillium dahliae Phytophthora ramorum Lymantria dispar Dryocosmus kuriphilus Cryphonectria parasitica High PriorityPestsofthechestnutindustry (exotic defoliating strains) Common name Verticillium wilt Sudden oakdeath Gypsy moth (AsianandEuropean strains) Oriental chestnutgallwasp Chestnut blight Figure 21. Figure 22.

ACT Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 10 12 14 2 4 6 8 0 Annual value ofchestnutproduction, 2009–17 Distribution ofchestnutproduction by stateandterritory, 2016–17(basedonLVP) 09/10 NSW 10/11 NT 11/12 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD 12/13 13/14 64% 29% SA 3% 1% 3% 0% 0% 0% 14/15 Western Australia Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern Territory New SouthWales Australian CapitalTerritory TAS 15/16 16/17 VIC WA

79 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES CITRUS

Represented by Citrus Australia Table 16. High Priority Pests of the citrus industry citrusaustralia.com.au Scientific name Common name In 2016–17, production of oranges, mandarins, lemons, limes and grapefruit was valued at $627 million (LVP), with exports worth $332 million. Anastrepha ludens Mexican fruit fly Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly Australia’s largest fresh fruit exporting industry by volume, major export markets for Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly Australian citrus include China, Japan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Indonesia, United Arab Emirates, Singapore, the United States and Thailand. Bactrocera kandiensis Fruit fly Bactrocera occipitalis Fruit fly The five-year production average is 715,000 tonnes per annum, produced from approximately 26,000 hectares of citrus plantings nationally. Bactrocera trivialis New Guinea fruit fly PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT Caliothrips fasciatus Bean thrips Citrus fruits are grown commercially throughout the Australian mainland excluding the ACT. Candidatus Liberibacter africanus Huanglongbing, citrus greening (African strain) Major growing areas include the Riverina in NSW; Central Burnett, Central Highlands and Far Huanglongbing, citrus greening (American North Queensland in Queensland; Riverland in SA; the Murray Valley in Victoria–NSW and Candidatus Liberibacter americanus strain)

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER the Midlands and south-west of Western Australia. There are a small number of commercial orchards in Darwin and the Katherine Region in the NT. Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Huanglongbing, citrus greening (Asiatic strain) Citripestis sagittiferella Citrus fruit borer A new biosecurity project, Improving Biosecurity Preparedness of the Australian Citrus Industry (CT 17001), commenced in August 2018 funded by Hort Innovation supported by Citrus leprosis virus (Cilevirus) Citrus leprosis the citrus levy until June 2021. In the first two years additional funding has been received Citrus tristeza virus (Closterovirus) (exotic strains) Mandarin stem-pitting, citrus tristeza from the Australian Government’s Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper. For more Diaphorina citri Asian citrus psyllid information about the project see page 212. Frankliniella bispinosa Florida flower thrips The citrus industry is supported by version 3.0 of the citrus biosecurity plan, the Biosecurity Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter Manual for Citrus Producers Version 2.0, and the National Citrus Biosecurity Surveillance Spiroplasma citri Citrus stubborn disease Strategy 2018–2028. Trioza erytreae African citrus psyllid Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Citrus canker Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca Citrus variegated chlorosis

80 Figure 24. Figure 23. ACT Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 100 200 300 400 500 700 600 0 Distribution ofcitrusproduction by stateandterritory, 2016–17 (basedonLVP) Annual value ofcitrusproduction, 2007–17 07/08 NSW 08/09 09/10 NT 10/11 QLD FINANCIAL YEAR 11/12 12/13 30% 28% <1% 30% 3% 9% 0% 0% SA 13/14 Western Australia Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern Territory New SouthWales Australian CapitalTerritory 14/15 TAS 15/16 VIC 16/17 WA

81 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES COTTON

Represented by Cotton Australia cottonaustralia.com.au In 2016–17, cotton production was valued at $1.6 billion (LVP). Almost the entire Australian cotton crop is exported, with the majority sold to China and the remainder mainly to spinning mills in other parts of Asia.

Approximately 60 per cent of the national crop is grown in NSW, with the remainder grown in Queensland and a small number of fields in Victoria. Cotton is predominantly grown as an annual irrigated summer crop, with rain-grown cotton representing approximately 20 per cent of the total planted area.

PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT Although a relatively small producer on the world scale, Australia sustainably produces high quality, low contaminant cottons that attract a premium on the world market. Australian cotton yields are high by international standards, at nearly three times the world average13.

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER The cotton industry is covered by version 3.0 of the biosecurity plan for the cotton industry and the Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Cotton Industry Version 1.01. The Cotton Industry Biosecurity Group meets annually to discuss biosecurity issues and to make sure industry’s responsibilities under the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed are met each year.

13. Cotton Australia (2018). Australian Cotton Industry Statistics

82 Table 17. Scientific name malvacearum X. axonopodis Xanthomonas citri Verticillium dahliae leucotreta Thaumatotibia leucotreta Phymatotrichum omnivorum Phymatotrichopsis omnivora Lygus lineolaris Lygus hesperus alleles) Helicoverpa armigera Halyomorpha halys races) Fusarium oxysporum D. suturellus Dysdercus Cotton leafroll dwarf virus Cotton leafcurlviruscomplex Bemisia tabaci Aphis gossypi Anthonomus grandis High PriorityPestsofthecotton industry ) spp. (including (American species)) ) (exotic, hypervirulent races) (exotic strains) pv. (biotypes other thanBandAN) malvacearum, X.campestris subsp. (defoliating strain) f. sp. (carrying Btresistance malvacearum (syn. D. honestus,D. marus, (Polerovirus) vasinfectum ) (syn. (Begomovirus) Cryptophlebia (exotic (syn.

pv. pv. Common name No common name Verticillium wilt(defoliating strain) False codling moth cotton root rot Texas root rot, phymatotrichum root rot, Tarnished plant bug Western plant bug Cotton bollworm, African bollworm Brown marmoratedstinkbug Fusarium wilt(exotic races) Cotton stainer, red bug Cotton bluedisease virus Rajasthan virus,cotton leafcurlShahdadpur leaf curlMultanvirus,cotton leafcurl virus, cotton leafcurlKokhran virus,cotton curl Burewala virus,cotton leafcurlGezira virus, cotton leafcurlAlabadvirus,cotton leaf Cotton leafcurlvirus,cotton leafcrumple Silverleaf whitefly(exotic biotypes) Cotton aphid(exotic strains) Boll weevil Figure 25. Figure 26.

ACT Local Value of Production ($ BILLION) 2.5 1.5 0.5 2 1 0 Annual value ofcotton production, 2007–17 Distribution ofcotton production by stateandterritory, 2016–17(basedonLVP) 07/08 NSW 08/09 09/10 NT 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD 11/12 12/13 37% 63% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% SA 13/14 Western Australia Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern Territory New SouthWales Australian CapitalTerritory 14/15 TAS 15/16 VIC 16/17 WA

83 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES DRIED FRUITS (GRAPES)

Represented by Dried Fruits Australia Figure 27. Annual value of dried grape production, 2007–17 driedfruitsaustralia.org.au In 2016–17, dried grape production (sultana types, currants and raisins) was valued at $29 million (LVP), with exports valued at $18.7 million. 60

The 2019 crop is expected to be 17,000 tonnes. The main export markets for dried grapes 50 are found in Europe, with new market opportunities increasing across Asia. Total exports were higher than average in 2018 at 5,200 tonnes. 40 oduction Most of Australia’s dried grapes are grown in the Sunraysia region, which spans north-western 30 Victoria and south-western NSW around the Murray River, and also in the Riverland of SA.

($ MILLION) 20 alue of P r PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT Dried Fruits Australia regularly distributes biosecurity information and guidelines from PHA 10

to its members via the industry’s quarterly magazine, The Vine, and through the fortnightly Local V email newsletter Currant News. 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17 CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER The Biosecurity Manual for the Viticulture Industry has been distributed to dried fruit FINANCIAL YEAR ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA growers through the major industry processors. The industry also undertakes Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed training to understand the roles and responsibilities of their officers in the event of a pest incursion. Figure 28. Distribution of dried grape production by state and territory, 2016–17 (based on LVP) The dried grape industry is covered by version 3.0 of the biosecurity plan for viticulture and the Biosecurity Manual for the Viticulture Industry Version 1.0.

Table 18. High Priority Pests of the dried grape industry

Scientific name Common name 0% Australian Capital Territory Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly 17% New South Wales Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly 0% Northern Territory Candidatus Phytoplasma solani Bois noir 0% Queensland Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (exotic strains) Grapevine phylloxera 4% South Australia Drosophila suzukii Spotted wing drosophila 0% Tasmania Grapevine flavescence doree phytoplasma Flavescence doree 79% Victoria Guignardia bidwellii Black rot 0% Western Australia Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter Hyalesthes obsoletus Cixiidae planthopper Lobesia botrana European grapevine moth Planococcus ficus Vine mealybug Polychrosis viteana American berry moth Pseudococcus maritimus Grape mealybug Xylella fastidiosa Pierce's disease 84 PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER

Image courtesy of Mark King, Dried Fruits Australia Image caption 85 FORESTRY

Represented by the Australian Forest Products Association Currently, a funding partnership between the Department of Agriculture and Water ausfpa.com.au Resources and the Australian Forest Products Association is being used to establish a National Forest Biosecurity Surveillance Program. The initiative is being managed by PHA In 2016–17, plantation forestry production was valued at $2.2 billion (LVP), with wood through the National Forest Biosecurity Coordinator. product exports valued at $3.5 billion14. The forest, wood and paper products sector is Australia’s sixth largest manufacturing industry. The forestry industry is covered by version 2.0 of the plantation forest biosecurity plan, the Biosecurity Manual for the Plantation Timber Industry Version 1.0 and the National Forest Australia is the seventh most forested country in the world, with 123 million hectares of Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy 2018–23. native forest on public and private land and two million hectares of plantation forestry.

Of Australia’s 123 million hectares of native forest, only 100,000 hectares is harvested for Table 19. High Priority Pests of the plantation forestry industry timber annually (less than 0.06 per cent of Australia’s total native forests). All native forest PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT harvested is sustainably regrown, with the regrowth quickly becoming an abundant food Scientific name Common name source and habitat for native species. Bursaphelenchus spp. including B. xylophilus Pinewood nematode species complex Plantation species are split almost evenly between softwood and hardwood plantations. Chrysopothe austroafricana Eucalyptus canker disease

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER Coptotermes formosanus Formosan subterranean termite Softwood plantations are predominately long rotation (from 28 to 40 years) and produce logs for a range of products including structural timber for housing, appearance grade sawn Coptotermes gestroi Asian subterranean termite timber, wood-based panels, engineered wood products, paper and paperboard. The majority Dendroctonus ponderosae Mountain pine beetle of softwood grown in Australia is Pinus radiata, which is the dominant species in SA, NSW, Dendroctonus valens Red turpentine beetle Victoria and Tasmania. P. elliottii and P. caribaea are grown in Queensland and northern NSW, and P. pinaster is grown in WA. There is also a notable area (around 50,000 hectares) of Endocronartium harknessii Western gall rust native hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) in the south-east of Queensland and northern NSW. Fusarium circinatum Pitch canker Hylesia nigricans Burning moth Hardwood plantations include short rotation eucalypt species (eight to 12 years) grown for woodchips to be made into tissue, paper and paperboard products, and around 10 per cent Ips typographus Spruce bark beetle are long rotation species, producing logs for a range of products including appearance grade Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth sawn timber and structural timber for housing. Lymantria monacha Nun moth Monchamus spp. including M. alternatus, There are also some small plantings of Acacia mangium, African mahogany and sandalwood Longhorn beetle grown in the NT and northern WA. M. galloprovinicialis, M. titillator, M. scutellatus Orgyia thyellina White spotted tussock moth Of the 36.6 million hectares of native forest both available and suitable for commercial wood Phytophthora pinifolia Dano foliar del pino production, 7.5 million hectares is multiple-use public forests. The remainder is in leasehold and private forests. Multiple-use native forests are managed by state government departments Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death or agencies in NSW, Queensland, Victoria, WA and Tasmania and are defined as crown land Puccinia psidii sensu lato (exotic variants) Guava rust, eucalyptus rust managed for a range of values including wood harvesting, water supply, conservation, Teratosphaeria gauchensis Coniothyrium eucalyptus canker recreation and environmental protection. Teratosphaeria zuluensis Coniothyrium eucalyptus canker Tomicus piniperda Pine shoot beetle Urocerus gigas Giant wood wasp

14. ABARES (May 2018). Australian forest and wood products statistics, September and December quarters 2017

86 Figure 29. Annual value of plantation forest production, 2007–17

2.5

2

1.5 oduction

1 ($ BILLION) alue of P r PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT

0.5 Local V 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17 CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER ACT NSW NT FINANCIALQLD YEARSA TAS VIC WA

Figure 30. Distribution of plantation forest production by state and territory, 2016–17 (based on LVP)15

N/A Australian Capital Territory 17% New South Wales N/A Northern Territory 11% Queensland 17% South Australia 12% Tasmania 29% Victoria 14% Western Australia

15. There is a small amount of production within the ACT and NT but data is not available (N/A) for these regions

Image courtesy of the Australian Forest Products Association 87 GINGER

Represented by the Australian Ginger Industry Association Figure 31. Annual value of ginger production, 2010–17 australianginger.org.au In 2016–17, ginger production was valued at $24.8 million (LVP), with exports valued at $0.4 million. Land under cultivation was about 270 hectares and the most popular ginger 35 varieties grown are Jumbo (also known as Canton) and Queensland. 30

Ginger production takes place in Australia’s subtropical and tropical regions. The main 25 concentration of growers is located within south-east Queensland, including the Wide Bay region. Other small areas of ginger are grown in far north Queensland and northern NSW. oduction 20 15 The Australian ginger industry is regionally significant, employs both local people and ($ MILLION) alue of P r PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT backpackers, with 30 per cent sold to the processing sector and 70 per cent sold to the fresh 10 market. 5 Local V

Biosecurity is included in the AgriFutures Australia’s Ginger Program RD&E Plan 2017–22 0 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER and is an integral part of Australian Ginger Industry Associations’ activities. The association represents the biosecurity interests of ginger producers and industry by funding and supporting ACT NSW NT QLDFINANCIAL YEARSA TAS VIC WA biosecurity initiatives, and information from PHA is shared regularly with members via meetings, newsletters and email up-dates.

The ginger industry is covered by version 1.0 of the biosecurity plan for the ginger industry. Figure 32. Distribution of ginger production by state and territory, 2016–17 (based on LVP)

Table 20. High Priority Pests of the ginger industry

Scientific name Common name Aspidiella hartii Yam scale 0% Australian Capital Territory Elytroteinus subtruncatus Fijian ginger weevil 2% New South Wales Radopholus similis (exotic strains) Burrowing nematode 0% Northern Territory Ralstonia solanacearum race 4 (exotic strains) Bacterial wilt 98% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria 0% Western Australia

88 PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER

Image caption 89 GRAINS

Represented by Grain Producers Australia Figure 33. Annual value of grain production, 2007–17 grainproducers.com.au In 2016–17, grain production was valued at $14.9 billion (LVP). The grains industry contributed 29 per cent of the total gross revenue from agricultural production and 30 per 15 cent of farm export income in that year, making it Australia’s largest plant industry. 12 Most of Australia’s grain is produced in the wheat belt, which stretches from central Queensland through NSW, Victoria, Tasmania, SA and southern WA. However, due to the 9 wide-ranging soil and climatic variability across Australia, a range of crop species and oduction varieties are grown, each of which has specific pests and diseases that pose a threat to 6 production and can influence access to markets (both domestically and overseas). ($ BILLION) alue of P r PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT Since 2007, Grain Producers Australia has funded a biosecurity outreach program managed 3

by PHA to raise awareness and improve practices on farm and boost preparedness to manage Local V biosecurity threats. See page 211 for more on the Grains Farm Biosecurity Program. 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17 CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER The grains industry is covered by version 3.0 of the biosecurity plan for grains, the Biosecurity ACT NSW NT FINANCIALQLD YEARSA TAS VIC WA Manual for Grain Producers Version 4.0, and the Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Organic Grains Industry Version 1.0. Figure 34. Distribution of grain production by state and territory, 2016–17 (based on LVP)

0% Australian Capital Territory 28% New South Wales <1% Northern Territory 9% Queensland 16% South Australia <1% Tasmania 16% Victoria 31% Western Australia

90 Table 21. Scientific name Groundnut ringspot virus Groundnut budnecrosis virus Fusarium virguliforme Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium oxysporum Eurygaster integriceps Diaporthe helianthi Diabrotica virgifera Diabrotica undecimpunctata Diabrotica barberi Cylindrocopturus adspersus Colletotrichum truncatum Chilo orichalcociliellus Chickpea chlorotic stunt virus Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus Ceutorhynchus napi Ceutorhynchus assimilis Cephus pygmeus Cephus cinctus Bean common mosaicvirus Barley mildmosaicvirus endemic) Ascochyta rabiei High PriorityPestsofthegrainsindustry (MAT1-1 isexotic. MAT1-2 is f. sp. f. sp. f. sp. (Baymovirus) (Tospovirus) lupini glycines ciceris (lentil affecting strain) (Potyvirus) (Tospovirus) (Polerovirus) (Mastrevirus) Common name beetle Southern corn rootworm, spotted cucumber Northern corn rootworm Sunflower stemweevil Lentil anthracnose Coastal stalkborer Chickpea chlorotic stunt virus Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus Cabbage seedweevil Rape stemweevil Cabbage seedweevil European wheatstemsawfly Wheat stemsawfly strain Bean common mosaicvirus,peanutstripe Barley mildmosaicvirus Ascochyta blight Groundnut ringspot virus Groundnut budnecrosis virus Sudden deathsyndrome Fusarium wilt Fusarium wiltofsoybean Fusarium wiltofchickpea,chickpea Sunn pest Stem canker Western corn rootworm Scientific name Harpophora maydis Zea mosaicvirus Trogoderma granarium Tilletia indica Thaumatotibia leucotreta Soil-borne wheatmosaicvirus Schizaphis graminum Riptortus dentipes Rhizoctonia solani Puccinia striiformis Puccinia graminis Prostephanus truncatus Plasmopara halstedii Peronosclerospora sorghi Peronosclerospora philippinensis Peanut clumpvirus Pantoea stewartii Nysius huttoni Mungbean yellow mosaicvirus Mayetiola hordei Mayetiola destructor Magnaporthe grisea Homoesoma electellum Heterodera sorghi Heterodera latipons Heterodera glycines Heterodera filipjevi Heterodera ciceri (Potyvirus) f. sp. f. sp. f. sp. (Pecluvirus) tritici sasakii hordei (Furovirus) Common name Zea mosaic virus Khapra beetle Karnal bunt False codling moth Soil-borne wheatmosaicvirus Greenbug, wheataphid,springgreen aphid Pod suckingbug Banded leafandsheathspot Barley striperust Wheat stemrust Larger grainborer Downy mildew Sorghum downy mildew Philippine downy mildew ofmaize Peanut clumpvirus,Indianpeanutvirus Stewart's disease,bacterialwilt Wheat bug Legume yellow mosaicvirus Barley stemgallmidge Hessian fly Wheat blast Sunflower moth Sorghum cyst nematode Mediterranean cereal cyst nematode Soybean cyst nematode Cereal cyst nematode Chickpea cyst nematode Late wilt,slow wilt

91 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES HAZELNUTS

Represented by Hazelnut Growers of Australia Figure 35. Annual value of hazelnut production, 2010–17 hazelnuts.org.au In 2016–17, hazelnut production was valued at $2.2 million (LVP). The industry has expanded, 2.5 with major on-farm investment from a northern hemisphere confectionary manufacturer giving renewed confidence to Australian growers. Approximately 2,200 hectares are planted with 1.1 million trees, with approximately 300 tonnes of hazelnuts produced in 2018. 2.0

The industry estimates that by 2021 hazelnut production will be 5,500 tonnes with a value oduction of $40 million. 1.5 ($ MILLION) Hazelnuts are grown in the temperate areas of south-eastern Australia. The main production alue of P r 1.0 regions are the central tablelands of NSW around Orange and Narrandera, and north-east PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT

Victoria around Myrtleford. They are also grown in central and eastern Victoria and Local V 0.5 increasingly in northern Tasmania.

0.0 Australia imports 2,500 tonnes of hazelnut product annually, primarily from Turkey. 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER Imported produce is mainly in kernel form for use by mass market confectioners. FINANCIAL YEAR ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA In 2018, Hazelnut Growers of Australia was involved in a number of responses to pest incursions affecting the hazelnut industry, including detections of brown marmorated stink bug in cargo. Figure 36. Distribution of hazelnut production by state and territory, 2016–17 (based on LVP)

Australia is free from eastern filbert blight, a serious disease affecting the industry in the United States, and most other hazelnut pests and diseases that affect growers overseas.

Biosecurity is considered in the Australian Hazelnut Industry Five Year Strategic Plan – 2015 to 2020 and the industry peak body is represented at PHA meetings and government Biosecurity Roundtables. 0% Australian Capital Territory 23% New South Wales The hazelnut industry is covered by version 3.0 of the nut industry biosecurity plan. 0% Northern Territory

Table 22. High Priority Pests of the hazelnut industry 0% Queensland 9% South Australia Scientific name Common name 18% Tasmania Anisogramma anomala Eastern filbert blight Victoria Chinavia hilaris (syn. Acrosternum hilare, 41% Chinavia hilarae, Nezara hilaris, Pentatoma Green stink bug, pistachio bug 9% Western Australia hilaris) Halyomorpha halys Brown marmorated stink bug Lymantria dispar Gypsy moth (Asian and European strains)

92 PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER

Image caption 93 HONEY BEES

Represented by the Australian Honey Bee Industry Council (AHBIC) honeybee.org.au In 2016–17, honey and beeswax production was valued at $104 million (LVP). Around 25,053 beekeepers are currently registered, operating around 672,216 hives. Apiaries range in size from one hive to several thousand.

The industry has products other than honey. Australia exports live bees to some countries and our beeswax commands a premium price overseas. Trade relies on the healthy status of Australia’s bees, with beeswax valued highly because it lacks residue from pesticides used overseas to treat varroa mites.

Australia’s bees are further valued for the pollination services that they provide to many plant PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT industries, estimated to be worth $8.4–20 billion per year, and is the reason why the industry is a member of PHA.

AHBIC works in partnership with other industries and governments to protect the health of bees with

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER a number of biosecurity initiatives.

AHBIC contributes to the National Bee Pest Surveillance Program which operates at ports around Australia to provide an early detection mechanism for exotic pests of bees and pest bees. This government and industry partnership is featured on page 154.

AHBIC worked with PHA and state and territory governments to develop the Australian Honey Bee Industry Biosecurity Code of Practice to protect Australia’s honey bees, which was endorsed by the honey bee industry in 2016. The aim of the Code of Practice is to improve the management of established pests and diseases, as well as increase preparedness and surveillance for exotic pest threats.

In addition, the National Bee Biosecurity Program, a partnership arrangement involving Bee Biosecurity Officers (BBO) in each state has been established, with officers to be appointed in all states. BBO’s help beekeepers to implement biosecurity measures and ensure they are complying with the Code of Practice and relevant legislation. BBO’s also provide training and education.

AHBIC is currently a part of a national eradication program for Varroa jacobsoni in Townsville in north Queensland. The eradication phase has now concluded, and the program is in a proof of freedom stage.

The honey bee industry is covered by version 1.1 of the honey bee industry biosecurity plan and the Biosecurity Manual for Beekeepers Version 1.1.

94 (based onLVP) Figure 38. Figure 37.

ACT Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 100 120 20 40 60 80 0 Distribution ofhoney andbeeswaxproduction by stateandterritory, 2016–17 Annual value ofhoney andbeeswaxproduction, 2007–17 07/08 NSW 08/09 09/10 NT 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD 11/12 12/13 19% 12% 20% 41% 5% 3% 0% 0% SA 13/14 Western Australia Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern Territory New SouthWales Australian CapitalTerritory 14/15 TAS 15/16 VIC 16/17 WA Image courtesy of MichaelHolmes Table 23. Acarapis woodi Vespa Varroa jacobsoni Varroa destructor Tropilaelaps mercedesae Tropilaelaps clareae Slow paralysis virus Hoplostoma fuligineus Deformed wingvirus Apis mellifera scutellata Apis mellifera scutellata Apis mellifera capensis sub-species) Apis cerana Scientific name spp. (exotic species) High PriorityPestsofthehoney beeindustry (exotic strains, genotypes and (Iflavirus) (Iflavirus) (hybrid) Hornets Varrora mite Varroa mite Tropilaelaps mite Tropilaelaps mite Slow paralysis virus Large hive beetle Deformed wingvirus Africanised honey bee African honey bee Cape honey bee Asian honey bee Tracheal mite Common name

95 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES LYCHEES

Represented by the Australian Lychee Growers' Association Figure 39. Annual value of lychee production, 2009–17 australianlychee.com.au In 2016–17, lychee production was valued at $26.7 million (LVP), with exports worth $5.6 million. Annual production continues to range between 2,250 to 3,500 tonnes, 30 depending on climatic and seasonal conditions. 25 There are many varieties of lychee grown in Queensland and NSW, although the Kwai Mai 20 Pink lychee is the most popular and widely grown variety and is a good annual yielding oduction variety for export and domestic markets. A number of larger producers are now choosing to 15 incorporate and plant some of the newer Chinese varieties of Chompogo, Erdon Lee and

($ MILLION) 10

Baitangying in their orchards. alue of P r PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT

Lychees are produced as a single annual crop with a harvest period from late October (north 5 Queensland) to March (northern NSW). This gives the Australian lychee season one of the Local V 0 world’s longest production periods as well as a counter-seasonal supply to most other 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER lychee producing countries. FINANCIAL YEAR ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Lychee exports have experienced strong growth compared with other tropical fruits, with some 18 per cent of production being exported in 2017–18. Hong Kong is officially the largest market for Australian lychees, accounting for a little over half of Australia’s exports Figure 40. Distribution of lychee production by state and territory, 2016–17 (based on LVP) for 2017–18. Exports to the United Arab Emirates are less than half of that to Hong Kong but this market is showing very strong growth, followed by New Zealand, Singapore, Canada and the United States.

The lychee industry is covered by version 1.0 of the lychee biosecurity plan. 0% Australian Capital Territory Table 24. High Priority Pests of the lychee industry 1% New South Wales Scientific name Common name 0% Northern Territory Aristobia testudo Lychee longicorn beetle 99% Queensland Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly 0% South Australia Conopomorpha sinensis Lychee fruit borer 0% Tasmania Paradasynus longirostris Hong Kong stink bug 0% Victoria Peronophythora litchii Brown blight 0% Western Australia Pseudotheraptus wayi Coconut bug Unknown (suspected phytoplasma) Longan and lychee witches' broom disease

96 Table 25. The macadamiaindustryiscovered by recently distributedover 500farmbiosecuritygatesignstomacadamia growers. research projects are currently beingfundedthrough Hort Innovation, andtheSociety disease sightings reported. Anumber ofintegrated pestanddiseasemanagement related forum where pestpressures for theprevious seasonare reviewed andany new pestand orchards employ professional pestscouts. TheAustralianMacadamia Society convenes a To encourage biosecurityawareness withintheindustry, approximately 70percent of investments where thescaleofnew plantings isincreasing significantly. orchards, firsttimefarmers,agribusinesscorporates andinternational andjoint venture in NSW. Ownershipstructures are diverse andcomprise acombination offamilyowned developed inMackay, Maryborough andEmeraldinQueenslandtheRichmondValley Bundaberg inQueenslandandtheClarence Valley inNSW. New plantings are alsobeing Australian crop isproduced inNSWandhalfQueensland.Production isgrowing fastestin Macquarie inthesouththrough totheAtherton Tablelands inthenorth.Abouthalfof Macadamias are grown alongtheeasternseaboard ofNSWand Queensland,from Port variety thatisproving very popular. Harvest commences inMarch andrunsthrough toAugust. have beenreleased inthelastfew years includingMCT1,asmallprecocious andhighyielding cent are Hawaiian varieties withtheremainder beingAustralian.Five new Australian-bred varieties In Australiathemajorityofplantings are varieties of largest producer ofmacadamiakernel. SouthAfrica andKenya are theother majorproducers. Japan andother Asiancountries askernel andtoChinain-shell.Australiaiscurrently theworld’s Approximately 70percent ofthecrop isexported, principallytoEurope, theUnitedStates, approximately 53,000tonnesin-shellor16,000ofkernel. $291 million.Annualproduction from approximately 750growers on25,000hectares is In 2016–17,macadamiaproduction was valued at$241million(LVP), withexports worth australian-macadamias.org Represented by theAustralianMacadamiaSociety MACADAMIAS Scientific name X. fastidiosa fastidiosa, X.fastidiosa Xylella fastidiosa Varroa destructor Tripilaelaps mercedesae Tropilaelaps clareae Phytophthora ramorum Hypothenemus obscurus High PriorityPestsofthemacadamiaindustry subsp. (including piercei subsp. ) (with vector) X.fastidiosa multiplex, subsp.

version 3.0ofthenutindustrybiosecurityplan Common name Almond leafscorch, pecan bacterial leafscorch Varroa mite Tropilaelaps mite Tropilaelaps mite Sudden oakdeath Tropical nut borer Macadamia integrifolia

. Of these about 75 per . Oftheseabout75per . Figure 41. Figure 42.

ACT Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 100 200 250 150 50 0 Annual value ofmacadamiaproduction, 2007–17 Distribution ofmacadamiaproduction by stateandterritory, 2016–17(basedonLVP) 07/08 NSW 08/09 09/10 NT 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD 11/12 12/13 <1% 57% 43% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% SA 13/14 Western Australia Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern Territory New SouthWales Australian CapitalTerritory 14/15 TAS 15/16 VIC 16/17 WA

97 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES MANGOES

Represented by the Australian Mango Industry Association Figure 43. Annual value of mango production, 2007–17 industry.mangoes.net.au In 2016–17, mango production was valued at $112 million (LVP), with exports worth $29.7 million. 120

Over the last four years the average production volume per year has been 70,000 tonnes. 100 Of this volume, approximately 80 per cent of fruit is consumed fresh, 10 per cent is exported and the remaining fruit is processed. 80 oduction In Australia, nine varieties of mango are in commercial production. The most abundant 60 variety, Kensington Pride, accounts for around 45 per cent of Australian production.

($ MILLION) 40 alue of P r PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT Other varieties include B74 (Calypso), Honey Gold, and R2E2, green eating varieties such as Keow Savoey and Nam Doc Mai, as well as late season varieties such as Brooks, Keitts, 20

Palmers, Kents and Pearls. B74 and R2E2 are popular in export markets. There are other Local V varieties produced in smaller volumes. 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 14/15 15/16 16/17 CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER The industry supplies the Australian market, with production occurring from August to ACT NSW NT QLDFINANCIAL YEARSA TAS VIC WA March each year. In Australia, the majority of mangoes are grown in Queensland and the NT with smaller but significant production in regions throughout WA.

The mango industry is covered by version 2.1 of the biosecurity plan for the mango industry Figure 44. Distribution of mango production by state and territory, 2016–17 (based on LVP) and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Mango Industry Version 1.

Table 26. High Priority Pests of the mango industry

Scientific name Common name 0% Australian Capital Territory Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly <1% New South Wales Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly 30% Northern Territory Ceratocystis fimbriata sensu lato Mango sudden decline syndrome 54% Queensland Ceratocystis manginecans Mango sudden decline syndrome 0% South Australia Ceratocystis omanensis Mango sudden decline syndrome 0% Tasmania Deanolis sublimbalis Red banded mango caterpillar Victoria Fusarium mangiferae Mango malformation 0% Fusarium mexicanum Mango malformation 16% Western Australia Fusarium proliferatum Mango malformation Fusarium sterilihyphosum Mango malformation Parasa lepida Blue striped nettle grub Procontarinia spp. (exotic species) Mango gall midge Sternochetus frigidus Mango pulp weevil Xylosandrus compactus Black twig borer 98 Table 27. currently underreview. Melons are covered by at thefarmgateandindustrylevel commenced inlate2017. will improve preparedness for, andmanagement of, biosecurityrisksinthemelonindustry seed-borne diseases,on-farm biosecurityandpestsurveillance. Abiosecurityproject that through PHA.Themelonindustryisworking withgrowers onbiosecuritymeasures toaddress in January2016.TheR&Dlevy ismanagedthrough Hort Innovation andthebiosecuritylevy The Australianmelonindustrycommenced research anddevelopment andbiosecuritylevies during 2018. NT, WA andNSW. Afood safety incident inearly2018resulted inadecrease inproduction 215,000 tonnesofmelonsannually, withthemajorityofproduction occurring inQueensland, The Australianmelonindustryconsists ofapproximately 200growers producing around fruit, fruitsaladproducts andjuices. products andare produced allyear round. Themainform ofvalue-adding iscutandwrapped Fresh seedlesswatermelons, rockmelon, honeydew andPieldeSapomelonsare themajor to New Zealand, UnitedArabEmirates,Malaysia, Hong Kong andSingapore. domestic consumption aswell asinternational export, valued at$32millionin2016–17, In 2016–17,melonproduction was valued at$189million(LVP). Melons are grown for melonsaustralia.org.au Represented by theAustralianMelon Association MELONS Scientific name Erwinia tracheiphila Monosporascus cannonballus F. oxysporum F. oxysporum Fusarium oxysporum Bemisia tabaci Liriomyza trifolii Liriomyza sativae Liriomyza huidobrensis Liriomyza bryoniae Bactrocera latifrons Bactrocera dorsalis Bactrocera cucurbitae High PriorityPestsofthemelonindustry f. sp. f. sp. (exotic strainsandbiotypes) radicis-cucumerinum niveum f. sp. version 1.0ofthebiosecurityplanfor themelonindustry melonis (exotic races) (exotic races) ,

, Common name Cucurbit bacterialwilt Monosporascus root rot Fusarium root andstemrot ofmelons Silverleaf whitefly American serpentine leafminer Vegetable leafminer Pea leafminer, serpentine leafminer Tomato leafminer Solanum fruitfly Oriental fruitfly Melon fruitfly

whichis

Figure 45. Figure 46.

ACT Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 100 150 200 250 50 0 Annual value ofmelonproduction, 2010–17 Distribution ofmelonproduction by stateandterritory, 2016–17 (basedonLVP) 10/11 NSW 11/12 NT 12/13 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD 13/14 11% 30% 16% 38% 2% 0% 3% 0% SA 14/15 Western Australia Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern Territory New SouthWales Australian CapitalTerritory TAS 15/16 16/17 VIC WA

99 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES OLIVES

Represented by the Australian Olive Association Figure 47. Annual value of olive production, 2007–17 australianolives.com.au In 2016–17, olive production was valued at $125 million (LVP). In 2018 production of olive oil was 10 million litres, down from 21 million litres in 2017: this was due to local seasonal 250 factors and olive trees having a tendency to bear fruit biennially. Depending on seasonal conditions, Australian production is around 85–90 per cent extra virgin olive oil. 200

The industry estimates that in 2017–18 the Australian olive industry exported around 5,000 150 tonnes of olive products, worth $25 million. Olive oil accounted for 95 per cent of the exports, oduction with table olives accounting for the rest. There are no measurable fresh olive exports. 100 Major export markets are United States, China, New Zealand, Japan and Spain. ($ MILLION) alue of P r PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT Australian consumption of olive oil totals 45 million litres per annum, with imports from 50

Spain, Italy and Greece filling the gap in local production. Local V 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17 CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER The Australian olive industry began in earnest in 1990 with the majority of large groves ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA planted between 1996 and 2004. The olive industry is regarded as mainstream agriculture FINANCIAL YEAR and remains an important employer in regional Australia. In 2013 the industry began collecting a levy to fund RD&E projects. Figure 48. Distribution of olive production by state and territory, 2016–17 (based on LVP) The industry suffered losses during the global financial crisis which saw a number of groves change hands. Since then, a number of new growers have purchased olive orchards and joined the association bringing renewed enthusiasm and vision. In more recent times there has also been significant replanting of established groves with more suitable varieties. Victoria is the largest producer, followed by WA, SA and NSW; Queensland and Tasmania are 0% Australian Capital Territory minor olive producing states. 9% New South Wales The olive industry is covered by version 2.0 of the biosecurity plan for the olive industry. 0% Northern Territory <1% Queensland Table 28. High Priority Pests of the olive industry 11% South Australia <1% Tasmania Scientific name Common name Bactrocera oleae Olive fly 69% Victoria Prays oleae Olive moth, olive kernel borer 11% Western Australia Xylella fastidiosa subsp. multiplex (with vectors) Leaf scorch Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca (with vectors) Olive quick decline Verticillium dahliae (exotic defoliating strain) Verticillium wilt (defoliating strains)

100 Table 29. Biosecurity ManualVersion 1.0 The onionindustryiscovered by version 2.0oftheonionbiosecurityplan. supplies themarket for thewinter months. Planting starts around April through September, harvesting from August to March, and storage 79 percent offresh production. Onionproduction isduringlatespring,summerandautumn. The maintypeofoniongrown inAustraliaisthetraditionalbrown onion,whichaccounts for Tasmania. Thetotal area planted toonionsislargest inSA, asistheaverage planting perfarm. north-eastern regions andtheAdelaide plainsofSA and theDevonport–Launceston region of Australian crop. Key onionproduction locationsare theLockyer Valley inQueensland, Onions are grown inmoststates,butSA andTasmania together produce 71percent ofthe valued at$18.1million. In 2016–17,onionproduction was valued at$226million(LVP) andfresh exports were onionsaustralia.org.au Represented by OnionsAustralia ONIONS Scientific name Xanthomonas axonopodis Thrips tabaci Rhizoglyphus setosus Rhizoglyphus callae Puccinia Phytomyza gymnostoma Liriomyza sativae Eumerus strigatus Eumerus amoenus Delia florilega Delia antiqua Cladosporium allii Botrytis squamosa spp. (exotic species) High PriorityPestsoftheonionindustry (exotic strains,biotypes) pv. pv. allii was produced andlaunchedin2018.

Common name Onion fly Leaf spot Leaf blight Xanthomonas leaf blight Onion thrip Bulb mite Bulb mite Rust Allium leafminer Vegetable leafminer Lesser bulbfly Onion bulbfly Bean fly The Onion Growers’ The OnionGrowers’ Figure 49. Figure 50.

ACT Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 100 150 200 250 300 50 0 Annual value ofonionproduction, 2007–17 Distribution ofonionproduction by stateandterritory, 2016–17 (basedonLVP) 07/08 NSW 08/09 09/10 NT 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD 11/12 12/13 14% 60% 13% <1% 8% 3% 2% 0% SA 13/14 Western Australia Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern Territory New SouthWales Australian CapitalTerritory 14/15 TAS 15/16 VIC 16/17 WA

101 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PASSIONFRUIT

Represented by Passionfruit Australia Figure 52. Annual value of passionfruit production, 2007–17 passionfruitaustralia.org.au In 2016–17, passionfruit production was valued at $17.2 million (LVP). There are currently 18 around 300 hectares of passionfruit under cultivation in Australia with about 400,000 16 passionfruit vines. They produced 4,790 tonnes of fruit in 2017–18. 14 12

About two thirds of the Australian passionfruit crop is grown in Queensland and around one oduction 10 third in NSW. The industry is starting to expand in WA and there are new plantings in the NT and Victoria. 8

($ MILLION) 6 alue of P r Passionfruit is grown year round, but main supply times to market are December through to 4 PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT September. The main purple passionfruit varieties grown are Misty Gem and Sweetheart,

Local V 2 and the major Panama passionfruit varieties are Pandora and Panama Red. A National 0 Breeding Programme is continuing with the goal of developing new commercial varieties in 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17 the next five years. New varieties bred in the NT designed for tropical regions are also in the FINANCIAL YEAR

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER process of being commercialised. Table 30. High Priority Pests of the passionfruit industry At present, there are still minimal amounts of passionfruit exported, and the industry is yet to develop a concrete plan for exports. Scientific name Common name TheACT passionfruitNSW industry is coveredNT by versionQLD 1.0 of theSA passionfruit biosecurityTAS planVIC. WA Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly Figure 51. Distribution of passionfruit production by state and territory, 2016–17 (based on LVP) Bactrocera facialis Tropical fruit fly Bactrocera kandiensis Fruit fly Bactrocera kirki Fijian fruit fly Bactrocera melanotus Fruit fly 0% Australian Capital Territory Bactrocera passiflorae Fijian fruit fly 35% New South Wales Bactrocera psidii South Sea guava fruit fly Bactrocera xanthodes Pacific fruit fly 0% Northern Territory East Asian passiflora virus (Potyvirus) East Asian passiflora virus 59% Queensland Passiflora chlorosis virus (Potyvirus) Passiflora chlorosis virus 0% South Australia Passionfruit crinkle virus (Potyvirus) Passionfruit crinkle virus 0% Tasmania Passionfruit ringspot virus (Potyvirus) Passionfruit ringspot virus Victoria <1% Passionfruit severe leaf distortion virus Passionfruit severe leaf distortion virus 5% Western Australia (Begomovirus) Passionfruit Sri Lankan mottle virus (Potyvirus) Passionfruit Sri Lankan mottle virus Passionfruit vein clearing virus (Rhabdovirus) Passionfruit vein clearing virus Passionfruit yellow mosaic virus (Tymovirus) Passionfruit yellow mosaic virus Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae Bacterial blight 102 Table 31. The pineappleindustryiscovered by more tothefresh market andthisproportion isexpected toincrease. (rough leaf).Theremaining 55percent ofplantings are new hybrid varieties thatappeal Approximately 45percent ofpineapplevarieties grown are Smooth Cayenne andQueen Circle Ltd, produces cannedpineappleandjuice. more than70percent offresh pineapples.Theprimarypineappleprocessor, Heinz Golden supplies almosttheentire domesticmarket. Four primarypackinghousespackandmarket Australia contributes lessthanonepercent oftheworld’s fresh pineappleproduction but Queensland, withonecommercial farmlocatedjustoutsideDarwinintheNT. Mary Valley, Maryborough, Hervey Bay, Childers,Bundaberg, Cawarral, Yeppoon andnorthern Key growing districtsare inWamuran, Elimbah,GlasshouseMountains, Beerwah, Yandina, There are approximately 80commercial pineappleenterprises, allbutonebasedinQueensland. that around 47,500tonnesoffresh fruitand28,000tonnesofprocessed fruitwere marketed. In 2016–17,pineappleproduction was valued at$47.3million(LVP). Theindustryestimates growcom.com.au Represented by GROWCOM PINEAPPLES Scientific name leucotret Thaumatotibia leucotreta Strymon megarus Fusarium subglutinans Fusarium ananatum Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Erwinia chrysanthemi Dickeya Cotinis mutabilis spp.(pineapple infecting strains) (syn. a High PriorityPestsofthepineappleindustry ) (as avector offusariosis) and ) subsp. F. guttiforme (syn. Cryptophlebia Cryptophlebia ananas

(syn. ) version 2.0ofthepineapplebiosecurityplan

Common name Fig beetle False codling moth Pineapple fruitborer rot, fruitlet core rot Fusariosis, fusariumstemrot, pineappleeye Grey pineapple mealybug,annonamealybug Bacterial fruitcollapse, bacterialheartrot . Figure 53. Figure 54.

ACT Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 Annual value ofpineappleproduction, 2007–17 Distribution ofpineappleproduction by stateandterritory, 2016–17(basedonLVP) 07/08 NSW 08/09 09/10 NT 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD 11/12 12/13 99% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% SA 13/14 Western Australia Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern Territory New SouthWales Australian CapitalTerritory 14/15 TAS 15/16 VIC 16/17 WA

103 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PISTACHIOS

Represented by the Pistachio Growers’ Association Figure 55. Annual value of pistachio production, 2008–17 pgai.com.au In 2016–17, pistachio production was valued at $19 million (LVP), with exports valued at

$1.8 million. In 2018, there was 1,300 hectares under cultivation with a record 3,200 tonnes 25 of pistachio nuts produced from the productive orchards.

20 Major production areas are along the Murray River Valley between Swan Hill in Victoria and Waikerie in SA. Further plantings are in central west Victoria and Pinnaroo, SA, with small 15 plantings in WA. It is estimated that 200 hectares were planted in 2018 with 150 hectares oduction per annum to be planted in the next three years (2019 to 2021). There are five large pistachio orchards and another five orchards of 10 to 15 hectares, which is the acknowledged size 10 ($ MILLION) PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT required to make a living solely from pistachio nut production. Around 20 mixed fruit growers alue of P r each produce less than five tonnes of pistachios (dry) per annum from one to five hectares. 5 Local V

Australian pistachio production currently meets only 50 per cent of domestic consumption, 0 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17 CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER with the remainder imported from other major producers including Iran and the United States. The domestic production of pistachio is expected to increase to 4,000 tonnes (rolling ACT NSW NT QLDFINANCIAL YEARSA TAS VIC WA average of two seasons) by 2021.

In 2018, Pistachio Growers’ Association participated in Emergency Plant Pest activities, including as an affected party in the eradication response for Khapra beetle. Australia is free Figure 56. Distribution of pistachio production by state and territory, 2016–17 (based on LVP) from major pests and diseases that affect pistachios overseas. Biosecurity is a priority for the industry, with aspects of biosecurity embedded in the Australian Pistachio Industry Five Year Strategic Plan – 2015 to 2020, and in two Hort Innovation research projects (PS16000 and PS16002). The industry is represented at PHA meetings and government Biosecurity Roundtables. 0% Australian Capital Territory

The pistachio industry is covered by version 3.0 of the nut industry biosecurity plan. 45% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory Table 32. High Priority Pests of the pistachio industry 0% Queensland Scientific name Common name 22% South Australia Amyelois transitella Navel orange worm 0% Tasmania Chinavia hilaris (syn. Acrosternum hilare, Chinavia Green stink bug, pistachio bug hilarae, Nezara hilaris, Pentatoma hilaris) 32% Victoria Leptoglossus clypealis Leaf footed bug 1% Western Australia Leptoglossus occidentalis Western conifer seed bug Leptoglossus zonatus Western leaf footed bug Lymantria dispar Gypsy moth (Asian and European strains) Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle Verticillium dahliae (exotic defoliating strains) Verticillium wilt

104 Table 33. tomato industry The processing tomatoesindustryiscovered by imports coming from ItalyandUnitedStates. Australia consumes around 553,336tonnesofprocessed tomatoes,withthemajorityof was not harvested. was planted, delayed harvest andrainearlyintheseasonmeant 50hectares ofproduce season. Thisisadrop ofabout42,954tonnesontheprevious year. While2,457hectares Around 227,636tonnesoftomatoeswere delivered for processing duringthe2017–18 production area isirrigatedusingsub-surface driplines. varieties grown inAustraliaare dominatedby Heinz cultivars and99percent ofthe In 2016–17,processing tomatoproduction was valued at$20.6million(LVP). Themain aptrc.asn.au Represented by theAustralianProcessing Tomato Research Council PROCESSING TOMATOES Tuta absoluta Liriomyza trifolii Liriomyza sativae Liriomyza huidobrensis Liriomyza bryoniae Frankliniella intonsa known vector) Candidatus Bactericera cockerelli Achatina fulica Scientific name High PriorityPestsoftheprocessing tomatoindustry Liberibacter solanacearum (with . (syn. Paratrioza cockerelli ) leafminer South Americantomatomoth ortomato American serpentine leafminer Vegetable leafminer, Americanleafminer Pea leafminer, serpentine leafminer Tomato leafminer Flower thrips Zebra chip Tomato potato psyllid Giant African landsnail Common name version 1.0ofthebiosecurityplanfor the

Figure 57. (based onLVP) Figure 58.

ACT Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 Annual value ofprocessing tomatoproduction, 2007–17 Distribution ofprocessing tomatoproduction by stateandterritory, 2016–17 07/08 NSW 08/09 09/10 NT 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD 11/12 12/13 95% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 2% 0% SA 13/14 Western Australia Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern Territory New SouthWales Australian CapitalTerritory 14/15 TAS 15/16 VIC 16/17 WA

105 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PRODUCTION NURSERIES

Represented by Nursery & Garden Industry Australia (NGIA) ngia.com.au In 2016–17, nursery production (propagation stock, vegetable and forestry seedlings, bedding plants, indoor plants, fruit and landscape trees and shrubs) was valued at $992 million (LVP). The industry has a limited export focus of approximately $18 million annually, however there is ample opportunity for international export growth.

The nursery industry operates in all states and territories, being one of the largest and most diverse plant industries in Australia. The industry estimates an annual gross production value of approximately $2.5 billion (production nurseries only) in 2019 across the entire supply chain. NGIA supplies to ornamental retail, landscape, revegetation, rehabilitation and production horticulture sectors including PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT tree crops (e.g. fruit, vines, tea tree), vegetables, forestry and cut flowers with a combined annual production value of more than $15 billion.

In 2016, NGIA developed the Nursery Production Farm Management System website

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER nurseryproductionfms.com.au which is the one-stop shop for industry biosecurity information for growers including access to pest fact sheets, management plans, videos and the eLearning portal.

In early 2018, NGIA achieved certification and BioSecure HACCP recognition as an Approved Biosecurity Scheme under the Queensland Biosecurity Act 2014, the first such recognition of an industry program in Australia. This was followed by NSW providing equivalent certification under the NSW Biosecurity Act 2015 in late December 2018.

NGIA continues to work in partnership with state and territory governments on the roll out of BioSecure HACCP, with legal recognition for market access achieved in Queensland, NSW, Victoria, Tasmania, SA and WA by the end of 2017. This allows certified producers to self-certify consignments of nursery stock for interstate market access.

The industry has invested in excess of $5.5 million in biosecurity focused projects including the: • National Nursery Industry Biosecurity Program (four themes: on-farm biosecurity, biosecurity preparedness, biosecurity awareness and pesticide minor use program) (2015–20) • Improving Pest Management for the Nursery Industry (2018–20) • Building the Resilience and On-Farm Biosecurity Capacity of the Australian Production Nursery Industry (2015–20) project continues to develop plant biosecurity resources and to upskill industry members and expand knowledge. For example, extension videos covering topics such as site surveillance, intake inspection and crop monitoring have been developed with NGIA and PHA working together since 2016 to produce six to eight new biosecurity videos annually through to 2019.

The industry continues to build the online electronic plant pest identification resource Pest ID Tool pestid.com.au which combines information and images on endemic and key exotic plant pests that impact on production or trade.

The nursery industry is covered by version 3.0 of the biosecurity plan for the nursery industry and the Biosecurity Manual for the Nursery Production Industry Version 1.0.

106 Image courtesy of Nursery and Garden Industry Australia (based onLVP) Figure 60. Figure 59. ACT Local Value of Production ($ BILLION) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 1 Distribution ofproduction nurseriesby stateandterritory, 2016–17 Annual value ofproduction nurseries,2007–17 07/08 NSW 08/09 09/10 NT 10/11 QLD FINANCIAL YEAR 11/12 12/13 13% 35% 17% <1% 27% 3% 5% 0% SA 13/14 Western Australia Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern Territory New SouthWales Australian CapitalTerritory 14/15 TAS 15/16

VIC 16/17 WA Table 34. Vincas inagreen house.Image courtesy of NurseryandGarden IndustryAustralia Achatina fulica Xylella fastidiosa Puccinia psidii Pseudomonas syringae Pomacea canaliculata Phytophthora ramorum Oligonychus ilicis Lymantria dispar Lygus lineolaris Liriomyza huidobrensis Lettuce infectious yellows virus Homalodisca vitripennis Echinothrips americanus Diaphorina citri Candidatus Bemisia tabaci Aphis gossypii Scientific name High PriorityPestsoftheproduction nurseryindustry Liberibacter asiaticus (exotic strains) sensu lato(exotic variants) (exotic strains) pv. pv. syringae (Crinivirus) (exotic races) Pierce's disease Guava rust,eucalyptus rust Bacterial canker Golden applesnail Sudden oakdeath Southern red mite Asian gypsy moth Tarnished plant bug Serpentine leafminer Lettuce infectious yellows virus Glassy wingedsharpshooter Poinsettia thrip Asian citruspsyllid Huanglongbing (Asiaticstrain) Silverleaf whitefly Cotton aphid Giant African snail Common name

107 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES RICE

Represented by the Ricegrowers’ Association of Australia Figure 61. Annual value of rice production, 2007–17 rga.org.au In 2016–17, rice production was valued at $230 million (LVP), with the export value an estimated $149 million. 300

Most of Australia’s rice is exported to Asia, the Middle East, and nations in the Pacific. 250 Market analysis indicates that there is demand across all market segments, both domestic and international, for one million tonnes of paddy production annually. 200 oduction The Australian rice industry is predominantly located in the temperate climatic region of the 150 Riverina in southern NSW, with a small amount grown in northern NSW and an emerging

($ MILLION) 100 alue of P r PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT production area in north Queensland and NT. In the Riverina, the major varieties grown are temperate Japonica varieties planted in October to November and harvested from March to 50

May of the following year. Local V 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER The rice industry is conducting research into suitable varieties and management techniques to maximise water efficiency and allow production in north Queensland. Strict biosecurity ACT NSW NT FINANCIALQLD YEARSA TAS VIC WA measures have been put in place to ensure that any pests endemic in northern Australia are not spread south to the major rice growing area in NSW. However, there is new concern Figure 62. Distribution of rice production by state and territory, 2016–17 (based on LVP) about what appears to be a relaxing of biosecurity protocols relating to importing of seed into Australia.

The rice industry is covered by version 3.0 of the rice biosecurity plan.

Table 35. High Priority Pests of the rice industry 0% Australian Capital Territory Scientific name Common name 99% New South Wales Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice water weevil <1% Northern Territory Magnaporthe grisea Rice blast Pomacea cancliculata Golden apple snail <1% Queensland Rice grassy stunt virus (Tenuivirus) Rice grassy stunt virus 0% South Australia Rice ragged stunt virus (Oryzavirus) Ragged stunt virus 0% Tasmania Rice tungro bacilliform virus (unassigned) Rice rungro bacilliform virus 0% Victoria Rice tungro spherical virus (Waikavirus) Rice tungro spherical virus, waikavirus 0% Western Australia Tilletia barclayana Kernel smut of rice Tilletia indica Karnal bunt Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle

108 Table 36. Emergency Plant Pest Response levy (set atzero). consulting withgrowers onaproposal toestablishaPHAlevy tofundmembershipandan RABA signedtheEmergency Plant Pest Response Deedagreement inJune2015andis The rubusindustryiscovered by the majorityofexports were toIndiaandFiji. sent tonon-protocol markets suchasSingapore andHong Kong. Intheyear toJune2018, locally withlittleexport offresh fruit(lessthanonepercent). Berriesthatare exported are Most oftheraspberries,blackberriesandbrambleberriesproduced inAustraliaare consumed systems alsoextends theharvest seasonandproductivity. harvest occurs lateautumntospring.Theincreased useofprotected cropping andhydroponic subtropical areas suchassouth-eastQueenslandandthemid-northcoast ofNSWwhere Peak production isearlysummertoautumn.Year round supplyispossiblewithproduction in such asnorthofPerth inWA. expanding inresponse toconsumer demand.Production isalsodeveloping innew areas of itunderprotected cropping (rain shelters). New plantings continue, with the industry There are currently upto700hectares oflandundercultivation withrubusvarieties, much marionberries) are collectively referred toasrubusorcaneberries. hybrid brambles(includingsilvanberries, boysenberries, loganberries,youngberries and In 2016–17,therubusindustrywas valued at$116million(LVP). Raspberry, blackberryand Represented by Raspberries andBlackberriesAustralia(RABA) RUBUS Heterocrossa rubophaga Halyomorpha halys Euschistus conspersus Drosophila suzukii Cercosporella rubi Arthurimyces peckianus Scientific name Popillia japonica Penniseta marginata Penniseta hylaeiformis High PriorityPestsoftherubusindustry version 1.0ofthebiosecurityplanfor therubusindustry Japanese beetle Raspberry crown borer Raspberry clearwingmoth Raspberry budmoth stink bug Brown marmoratedstinkbug,yellow-brown Consperse stinkbug Spotted wingdrosophila Rosette Orange rust(long-cycled) Common name . Figure 63. Figure 64. ACT Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 100 120 20 40 60 80 0 Annual value ofrubusproduction, 2009–17 Distribution ofrubusproduction by stateandterritory, 2016–17 (basedonLVP) 09/10 NSW 10/11 NT 11/12 QLD FINANCIAL YEAR 12/13 13/14 26% 28% 16% 23% 4% 3% 0% 0% SA Western Australia Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern Territory New SouthWales Australian CapitalTerritory 14/15 TAS 15/16 VIC 16/17 WA

109 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES STONE FRUIT

Represented by Summerfruit Australia Figure 65. Annual value of stone fruit production, 2007–17 summerfruit.com.au In 2016–17, stone fruit production (fresh apricots, nectarines, peaches and plums) was valued at $189 million (LVP), with exports valued at $51.4 million. Nectarines and peaches 250 comprised two thirds of national stone fruit production, followed by plums and apricots. 200 Production is mainly located in subtropical and temperate Australia where the industry is a major rural and regional employer. Victoria produces around 75 per cent of Australia’s stone 150 fruit (in the order of 1,350,000 tonnes nationally) with the remaining production spread oduction between NSW, Queensland, SA, WA and Tasmania. 100 ($ MILLION) alue of P r PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT Market access to mainland China for nectarines (in May 2016) and apricots, peaches and plums (in November 2017) has allowed an expansion of exports. During the 2017–18 export 50

season, 17,785 tonnes were exported (an increase of 27%), with 8,293 tonnes going to China Local V and Hong Kong. Other major markets were United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Singapore 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER and Malaysia. ACT NSW NT FINANCIALQLD YEARSA TAS VIC WA The stone fruit industry is covered by version 1.0 of the biosecurity plan for the summerfruit industry and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Summerfruit Industry Version 1.0. Figure 66. Distribution of stone fruit production by state and territory, 2016–17 Table 37. High Priority Pests of the stone fruit industry (based on LVP)

Scientific name Common name Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly 0% Australian Capital Territory Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum* European stone fruit yellows 10% New South Wales Conotrachelus nenuphar Plum curculio 0% Northern Territory Cryptophlebia leucotreta False codling moth Cydia funebrana Plum fruit moth 3% Queensland Drosophila suzukii Spotted wing drosophila 7% South Australia Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter <1% Tasmania Monilinia fructigena Brown rot 67% Victoria Monilinia polystroma Asiatic brown rot 12% Western Australia Peach rosette mosaic virus (Nepovirus) Peach rosette mosaic virus Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Plum pox virus Popillia japonica Japanese beetle X disease phytoplasma Peach X disease Xylella fastidiosa Pierce's disease

* Previously called European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma 110 Table 38. Deed. industry The strawberryindustryiscovered by varieties andbetter cool chainmanagement. rising percapitaconsumption, driven by higherplanting numbers,improved Australian Singapore andNew Zealand. Theincrease inproduction over recent years isdueprimarilyto exported. Intheyear toJune2018,themainexport markets were UnitedArabEmirates, The industryisprimarilyfocused onthe domesticmarket with3–3.5percent ofproduce cent ofallvarieties grown nationallywere bred inAustralia. investment inanationalbreedingper program, andinthe2017–18seasonapproximately30 grown, withsomevarieties importedfrom Florida,UnitedStates. There iscontinued industry bred varieties, whileinsubtropical regions Australianbred varieties are increasinglybeing In temperateregions varieties grown are predominantly from California, withsomeAustralian regions from May toOctober, andintemperateregions from OctobertoJune. Strawberries are grown inAustraliathroughout theyear, withproduction insubtropical Albany inWA; theAdelaide HillsinSA; andTasmania. the Mornington Peninsula inVictoria, with other production areas inWannaroo, Bullsbrook and Production isconcentrated intheSunshineCoast area ofQueensland,andtheYarra Valley and and NT)by anestimated500growers. valued at$32.6million.Strawberries are grown inallstatesofAustralia(except theACT In 2016–17,strawberryproduction was valued at$250million(LVP) andexports were strawberriesaustralia.com.au Represented by Strawberries Australia STRAWBERRIES Scientific name Xanthomonas fragariae Tomato ringspot virus Tomato blackringvirus Strawberry latent ringspot virus Raspberry ringspot virus Phytophthora fragariae Lygus lineolaris Lygus hesperus . Strawberries Australiaare alsoasignatorytotheEmergency Plant Pest Response High PriorityPestsofthestrawberry industry (Nepovirus) var. (Nepovirus) (Nepovirus) fragariae (Sadwavirus) version 2.0ofthebiosecurityplanfor thestrawberry

Common name Strawberry angularleafspot Tomato ringspot virus Tomato blackring virus Strawberry latent ringspot virus Raspberry ringspot virus Red steeleroot rot Tarnished plant bug Western plant bug

Figure 67. Figure 68. ACT Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 100 150 200 250 300 50 0 Annual value ofstrawberry production, 2007–17 Distribution ofstrawberry production by stateandterritory, 2016–17(basedonLVP) 07/08 NSW 08/09 09/10 NT 10/11 QLD FINANCIAL YEAR 11/12 12/13 15% 29% 42% <1% 7% 7% 0% 0% SA 13/14 Western Australia Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern Territory New SouthWales Australian CapitalTerritory 14/15 TAS 15/16 VIC 16/17 WA

111 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES SUGARCANE

Represented by CANEGROWERS Figure 69. Annual value of sugarcane production, 2007–17 canegrowers.com.au In 2016–17, sugarcane production was valued up to $1.6 billion. The industry produced 31.5 million tonnes of cane, and 4.41 million tonnes of processed sugar. 1.6

1.4 Australia’s sugarcane is grown in high rainfall and irrigated areas along coastal plains and river valleys on 2,100 km of Australia’s eastern coastline between Mossman in far north 1.2 Queensland and Grafton in NSW. Queensland accounts for about 95 per cent of Australia’s 1 raw sugar production. oduction 0.8

Australia is the world’s third largest exporter of raw sugar, with approximately 80 per cent of 0.6 ($ BILLION) alue of P r PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT production sold to international markets. Major export customers include east Asia, China, 0.4 Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Taiwan, the United States and New Zealand. 0.2 Local V

The sugarcane industry is covered by version 3.0 of the sugarcane biosecurity plan and the 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER Biosecurity Manual for Sugarcane Producers 1.0. ACT NSW NT FINANCIALQLD YEARSA TAS VIC WA

Figure 70. Distribution of sugarcane production by state and territory, 2016–17 (based on LVP)

0% Australian Capital Territory 5% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 95% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria 0% Western Australia

112 Table 39. Scientific name serological groups 2or3) Xanthomonas albilineans White leafphytoplasma Suspected virus(Tenuivirus) Sugarcane streak mosaicvirus Stagonospora sacchari Sesamia grisescens Scirpophaga excerptalis Pyrilla perpusilla Polyocha depressella Peronosclerospora sacchari Peronosclerospora philippinensis Perkinsiella vitiensis Perkinsiella vastatrix Grassy shoot phytoplasma Eumetopina flavipes Eldana saccharina Chilo tumidicostalis Chilo terrenellus Chilo sacchariphagus Chilo infuscatellus Chilo auricilius Ceratovacuna lanigera Aleurolobus barodensis High PriorityPestsofthesugarcane industry (exotic strains, (Potyvirus) Common name Root borer Downy mildew Downy mildew gall disease) Sugarcane planthopper (as avector ofFijileaf gall disease) Sugarcane planthopper (as avector ofFijileaf Grassy shoot (with unknown vector) stunt disease) Sugarcane leafhopper(as avector oframu African sugarcane stalkborer Spotted sugarcane stemborer Dark headedrice borer Sugarcane internode borer Yellow topborer ofsugarcane Sugarcane internode borer Sugarcane woolly aphid Sugarcane whitefly Leaf scald hiroglyphicus White leaf(with vector Ramu stunt (with vector) Sugarcane streak mosaicvirus Leaf scorch Pink stalkborer Top borer Sugarcane pyrilla ) Matsumuratettix

113 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES SWEETPOTATOES

Represented by Australian Sweetpotato Growers Figure 71. Annual value of sweetpotato production, 2011–17 aspg.com.au In 2016–17, sweetpotato production was valued at $93 million (LVP) with exports valued at $1.8 million. Sweetpotatoes are available all year round in Australia with total production of 100 around 100,000 tonnes. There are around 80 commercial producers with farm sizes ranging from 10 to 200 hectares, with most in the 15–80 hectare range. 80

Queensland is the biggest producer with over 87 per cent of production, mainly around 60 Bundaberg. The second major production area is around Cudgen in northern NSW. oduction Sweetpotatoes are also grown in Mareeba, Atherton and Rockhampton in Queensland; 40

Murwillumbah in NSW; and Perth, Carnarvon and Kununurra in WA. ($ MILLION) alue of P r PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT Three types of sweetpotato are grown in Australia, categorised by skin and flesh colour. 20 The gold variety (rose-gold skin, gold flesh) dominates the Australian sweetpotato industry Local V 0 with over 90 per cent of production. Red category (red skin, white flesh) makes up around 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER eight per cent, with purple (white skin, purple flesh) making up the remainder. The majority of sweetpotato production is consumed domestically with under one per cent exported. ACT NSW NT QLDFINANCIAL YEARSA TAS VIC WA

Commercial growers purchase pathogen-tested planting material every year, a measure that has almost doubled marketable yield per hectare. The pathogen testing scheme is Figure 72. Distribution of sweetpotato production by state and territory, 2016–17 reinforced by industry supported research into virus (and other disease) diagnostics and (based on LVP) management, as well as enhancing effective distribution and multiplication of clean planting material.

The sweetpotato industry became a signatory to the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed in late 2017 and has started to develop a national biosecurity plan. 0% Australian Capital Territory 11% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 87% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria 2% Western Australia

Sweet potato seedbed. Image courtesy of John Maltby, Australian Sweetpotato Growers 114 Table 40. and the The tablegrapeindustryiscovered by version 3.0oftheviticulture industry biosecurityplan 40:60 splitbetween thedomesticandexport markets. The 2018–19seasonisforecast toseeapproximately 185,000 tonnesproduced, witha the Sunraysia region being redeveloped into tablegrapevineyards andpackingshedfacilities. both new landholdersinvesting inexisting tablegrapeproperties, andnon-productive landin In thepastthree years, there hasbeenasignificant expansion inthetablegrapesector, with Queensland; andTiTree intheNT. Riverland inSA; Swan Valley, Carnarvon andGeraldton regions ofWA; thesouth-eastof growers inthemajorgrowing regions ofSunraysia andtheMurray Valley inVictoria;the Green, red andblue-blackvarieties oftablegrapesare produced by approximately 1,000 valued at$384millionwhichwas 3percent higherthantheprevious year. In the12months endingJune2018,thetablegrapeindustryexported 110,281tonnes, In 2016–17,tablegrapeproduction was valued at$450million(LVP). australiangrapes.com.au Represented by theAustralianTable GrapeAssociation TABLE GRAPES Scientific name Xylella fastidiosa Pseudococcus maritimus Polychrosis viteana Planococcus ficus Lobesia botrana Hyalesthes obsoletus Homalodisca vitripennis Guignardia bidwellii Grapvine flavescence doree phytoplasma Drosophila suzukii Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Candidatus Bactrocera dorsalis Bactrocera carambolae Biosecurity Manualfor theViticulture IndustryVersion 1.0 High PriorityPestsofthetablegrapeindustry Phytoplasma solani (exotic strains) Common name Carambola fruitfly Pierce's disesase Grape mealybug American berrymoth Vine mealybug European grapevine moth Cixiidae planthopper Glassy wingedsharpshooter Black rot Flavescence doree Spotted wingdrosophila Grapevine phylloxera Bois noir Oriental fruitfly

. Figure 73. Figure 74.

ACT Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 100 200 300 400 500 0 Annual value oftablegrapeproduction, 2007–17 Distribution oftablegrapeproduction by stateandterritory, 2016–17(basedonLVP) 07/08 NSW 08/09 09/10 NT 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD 11/12 12/13 73% 16% 3% 0% 0% 7% 1% 0% SA 13/14 Western Australia Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern Territory New SouthWales Australian CapitalTerritory 14/15 TAS 15/16 VIC 16/17 WA

115 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES TEA TREE

Represented by the Australian Tea Tree Industry Association (ATTIA) Figure 75. Annual value of tea tree production, 2009–17 teatree.org.au In 2016–17, tea tree production was valued at $30 million (LVP). The vast majority (90%) is exported through an established supply chain to over 70 countries, particularly North 40 America and Europe.

30 In 2018, there were about 130 tea tree growers in Australia and about 4,500 hectares under plantation production. Industry growth has stabilised, with average annual production of oduction 1,000 tonnes of oil. 20

The main product of the Australian tea tree industry is tea tree oil, which is steam distilled ($ MILLION) alue of P r PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT from Melaleuca alternifolia, an iconic Australian native plant species. Nearly all Australian tea 10 tree oil production is sourced from plantations. Most plantations (three quarters) are located in the coastal region of northern NSW with 10 per cent located in the Atherton Tablelands of Local V 0 Queensland. 2009* 2010* 2011* 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17 CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER Tea tree oil is exported as bulk oil which is used to make value-added products including *calendar year FINANCIAL YEAR healthcare, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, veterinary and aromatherapy products. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Domestic consumption is estimated to be around 95,000 kg per annum with much of this also destined for the export market as value-added cosmetic and therapeutic goods such as soap, shampoo, burn dressings as well as tea tree oil. Figure 76. Distribution of tea tree production by state and territory, 2016–17 (based on LVP)

The tea tree industry has partnered with AgriFutures Australia on industry RD&E since 1998. The industry established an Emergency Plant Pest Response levy which commenced in July 2017.

In 2017, ATTIA became a member of PHA and a tea tree biosecurity plan is being developed, 0% Australian Capital Territory which will identify the High Priority Pests of the industry. 90% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 10% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria 0% Western Australia

116 Table 41. Version 1.0ofthetruffleindustrybiosecurity plan a speciesofwhitetruffle, been found, including T. brumale There are another three speciesofblacktrufflewithlimitedproduction inAustralia,namely available whenlocalproduct isoutofseason. after inoverseas markets, particularlyinthenorthernhemisphere, where ourproduce is Australian cent oftheharvest. There isincreasing production inTasmania, ACT, NSWandVictoria. area for AustraliantrufflesistheManjimupregion ofWA, whichaccounts for around 80per producer ofthePérigord blacktruffle( Since thefirsttrufflewas harvested in1999,Australiahasbecome thefourth largest members across thetrufflegrowing states. around halfhave harvested truffles.TheAustralianTruffle Growers' Associationhas120 There are some350owners oftruffleorchards, ortruffières, around thecountry, ofwhich and Asia. of theharvest isexported to30different countries, butmainlytoEurope, theUnitedStates In 2016–17,truffleproduction was estimatedtobevalued at$12million(LVP). Themajority trufflegrowers.com.au Represented by theAustralianTruffle Growers' Association TRUFFLES Scientific name Pucciniastrum coryli avellanae Pseudomonas avellanae Phytophthora ramorum Anisogramma anomala Lymantria monacha Halyomorpha halys ) , High PriorityPestsofthetruffleindustry T. melanosporum T. aestivum and T. maculatum (syn. T. borchii T. uncinatum are recognised for theirexcellent qualityandare highlysought P. syringae , hascommenced, principallyinVictoria. , T. puberulum Tuber melanosporum pv. . More recently several whitetrufflespecieshave

Common name Hazelnut rust Bacterial canker Sudden oakdeath Eastern filbertblight Nun moth Brown marmoratedstinkbug and was published in2016. T. dryophilum ) intheworld. Themajorproduction

. Commercial production of

Figure 77. Figure 78.

ACT Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 Annual value oftruffleproduction, 2012–17 Distribution oftruffleproduction by stateandterritory, 2016–17(basedonLVP) NSW 12/13 NT 13/14 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD 14/15 72% 4% 8% 0% 0% 0% 8% 8% SA Western Australia Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern Territory New SouthWales Australian CapitalTerritory 15/16 TAS 16/17 VIC WA

117 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES VEGETABLES (INCLUDING POTATOES)

Represented by AUSVEG Figure 79. Annual value of vegetable production (excluding potatoes), 2007–17 ausveg.com.au In 2016–17, gross vegetable and potato production was valued at $2.2 billion. Major crops include potatoes, carrots and lettuce. Potato production alone was valued at $510 million. 2 Exports of vegetables, including potatoes, were worth $192 million. 1.6 Australia’s diverse climate and soils accommodate vegetable cultivation in all states and territories, ensuring a constant supply of fresh vegetables. Australian vegetable growers 1.2 provide the majority of fresh vegetables consumed in Australia and an increasing amount oduction of fresh vegetables consumed overseas. 0.8 ($ BILLION) alue of P r PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT The Australian vegetable industry is committed to building its capacity to respond to potential biosecurity threats. A vegetable Industry Biosecurity Advisor, two full-time farm biosecurity 0.4 officers, and a potatoes pest surveillance project officer allow the industry to participate in a Local V 0 range of biosecurity initiatives. 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17 CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER During 2018, the farm biosecurity officers visited a number of growing regions across ACT NSW NT QLDFINANCIAL YEARSA TAS VIC WA Australia and held a series of biosecurity awareness seminars. Farm biosecurity planning resources have been reviewed and updated to reflect industry needs. Figure 80. Distribution of vegetable production (excluding potatoes) by state and territory, Other biosecurity initiatives include participation in technical meetings with the Department 2016–17 (based on LVP) of Agriculture and Water Resources as well as engagement with other government departments, committees, bodies and PHA.

This year, graphs of the annual value of production for vegetables and potatoes are presented separately, as are the lists of High Priority Pests. 0% Australian Capital Territory The Australian vegetable industry is covered by version 3.0 of the vegetable biosecurity plan, 10% New South Wales the Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Northern Adelaide Plains Vegetable Growers Version 1.0 and the Biosecurity Induction Manual for Bundaberg Horticultural Farms Version 1.0. <1% Northern Territory 39% Queensland The potato industry is covered by version 2.0 of the potato biosecurity plan. In 2018, the Potato Growers’ Biosecurity Manual Version 1.0 was developed by PHA in consultation 6% South Australia with AUSVEG. 6% Tasmania 27% Victoria 12% Western Australia

118 Table 42. Scientific name Lygus hesperus Liriomyza trifolii Liriomyza sativae Liriomyza huidobrensis Liriomyza bryoniae Lissachatina fulica Heterodera ciceri Heterodera carotae Acremonium maydis Harpophora maydis Halyomorpha halys Groundnut budnecrosis virus Eumerus strigatus Delia florilega Delia floralis Delia antiqua Colletotrichum lentis Colletotrichum higginsianum Candidatus Candidatus East-Asia Minor 2,IndianOcean) Uganda, New World, Mediterranean, Middle Asia II(1-8),Italy, Sub-Saharan Africa (1-4), Bemisia tabaci Bactrocera trivialis Bactrocera passiflorae Bactrocera dorsalis Bactrocera cucurbitae Bactrocera carambolae Aulacophora foveicollis Aphis fabae Alternaria humicola Achatina achatina High PriorityPestsofthevegetable industry(excluding potatoes) Liberibacterpsyllaurous) Liberibactersolanacearum (syn. (types Asia1,China2, (syn. (syn. ) (lentil affecting strain) Achatina fulica Cephalosporium maydis, (Tospovirus) ) Common name Summer cabbagefly Onion fly Lentil anthracnose, soybean anthracnose Anthracnose Zebra chip Silverleaf whitefly New Guineafruitfly Fijian fruitfly Oriental fruitfly Melon fruitfly Carambola fruitfly Red pumpkinbeetle Black beanaphid Leaf spot Giant African snail Western tarnished plant bug American serpentine leafminer Vegetable leafminer Serpentine leafminer Tomato leafminer Giant African landsnail Chickpea cyst nematode Carrot cyst nematode Late wilt Brown marmoratedstinkbug Bud necrosis disease Lesser bulbfly Bean seedfly Scientific name exotic strainsofA1matingtype) mayaguensis Meloidogyne enterolobii Watermelon bud necrosis virus Uromyces lineolatus Tuta absoluta Trichoplusia ni leucotreta Thaumatotibia leucotreta Rhizoglyphous setosus Thanatephorus cucumeris (teleomorph: Rhizoctonia solani Puccinia Puccinia opizii Puccinia agrophila Psila rosae Phytophthora infestans Phytomyza gymnostoma Meloidogyne naasi spp.(exotic species) ) ) Corticium sasakii f. sp. (A2 matingtypeand sasakii (syn. (syn. )) Meloidogyne Meloidogyne (Tospovirus) Cryptophlebia Cryptophlebia (AG1) (syn. Common name Watermelon budnecrosis Rust South Americantomatomoth Cabbage looper False codling moth Bulb mite Banded leafandsheathspot Rust Lettuce rust No common name Carrot rustfly Late blight Allium leafminer Barley root knot nematode Root knot nematode

119 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES Figure 81. Annual value of potato production, 2007–17 Table 43. High Priority Pests of the potato industry

Scientific name Common name

700 Bactricera cockerelli (syn. Paratrioza cockerelli) Tomato potato psyllid Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (syn. 600 Zebra chip Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous) 500 Globodera pallida (pathotypes PA1, PA2) Potato cyst nematode (white or pale)

oduction 400 Globodera rostochiensis (exotic strains) Potato cyst nematode (golden) 300 Phytophthora infestans (A2 mating type and ($ MILLION) alue of P r PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT Late blight 200 exotic strains of A1 mating type)

100 Potato spindle tuber viroid (Pospiviroidae) Potato spindle tuber viroid Local V

0 Potato virus Y (Potyvirus) (exotic strains) Potato virus Y 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER Ralstonia solanacearum (exotic strains) Bacterial wilt ACT NSW NT QLDFINANCIAL YEARSA TAS VIC WA

Figure 82. Distribution of potato production by state and territory, 2016–17 (based on LVP)

0% Australian Capital Territory 11% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 7% Queensland 30% South Australia 22% Tasmania 21% Victoria 9% Western Australia

120 PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER

121 WALNUTS

Represented by the Australian Walnut Industry Association Figure 83. Annual value of walnut production, 2007–17 walnut.net.au In 2016–17, the walnut industry was valued at $55 million (LVP), with exports valued at $15.1 million. In-shell production of 11,700 tonnes was produced from 3,600 hectares. 60 The industry is predicted to expand to 14,000 tonnes (4,300 hectares) by 2021 as current growers expand their orchards and new growers enter the industry. 50

The Australian walnut industry operates in most states of Australia. Major walnut production 40 areas are on the east coast of Tasmania; the Goulburn Valley near Shepparton, the Murray oduction 30 Irrigation area near Kerang and Swan Hill in Victoria; the Riverina near Griffith in NSW; and Manjimup in WA. ($ MILLION) 20 alue of P r PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT

About 60 per cent of Australia’s walnut production is exported with greatest demand for 10

in-shell walnuts in China, Turkey and Italy. Local V 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER Australia is free from the major pests and diseases that affect walnuts overseas, and the ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Australian Walnut Industry Association prioritises biosecurity to maintain this status. FINANCIAL YEAR Biosecurity is included in the Australian Walnut Industry Five Year Strategic Plan – 2015 to 2020 and it is part of the industry development officer’s role. The industry website maintains a biosecurity section to raise awareness of biosecurity among growers, and a representative Figure 84. Distribution of walnut production by state and territory, 2016–17 (based on LVP) attends PHA meetings and Australian Government Biosecurity Roundtables.

In 2018, the Australia Walnut Industry Association participated in Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed processes, including for the eradication of Khapra beetle. The association is funding projects to establish an Emergency Plant Pest Response levy and an Owner Reimbursement Cost Framework for the walnut industry. 0% Australian Capital Territory 73% New South Wales The walnut industry is covered by version 3.0 of the nut industry biosecurity plan. 0% Northern Territory Table 44. High Priority Pests of the walnut industry 0% Queensland

Scientific name Common name 1% South Australia Amyelois transitella Navel orange worm 11% Tasmania Halyomorpha halys Brown marmorated stink bug 13% Victoria Lymantria dispar Gypsy moth (Asian and European strains) 2% Western Australia Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle Verticillium dahliae (exotic defoliating strains) Verticillium wilt

122 Figure 85. Biosecurity Manualfor theViticulture IndustryVersion 1.0 The winegrapeindustryiscovered by version 3.0oftheviticulture biosecurity planandthe industry thatisresilient topestanddisease risk. amalgamated associationwillmaintain astrong commitment tobiosecurityandleadan Federation ofAustraliavoted toamalgamateform AustralianGrapeandWine.Thenew Deed onbehalfofthegrapeandwineindustry. In2018,AustralianVignerons andWinemakers’ Throughout 2018,AustralianVignerons participatedintheEmergency Plant Pest Response an enviable globalreputation for producing highqualitywines. work hard tomanagethespread ofphylloxera. Australiangrapeandwineproducers enjoy in theworld. Australiaremains free from most devastating grapevinepestsandasaresult possessessomeoftheoldestvineyards The Australianwineindustryhasbeenfortunate todateinavoiding many oftheworld’s for reds andChardonnay, SauvignonBlancandSemillonfor whites. Chardonnay (16%).Themajorvarieties by colour are Shiraz,Cabernet SauvignonandMerlot The mostgrown winegrapevarieties are Shiraz(30%),Cabernet Sauvignon(18%)and contributes over $40billiontotheAustralianeconomy, andemploys over 170,000people. growers over avineyard area of135,133hectares. Itisestimated thatthewineindustry The wineindustryhasasignificant footprint in Australia,comprising 6,200winegrape sales of$5billion. into wineby 2,400wineproducers, generatingexport salesof$2.56billionin2017,andgross In 2016–17,theAustralianwineindustrywas valued at$971million(LVP). Grapesare made australianvignerons.com.au Represented by AustralianVignerons andWinemaker’s Federation ofAustralia WINE GRAPES Local Value of Production ($ BILLION) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.6 0 1 Annual value ofwinegrapeproduction, 2007–17 07/08 08/09 09/10 | wfa.org.au 10/11 Xylella fastidiosa FINANCIAL YEAR 11/12 12/13 , andtheindustrycontinues to . 13/14 14/15 15/16

16/17 (based onLVP) Figure 86. Table 45. ACT Scientific name Xylella fastidiosa Pseudococcus maritimus Polychrosis viteana Planococcus ficus Lobesia botrana Hyalesthes obsoletus Homalodisca vitripennis Guignardia bidwellii Grapevine flavescence doree phytoplasma Drosophila suzukii Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Candidatus Bactrocera dorsalis Bactrocera carambolae High PriorityPestsofthewinegrapeindustry Distribution ofwinegrapeproduction by stateandterritory, 2016–17 Phytoplasma solani NSW (exotic strains) NT QLD Common name Pierce's disease Grape mealybug American berrymoth Vine mealybug European grapevine moth Cixiidae planthopper Glassy wingedsharpshooter Black rot Flavescence doree Spotted wingdrosophila Grapevine phylloxera Bois noir Oriental fruitfly Carambola fruitfly 14% 55% <1% 19% 9% 3% 0% 0% SA Western Australia Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern Territory New SouthWales Australian CapitalTerritory TAS VIC WA

123 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES

Chapter 4 Pre-border and border biosecurity Pre-border and border biosecurity

Australia benefits from importing a range of goods and produce from overseas. Imports provide access to a wide range of products, technology and services that enable economic growth in multiple sectors. While Australians consume mostly local products, the food that is imported is commonly produce that is out of season in the southern hemisphere.

The movement of plant produce and other goods around the world poses biosecurity risks to the importing countries. In an effort to mitigate risk, the Australian Government performs a number of activities pre-border and at the border to safeguard our biosecurity status.

The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources has primary responsibility for pre-border and border biosecurity activities. These focus on minimising the likelihood of exotic pests and diseases reaching our border or arriving through the movement of people and goods into Australia. They provide assurance to the community and producers about the biosecurity status of commodities imported into Australia. PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY BORDER AND PRE-BORDER The Australian Government’s efforts to support exports is covered in this chapter. International trade is important to Australia in a global economy. Australia gains significant economic benefits as a net exporter of agricultural products, with around two-thirds of agricultural production exported to overseas markets. The amount of exported product varies between industries, with some such as the grains and cotton CHAPTER 4: 4: CHAPTER industries exporting much of the produce grown, and others gradually increasing exports, such as the horticulture industry.

126 Grain loading facilities suchasthis oneinNewcastle allow export to overseas markets

127 CHAPTER 4: PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY Pre-border biosecurity

OBLIGATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS The International Plant Protection Convention The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) was established to protect the world’s Trade is covered by international agreements, known as phytosanitary agreements, that aim plant resources from the spread of serious pests by international trade, including diseases to prevent the spread of plant pests. and invasive species. The IPPC is an Article XIV statutory body of the Food and Agriculture As an active trading nation, Australia has entered into multilateral and bilateral trade Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, from which it receives program funding, sourced agreements that influence the plant biosecurity system. Biosecurity risks are managed in from FAO assessed contributions and donations and supplemented by voluntary contributions keeping with Australia’s legislative framework for biosecurity and international obligations. of contracting parties.

On a multilateral level, Australia’s rights and obligations in relation to plant biosecurity are The IPPC is recognised by the SPS Agreement as the body responsible for the establishment set out under World Trade Organization agreements, particularly the Agreement on the of phytosanitary standards relating to plants and plant products in international trade, as Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement), although others, such well as to anything that can act as a vector for the spread of plant pests. as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, may apply in certain circumstances. These standards, known as International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs), set The SPS Agreement provides World Trade Organization member countries with the right to specific requirements for the management of biosecurity issues, such as the development PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY BORDER AND PRE-BORDER use sanitary and phytosanitary measures to protect human, animal and plant life or health. of pest risk analyses or guidelines for surveillance. Importantly, these standards are a means The agreement also imposes obligations, including that sanitary and phytosanitary by which governments can harmonise their phytosanitary regulations. The standards not measures cannot be used to inhibit trade where there is no danger to human, animal or only reduce the number of pests moved through international trade, but also help facilitate plant health. safe trade. Australia, through the Department of Agriculture And Water Resources, coordinates CHAPTER 4: 4: CHAPTER and provides input into four governance bodies: Members can specify the level of protection that they consider fitting to protect human, • Commission on Phytosanitary Measures, the governing body that oversees animal and plant life or health within their territory. This is known as the appropriate level of implementation of the IPPC protection (ALOP) or acceptable level of risk provided it is science-based, is applied consistently and considers the objective of minimising negative trade effects. Australia’s ALOP is defined • IPPC Strategic Planning Group, which determines strategic priorities for IPPC activities in section 5 of the Biosecurity Act 2015 as providing “a high level of sanitary and phytosanitary • IPPC Standards Committee and associated working groups responsible for the protection aimed at reducing biosecurity risk to a very low level, but not to zero”. development of ISPMs • IPPC Implementation and Capacity Development Committee responsible for facilitating All Australian state and territory governments have agreed to this statement as the basis implementation of the convention and its standards and recommendations. for the national biosecurity system. Consistent with these requirements, Australia’s policy is to reduce biosecurity risk to this level by using science-based risk assessments. Australia has contributed a number of technical resources to help other contracting parties better manage phytosanitary risks, including guidance on managing risks posed by sea Australia has a number of bilateral free trade agreements with other countries, each of containers and internet trade of plants and plant products. Australia has also taken a lead which deals with biosecurity issues in a slightly different way. However, all agreements are role in the development and implementation of the electronic generation and transmission consistent with the SPS Agreement and Australia does not negotiate on specific biosecurity of phytosanitary certification through the IPPC ePhyto program. Reporting and exchange of measures within its free trade agreements. information, including pest status of parties, is available on the International Phytosanitary There are also multilateral agreements on plant protection, to which Australia is a party, that Portal at ippc.int outline the responsibilities and obligations to members. These agreements also set Australia’s membership of these IPPC bodies provides an important avenue for the standards to help harmonise phytosanitary (plant health) measures. Department of Agriculture and Water Resources to raise and address plant health matters in regard to international trade. The department consults with peak industry groups and state and territory governments to determine Australia’s position on items for the IPPC agenda.

128 Agriculture andWater Resources. AustraliaisamemberofthePPPO Executive Committee. draft ISPMsandother IPPCactivities.Thesemeetings were fundedby theDepartment of In 2018,thePPPOhosteditstriennial meeting andanIPPCregional workshop toconsider United States, French territories,Australia andNew Zealand. the plant healthstatusofparties. ThePacific region covers Pacific islandcountries, the its membersonphytosanitary measures tofacilitateinternational tradewhilstprotecting Pacific Commission oftheCanberraAgreement. ThePPPOprovides advice andsupportto Protection Organisation (PPPO), whichisanauxiliarybody establishedunderthethenSouth Australia isalsoamemberofsecond Regional Plant Protection Body, thePacific Plant Canberra Agreement capacity andimplementation ofinternational plant healthstandards. member countries oftheAPPPC. Thisstrengthens regional plant healthandbiosecurity These opportunitiesallow Australiatoenhance itsplant healthengagement withthe28 for semiprocessed products underISPM32are plannedfor 2019. Workshops onirradiationasaphytosanitary measure andriskcategorisationmitigation on surveillance management, methodologies andanalysis. Australia isalsoinvolved inleadingaseriesofAPPPCworkshops over sixyears (2016–22) • • Australia isinvolved inthefollowing APPPCcommittees andregional working groups: APPPC assistingwiththedevelopment ofstandards andtheirimplementation intheregion. and may form thebasisofaninternational standard. Australiaisanactive participant inthe Phytosanitary Measures thatdealwithspecificregional issues,supporttheregion’s trade Through itsStandards Committee, theAPPPCdevelops Regional Standards for movement ofpestsintrade,pesticideuseandregulation, andintegrated pestmanagement. (RPPO) recognised undertheIPPC.TheAPPPC covers phytosanitary issuesrelating tothe and Pacific Plant Protection Commission (APPPC),aRegional Plant Protection Organisation The Plant Protection Agreement isanintergovernmental treaty administered by theAsia The PlantProtection Agreement for theAsiaandPacific region Chair oftheAPPPCePhyto Working Group. Chair andmemberoftheAPPPCStandards Committee. • • • • • • • • • • • • Pre-border activitiesinclude: imported commodities. provides assurance tothecommunity andproducers aboutthebiosecuritystatusof arriving through themovement ofpeopleandgoodsinto Australia.Thedepartment also border activitiestomitigatetheriskofexotic pestsanddiseasesreaching ourborder or The Department ofAgriculture andWater Resources hasprimary responsibility for pre- OF IMPORTS PRE-BORDER ACTIVITIES TO MITIGATE THE RISKS maintaining theBiosecurity Import Conditions database (BICON). negotiating market access for Australianexports gathering intelligence todetermine andaddress emerging biosecurityrisks building regional capacitythrough collaborative activities and thedevelopment ofstandards collaborating withinternational partnersonmultilateralorbilateralplant healthissues participating ininternational plant healthagreements conducting pestanddiseasesurveillance inneighbouring countries conducting pre-border verifications, inspectionsandauditsonimports biosecurity riskanalyses associated withimportsandimposingrelevant riskmanagement measures conducting riskassessments toconsider thelevel ofbiosecurityriskthatmay be assessing importrisks regulating importstomanagerisks

129 CHAPTER 4: PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY REGULATING IMPORTS TO MANAGE RISK A Biosecurity Import Risk Analysis (BIRA), under the Biosecurity Act 2015 may be conducted where relevant risk management measures have not been established, or where they exist Since imported plant products could bring exotic pests into the country, the importation of for a similar product and pest or disease combination, but the likelihood or consequences of plants and plant products into Australia is strictly regulated. The Australian Government has entry, establishment or spread of pests or diseases could differ significantly from those responsibility for regulation under the Biosecurity Act 2015, the Environment Protection and previously assessed. Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, and where relevant, the Gene Technology Act 2000 and any subordinate legislation. Regulated risk analyses conducted before 16 June 2016 were completed under the Quarantine Act 1908 and were called an Import Risk Analysis. Import conditions are imposed to ensure that goods entering the country do not introduce new pests and diseases to Australia. Import conditions are determined on a case-by-case The department is responsible for conducting each BIRA as well as other risk analyses but basis, depending on the pest risks associated with the product, the location of production the process can involve other stakeholders including: and the shipping arrangements. The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources • departmental officers with expertise in science and regulation, pests and diseases, verifies that imported goods meet these conditions and compliant goods are allowed entry. commercial processes or other relevant disciplines Some imported goods require an import permit and these are issued under the Biosecurity • a Scientific Advisory Group, comprising external scientific and economic experts Act 2015. Other goods may be allowed entry without a permit subject to standard conditions • a BIRA Liaison Officer, acting as the first point of contact for stakeholders during a BIRA that are included in the Biosecurity (Prohibited and Conditionally Non-prohibited Goods) • other external experts, government agencies and domestic and international stakeholders. Determination 2016. Permits may also be required under the Environment Protection and

PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY BORDER AND PRE-BORDER Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 for imports of internationally endangered species A review of existing biosecurity measures can be done when there is a change in biosecurity designated by CITES, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild risk, and when there are technological advancements or process improvements that remove Fauna and Flora, and live specimens. or minimise the biosecurity risk associated with a particular commodity.

In establishing import conditions, Australia must be confident that the required risk These ‘non-regulated’ risk reviews are often driven by industry requests and usually result in CHAPTER 4: 4: CHAPTER management measures are properly implemented and can be maintained. Pre-border site more treatment options that importers can undertake to meet biosecurity requirements. visits or audits may be required. Similar methodology can be used to conduct a scientific review of existing policy, with Assessing import risks specific adjustments and modifications to methods being explained in the individual reports. Import risk assessment is an important part of Australia’s biosecurity protection. Assessments consider the level of biosecurity risk that may be associated with imports and Pre-border verifications, inspections and audits on imports impose relevant risk management measures. A range of verifications, inspections and audits are undertaken offshore to manage risks prior to import into Australia to ensure that exporting countries can meet Australia’s Assessments are conducted by technical and scientific experts and can take several forms, biosecurity requirements, to provide export systems for safe trade and prevent the arrival such as import risk analyses (IRAs), pest risk assessments and policy reviews. IRAs have a of non-compliant consignments at the border. timeframe for completion which is regulated by legislation and the process includes mandated public consultation periods and a formal appeal process. Regular verifications and audits are undertaken to ensure compliance of specified plant material with prescribed risk management procedures. Controls also extend to production Assessments are conducted in accordance with Australia’s rights and obligations under the areas and stock feed processing facilities. SPS Agreement and following the guidance of relevant international standards including ISPM 2 (Framework for Pest Risk Analysis) and ISPM 11 (Pest Risk Analysis for Quarantine The Australian Government works with national plant protection organisations in exporting Pests) of the IPPC. countries to increase confidence in their systems’ ability to effectively manage biosecurity risks pre-border. This reduces the pressure on mitigating risks at the border and provides Table 46 details policy advice finalised by December 2018, as well as draft policy advice that opportunities to reduce post-border intervention. is currently in progress.

Biosecurity risk analyses conducted by the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources staff are consistent with Australia’s international biosecurity obligations to establish a balance between our international trade obligations and risks posed by goods. 130 16. Table 46. Durian (supplement) Durian drosophila) Drosophila suzukii Dragon fruit Dragon fruit Cylindropuntia fulgida biological control ofcoral cactus Dactylopius tomentosus analysis (hostcucurbitseeds) Cucumber green mottle mosaicvirus Citrus (revision) Citrus Cherries (into Western Australia) Capsicum celery) (apiaceous crops, includingcarrot and Candidatus vectors associatedwithRutaceae Candidatus tamarillo fruit,tomato) (capsicum, nurserystock,potato tubers, Candidatus Bananas control oftheweed Baeodromus eupatorii Avocado (revision) Apples (Fuji) Apples Apples Apples Apple andpear(budwood) Policy online 16July2019 Australian Government Department ofAgriculture andWater Resources. Plant riskanalyses. Accessed Australian Government importpolicyadvice, finalandinprogress Liberibactersolanacearum Liberibacterpsyllaurous Liberibacter spp.andtheir (spotted wing Ageratina adenophora var. for thebiological agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity/risk-analysis/plant (fulgida) for the mamillata pestrisk Finalised policyadvice Thailand Thailand All countries Vietnam Indonesia All countries All countries Israel Egypt New Zealand Korea All countries All countries New Zealand, USA Philippines Source country New Zealand Japan New Zealand (review) China New Zealand Generic Country (from) 2007 2002 Year released 2000 1999 2013 2017 2018 2015 2017 2003 2002 2003 2009 2017 2011 2009 2009 2014 2007 1998 2011 2010 16 control ofParkinsonia, Eueupithecia cisplatensis Policy Maize (bulk) Lychee andlongan Lychee Limes (Tahitian) Limes Lilium (re­instatement) Lettuce Lentil (seed andhumanconsumption) Island cabbage Hops propagative materials Hazelnut Grapevine propagative materials Grapes (table,into Western Australia) Grapes (table) Grapes (table,revisions) Grapes (table) Grapes (table) Grapes (table) Grapes (table) Grapes (table) Grapes (table) Grains Ginger Fresh ginger of theweed Eueupithecia spp. Parkinsoniaaculeata sp.2for thebiologicalcontrol Parkinsonia aculeata for thebiological Finalised policyadvice (continued) USA China, Thailand Taiwan, Vietnam New Caledonia Tonga, Vanuatu Cook Islands,Niue,Samoa, Taiwan New Zealand All countries Tonga, Vanuatu Cook Islands,Fiji,Samoa, All countries Chile All countries USA Sonora, Mexico USA Japan China Korea Chile USA India Various Fiji Fiji Source country Source country Country (from) 2003 2004 2013 2006 2018 2013 2007 2002 2013 2010 2011 2013 2016 2016 2003, 2006 2014 2011 2011 2005 2002 2016 2006, 2007,2008 2013 2015 2014 2012 Year released

131 CHAPTER 4: PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY Table 46. Australian Government import policy advice, final and in progress (continued)

Policy Country (from) Year released Policy Country (from) Year released Finalised policy advice (continued) Finalised policy advice (continued) Mandarin (Unshu) Japan 2009 Plectonycha correntina for the biological Source country 2010 control of Madeira vine Mangoes Philippines 1999 Pome fruit testing China, Japan, Korea 2003 Mangoes Taiwan 2006 Poppy straw for processing Turkey, Hungary, Portugal 2016 Mangoes India 2008 Potato propagative material (Solanum Philippines (additional All countries 2013 Mangoes 2010 tuberosum) areas) Pseudomonas syringae pv. actindae New Zealand 2011 Mangoes (revisions) India 2011 Salacca Indonesia 2014 Mangoes Pakistan 2011 Seed contaminants (review of tolerances) All countries 2000 Mangoes Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam 2015 Stone fruit USA 2010 Mangosteen Thailand 2004 PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY BORDER AND PRE-BORDER Stone fruit (into Western Australia) New Zealand 2006 Mangosteen Indonesia 2012 Strawberries Korea 2017 Mastrus ridens for the biological control of Source country 2013 codling moth, Cydia pomonella Sweet corn (seed) USA 2003

CHAPTER 4: 4: CHAPTER Nectarines China 2016 Tachardiaephagus somervillei for the All countries 2015 biological control of yellow lac scale Olive (plants from approved sources) Generic 2003 Taro corms (fresh) Generic 2011 Oranges (sweet) Italy 2005 Thrips and Orthotospoviruses All countries 2017 Papaya Fiji 2002 Tomato (truss) Netherlands 2003 Peaches, plums and apricots (extention to China 2017 nectarine IRA) Tomato (truss, review) New Zealand 2002 Pears Korea 1999 Tortricid moth, Cydia succedana, for the Source country 2014 biological control of gorse, Ulex europaeus Pears China 2005 Wood packaging Generic 2006 Pears (Asian) China 2003 Zantedeschia spp. propagative material All countries 2016 Pears (Ya) China 1998 Draft policy advice (in progress) Permitted seeds All countries 2006 Apiaceous crop seeds (review of import Persimmon Israel, Japan, Korea 2004 All countries 2017 conditions) Phalaenopsis orchids (nursery stock) Taiwan 2010 2009 (stop the Phytophthora spp. host propagative material All countries 2015 clock provisions Apples USA have been Philippines, Solomon Pineapple 2002 activated on this Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand policy) Pineapple (de-crowned) Malaysia 2012 Avocados Chile 2018 Philippines, Solomon Pineapple (modification) 2003 Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand Brassicaceous crop seeds All countries 2018

132 Table 46. Australian Government import policy advice, final and in progress (continued)

Policy Country (from) Year released Draft policy advice (in progress) (continued) Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Capsicum spp. Samoa, Solomon Islands, 2018 Tonga and Vanuatu Chinese jujubes China 2018 Cucurbitaceous crop seeds (review of All countries 2017 import conditions) 2018 (extension of consultation period Cut flower and foliage All countries for another six weeks) Dates Middle East, North Africa 2016

Fresh breadfruit Fiji, Samoa, Tonga 2018 BIOSECURITY BORDER AND PRE-BORDER Fresh breadfruit Fiji, Samoa, Tonga 2017 Fresh decrowned pineapple (Ananas Taiwan 2018 comosus) CHAPTER 4: 4: CHAPTER Fresh logan fruit Vietnam 2018 Fresh strawberries Japan 2017 Limes Mexico 2018 Pepino mosaic virus and pospiviriods in All countries 2018 tomato seeds Pest risk analysis for brown marmorated All countries 2017 stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) Pomegranate India 2018 Potatoes for processing New Zealand 2012 Xylella bacterial pathogens All countries 2018

ImageIn 2018 caption Australia established import conditions for dragon fruit from Indonesia 133 OTHER INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES ENSURING AUSTRALIAN EXPORTS MEET REQUIRED STANDARDS Participating in international plant health systems Many Australian plant industries export a proportion of the food and fibre that they produce. Australia engages in international activities to gather national and international plant pest A few, notably grains and cotton, export almost everything that is grown. Just as imports are information. The information is made available to regional plant health practitioners through subject to restrictions to protect plant health, exports must also meet conditions, including a variety of sources including published records, surveillance data, insect and herbarium evidence of pest freedom in the area where the produce was grown. Export trade is therefore collections and networks. Intelligence assessments of High Priority Pests informs pre-border heavily reliant on plant biosecurity. risk management and early detection of pests that may enter and establish in Australia. The Export Control Act 1982 and its subordinate legislation provides the legal framework by Australia also participates in setting standards for both international and regional bodies. which Australian producers can export their products. Exporters must meet the requirements This cooperative approach boosts Australia’s ability to actively monitor pests pre-border, of the act and any quarantine requirements of the importing country. limit their spread, and reduce their impact on the agricultural systems of regional neighbours and trading partners. Significant effort is also invested in gaining intelligence and promoting The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources provides phytosanitary export inspection, Australia’s interests in the evolution of trade regulations, codes and standards. verification, and certification services for plants and plant products, to meet the importing country requirements and Australia’s international obligations. Building capacity in the Asia-Pacific region The department also negotiates technical market access for Australian export produce and Activities to build capacity are delivered for Asia-Pacific countries that are close to Australia

PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY BORDER AND PRE-BORDER has responsibility for the Australian Wood Packaging Certification Scheme, which enables and for important and emerging trading partners. Commonly, these activities are coordinated Australia to provide ISPM 15 compliant wood packaging material for export. through regional bodies, such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) or the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) group of countries. Activities are often delivered The Export Control (Plant and Plant Products) Orders 2011 provide criteria for the export of with the assistance of funding from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, dried fruits, prescribed grain, and plants or plant products for CHAPTER 4: 4: CHAPTER which a phytosanitary certificate, or any other official certificate, is required by an importing Capacity building activities yield a better understanding of the plant pest risks in the region, country authority. improve regional biosecurity, build diagnostic networks and capabilities, and foster links among plant health and biosecurity agencies and experts. These programs also help Australia to meet More specific export legislation is listed in Table 47. Strong linkages are maintained with its formal international obligations to assist developing countries. Increasingly, capacity building exporters through industry consultative committees (the Grain and Plant Products Export activities promote approaches to managing phytosanitary risk that safeguard existing trade or Industry Consultative Committee and Horticulture Export Industry Consultative Committee) create opportunities for expanding markets. An example of capacity building in the Pacific is on which are instrumental in developing effective and efficient operational responses to page 24. government policy and legislation.

Anticipating exotic plant pest threats A range of sophisticated technologies and approaches including research, shared international resources and intelligence are used to anticipate exotic plant pest threats and to help prevent their introduction and spread. Work is undertaken with domestic and international partners to inform responses to emerging risks and to risks associated with deliberate or inadvertent non-compliance.

Information and intelligence are shared between partners through legislative requirements, memoranda of understanding and agreements with international bodies. The intelligence is used to develop cargo profiles and campaigns, and to support identification and management of non-compliance, enabling resources to be targeted at the areas of greatest risk. See also High Priority Pests and National Priority Pests in Chapter 2.

134 * Proposed for repeal and Water Resources Table 47. Export Inspection(Service Charge) Act 1985* Export Inspection(Quantity Charge) Act 1985* Export Inspection(Establishment Registration Charges) Act 1985* Export InspectionCharges Collection Act 1985* Primary Industries(Customs) Charges Regulations 2000 Primary Industries(Customs) Charges Act 1999 Export Charges (Imposition –General) Regulation 2015 Export Charges (Imposition –Customs) Regulation 2015 Export Charges (Collection) Regulation 2015 Export Control (Fees) Order 2015 Export Charges (Imposition –General) Act 2015 Export Charges (Imposition –Excise) Act 2015 Export Charges (Imposition –Customs) Act 2015 Export Charges (Collection) Act 2015 Export Control (Plants andPlant Products –Norfolk Island) Order 2016 Export Control (Unprocessed Wood) Regulations Export Control (Regional Forest Agreements) Regulations Export Control (Organic Produce Certification) Orders Export Control (Hardwood Wood Chips) Regulations 1996 Export Control (Prescribed Goods– General) Order 2005 Export Control (Plants andPlant Products) Order 2011 Export Control (Orders) Regulations 1982 Export Control Act 1982 Legislation Australia's exportlegislation,administered by theDepartmentofAgriculture documentation. Information inMICoR Plants isaguideonlyandexporters are advisedto additional declarationsandtreatments, andother relevant export information and Australia. Thisincludesdetails onrequirements for importpermits,phytosanitary certificates, provides information onexport conditions required toexport plants andplant products from To assistAustralia’s exporters, theManualofImportingCountry Requirements (MICoR) Meeting biosecurityconditions ofimportingcountries 17. properties. irradiation andvapour heattreatment, andprocesses tomanageandauditaccredited the export certification system. Thisincludespackages for cold treatment, fumigation, Agriculture andWater Resources isalsoworking tostandardise instructionalmaterialacross With fundingfrom theAgricultural Competitiveness WhitePaper, theDepartment of compliance certificates for grainsandhorticulturalproducts, upfrom 99,351in2016–17 and phytosanitary certificate isissued.In2017–18,thedepartment certified 110,000 endorsements andresults ininspectionsasrequired, andwhere applicable,anexport permit products. EXDOCaccepts details ofproposed exports from exporters. Thisislinked to The system provides certification for grainandhorticulture exports, aswell asfor animal associated legislation. export documentation for primaryproduce prescribed underthe For plant industries,theExportDocumentation (EXDOC)system supportsthepreparation of also checkwiththeimportingcountry before exporting. agriculture.gov.au/about/reporting/annualreport/2017-18 Department ofAgriculture andWater Resources. AnnualReport 2017–18.Accessed online19July2019 Export Control Act 1982 and 17 .

135 CHAPTER 4: PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY Negotiating market access Table 48. Market access achievements for pollinator and plant product exports from Australia since 2000 There is a high level of investment in negotiating protocols and building export systems that increase the value of plant exports. Year achieved Country Commodity Australia negotiates technical market access with its trading partners for the benefit of Market access gained and restored Australia’s producers. These activities are done in close consultation with industry 2000 South Korea Lemons stakeholders, while taking into consideration the required phytosanitary requirements. 2000 South Korea Oranges Changes in pest status, the emergence of new or improved treatment technologies, and 2003 New Zealand Multiple products (from Goulburn Valley) – pest free area reviews by trading partners of their import conditions mean that negotiations surrounding 2003 Peru Olives, rooted cuttings market improvement and market maintenance are increasingly the focus of activities to ensure Australia can continue to export its plant products. 2003 USA Tomatoes, greenhouse 2004 Brazil Lychees, nursery stock When prioritising activities, the department consults with industry to ensure its processes select market pathways with the highest likelihood of technical and commercial success, 2004 China Mangoes with a strong focus on evidence-based analyses. 2004 Morocco Olives, rooted cuttings

For dried bulk commodities, the Grains Industry Market Access Forum provides a conduit 2004 New Zealand Mangoes, irradiated

PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY BORDER AND PRE-BORDER between government and industry to ensure market access decisions are informed and 2005 China Citrus prioritised in line with overall industry benefit. 2005 Japan Cherries (from Tasmania) For the horticulture industry, advice to the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources 2005 South Africa Seed potatoes, microtubers on the industry’s priorities for new or improved market access requests is provided through 2005 South Korea Citrus (unspecified) CHAPTER 4: 4: CHAPTER Hort Innovation’s Trade Assessment Panel. 2005 South Korea Mangoes Table 48 details market access achievements since 2000, including access to new markets, 2006 Japan Apples improving opportunities in existing markets and preserving existing market access. 2006 New Zealand Bananas – resumption of trade 2006 New Zealand Papaya 2006 Thailand Potatoes, brushed ware First Australian avocados land in Japan 2006 Thailand Seed potatoes (from Victoria and WA) Australia’s first avocado exports arrived in Japan in December 2018, following 2007 South Korea Mangoes approval of a protocol in May for the export of Hass avocados grown in areas that 2007 South Korea Multiple products are free of Queensland fruit flies. 2008 New Zealand Lychees The avocados received a ceremonious launch at the Australian embassy in Tokyo, 2008 South Korea Lupins with officials from Australia and Japan, Japanese importers and retailers, and 2008 USA Cherries (mainland) industry representatives from Hort Innovation and Avocados Australia attending. 2009 India Peanuts, processed Avocados Australia CEO, John Tyas, said the new trade agreement was very exciting 2009 Japan Citrus (from Sunraysia) – seasonal freedom news for the Australian avocado industry and acknowledged the cumulative hard work by all agencies involved in making the trade agreement possible. 2010 China Table grapes 2010 European Union Citrus Two packhouses and ten growers have registered to export to Japan, and a number of consignments have already been sent from Western Australia. 2010 India Kiwifruit 2010 Japan Citrus (grapefruit)

136 Table 48.Market access achievements for pollinatorandplantproduct exportsfrom Australiasince 2000(continued) 2014 2014 2014 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2011 2010 2010 Year achieved South Korea Japan China USA Phillipines Peru Malaysia Ecuador Ecuador China China USA Uruguay Taiwan Taiwan Peru Peru Peru Peru Indonesia India Egypt Chile Bolivia Saudi Arabia Taiwan South Korea Country Market access gained andrestored (continued) Canola –re-opening oftradeafterresolving quarantine Cotton seed,stockfeed Hemp seeds,sowing Whole lupins,processing Carrots Wax flower, rooted cuttings Sorghum seed,sowing Paulownia, rooted cuttings Chia seed,sowing Table grapes,summerfruitsandcherries Pearl millet seed,sowing Honey Grapevine, nurserystock Sunflower seed,sowing Lentils Cherries –access reinstated for nonpestfree areas Cherries (from Tasmania) Commodity Table grapes Table grapes Grape seed Apples Bana grasscuttings Teak seed,sowing Creeping signalgrass,sowing in-shell for consumption Macadamia nuts–access gainedfor macadamianuts in 2008 Barley –for consumption following atechnicalsubmission Chinese requirements Cherries –access afterinitiatingaprotocol andmeeting issues preventing exports since 2009

2014 Year achieved 2005 2005 2018 2018 2018 2018 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2014 Thailand Country Thailand New Zealand Emirates United Arab Kuwait Japan Iran Vietnam Islands Solomon Saudi Arabia Myanmar Iran Iran Chile Japan Japan Polynesia French Fiji China Vietnam Vietnam USA Saudi Arabia Mexico India Thailand Market access gained andrestored (continued) Improvements inmarket access Citrus –2–3degree cold disinfestation Zucchini –removal ofQueensland fruitflyfrom thepest list Strawberries All melons Hard mature avocados Phaseolus vulgaris Cherries Queen bees Honey Plants andplant products Logs withoutbarkandsawntimber Lentils Vegetable seeds,sowing Watermelons Melon ( Honey andother apiculture products Honey bees(live queens) Nectarines suspension for allAustralianfruit Table grapes–market access restored following suspensions for Australianfruit Citrus –market access restored following import Mangoes andlychees Lentils –market access restored Onion seed,sowing Blueberries Summerfruit (apricots, plums,nectarinesandpeaches) Cherries Commodity Cucumus melo (bean) seed )

137 CHAPTER 4: PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY Table 48. Market access achievements for pollinator and plant product exports from Australia since 2000 (continued)

Year achieved Country Commodity Year achieved Country Commodity Improvements in market access (continued) Improvements in market access (continued) 2006 Malaysia Mangoes – new phytosanitary requirements 2012 New Zealand Citrus (unspecified) – in-transit cold treatment 2006 New Zealand Tomatoes – improved conditions 2012 New Zealand Pears – in-transit cold treatment 2006 South Korea Carrots – freedom from nematode 2012 New Zealand Table grapes – in-transit cold treatment 2006 South Korea Citrus – 3 degree cold disinfestation 2012 USA Apples Multiple products (from Tasmania) – reinstatement of 2013 China Canola 2006 Taiwan Queensland fruit fly area freedom 2013 Hong Kong Plants and plant products 2007 Japan Citrus – 2–3 degree cold disinfestation 2013 Indonesia Soybeans – removal of a five per cent tariff 2008 India Mangoes, irradiated 2013 Iran Grain and seed 2008 India Oats 2013 Kenya Wheat 2008 Indonesia Citrus – in-transit cold disinfestation

PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY BORDER AND PRE-BORDER 2013 Libya Grain and seed 2008 Indonesia Table grapes – in-transit cold disinfestation Fruit – revised protocol including favourable cold 2013 Phillipines 2008 Japan Cherries (from Tasmania) – revised protocol treatment conditions 2008 Japan Mangoes – reduced inspection rate 2013 Qatar Hay CHAPTER 4: 4: CHAPTER 2008 Taiwan Multiple products – 2–3 degree cold disinfestation 2013 South Korea All products – FTA negotiations concluded in December 2013 United Arab Multiple products – removal of Standard Operating Policy 2013 Taiwan Apples 2008 Emirates and Procedure requirement 2013 Thailand Citrus – some import limitations removed by Thailand 2009 China Citrus – revised protocol 2014 Thailand Grain and seed 2009 China Mangoes – revised protocol 2015 China Wheat and barley – access improved with new protocol 2010 China Apples (from Tasmania) – improved conditions 2015 Korea Cherries – improved inspection rates 2010 Japan Grapefruit 2015 Thailand Cherries – new temperature for cold treatment 2010 South Korea Citrus Citrus – more varieties approved for export from non pest 2015 Thailand 2010 USA Cherries (from mainland) – stand alone cold treatment free area districts 2011 India Macadamia nuts 2015 Thailand Persimmons – irradiation for fruit fly control 2011 Indonesia Citrus – in-transit cold disinfestation from non pest free areas 2015 Thailand Table grapes – new temperature for cold treatment Table grapes – in-transit cold disinfestation from non pest 2016 Colombia Kangaroo paw nursery stock 2011 Indonesia free areas 2016 Japan Pumpkins 2011 USA Citrus – 3 degree cold disinfestation 2016 Japan Walnuts Citrus (unspecified) – more favourable temperatures and 2012 India 2016 Korea Blood oranges and other sweet orange varieties flexible conditions 2016 USA Lychees 2012 India Citrus (unspecified) – 3 degree in-transit cold treatment 2016 USA Mango 2012 New Zealand Avocado – in-transit cold treatment 2017 Bangladesh Lentils

138 Table 48.Market access achievements for pollinatorandplantproduct exportsfrom Australiasince 2000(continued) 2012 2012 2012 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2010 2010 2010 2009 2008 2007 2007 2007 2007 2006 2004 2004 2004 2004 2018 2018 2018 2018 2017 2017 2017 Year achieved South Korea Indonesia India Vietnam Thailand Thailand Thailand Taiwan New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand Thailand Mauritius Mauritius India China Canada Indonesia Various Thailand South Korea Malaysia Thailand Iran Indonesia India Pakistan Iran Iran Country Improvements inmarket access (continued) Maintained inmarket access Citrus Grain Citrus (unspecified) Summerfruit Multiple products Citrus Citrus Potatoes Cut anddriedflowers Persimmons Rolled oatsandoatflakes Seed potatoes De-hulled kilndriedoats Chickpeas Wheat Chickpeas Commodity Barley (malting), processing Multiple products Pome fruit Multiple products Table grapes Multiple products Citrus Summerfruit (peaches andnectarines) Papaya Mangoes Lychees Multiple products Potatoes 2012 Year achieved 2017 2017 2016 2016 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2014 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2012 Taiwan Country New Zealand Myanmar Korea India Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Indonesia China USA Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand Taiwan All markets Vietnam Maintained inmarket access (continued) Fruit flyhost commodities Plants andplant products Mangoes Wheat flour Seed, sowing Plant basedstockfeed Nuts, consumption Grains, consumption Wheat –access maintained for grainfor consumption Table grapes fumigation andnew tolerance levels Cottonseed, for stockfeed –reinstated methyl bromide Strawberries Persimmon Pears Kiwifruit Avocado Apples Apples –revised improved export protocol export healthcertificates All products –implementation ofanew securitypaperfor Multiple products Summerfruit (plums) Commodity

139 CHAPTER 4: PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY Reinstating Tasmania’s fruit fly free status Plant pest surveillance supports market access Governments and industries make systematic checks for exotic pests within our borders to In early 2019 Tasmania’s fruit fly pest free status was re-instated following the provide evidence that Australia does not have certain exotic pests, particularly those that successful eradication of a 2018 incursion of Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) could preclude market access for exporters. Nil findings are recorded and collated to provide on Flinders Island and locations in northern Tasmania near Launceston and Devonport. evidence of absence of a pest from the country, state or region. With statewide fruit fly pest free area status, Tasmania has an important trading In recent years Australia’s trading partners and international organisations have asked for advantage, with high biosecurity status crops such as cherries having access to more robust and quantitative evidence of Australia’s plant health status to both justify lucrative export markets. In 2016–17, $32 million of fruit was exported from import requirements and defend export certification. It is no longer sufficient to state a pest Tasmania, with $29 million of that from cherries alone18. is ‘not known to occur’, or rest on the assurance of Australia being historically free of a Tasmania’s pest free status was revoked in early 2018 following the detection of particular pest. Reporting on the likely presence or absence of pests at a particular place and fruit flies. The finding led to the state’s largest ever biosecurity response to time is crucial to support market access negotiations. eradicate the pest, supported by the government, industry and the community. To meet these challenges the Australian Government invested in improving biosecurity Control zones and restrictions on the movement of host produce were established surveillance and analysis through the Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper, strengthening at all incursion locations which were vital in stemming the further spread of fruit the ability of Australian industry groups and governments to collate, share, analyse and flies. Eradication activities were undertaken as per national fruit fly management report surveillance data on plant pests, including fruit fly. protocols. Treated fruit arriving in Tasmania was also closely monitored. PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY BORDER AND PRE-BORDER Better access to more surveillance data gives trading partners confidence in claims of pest Producers in control areas particularly felt the impacts, with significant loss of both absence and area freedom. This makes things easier for exporters, minimising delays and domestic and export market opportunities. Any movement of fruit from within a allowing producers to get a better price for their quality produce overseas. control area required an appropriate treatment, such as fumigation or cold

CHAPTER 4: 4: CHAPTER disinfestation, the facilities for which were not immediately available. Australia’s plant pest surveillance programs are detailed in Chapter 5.

Following the re-instatement of fruit fly pest free area status, routine biosecurity National Minimum Dataset Specifications for surveillance measures continued in Tasmania, including monitoring of fruit fly traps, strict import conditions, targeted inspections of produce and checking passengers, To ensure consistency in the collection and sharing of surveillance data Australia uses the luggage, freight and mail at the border. national minimum dataset specifications (NMDS), introduced in 2017 following agreement from the National Biosecurity Committee. To comply with NMDS, each record has its own unique identifier code, with comprehensive data captured on the location and type of surveillance activity, as well as the name and jurisdiction of the organisation entering the data.

With the use of the NMDS and real time data tools such as AUSPestCheckTM, Australia will continue to be amongst a handful of countries able to fully comply with the International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures on recording and reporting of plant health surveillance information.

Biosecurity Tasmania entomologist Dr Guy Westmore takes a closer look at Queensland fruit fly samples. Image courtesy of DPIPWE Tasmania

18. Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. Tasmanian Agri-Food Scorecard 2016–17. Accessed online 18 July 2019 dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/ Tasmanian%20Agri-Food%20SCORECARD%202016-17%201.0.pdf 140 Solomon Islands surveillance manages off-shore risk

In February 2018 biosecurity specialists from the Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy (NAQS) joined their Biosecurity Solomon Islands (BSI) counterparts to undertake plant health surveys of coconut and cocoa plantations.

The surveys provided an opportunity for BSI staff to gain skills and experience in field sample collection, triage and pest identification, and for the NAQS team to collect valuable information to aid the fight against the coconut rhinoceros beetle, which is not in Australia.

A survey of the country’s coffee growing regions will also be completed in 2019, with NAQS scientists conducting offshore survey work in collaboration with biosecurity agencies in Papua New Guinea and Timor-Leste.

This type of regional surveillance activities help to strengthen local industries and provide Australia with an important mechanism for ‘early warning’ of exotic plant pests and diseases.

The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources has PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY BORDER AND PRE-BORDER been working to build biosecurity capacity in the Solomon Islands since 2013, with the surveys delivered under the second phase of the Australian Aid funded Solomon Islands Biosecurity Development Program (SIBDP). CHAPTER 4: 4: CHAPTER

Sally Cowan (NAQS) with Andrew Sale (SIBDP In-Country Liaison Officer) during the 2018 cocoa survey at Kariki Village, Western Province. Image courtesy of the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources

Barbara Waterhouse (NAQS) entering a coconut plantation in the Western Province of Solomon Islands. Image courtesy of the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources 141 Border biosecurity

Live animals and plants, packaging, plant material, animal products and certain food from COLLABORATIONS TO REDUCE BORDER BIOSECURITY RISKS overseas could introduce some of the world’s most damaging pests and diseases into Australia. This could devastate our valuable agriculture and tourism industries and unique Activities to deal with risks posed by cargo imports environment. The Australian Government works with the cargo and shipping industries to prevent pests and diseases being imported with cargo. Biosecurity restrictions on imported goods can be With increasing levels of international trade and travel, the detection of threats at the border complex. People who wish to import goods are advised to check whether the goods will be remains an important element of the biosecurity system. allowed to enter. Sometimes the treatments will be more costly and time consuming than Australia has strict laws relating to the importation of certain goods, including goods the goods are worth. brought back from overseas by travellers, to reduce the chance of an exotic pest incursion. First time or infrequent importers are encouraged to use the services of a licensed customs The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources has primary responsibility for broker to facilitate the process. international border biosecurity activities, to restrict the import of items that pose a risk to BICON, the Australian Government’s Biosecurity Import Conditions database, holds Australia. The department undertakes a range of measures at the border to reduce and information on requirements for foreign plant, animal, mineral and human commodities.

PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY BORDER AND PRE-BORDER detect biosecurity risks, including: People wishing to bring in goods can check the conditions of entry on the Department of • raising awareness of Australia’s biosecurity requirements among importers, industry Agriculture and Water Resources website. operators and travellers • screening and inspecting international vessels, passengers, cargo, mail, animals, plants The information available on BICON is the same information that biosecurity officers use CHAPTER 4: 4: CHAPTER and plant products arriving in Australia when inspecting goods arriving in Australia. Import conditions within BICON are regularly reviewed, so importers need to check the conditions each time they travel or send goods. • managing the high biosecurity risks of live plants and animals through containment, More information on import risk assessment is on page 130. observation and treatment at quarantine facilities • identifying and evaluating the specific biosecurity risks facing northern Australia through First point of entry biosecurity operators the Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy. First point of entry (FPoE) refers to sea ports and airports that accept arrivals from overseas. Activities at the border are risk-based, informed by evidence and subject to review and FPoE operators and staff are in a unique position to notice biosecurity risks and respond to continual improvement. them. The Australian Government works with FPoE authorities, operators and workers to reduce biosecurity risks. In 2017–18, the border assessment, screening, inspection or clearance of incoming trade and passengers by the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources involved inspection of: Operators and authorities are required to have facilities, arrangements and systems in place to manage the risk of pests and diseases entering, spreading and establishing. The requirements • 18,000 vessels for FPoE authorities and operators are listed in the First Point of Entry Biosecurity Standards • 35,000 sea containers for both landing places and ports. For example, seaports must keep wharves free of vegetation • 152 million mail items and manage weeds so that they do not flower and spread seed. • 21,000 lines of imported food. Rubbish, such as old tyres and packaging, must not be left lying around the wharf area as it can create pools of water and attract pests. Baits are put out in the area for rodents and feral animals. FPoE authorities and operators must manage pools of water that might harbour mosquitos, and if necessary, treat any water to prevent the breeding of insect vectors of pests and diseases.

142 of Agriculture andWater Resources Biosecurity atportsandother firstpoints of entry isshared between stakeholders. Imagecourtesy of theDepartment Figure 87. biosecurity responsibilities ofevery Australian(see Figure 87). The specialresponsibilities ofFPoE authorities, operatorsandstaffare anexample ofthe timber thatare signsthatexotic timberpestsare present. such asfrassorsawdust pilesunderdunnageorimportedtimber, andtracksorholesinthe termites. Workers atFPoE are asked toreport any evidence ofthepresence ofatimberpest position inaship's hold)andpackaging cancarryavariety ofborers, beetles, ants and Timber dunnage(loosewood, matting,orsimilarmaterialthatisusedtokeep acargo in goods inbiosecuritybins,ratherthanordinary garbagebins. considered waste goods subject to biosecurity control. Staff are required to dispose of waste whether packaging, weeds, soil,straw, food scraps,contaminated orspilledgoods–are non-containerised cargo. Any unwanted goodsfrom avessel orcargo consignment – Staff are required toreport any hitchhiker pestsfound onorinvessels andcontainers or FPoE workers toreport any biosecurityrisksthey findduringday-to-day operations. The AustralianGovernment hasset uptheSee.Secure. Report. Hotline (1800798636)for standards are designed for arange port of operations. biosecurity risks associated with international movements at first point This section identifies the standards that port authorities and operators must meet for managing 8 • • • Under section 58 of the Biosecurity Regulation 2016 7 . Figure − − − appropriate procedures in for place biosecurity officers to perform functions or exercise powers under the adequate facilities and amenities available at the port for biosecurity officers and human management) associated operations. port with appropriate procedures in for place managing the level biosecurity of risk (including waste Entity responsibility for biosecurityrisks, firstpointsofentry(ports) managing any other factors that may affect the level bios of informing biosecurity officers and human biosecurity officers of any identified biosecurity ensuring that each person who carries out operations at the por port operations.port risks associated with port operations risks associated with those operations 1 standards operating and facility General requirements Regulatory

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In 2018both AustraliaandNew Zealand were forced totake actiontokeep the Strong actionkeeps bugsatbay Brown marmorated stinkbug(BMSB). Imagecourtesy of DavidRLance, USDA APHISPPQ trapping andmonitoringtoprove freedom of thepest. was swift, withmeasures putinplace involving riskassessment, fumigation, governments for post-border detections ofBMSB.Theresponse toeachdetection Plant Pest Response Deed (EPPRD) between agriculturalindustriesand In 2018,there were two nationallycost-shared responses undertheEmergency ships were turnedaway from both AustraliaandNew Zealand. sea cargo from more countries in Europe. In2018,for thefirsttime,BMSBinfested United States, stronger measures are now appliedtoawiderrangeofimported September toApril).Initiallyassociatedwithvehicles andmachineryfrom the hitchhikers onvarious goodsbeingshippedtoAustraliaintheseason(from Since 2014,Australiahasintercepted increasing numbersoflive BMSBadultsas States. More recently it hasspread toseveral countries inEurope, notably Italy. North Americafrom easternAsiaandhassince spread to44statesintheUnited regions andspread rapidlyaround theworld. Inthelate1990sbugarrived in and tofeed onawiderangeofplant hosts,hasenabledittomake itsway tonew BMSB’s abilitiestoliedormant andtravel around theworld hiddenincargo, tofly, many other plants inourenvironment. and cotton crops, nurserystock andornamental plants, andpotentially damage disturbed. TheBMSBwould alsohave asignificant impactonhorticulture, grains buildings andequipment andhave afoul-smelling odourwhencrushedor would causesignificant issuesfor thegeneralcommunity asBMSBshelterin Overseas experience hasshown thatifthebugsestablishedinAustraliathey one Australia’s top10highpriorityplant pests. A voracious feeder, thestinkbugisknown tofeed onmore than300hostsandis brown marmoratedstinkbug(BMSB)from becoming establishedineithercountry.

143 CHAPTER 4: PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY Don't be sorry, just declare it GOVERNMENT SCREENING, INSPECTION AND SURVEILLANCE ACTIVITIES In May 2018 a public awareness campaign was launched to help international travellers understand and meet their biosecurity obligations when coming into The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources employs more than 3,900 officers, many Australia. of whom contribute to the inspection of international vessels and passengers, cargo and mail for biosecurity risks as they arrive at airports, seaports and mail centres. Officers operate in More than 21 million passengers are screened for biosecurity risk material each conjunction with the Department of Home Affairs, which polices people movements and year at Australian airports and this number is expected to grow by five per cent intercepts illegal goods, such as drugs and weapons. annually. Some goods need to be declared at the border whether they are being brought back from The ‘Don’t be sorry, just declare it’ campaign includes a new incoming passenger overseas or arriving in the mail. The department’s sophisticated risk assessment and video featuring eight Australian biosecurity officers and uses humour to engage intelligence tools are used to assess biosecurity risk and respond appropriately. passengers with this clear message. The video is available in a number of languages including English, Arabic, Cantonese, French, Hindi, Japanese, Korean and Mandarin. Screening passengers The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources also released two short In an effort to intercept risk material from being brought in from overseas, when travelling pre-departure videos online to remind Australians travelling overseas and to Australia, passengers are provided with an Incoming Passenger Card by the crew on the international visitors to think about what they pack. Each video features aircraft or cruise vessel. commodities and scenarios frequently encountered by officers at airports and PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY BORDER AND PRE-BORDER shipping terminals. The Incoming Passenger Card is a legal document and must be completed correctly. You can watch the ‘Don’t be sorry’ videos on the department's YouTube channel. Passengers must declare if they are carrying certain food, plant material or animal products. CHAPTER 4: 4: CHAPTER Declared goods can be taken to the clearance point where they will be assessed by a Image courtesy of DHA biosecurity officer.

Alternatively, goods such as food, plant material or animal items can be voluntarily disposed of in bins located in the terminal.

Biosecurity officers will assess the level of biosecurity risk associated with the declared goods. Passengers may be required to provide information or documents to assist in determining the risk. Biosecurity officers also refer to the department’s import conditions database, BICON.

Some products may require treatment such as fumigation or irradiation to make them safe. Other goods may not be allowed into the country if the risk is too great.

Biosecurity officers can also inspect baggage when passengers do not declare any goods. If arriving passengers are found to have made a false declaration on the Incoming Passenger Card, they can be penalised under the Biosecurity Act 2015.

Biosecurity officers take the lead in the new video for travellers. Image courtesy of the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources (photographer Michael Masters)

144 • • to target odour: There are two types ofdetector dogswhichare differentiated by theirmethod ofindication their working life. eight years, andonaverage, findbetween 3,000and3,500biosecurityriskitemsduring as certain food, plant materialandanimalproducts. They have aworking life ofaboutsixto Detector dogsare trainedtofinditemsthatcould bringpestsordiseasesinto Australiasuch hunt, food andretrieve drives. extraordinary senseofsmell,are co-operative andgentle withpeopleandpossessextreme rigorous testingtoensure they possesstheidealcharacteristicsfor thejob.They have an exclusively from theAustralianBorder Force Detector DogBreeding program andundergo mail centres andcourier depots throughout Australia.Detector dogsare currently sourced There are approximately 40detector dogteamsoperatingininternational airports,seaports, They are usedincombination withother biosecuritystrategiesanddetection technologies. play akey role inhelpingtoprotect Australiafrom exotic pestsanddiseasessince 1992. Detector dogshave beenusedby theDepartment ofAgriculture andWater Resources to Use ofdetectordogs to aninvestigation andpossiblecriminalprosecution. and destroyed. If any attempt hasbeenmadetoconceal goods,theimportermay besubject into Australia.Goodsthatare not permittedwillbeforfeited totheAustralianGovernment Some goodsmay require treatment (at theimporter’s expense) before they are permitted detector dogsandx-ray machinestocheckpackages. postal declaration.Biosecurityofficers assesstheriskbasedondeclarationanduse When sendingmailtoAustralia,thecontents ofpackages mustbeaccurately declared ona decision ismadeonwhether they canbeimported. When goodsarrive attheAustralianborder they are assessedfor biosecurityriskanda Screening mail environment inwhichthey are operating.At an international passengerterminal, they Multi-purpose detector dogs are trained tooffer adefinedresponse basedonthe passenger terminals. material. Passive response detector dogsgenerallywork amongthepublicatinternational They are rewarded withfood orpraise from theirhandlerwhenthey findbiosecurityrisk Passive response detector dogsare trained to sitinthepresence oftarget odour. and private depots they willdigatthesource oftarget odour. will sitbesideapassengerorpiece ofbaggage.Whenscreening objectsinmailfacilities

The teams’scope ofwork includesplant healthsurveillance atallAustralian firstpoints of ports (see Figure 88). Resources. Nationalborder surveillance teamsare locatedinallmajorAustralianmainland policy direction oftheCompliance DivisionwithintheDepartment ofAgriculture andWater The NationalBorder Surveillance Program commenced inlate2016andoperatesunderthe National Border Surveillance Program entry. Green dots indicate where nationalborder surveillance teams are located. Imagecourtesy of PortsAustralia Stakeholders implement biosecurityactivitiesatportsallaround Australia's coast. Red dots indicate afirstpoint of import conditions andrequirements for Approved Arrangements. Data from thesurveillance isalsousedtoinform biosecuritypolicyareas for thereview of before they have thechance tospread toproduction areas. that may have escapedfrom conveyances, containers, goodsorpassengers attheborder, The primaryfocus oftheborder surveillance program istheearlydetection ofpestorganisms with orsurrounding these. interest orbiosecurityriskmaterial(so-called Approved Arrangements), andareas associated entry (seaports andairports), premises ofbusinesses handlingimportedgoodsofbiosecurity Figure 88. C o S c o a l s a

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145 CHAPTER 4: PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY PROTECTING OUR NORTHERN COASTLINE Most importantly, the success of activities is due to the cooperation and good will of people in northern Australia. The strategy invests heavily in community engagement including the The unique biosecurity threats in Australia’s north – stretching from Cairns in Queensland to well-known campaign ‘Top Watch’ to create strong community support. As a result, biosecurity Broome in WA and including Torres Strait –are managed by the Department of Agriculture awareness is high and local communities comply with requirements in the Torres Strait, and Water Resources’ Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy (NAQS). report unusual pests and diseases and provide access to land and country for surveillance. The northern coastline is vast and sparsely populated. It faces biosecurity risks from countries close to Australia including Indonesia, Timor-Leste and Papua New Guinea. These countries Exotic fruit fly surveillance and eradication have many pests, plant diseases and weeds not present in Australia, which could be spread Exotic fruit fly species represent one of the highest risks for Australia’s horticultural industry. by human activities as well as natural pathways. Target exotic fruit fly pests are present in Papua New Guinea, including Oriental fruit fly and melon fly. Annual incursions into the Torres Strait by these pests are associated with There are three main components to NAQS: surveillance, location and cooperation. monsoonal weather patterns moving over Papua New Guinea. Incursions are detected by permanent traps placed on the northern islands of Torres Strait that are monitored by the Officers carry out surveillance for exotic pests, diseases and weeds on horticultural plants as NAQS team. well as native and cultivated alternative hosts. Pest checks are made for nationally agreed target species as well as those identified as High Priority Pests during biosecurity planning These seasonal incursions are eradicated each year under the Exotic Fruit Fly in Torres Strait for industries. Reports of damage on host plants are also investigated. Increasingly, surveillance Response Plan. The Response Plan is managed by the Queensland Department of Agriculture is conducted in partnership with industry and other government partners. and Fisheries, and eradication responses are delivered by the Department of Agriculture and

PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY BORDER AND PRE-BORDER Water Resources and the Queensland Government. This response falls under the auspices of Each year NAQS notifies relevant authorities when it detects a pest or disease that is a new the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed. That means that potentially affected industry record for Australia or an extension of range. This intelligence improves national and local Parties pay a share of the cost of keeping these pests out of Australia. See Chapter 6 for incursion responses and aids in determining plant pest status across the north. more on the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed.

CHAPTER 4: 4: CHAPTER In Torres Strait, department officers manage risks associated with the southward movement of people, vessels, aircraft and goods through the Strait to mainland Australia. This includes POST-ENTRY PLANT QUARANTINE traditional visitors from Papua New Guinea under the Torres Strait Treaty – up to 30,000 Imported live plant material can introduce foreign plant pests and diseases, but it can be movements per year. advantageous at times for growers to import new varieties, to help maintain the competitiveness and productivity of Australian agribusiness. As a result, live plants can be Officers regulate plant risks associated with movements of goods and conveyances from imported but are subject to conditions and risk assessment processes. This includes new Papua New Guinea and through the islands. Regulated pathways are from Papua New Guinea plant material spending time in post-entry quarantine facilities, allowing for growth and into Torres Strait, and from the Torres Strait Protected Zone to the Permanent Biosecurity disease screening and testing to eliminate specific disease concerns. Monitoring Zone, and from either zone to mainland Australia, as shown in Figure 89. Live plant material is defined as all live plants or plant material, other than seeds, that is Figure 89. Biosecurity risk pathways regulated by NAQS imported for the purposes of growth or propagation. Import conditions vary, depending on the genus and species of the plant and the form of the imported plant material.

Plant importers begin the process by checking import conditions using the import database BICON, and, if the species is allowed into Australia, apply for an import permit. The national plant protection organisation of the country of export will need to inspect the plants and issue a phytosanitary certificate prior to export. New species that have not previously been imported will be subject to a weed risk assessment, after which the department may choose to develop import conditions for the new species. Plant material classified by departmental officers as high risk will be taken directly to the government post-entry quarantine facility at Mickleham in Victoria. Other nursery stock and restricted seeds can be grown and screened for pests at an approved facility (see Table 49).

Image courtesy of the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources 146 Table 49. costs for services. concern, thedepartment will release thegoodstoimporter, whocovers allassociated screening procedures have taken place andtheplants are deemedtobefree ofany biosecurity biosecurity risksthey poseandthespecifictestingrequired. Once allrequired testingand The amount oftimetheplants spendinapost-entry quarantine facilitydependsonthe plant material medium-risk approved for (SG) facilities state government Scientific (S)and plant material medium-risk approved for Private facilities material high-risk plant approved for private (P) facilities Scientific (S)and material for high-riskplant facilities approved State government facilities Government Australian Australia's post-entry plantquarantinefacilities 1 (P) 1 (S), ACT 14 (S)

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NT Since 2018,BiosecurityEngagement Officer ChrisPham,whoisfrom aVietnamese community of Vietnamese and Cambodian growers of horticultural crops in Darwin. capability insouth-eastAsianfarmingcommunities, withafocus onthelarge A project intheNorthern Territory ishelpingbuildbiosecurityawareness and Collaboration inthenorthbuildingbiosecurityawareness John Westaway NT Farmers biosecurity engagement officer ChrisPhamwithgrower Tuan Dang.Imagecourtesy of This project was supported by theAgricultural Competitiveness WhitePaper. biosecurity surveillance activitiesinremote Australialinkbacktothefarmgate. Fundamentals’ training,whichfor many was theirfirstopportunitytoseehow their Indigenous rangershave alsovisitedgrower properties aspartoftheir‘Biosecurity relationships andbiosecuritycapability. proactive surveillance withgrowers outsideofaresponse, whilstbuildingpositive relationships withgovernment. Thesesurveys provide aplatform toundertake green mottle mosaicvirus,bananafreckle andcitruscanker, whichhasaffected In recent years, growers have beenimpactedby emergency responses tocucumber to engagewithgrowers abouttheirbiosecuritypractices andknowledge. facilitated by Chris,plant pathologistsandentomologists, provided anopportunity Surveys inlateOctober2018 ongrower properties by NTandNAQS botanists, Resources. Strategy (NAQS), NTFarmers andtheNTDepartment ofPrimaryIndustryand The collaborative project isajoint initiative oftheNorthern AustraliaQuarantine as aconduit between growers and government. biosecurity messagesinaculturallyandlinguisticallyappropriate way, whilstacting grower family, hasbeenemployed withinNTFarmers toactively communicate

147 CHAPTER 4: PRE-BORDER AND BORDER BIOSECURITY

Chapter 5 Plant pest surveillance and diagnostics Plant pest surveillance and diagnostics

Since pests can enter the country despite all the precautions in place, Australia has established a unique and highly effective post-border biosecurity system to provide additional protection against exotic pests.

Plant pest surveillance and diagnostics are intertwined activities. Surveillance is a system of making and recording checks for plant pests. Diagnostics is the ability to precisely identify a plant pest, including species that are not known to be present in Australia.

Surveillance is carried out around the country with two key aims in mind: • to find new incursions or outbreaks before they spread too far to be eradicated • to gather the ‘evidence of absence’ data needed to show our overseas trading partners that Australia is free from pests of particular concern.

Surveillance is carried out by state governments, the Australian Government and plant industries with PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT support from the community.

Diagnostic services, which rely on scientific expertise, are primarily provided by governments, universities and research organisations, with coordination through a national network. CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER In 2018, strengthening surveillance capacity and collaboration was a key focus for investment through the Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper, providing benefits for agricultural industries, the community and environment.

150 White Paper (see Figure 90). improving biosecurity surveillance andanalysis through theAgricultural Competitiveness The framework was developed aspartoftheAustralianGovernment’s investment in stakeholders tocarryoutbiosecurity surveillance andanalysis. industry bodies,stateandterritory governments, PHA,community andenvironmental 2017, theDepartment ofAgriculture andWater Resources works inpartnershipwithpeak Under thenew NationalPlant BiosecuritySurveillance System framework developed in National PlantBiosecuritySurveillance System framework Biosecurity Strategy. Surveillance Strategy 2013–20was developed asasub-strategy oftheNationalPlant maintaining aneffective plant healthsurveillance system, theNationalPlant Biosecurity Recognising both theimportance ofplant healthsurveillance, andthechallengesof National PlantBiosecuritySurveillance Strategy • • • • • objectives: Activities withintheplant biosecurity surveillance system work together toachieve five key biosecurity system. Information onplant pestsishighlyvaluable because itunderpinsmany aspectsofthe Plant pestsurveillance OVERSIGHT OF PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE parts ofAustralia. and Mediterranean fruitflies,andgrapevine phylloxera, whichare onlyfound insome Monitoring establishedpests. they are not isvery important duringaneradicationresponse. Delimiting thespread ofpests. markets withinAustraliaandoverseas. This isknown as‘evidence ofabsence’ andiscriticalinformation tosupportaccess to to other countries thatthey cansafely importAustralianproduce withoutreceiving pests. Plant peststatus. and become widelyestablished. Early detection. or spread ofaplant pest,withsurveillance alonghigh-riskpathways beingapriority. Early warning. Shows where new biosecuritymeasures are required toprevent thearrival Findinganew pestoroutbreak early, before ithasachance tospread Dataconfirming thatpestsare absent from growing areas demonstrates Thisincludessurveillance for pestssuchasQueensland Theabilitytodefinewhere pestsare present andwhere Agriculture andWater Resources Australia’s nationalsurveillance system framework, developed in2017.Image courtesy of theDepartment of Figure 90. Surveillance processes Surveillance enablers Applications GENERAL SPECIFIC • • • • DIAGNOSTICS PATHWAYS REGIONS PESTS SURVEILLANCE SURVEILLANCE Resources andfunding based allocation Risk analysis andrisk shared responsibility Partnerships and Policy andlegislation • • • • • • • • • • • • • National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance System framework industries Commodities and Hosts Rural Urban andperi-urban Border Industry prioritypests Emerging pests programs Proficiency testing Quality systems trapping) Design (surveys, programs Specific surveillance Inspections Observations • • • • People capability Technology andtools management Information workflows Processes and • • • • • • • • • • • • system Pest reference Diagnostic protocols Data collection Delivery Investigations Notifications natural Unregulated or Regulated Social amenitypests Offshore External territories Northern Australia

• • • • • • • • • • assurance Evaluation and engagement Communications and capacity Capability and capacity Capability and procedures Protocols and Data collection Emerging pathways Environmental pests management regions Natural resource Jurisdictions

151 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance TARGETED SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS Plant Health Committee (PHC) established the Subcommittee on National Plant Health Targeted surveillance is where checks are made for particular pests. Most is done by state Surveillance to provide coordination and leadership for plant pest surveillance in Australia. and territory governments (some funded by the Australian Government), but plant industries The subcommittee comprises representatives from the Australian Government, state and also undertake targeted surveillance for pests of concern. territory governments, PHA and the CSIRO. In 2018 the key roles of the subcommittee were: • developing the Reference Standard for National Surveillance Protocols for Plant Pests The most extensive programs for targeted surveillance – in terms of the number of pests and the wide range of locations where surveillance occurs – are the National Plant Health • establishing the Plant Surveillance Network Australasia-Pacific to improve connections Surveillance Program, the Northern Australian Quarantine Strategy, the National Bee Pest between surveillance practitioners and build capacity and capability for surveillance Surveillance Program, the Grains Farm Biosecurity Program and programs for fruit flies. • coordinating and overseeing the development of a website to support the network • developing surveillance design processes to prioritise national surveillance efforts These and other surveillance activities across Australia (as shown in Table 50 on page 158) occur in addition to the surveillance undertaken to eradicate pests (see Chapter 6). • reviewing and providing recommendations for redesign of exotic fruit fly trapping programs National Plant Health Surveillance Program • reviewing the collection and use of information from general surveillance programs to provide evidence of pest status The National Plant Health Surveillance Program is managed by the Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources in collaboration with state and territory • enhancing the collaboration, coordination, efficiency and effectiveness of surveillance governments. efforts nationally. The program, in place since the 1990s, provides funds to state and territory governments PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT Plant Health Surveillance Consultative Committee to look for pests of particular concern. It provides important ‘early detection’ surveillance Established in 2016, the Plant Health Surveillance Consultative Committee is a group that for Australia’s ‘top 40 unwanted and exotic’ National Priority Plant Pests, and other helps to guide investment in the national plant biosecurity surveillance system, including biosecurity risks. projects funded through the Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper.

CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER Surveillance is conducted at international entry points such as airports and seaports, where The committee includes members from the Department of Agriculture and Water exotic pests could potentially enter Australia and spread. This includes trapping for Resources, PHC, Grains Research and Development Corporation, Centre of Excellence for ‘hitchhiker’ pests such as the brown marmorated stink bug and Asian gypsy moth, which Biosecurity Risk Analysis, Hort Innovation, AUSVEG, Summerfruit Australia, Growcom, could arrive on imported cargo and quickly move into nearby peri-urban or urban areas if not National Resource Management Regions Australia and PHA. intercepted quickly. Plants around the country are also checked for any signs of the nation’s most unwanted Enterprise Surveillance System exotic plant pest, Xylella fastidiosa, as part of the program’s early detection activities. In 2018 the department’s new Enterprise Surveillance System came into operation. The system facilitates consistent capture of surveillance and diagnostics data collected by Information collected from surveillance activities funded by the program also provides a border surveillance staff (including absence data) and supports traceability of activities critical source of the ‘evidence of absence’ data needed to support trade and market access across time and geography. It includes a taxonomic reference system, to support departmental for Australian producers. systems requiring taxonomic reference data.

152 19. communities. industry ledsurveillance aswell asimproved surveillance inurbanandperi-urban Biosecurity Program. Thiswork willincludeapilot program toinvestigate whatisneededfor Surveillance Strategy whichisexpected toleadtheestablishment ofaTemperate Fruit Agricultural Competitiveness WhitePaper, begantodevelop aTemperate Fruit Biosecurity In 2018,work fundedby theDepartment ofAgriculture andWater Resources through the exotic pestsistherefore important. changes inthecomplexity ofmanagement systems. Surveillance for theearlydetection of yield loss,qualityreduction andincreased needfor chemicalapplicationtomanagepests,or pest threats whichcould significantly impactproduction systems through acombination of markets andtogainaccess tonew export markets. Theseindustriesface arangeofexotic biosecurity practices andpestsurveillance are apriority toensure retention ofcurrent As several temperatefruitindustriesare interested inexpanding theirexport markets, peri-urban andurbancommunities inAustralia. with anexport value of$1billiondollars gate production value ofthesetemperatefruitsisapproximately $3billiondollars annually, stone fruit(apricots, nectarines,peachesandplums) andalmonds.Collectively, thefarm of crops includingpomefruit(apples andpears), grapes(table,wineanddried),cherries, Much ofAustralia’s southernregion isconsidered tobe temperate,producing adiverse range Development ofaNationalTemperate Fruit BiosecuritySurveillance Strategy Agricultural Competitiveness WhitePaper andindustrysources. National Forest Surveillance Coordinator beingappointed in2018through fundingfrom the in 2017,are now beingestablished,withaNationalCitrusSurveillance Coordinator anda Surveillance programs for thecitrusandforest industries,for whichstrategieswere developed by industrybiosecurityofficers. cotton, grains,honey bees,mangoes,sugarcane andvegetables, whichare oftenfacilitated Examples ofindustrysurveillance programs (as shown inTable 50on newsletters, web pagesandapps. report unusualpestsorsymptoms are delivered through various channelssuchasindustry for thedetection ofnew pests.Awareness programs thatoutlinetheways inwhichto established pestsanddiseases.Thistypeofcrop monitoringunderpinsgeneralsurveillance All plant industriesundertake crop monitoringtosupportproduction practices andmanage INDUSTRY SURVEILLANCE STRATEGIES AND PROGRAMS more/australian-horticulture-statistics-handbook/ horticulture.com.au/growers/help-your-business-grow/research-reports-publications-fact-sheets-and- Hort Innovation. AustralianHorticulture Statistics Handbook2017–18.Accessed online19July2019 19 . Temperate fruittrees are alsoimportant in page 158 ) include

with theAustralianMangoIndustryAssociationonanew pilot surveillance program. In 2017–18theNorthern AustraliaQuarantine Strategy (NAQS) staffcollaborated Biosecurity surveillance isessential toprevent pestanddiseaseoutbreaks. northern Australia Partnership delivering cost-effective surveillance in Image courtesy of AMIA Cairns-based industrydevelopment officer withtheAustralian Mango IndustryAssociation,Marine Empson. farms andtheAustralianeconomy. The pilot willalsohelpbuildcapacitytoundertake surveillance thathelpsprotect extended toincludeorchards. Following thesuccess ofthepilot, phasetwo whichcommenced inJune2018was operations. This delivered qualitysurveillance datawithnodisruption tonormal packing The pilot focused surveillance onkey packingshedsacross northernAustralia. Northern Australiatoimplement thepilot. The industryassociationreceived agrant undertheWhitePaper onDeveloping surveillance efforts onthemangoesasthey gothrough thepackingsheds. consuming andexpensive. After extensive consultation, atrialtestedfocusing Undertaking surveillance for pestsofbiosecurityconcern intheorchard istime centralised packingshedspackmangoesfrom multipleorchards. packing shedswhere they are sortedandpacked basedonsize andquality. Some Mangoes are bigbusinessinQueenslandandtheNT. Allmangoespicked gothrough

153 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS National Bee Pest Surveillance Program PHA has been coordinating surveillance activities at ports nationwide as part of the National Bee Pest Surveillance Program since 2012. The surveillance program is an early warning system to detect new incursions of exotic pest bees and bee pests. It also provides technical, evidence-based information to support Australia's pest free status claims during export negotiations and assists exporters to meet export certification requirements.

The Enhanced National Bee Pest Surveillance Program 2016–21 is funded by the $2.5 million Hort Frontiers Pollination Fund, part of the Hort Frontiers strategic partnership initiative developed by Hort Innovation. This consists of contributions from nine pollinator-dependent industry research and development levies, with co-investment from the Australian Honey Bee Industry Council, Grain Producers Australia, and contributions from the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources.

The enhanced program uses a variety of activities to detect 14 exotic bee pests and pest bees, four regionalised but significant bee pests, and continued surveillance of European honey bee (Apis mellifera) swarms at ports that could have hitchhiked on cargo and be carrying exotic pests.

As part of the surveillance program, sentinel hives (i.e. hives of European honey bees of a known health status) are maintained at high-risk locations around Australia.

PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT During 2018, 138 sentinel hives were in place at 32 sea and air ports, an increase from 116 in 2017. These strategically placed sentinel hives are inspected for external bee pests (varroa mite, tropilaelaps mites, large African hive beetle, small hive beetle and braula fly). Surveillance using either sticky mats and miticides or other methods (such as sugar shaking, traps and visual inspection) have generated

CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER over 4,000 records, an increase of about 3,000 records compared to 2017.

Samples of adult bees are also collected from sentinel hives and sent to diagnostic laboratories for either virus diagnostics or tracheal dissection. Over 6,800 adult bees were dissected and inspected for tracheal mite, and CSIRO completed testing of 240 hive samples for exotic honey bee viruses. All were found to be free from exotic honey bee viruses such as deformed wing virus.

Floral sweep netting is carried out near ports for the early detection of exotic pest bees including red dwarf honey bee (Apis florea), the giant honey bee (A. dorsata), exotic and established strains of Asian honey bee (A. cerana) and bumble bees (Bombus terrestris). European honey bees collected by sweep netting are also inspected for exotic pests. Using nets to collect and identify foraging bees can also help officers to locate any exotic bee swarms.

154 Government, aswell asportstaffandbeekeepers. and territorygovernments, Northern AustralianQuarantine Strategy teamandtheAustralian government biosecuritypartnershipbetween theindustriesthatrely onpollination,allstate The NationalBeePest Surveillance Program isanexcellent example ofastrong industry– free ofAsianhornets. surveys for thefirsttimein2018usinganew trappingmethod. To date,Australiaremains An exotic pestofconcern for European honey beehives, theAsianhornet, was targeted in confirmed nopresence ofvarroa. Port ofMelbourne was infested with honey bees:29were free ofexotic internal andexternal mites,butonefound oncargo atthe honey beeswarm occurred atPort Dampier. Theremaining 30swarms were European captured inCairnswhere anisolatedpopulationexists, andoneborder capture ofanAsian 60 beeswarms were captured andreported. Ofthese,29were Asianhoney beeswarms from overseas sothey are captured, identified andinspectedfor allexotic beepests.In2018, Honey beesfound around portsmay befrom swarms oflocalpopulationsornewly arrived detected inTasmania orthemainlandofAustralia. bees were detected atknown locationsinTasmania, noother exotic pestbeeswere 130 floralsweep surveys tookplace in2018,withmore plannedfor 2019.Whilebumble increased withPHAsubcontracting activitiestostateandterritorygovernments. Atotal of The numberofportlocationsandthefrequency offloralsweep netting activitieshave Bee surveillance inSydney. Image courtesy of Jenny Shanks Varroa destructor andextensive follow upsurveillance from theUnitedStates. Theship’s masterhadadvisedofthepresence ofdead The detection was madeincratesof industrial equipment thathadbeenimported Varroa destructor In June2018abeecolony infested withoneof theworld’s worst pestofbees, Varroa detectionatthePortofMelbourne who are onstandby to help conduct hive surveillance. Imagecourtesy of Agriculture Victoria Members of theVictorian Beekeeper State Quarantine Response Team –atrained team of industryprofessionals Enhanced NationalBeePest Surveillance Program. Long-term sentinel hives willalsocontinue tobemonitored aspartofthe response andcontinued toberegularly monitored for thefollowing sixmonths. Additional sentinel hives were establishedaround theportasaresult ofthe industry andpublicfor theirsupportduring theresponse. concluded andVictoria’s ChiefPlant Health Officer, DrRosa Crnov, thanked the On 10August2018,withnofurtherdetections ofvarroa mite,theincident radius ofthedetection. conducted four rounds ofsurveillance inevery known hive withinatwo kilometre Quarantine Response Team, whosemembersare from thebeekeeping community, ensure Australiaremained free ofvarroa. DuringthistimetheVictorianState The heightened level ofsurveillance continued for sixweeks afterthedetection to pest hadnot spread. destroyed andsurveillance ofhives around theportwas increased to ensure the Resources andAgriculture Victoria’s Incident Management Team, thecolony was Thanks tothequickactionby officers oftheDepartment ofAgriculture andWater bees intheshippriortodocking. , was detected onanincoming shipatthePort ofMelbourne.

155 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS Biosecurity Blitz harnesses public spirit GENERAL SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS

Over four weeks in spring 2018, the Western Australian community got right All plant industries undertake crop monitoring to support production practices and manage behind the state’s annual biosecurity surveillance campaign. established pests and diseases. This type of crop monitoring underpins general surveillance for the detection of new pests, and awareness programs that outline the mechanisms to In its fourth year, the Biosecurity Blitz has become a key way for local communities report unusual pests or symptoms are delivered through various channels such as industry to do their bit to protect valuable agricultural industries and the natural environment newsletters, webpages and apps. from harmful exotic pests by reporting unusual pests, feral animals, diseases and weeds. In 2018, a focus was on the exotic brown marmorated stink bug, weeds PHA encourages growers to be on the lookout for serious exotic such as cacti and also aquatic pests. pests by including pictures of pests and symptoms in each grower biosecurity manual. Fact sheets on exotic pests are also Plant pests or weeds were reported to the Department of Primary Industries and available from the PHA website. Regional Development using either the MyPestGuide™ Reporter or PestFax Reporter mobile apps, or via WA PestWatch for aquatic pests. Along with surveillance undertaken by primary producers, all Australians are encouraged to keep an eye out for anything The MyPestGuide™ family of reporting tools helps to bring people unusual and report unfamiliar pests or plant symptoms. together who have similar pest problems by creating a collaborative General surveillance programs raise awareness about pests with network. During the 2018 Blitz, 1,600 reports were received, on top of growers and the wider community, and rely on people to look for the 1,571 reports recorded in previous years. and report anything unusual. The Biosecurity Blitz recognises the vital role the public can play as a line of

PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT Surveillance for exotic pests is also an important component of defence to protect WA’s solid biosecurity reputation, which is essential to secure Emergency Plant Pest responses, and is covered in Chapter 6. market access for agricultural produce in Australia and overseas. The community was a significant contributor to surveillance efforts following incursions of exotic plant pests such as the brown marmorated stink bug in WA and NSW in 2018. CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER

International Plant Sentinel Network The International Plant Sentinel Network acts as an early warning system to recognise new and emerging pest and pathogen risks. It does this through developing a network of both national and international partnerships between plant protection scientists, botanic gardens and arboreta around the world.

The Melbourne Royal Botanic Gardens, the Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, the Royal Tasmanian Botanical Garden, and the National Arboretum Canberra are the Australian members of the International Plant Sentinel Network. For more information go to plantsentinel.org.

With funding from the Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper, the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources is working with Botanic Gardens Australia and New Zealand and PHA to establish a new sentinel surveillance program in the nation’s botanic gardens and arboreta. These activities will not only support Australia's plant industries, but will also enhance surveillance to protect our unique flora.

Rick Bryant and sons Otis and Henry participating in the Biosecurity Blitz 2018 in their backyard. Image courtesy of DPIRD WA

156 • • • valuable information whichcanhelp: potential threats tothehealthofAustralia’s uniqueflora.Sentinel plants canalsoprovide Plant speciesinbotanic gardens andarboreta overseas canactassentinels andpredict the community aboutplant biosecurity. Australia. Withmillionsofvisitorsevery year they alsooffer another avenue toinform species, makingthemidealsentinels todetect new plant pestordiseaseincursionsin Gardens andarboreta holdarangeofnative flora,exotic speciesandrelatives ofcrop identify potential biocontrol agents. particularly susceptible orresistant toaparticularpest) identify new pest–host associations(e.g. suggestwhichspeciesofplant may be origin) increase understandingabout‘known’ pestsanddiseases(e.g. dispersalmechanisms, chemical treatments. Itonlyappliestoindustriessigneduptheagreement. This could includedestructionof crops, enforced fallow periodsandadditional commercial growers for lossesincurred duringaresponse toanew pestincursion. To encourage earlyreporting, OwnerReimbursement Costs canbepayable to Under thetermsofEPPRD, reporting ofunusualpestsismandatory. unusual totheSee.Secure. Report. Hotline (1800798636). been establishedfor portworkers and importers,whoare urged toreport anything A separateDepartment ofAgriculture andWater Resources reporting hotline has sooner anew pestisdetected thebetter. and implemented ifitisfeasible andcost-effective toeradicateapest.Clearly, the Plans undertheEmergency Plant Pest Response Deed(EPPRD) are onlyagreed to which greatly increases thechallengeofcontaining oreradicatingthem.Response impact ofexotic pestsandweeds. Many plant pestsandweeds canspread rapidly, Along withpestsurveillance, prompt reporting isvitaltominimisethelong-term Measures toencourage earlyreporting

states andterritoriesruntheExotic Plant made by generalsurveillance activities,all To encourage thereporting offindings or territoryagriculture department. hotline are directed totherelevant state Pest Hotline (1800084881).Callstothe

Resources through theAgricultural Competitiveness WhitePaper. and arboreta. Theproject was fundedby theDepartment ofAgriculture andWater project todevelop aplant pestsurveillance network inAustralia’s botanic gardens In October2018,PHAfacilitatedatwo-day workshop inMelbourne aspartofa gardens andarboreta Establishing asurveillance networkinAustralia’s botanic biosecurity surveillance. Imagecourtesy of Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria Warren Worboys, Curator Horticulture, Cranbourne Gardens, withparticipants of aworkshop to improve species onnative andintroduced plants. Australia linked withtheIPSNprovides opportunitiesto dosurveillance for pest Ongoing surveillance for pestsanddiseasesthrough anationalsentinel program in new andemerging pestandpathogenrisks. and plant healthscientists around theworld toprovide anearlywarning system of The network linksbotanic gardens andarboreta, plant protection organisations, workshop aboutherwork withtheInternational Plant Sentinel Network (IPSN). Katherine O’Donnellfrom Botanic Gardens Conservation International spoke atthe system for thepresence ofnew pestsordiseases. resources andexpertise they have thepotential toprovide anationalearlywarning can provide valuable information aboutplant healthstatus.By sharing information, The livingplant collections heldby thenation’s 150botanic gardens andarboreta

157 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS IN 2018 Table 50. Australia's plant biosecurity surveillance programs During 2018, there were 117 plant pest surveillance programs undertaken, which are detailed by jurisdiction in Table 50. Surveillance program name Target hosts Target pests The following figures show the same surveillance programs by target host (Figure 91) and Australian Government target pest type (Figure 92). Various External Territories environmental, High priority exotic pests Figure 91. Surveillance programs by target host Surveillance Program production and ornamental plants 3% Broadacre – cotton Multiple surveillance 16% Broadacre – grains International Plant Health programs of tropical High priority exotic pests Surveillance Program horticultural and 3% Broadacre – multiple agricultural species 1% Broadacre – sugarcane Varroa destructor, V. jacobsoni, Tropilaelaps 3% Forestry clareae, T. mercedesae, Acarapis woodi, Oplostoma fuligineus, Braula coeca, acute 7% Honey bees National Bee Pest bee paralysis virus, deformed wing virus, European honey bee 20% Horticulture – fruit Surveillance Program slow paralysis virus, Apis cerana, A. dorsata, A. florea, Bombus terrestris, Vespa 2% Horticulture – grapes

PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT velutina and new exotic swarms of 6% Horticulture – other A. mellifera 8% Horticulture – vegetable Mutiple surveillance National Border program focusing on 1% Nursery crops High priority exotic pests Surveillance Program regulatory import CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER 9% Urban/natural environment pathway risks ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA 21% Multiple National Plant Health Surveillance Program Various See separate states (delivered through states and territories) Figure 92. Surveillance programs by target pest type Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy – Horticultural crops Exotic fruit flies exotic fruit fly trapping

Multiple surveillance 45% Invertebrate – insect Northern Australia programs of tropical 157 high priority exotic pests, diseases and Quarantine Strategy – 3% Invertebrate – other horticultural and weeds pest and disease surveys 34% Multiple agricultural species 3% Pathogen – bacteria Within New South Wales 6% Pathogen – fungi Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni), Asian market access for Cherry and citrus lesser Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera 3% Pathogen – multiple citrus and cherries production neohumeralis), various cue lure attracted 6% Pathogen – virus exotic fruit flies

Brown marmorated stink Multiple tree and Brown marmorated stink bug bug crop hosts (Halyomorpha halys)

158 Table 50.Australia's plantbiosecuritysurveillance programs (continued) virus Impatiens necrotic spot Surveillance Program Land Services Periurban Greater Sydney Local Program Grains Farm Biosecurity Surveillance Program Forestry High-Risk Surveillance NSW Forest Health Forestry Corporation of trapping Exotic longhornbeetle Exotic fruitflies–Riverina virus Endive necrotic mosaic Diseases ofcotton Citrus canker tree inspections Citrus budwood mother Surveillance program name surrounding weeds Tomato crops and community gardens landscape, including in periurban Multiple plant hosts grains In-crop andstored Pine forests General forests around ports Various hosts fruit) crops (citrus, stone Various horticultural production Endive andlettuce Cotton Multiple citrushosts Multiple citrushosts Target hosts Within New SouthWales (continued) Various grafttransmissablediseasesand Target pests Impatiens necrotic spot virus sharpshooter ( psyllid ( psyllid ( stink bug( ( Various, includingtomatopotato psyllid anthracnose ( stem gallmidge( hessian fly( seedpod weevil ( hordei Barley striperust( pests of Various exotic andendemichighpriority pests Various exotic andendemichighpriority longhorn beetle ( ( glabripennis Asian longhornbeetle ( other trilure responsive exotic fruitflies Mediterranean fruitfly( Endive necrotic mosaicvirus(Potyvirus) oxysporum exotic strainsofFusarium wilt( of Verticillium wilt( ( (Begomovirus), Texas root rot disease (Luteovirus), cotton leafcurl virus ( Exotic strainsofbacterialblight Citrus canker, other EPPs Bactericera cockerelli Monochamus alternatus Phymatotrichum omnivorum Xanthomonas campestris ), Karnalbunt ( Trioza erytreae Diaphorina citri Pinus Halyomorpha halys f. sp. ), Japanesepinesawyer beetle Mayetiola destructor Colletotrichum lupini spp. Xanthamonas citri Homalodisca vitripennis vasinfectum Ceutorhynchus obstrictus Apriona germari Mayetiola hordei Puccinia striiformis Verticillium dahliae Tilletia indica ), brown marmorated ) andglassy winged ), African citrus Anoplophora ), brown mulberry Ceratitis capitata ), cotton blue ) ), exotic strains ), Asiancitrus subsp Fusarium ), barley ) ), cabbage ), lupin ) f. sp. ), ) citri ), ), Surveillance program name Tomato potato psyllid multi pestsurveillance Surveillance Program – National Plant Health gypsy moth Surveillance Program – National Plant Health exotic fruitflies Surveillance Program – National Plant Health Surveillance Program National BeePest response Lupin anthracnose – Khapra beetle –response Khapra beetle Solanaceous hosts and Wollongong Sydney, Newcastle around Ports of Multiple plant hosts Wollongong andEden Sydney, Newcastle, around Ports of Various tree hosts Wollongong Newcastle and of Sydney, hosts around Ports Various fruiting European honey bee Lupins processing facility Stored grainand production manufacturers, nut facilities, drygoods grain processing handlers andfarm), Stored grain(bulk Target hosts Within New SouthWales (continued) Tomato potato psyllid ( auropunctata, Anoplolepisgracilipes invasive ants ( ( Liberibacter asiaticus), citruscanker ( psyllid ( Brevipalpus ( amylovora Xylella fastidiosa sharpshooter ( Multiple, includingglassy winged Gypsy moth ( capitata, Zeugodacus cucurbitae B. umbrosa, B.xanthodes, B.zonata, Ceratitis B. psidii,Z.tau,trilineola,trivialis, B. melanotus, B.occipitalis, B.passiflorae, B. dorsalis,facialis, B.kandiensis, B.kirki, B. caryae, B.correcta, B.curvipennis, Bactrocera albistrigata,B.carambolae, and new exotic swarms of A. florea slow paralysis virus, bee paralysis virus,deformed wingvirus, Oplostoma fuligineus clareae Varroa destructor Lupin anthracnose ( Trogoderma granarium Trogoderma granarium Target pests Xanthomonas axonopodis Trioza erytreae Halyomorpha halys , Diaphorina citri , T. mercedesae Bombus terrestris, Vespa velutina ), brown marmoratedstinkbug spp., Lymantria Solenopsis Homalodisca vitripennis ), huanglongbing( , fire blight ( , Aceria granati V. jacobsoni ), exotic mites(including Colletotrichum lupini , Apis cerana Braula coeca, , ), African citruspsyllid Acarapis woodi spp.) Bactericera cockerelli spp., subsp. A. mellifera Erwinia , Wasmannia ), Asian citrus ), Asiancitrus Tropilaelaps , Candidatus citri A. dorsata acute )

), and ), and

,

), ), )

,

)

159 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS Table 50. Australia's plant biosecurity surveillance programs (continued)

Surveillance program name Target hosts Target pests Surveillance program name Target hosts Target pests Within the Northern Territory Within the Northern Territory (continued) Area Freedom Solanaceae, Horticultural crops Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) National Plant Health Surveillance Program Cucurbitaceae, Vegetable leafminer (Liriomyza sativae) Surveillance Program Fabaceae Mango malformation (Fusarium mangiferae), mango pulp weevil National Plant Health Exotic fruit flies (Bactrocera spp. and Major Industry Monitoring (Sternochetus frigidus), mango seed weevil Surveillance Program – Horticultural crops Mango Ceratitis spp.) and Surveillance (Sternochetus mangiferae), mango gall Port of Entry Program midges (Procontarinia spp.) and red banded Plant Pest Diagnostic mango caterpillar (Deanolis sublimbalis) All pests and pathogens that can affect Service – broadacre Broadacre crops broadacre crops (pastures) Varroa destructor, V. jacobsoni, Tropilaelaps cropping clareae, T. mercedesae, Acarapis woodi, All pests and pathogens that can affect Oplostoma fuligineus, Braula coeca, Aethina Plant Pest Diagnostic Horticultural crops horticultural crops (mango, chilli, National Bee Pest tumida, acute bee paralysis virus, deformed Service – horticulture European honey bee watermelon, Cucurbitaceae) Surveillance Program wing virus and slow paralysis virus, Apis cerana, A. dorsata, A. florea, Bombus Regional Fruit Fly Exotic fruit flies (Bactrocera spp. and terrestris, Vespa velutina and new exotic Monitoring and Horticultural crops

PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT Ceratitis spp.) swarms of A. mellifera Surveillance Citrus canker (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Within Queensland National Plant Health citri), huanglongbing (Candidatus Citrus A range of pests e.g. papaya ringspot virus, Surveillance Program Liberibacter spp.) and Asiatic citrus psyllid Area freedom surveys Multiple banana bunchytop virus

CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER (Diaphorina citri) National Plant Health Banana pest surveillance Banana A range of banana pests Multiple Giant African snail (Achatina fulica) Surveillance Program Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium), National Plant Health Glassy winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca Bulk handlers Stored grains Multiple Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica) Surveillance Program vitripennis) Cotton bunchy top virus, cotton leafroll National Plant Health Endemic and exotic dwarf virus (Polerovirus), cotton leaf curl Multiple Pierce's disease (Xylella fastidiosa) Cotton Surveillance Program cotton virus surveys virus (Begomovirus) and all other exotic National Plant Health Banana black sigatoka (Mycosphaerella viruses Musa spp. Surveillance Program fijiensis) Exotic strains of bacterial blight Red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta), National Plant Health (Xanthomonas campestris), blue disease Nursery stock electric ant (Wasmannia auropunctata), Surveillance Program (suspected Luteovirus), cotton leaf curl yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes) virus (Begomovirus), Texas root rot Endemic and exotic (Phymatotrichum omnivorum), exotic strains National Plant Health Bactericera cockerelli, Candidatus Cotton Solanaceae diseases of cotton Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae), exotic Surveillance Program Liberibacter solanacearum strains Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum Potato leafminer, pea leafminer, f. sp. vasinfectum). Endemic cotton National Plant Health Solanaceae serpentine leafminer (Liriomyza diseases, including Fusarium spp. and Surveillance Program huidobrensis) Verticillium spp.

National Plant Health Solanaceae, Endemic and exotic grains Various viruses, especially aphid American leafminer (Liriomyza trifolii) Grains Surveillance Program Asteraceae virus surveys transmitted Polerovirus complex

160 Table 50.Australia's plantbiosecuritysurveillance programs (continued) Surveillance Program National BeePest diagnostic service project Grow Help Australia Program Grains Farm Biosecurity Program Grains Farm Biosecurity Torres Strait Program Exotic Fruit Flyinthe Surveillance program name Program Resistance Monitoring National Phosphine Eradication Program National ElectricAnt Grains environment Amenity and European honey bee ornamental hosts Fruit, vegetable and Winter graincrops Summer graincrops Multiple Target hosts Within Queensland(continued) Exotic fruitflyincluding Target pests Oplostoma fuligineus,Braula coeca clareae, T. mercedesae, Acarapis woodi, Varroa destructor, V. jacobsoni, Tropilaelaps spp., Rhizoctonia Colletotrichum Phytophthora Commonly encountered pathogensinclude hobby growers andhomegardeners. horticultural crops, nationalparks,gardens, All pestsandpathogensthatcanaffect granarium hordei barley striperust( Russian wheataphid( ( dipsaci ( mosaic virus, of millet ( ( witchweed), sorghum downy mildew Striga Zeugodacus surinamensis sawtoothed grainbeetle ( beetle ( beetle ( rice weevil ( Lesser grainborer ( Electric ant ( swarms of A. florea, Bombusterrestris, slow paralysis virus, bee paralysis virus,deformed wingvirus, Plasmopara halstedii Phoma Peronosclerospora sorghi Erwinia spp.(especially ), Khaprabeetle ( ), sunflower downy mildew spp.),stemnematode( Cryptolestes ferrugineus Tribolium castaneum Sclerospora graminicola ), Karnalbunt ( A. mellifera spp. spp., Sitophilus oryzae spp.andviruses Wasmannia auropunctata ) spp., Orobanche spp., Pythium Puccinia striiformi Fusarium Rhyzopertha dominica Alternaria ) Apis cerana, A.dorsata, Striga asiatica Diuraphis noxia Trogoderma Bactrocera spp.,phomablight Tilletia indica ), downy mildew spp., Oryzaephilus andnew exotic ), rustygrain spp., ), rust-red flour spp., ), Ralstonia Ditylenchus ), sorghum and , red s f. sp. , acute ) ), )

), Surveillance program name pest surveys variety trialsandgeneral seed caneinspections, Sugar industrysurveys, management incotton Sucking pest resistance monitoring Silverleaf whitefly inspections Post-Entry Quarantine cropping Service –broadacre Plant Pest Diagnostic Panama TR4Program Eradication Program National Varroa Mite Ant EradicationProgram National Red ImportedFire Surveillance Program National Plant Health Sugarcane Cotton Cotton maize, peanuts) (e.g. cotton, sorghum, Broadacre fieldcrops Broadacre fieldcrops Banana honey bees European andAsian environment Amenity and Multiple Target hosts Within Queensland(continued) pests anddiseases yellow spot ( rust ( smut ( gall (Fijidiseasevirus(Fijivirus)), sugarcane sugarcane mosaicvirus(Potyvirus), Fijileaf xyli Ratoon stunting disease ( solenopsis Solenopsis mealybug( Silverleaf whitefly( crops All pathogensthataffect broadacre field crops (cotton, grains,pastures) All pathogensthatcanaffect broadacre cubense Panama disease( Varroa jacobsoni Red importedfire ant ( vitripennis glassy wingedsharpshooter ( spp.), Pierce's disease ( and Exotic fruitflies( wasps (Siricidwasps e.g. bark beetles ( beetles, barkbeetles ( beetle ( ( ( lateral-banded mangolonghornbeetle longicorn beetle ( longhorn beetle ( ( including sugarcane longhornbeetle A rangeofexotic timberandforest pests, Target pests Monochamus Batocera rubus Dorysthenes buqueti ), leafscald( Ceratitis Puccinia melanocephala, P. kuehnii Sporisorium scitamineum Stromatium barbatum ) ) ) Mycovellosiella koepkei spp.), gypsy moths ( Dendroctonus spp.),drywood longicorn Xanthomonas albilineans ), sawyer beetles Bactrocera, Zeugodacus Anoplophora Aristobia testudo Fusarium oxysporum Bemisia tabaci ), Asianandcitrus Ips Phenacoccus Solenopsis invicta Xylella fastidiosa Leifsonia xyli spp.),pinebeetles Uroceris gigas spp.), wood ), ambrosia ), sugarcane ), sugarcane spp.),lychee Homalodisca Lymantria ), exotic B-type) ), ), ), subsp. subsp. ), ), f. sp. ). ), )

161 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS Table 50. Australia's plant biosecurity surveillance programs (continued)

Surveillance program name Target hosts Target pests Surveillance program name Target hosts Target pests Within Queensland (continued) Within South Australia (continued) West Indian drywood West Indian drywood termite (Cryptotermes National Plant Health Timber structures Multiple Exotic invasive ants (tramp ants) termite surveys brevis) Surveillance Program Within South Australia Asiatic and African citrus psyllids National Plant Health Rutaceae (Diaphorina citri, Candidatus Liberibacter A range of pests utilising specific and Surveillance Program Area freedom surveys Multiple africanus) general surveillance methods National Plant Health Huanglongbing (Candidatus Liberibacter Bee surveillance – European honey Rutaceae American foulbrood (Paenibacillus spp.) Surveillance Program asiaticus) endemic disease bees Rutaceae, Brown marmorated stink Brown marmorated stink bug National Plant Health Citrus canker (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Multiple commercially grown bug (Halyomorpha halys) Surveillance Program citri) citrus trees Caracollina lenticula Multiple Caracollina lenticula National Plant Health Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium), Stored grains Conifer auger beetle Conifer trees Conifer auger beetle (Sinoxylon conigerum) Surveillance Program Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica) Exotic longhorn beetle Citrus longicorn beetle (Anoplophora National Plant Health Glassy winged sharpshooters (Homalodisca Rutaceae Vitus vinifera

PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT trapping chinensis) Surveillance Program vitripennis and H. coagulata) Giant pine scale Pinaceae Giant pine scale (Marchalina hellenica) Ports of Entry Trapping Eucalyptus spp., Exotic gypsy moths (Lymantria spp.) Program ornamental trees Various, including barley stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei), Khapra Multiple – Bactrocera tau, B. carambolae,

CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER beetle (Trogoderma granarium), Karnal bunt B. dorsalis, B. albistrigata, B. umbrosa, Ports of Entry Trapping Various fruit fly Grains Farm Biosecurity In-crop and stored (Tilletia indica), Russian wheat aphid B. trivialis, B. facialis, B. kirki, B. melanotus, Program hosts Program grains (Diuraphis noxia), Sunn pest (Eurygaster B. xanthodes, B. psidii, B. zonata, Ceratitis integriceps), wheat stem rust (Puccinia capitata, Zeugodacus cucurbitae graminis f. sp. tritici), wheat stem sawfly Potato spindle tuber (Cephus cinctus) Solanaceae Potato spindle tuber viroid viroid Grapevine phylloxera (Daktulosphaira Grape phylloxera Vitus vinifera vitifoliae) Queensland fruit fly Horticultural crops Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) Grape vine pinot gris virus Grape vines Grape vine pinot gris virus (Trichovirus) Tomato potato psyllid Solanaceae Tomato potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli) Khapra beetle national Tomato yellow curl leaf Multiple Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) Solanaceae Tomato yellow curl leaf virus response virus

Mediterranean fruit fly Horticultural crops Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitus capitata) Trogoderma glabrum Multiple Trogoderma glabrum Monochamus Surveillance Japanese pine sawyer beetle (Monochamus Pinus spp. Program alternatus), pine wilt nematode Within Tasmania Bee surveillance – European honey American foulbrood (Paenibacillus spp.) Varroa destructor, V. jacobsoni, Tropilaelaps American foulbrood bees clareae, T. mercedesae, Acarapis woodi, Oplostoma fuligineus, Braula coeca, acute National Bee Pest Blueberry rust Commercial European honey bee bee paralysis virus, deformed wing virus, Blueberry rust (Thekopsora minima) Surveillance Program surveillance blueberry crops slow paralysis virus, Apis cerana, A. dorsata, A. florea, Bombus terrestris, Vespa velutina Codling moth trapping Apples, cherries Codling moth (Cydia pomonella) and new exotic swarms of A. mellifera surveillance

162 Table 50. Australia's plant biosecurity surveillance programs (continued)

Surveillance program name Target hosts Target pests Within Tasmania (continued) Devonport (Stoney Rise) Multiple Numerous flying pests and beneficials light trapping Fruit fly trapping Host fruit trees, fruit Bactrocera tryoni, Ceratitis capitata, surveillance and vegetables B. dorsalis and other exotic fruit flies Varroa destructor, V. jacobsoni, Tropilaelaps clareae, T. mercedesae, Acarapis woodi, Oplostoma fuligineus, Aethina tumida, acute National Bee Pest European honey bee bee paralysis virus, deformed wing virus, Surveillance Program slow paralysis virus, Apis cerana, A. dorsata, A. florea, Bombus terrestris, Vespa velutina and new exotic swarms of A. mellifera National Plant Health Various hosts near Surveillance Program – cargo, freight, ports Brown marmorated stink bug brown marmorated stink and in parks and (Halyomorpha halys)

bug gardens DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT National Plant Health Various citrus in Surveillance Program – Citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri subsp.citri) production nurseries citrus canker

Various hosts on 5: CHAPTER National Plant Health urban pathways, Liriomyza bryoniae, L. cicerina, L. huidobrensis, Surveillance Program – community gardens L. sativae, L. trifolii exotic leaf miners and commercial potato crops National Plant Health Surveillance Program – Commercial orchards Fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) fire blight Gypsy moth, including Lymantria dispar asiatica, L. dispar dispar, L. dispar japonica, National Plant Health Multiple, including L. umbrosa, L. albescens, L. postalba, L. xylina, Surveillance Program – forest and amenity L. monacha, L. pulverea, L. minomonis, gypsy moth trapping trees L. concolor, L. dissoluta, L. sinica, L. marginata, L. atameles, L. fumida National Plant Health Various citrus in Huanglongbing (citrus greening) Surveillance Program production nurseries (Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus) – huanglongbing National Plant Health Stored grains, grain Surveillance Program processors and Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) – Khapra beetle animal feed outlets National Plant Health Various hosts at Surveillance Program nurseries and on Pierce’s disease (Xylella fastidiosa) – Pierce’s disease urban pathways Dr Robert Spooner-Hart, University of Western Sydney demonstrating pest and disease identification and monitoring to olive growers. Image courtesy of the Australian Olive Association 163 Table 50. Australia's plant biosecurity surveillance programs (continued)

Surveillance program name Target hosts Target pests Surveillance program name Target hosts Target pests Within Tasmania (continued) Within Victoria (continued)

National Plant Health Various, including barley stripe rust Various hosts at Surveillance Program – Sharka (plum pox virus) (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei), Khapra commercial orchards beetle (Trogoderma granarium), Karnal bunt sharka Grains Farm Biosecurity In-crop and stored (Tilletia indica), Sunn pest (Eurygaster Program grains National Plant Health integriceps), wheat stem rust (Puccinia Various hosts at Surveillance Program – Glassy winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca graminis f. sp. tritici), wheat stem sawfly nurseries and on glassy winged vitripennis) (Cephus cinctus) urban pathways sharpshooter Varroa destructor, V. jacobsoni, Tropilaelaps clareae, T. mercedesae, Acarapis woodi, National Plant Health Oplostoma fuligineus, Braula coeca, acute Various hosts on National Bee Pest Surveillance Program – Spotted wing drosphila (Drosophila suzukii) European honey bee bee paralysis virus, deformed wing virus, urban pathways Surveillance Program spotted wing drosphila slow paralysis virus, Apis cerana, A. dorsata, A. florea, Bombus terrestris, Vespa velutina Silverleaf white fly and new exotic swarms of A. mellifera Nursery stock Silver leaf white fly (Bemisia tabaci) surveillance Citrus canker (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT citri), African citrus psyllid (Trioza erytreae), National Plant Health Commercial potato Citrus Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) and and tomato crops, Surveillance Program Tomato potato psyllid Tomato potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli) huanglongbing (Candidatus Liberibacter community gardens, asiaticus) urban pathways CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER National Plant Health Fruit and vegetable Fruit flies (Bactrocera spp., Ceratitis Stored grains, grain Warehouse beetle Surveillance Program crops captitata) processors and Warehouse beetle (Trogoderma variable) trapping surveillance animal feed outlets Pierce's disease (Xylella fastidiosa), glassy National Plant Health Grapes winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca Within Victoria Surveillance Program vitripennis) American serpentine leaf miner (Liriomyza trifolii), maize leafhopper (Cicadulina mbila), Japanese sawyer beetle (Monocamus turnip moth (Agrotis segetum), barley stem alternatus), wood wasp (Urocerus fantoma), gall midge (Mayetola hordei), European black spruce longhorn beetle (Tetropium Plants and weed castaneum), brown spruce longhorn beetle wheat stem sawfly (Cephus pygmeus), National Plant Health hosts around (Tetropium fuscum), Asian gypsy moth cabbage seedpod weevil (Ceuthorhynchus Surveillance Program assimilis), canola Verticillium wilt Melbourne ports (Lymantria dispar and other Lymantria spp.), (Verticillium longisporum), Fusarium wilts of pine wilt nematode (Bursaphelenchus spp.), Crop Safe Program In-field grains chickpea (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris) brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha and canola (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. halys) conglutinans), barley stripe rust (Puccinia Plants and weed National Plant Health Exotic fruit flies, various Bactrocera and striifomis f.sp. hordei), lentil rust (Uromyces hosts around Surveillance Program Ceratitis spp. viciae-fabae), lupin anthracnose Victorian ports (Colletotrichum lupini) and Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica), lentil anthracnose Victorian funded Pasture and fruit (Colletotrichum truncatum), Khapra beetle Green snail (Cantareus apertus) (Trogoderma granarium) containment program trees

164 Table 50.Australia's plantbiosecuritysurveillance programs (continued) (Ord River Irrigation Area) Medfly Area Freedom Program Grains Farm Biosecurity surveillance European wasp incident) mosaic virus(as an Cucumber green mottle Crop Variety Trials Codling moth surveillance solanacearum Candidatus Browsing ant surveillance bug Brown marmoratedstink Biosecurity Blitz response Asian longhornbeetle laboratory AgWest graintesting Agrisearch Surveillance program name Liberibacter hosts Many horticultural grains In-crop andstored horticultural crops Urban areas and weeds Cucurbits andhost Grain crops Pome fruit eggplant crops capsicum, chilliand Tomato, potato, urban areas Environmental, areas all hosts,urban General surveillance, all hosts General surveillance, (Ulmus) willow (Salix),elm poplar (Populus), tree (Platanus), birch (Betula), plane chestnut (Aesculus), Maple (Acer), horse Grain crops Grain crops Target hosts Within Western Australia Grain pests Target pests Mediterranean fruitfly( ( graminis integriceps ( ( beetle ( ( Various, includingbarley striperust European wasp ( Cucumber green mottle mosaicvirus Grain pests Codling moth ( cockerell Tomato potato pysllid ( Browsing ant ( (Halyomorpha halys) Brown marmoratedstinkbug All plant pests glabripennis Asian longhornbeetle ( Grain pests Cephus cinctus Diuraphis noxia Tilletia indica Puccinia striiformis Trogoderma granarium f. sp. i ) ), wheatstemrust( ) ), Russian wheataphid tritici Cydia pomonella Lepisiota frauenfeld ) ), Sunnpest( Vespula germanica ), wheatstemsawfly f. sp. Bactericera Anoplophora Ceratitis capitata hordei Eurygaster ), Karnalbunt Puccinia ), Khapra ) i ) ) ) MyCrop e-surveillance Surveillance program name merchants Sentinel stored products surveillance Queensland fruitfly trapping Port ofEntry –fruitfly gypsy moth trapping Port ofEntry –Asian PestFax e-surveillance Pantry Blitz National Variety Trials resistance monitoring National graininsect Surveillance Program National Plant Health Surveillance Program National BeePest e-surveillance MyPestGuide Within Western Australia(continued) products Stored grain hosts Many horticultural Horticultural hosts native species ornamental and forest, orchard, More than600 general surveillance Broadacre crops, products Stored grain Grain crops Grain crops crops Pome andcitrus European honey bee surveillance All hosts,general general surveillance Broadacre crops, Target hosts Khapra beetle ( Queensland fruitfly( Various Asian gypsy moth ( All plant pests Khapra beetle ( Grain pests Grain pests sharpshooter ( ( ants ( ( axonopodis asiaticus), citruscanker ( huanglongbing ( Fire blight ( A. mellifera velutina A. dorsata,florea, Bombusterrestris, Vespa wing virus,slow paralysis virus, tumida, Oplostoma fuligineus,Braula coeca, Aethina clareae, T. mercedesae, Acarapis woodi, Varroa destructor, V. jacobsoni, Tropilaelaps All plant pests All plant pests Target pests Xylella fastidiosa Anoplophora chinensis Solenopsis invicta acutebeeparalysis virus,deformed andnew exotic swarms of Bactrocera pv. pv. Erwinia amylovora Homalodisca vitripennis citri Trogoderma granarium Trogoderma granarium Candidatus ), glassy winged ), citruslongicorn beetle and Lymantria dispar Bactrocera tryoni ), red importedfire ), Pierce's disease Ceratitis Xanthomonas Liberibacter ), spp. Apis cerana,

) ) ) ) )

165 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS Diagnostics – identifying plant pests and diseases

Accurate diagnosis of plant pests and diseases fundamentally underpins all aspects of the plant biosecurity system. It is essential that diagnostic services can quickly and accurately identify both established and exotic species. The differences between species can be very minor, making identification a matter of an expert undertaking close examination, morphological comparison to reference species or using molecular techniques.

The cause of poor plant health can be difficult to pin down. There can be many different causes for a given symptom, not all of them related to insects or pathogens. The health of a plant may be affected by soil structure and nutrients, weather conditions, amount of light, other environmental and cultural conditions, as well as the activities of animals and people.

In the event of an incursion, diagnostic expertise is required to identify an initial sample, to help determine how widespread the incursion is (a critical factor in determining whether a pest is eradicable), and eventually to provide the evidence necessary to claim that the pest has been eradicated.

Diagnostic capacity also supports many of the management practices that are integral to the production

PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT and trade of plant products. Pest management programs, including the selection and application of farm chemicals, rely on the accurate identification of pests. Rapid identification also supports quarantine processes such as maintaining Pest Free Areas, which allow access to domestic and international markets. CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER COORDINATION OF NATIONAL PLANT BIOSECURITY DIAGNOSTICS

Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics The Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics (SPHD) provides leadership in plant pest diagnostics policy, standards and coordination for Australia. The subcommittee was established in December 2004 by the Plant Health Committee to sustain and improve the quality and reliability of plant pest diagnostics in Australia.

Key roles and responsibilities of SPHD include: • reviewing and developing diagnostic policies, protocols and standards • reviewing, developing and implementing strategies to address national capability and capacity issues • endorsing National Diagnostic Protocols (NDPs) (see Figure 93 on page 168). • coordinating and fostering the National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network • coordinating national capability building through a professional development framework • driving the development and uptake of accreditation and quality management systems for diagnostic laboratories • improving the surge capacity of diagnostic services to support plant pest responses.

166 pest identification. resources, contact details ofmembers,news, events andaselectionoftoolsto assist in The network issupportedby awebsite providing surge capacityduringincursions. services, preventing duplicationofeffort oridentifying andaddressing any gaps,and An integrated, nationalnetwork hasnumerous benefits,includingmore efficient delivery of of thenetwork together toshare ideasandknowledge, andtoidentify future activities. a proficiency testingprogram. Eachyear theAnnualDiagnosticians’Workshop bringsmembers sharing ofdiagnosticresources, aswell asoffering professional development activitiesand Group. Thenetwork improves capacityby facilitatingcommunication between experts and Activities are coordinated anddriven by SPHDthrough aNetwork Implementation Working and theNew Zealand Ministryfor PrimaryIndustries. to, stateandterritorygovernments, theAustralianGovernment, CSIRO, PHA,universities of organisations involved inthedelivery ofplant pestdiagnostics,including,butnot limited and pathologists,through toresponse managersandpolicymakers. They are from arange Network memberscomprise experts from across thediagnosticsystem, from entomologists New Zealand. driven by SPHDwithafocus onbuildingdiagnosticcapabilityandcapacityfor Australiaand The formation oftheNationalPlant BiosecurityDiagnosticNetwork (NPBDN)in2011was National PlantBiosecurityDiagnosticNetwork system effectively supportsthebroader biosecuritysystem. The implementation ofthestrategycontinues tobeledby SPHD, ensuringthediagnostic • • • • Australia’s needs.They are to: The strategycontains four recommendations toensure thatthediagnosticsystem meets strategic vision for theoverarching plant biosecuritysystem. The National PlantBiosecurityDiagnosticStrategy data sharing. establish anationalplant biosecurityinformation management framework tooptimise develop andmaintain diagnosticcapabilityandcapacityfor allHighPriorityPests laboratories implement andmaintain appropriate qualitymanagement systems indiagnostic Australia’s plant biosecuritysystem develop anationallyintegrated plant biosecuritydiagnosticnetwork thatunderpins National PlantBiosecurityDiagnosticStrategy plantbiosecuritydiagnostics.net.au , developed in2012,provides the whichcontains

Attendees attheAnnual Diagnosticians’ Workshop andAnnualSurveillance Workshop On 21March 2018,60peopleattendedtheAnnualDiagnosticians’Workshop Development opportunitiesfor diagnosticians identification ofplanthoppers, leafhoppersandspittlebugs. network membersonloop-mediatedisothermal amplificationandthe Other professional development opportunitiesin2018includedworkshops for build nationalcapabilityandcapacity. The goalofthenetwork istostrengthen connections between diagnosticiansto to plant pestdiagnosticiansoftheNationalPlant Biosecurity DiagnosticNetwork. The workshop was oneofseveral professional development opportunitiesprovided surveillance personnelanddiagnosticians. coincide withtheAnnualSurveillance Workshop toenhance linksbetween the which focused onnew andemerging diagnostics.Theworkshop was heldto

167 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS NATIONAL DIAGNOSTIC PROTOCOLS Figure 93. National Diagnostic Protocol endorsement process National Diagnostic Protocols (NDPs) are documents that contain detailed information about a specific plant pest or related group of pests, to allow accurate taxonomic identification. Assessment process They comply with ISPM 27, Diagnostic Protocols for Regulated Pests, and include diagnostic procedures and data on the pest, its hosts, taxonomic information, detection and identification. New protocols include diagnostic information relevant in supporting surveillance activities Does an approved national protocol already exist? and the high throughput of samples. Facilitate development The protocols are used in: Yes No of new protocol • general surveillance for pest status • testing of material for compliance with certification procedures Is there an Australian or international protocol? • surveillance as part of an official control or eradication program • pest diagnostic operations associated with phytosanitary certification • routine diagnosis of pests found in imported consignments Does it follow SPHD Reference Standard 2? • detection of a pest in an area where it is not known to occur • emergency responses to exotic plant pests. Yes No Adapt protocol

PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT SPHD is responsible for endorsing the protocols, setting them as the agreed procedures for use in the event of an incursion. The use of endorsed NDPs provides confidence in diagnostic Protocol verification outcomes and consistency across the laboratories of the NPBDN. 5 year review The protocols are developed according to SPHD Reference Standards, which include the

CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER Yes No Verification facilitated process processes of peer review, verification and endorsement as shown in Figure 93.

These reference standards cover: Protocol review • Reference Standard 1: Glossary of Terms (Version 3.2). • Reference Standard 2: Development of Diagnostic Protocols – Procedures for Authors Yes No Review facilitated (Version 6). • Reference Standard 3: Guidelines for the Approval Process of National Diagnostic Diagnostic Protocol Protocols (Version 5.1). Working Group approval • Reference Standard 4: Guidelines for Verification and Peer Review Reports (Version 3.2).

A list of National Diagnostic Protocols, both under development and endorsed, is presented Yes No Facilitate revision in Table 51. ACCEPT NATIONAL DIAGNOSTIC PROTOCOL SPHD endorsement No

Yes

168 Table 51. Plum pox Plenodomus tracheiphilus Phytoptus avellanae Phytophthora ramorum Phakopsora euvitis Ophiostoma ulmi Neonectria ditissima Monilinia fructigena Magnaporthe grisea Liriomyza trifolii Leptinotarsa decemlineata Homalodisca vitripennis Guignardia bidwellii Fusarium oxysporum Endocronartium harknessii Echinothrips americanus Diuraphis noxia Diaporthe helianthi Dendronoctonus valens Cryphonectria parasitica Clavibacter michiganensis Cherry leafroll virus Candidatus Candidatus Candidatus Candidatus Bactericera cockerelli Adoxophyes orana Scientific name

National DiagnosticProtocols virus Phytoplasma prunorum Phytoplasma pruni Liberobacter solanacearum Liberibacterasiaticus (Potyvirus) (Nepovirus) f. sp. subsp. ciceris sepedonicus Endorsed protocols Plum pox virus Mal secco Hazelnut bigbudmite Sudden oakdeath Grapevine leafrust Dutch elmdisease European canker Apple brown rot Rice blast American serpentine leafminer Colorado potato beetle Glassy wingedsharpshooter Black rot Fusarium wiltofchickpea Pine gallrust Poinsettia thrips Russian wheataphid Sunflower stemcanker Red turpentine beetle Chestnut blight Potato ringrot Blackline European stonefruityellows X disease Zebra chip Huanglongbing Tomato potato psyllid Summer fruittortrix Common name Potato moptop virus Scientific name Daktulosphaira vitifoli Cotton leafroll dwarf virus Cotton leafcurlvirus Coryphodema tristis Colletotrichum truncatum Citripestis sagittiferella Cicidula mbila and C. partellus, C.polychrysus, C.sacchariphagus Chilo Ceratovacuna lanigera Candidatus Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Burkholderia glumae Banana bract mosaicvirus Agrilus planipennis Xylella fastidiosa Xanthomonas citri Uromyces viciae-fabae Tilletia indica Synchytrium endobioticum Scirtothrips perseae Roesleria subterranea Pulvinaria iceryi Puccinia striiformis Protopulvinaria pyriformis Potato spindletuberviroid (Pospiviroidae) C. terrenellus spp.,including Phytoplasma solani subsp. f. sp. (Begomovirus) C. auricilius,infuscatellus, (Pomovirus) (lentil strain) hordei (lentil strain) citri (Potyvirus) (Polerovirus) Endorsed protocols (continued) Draft protocols

Grape phylloxera Cotton leafroll dwarf virus Cotton leafcurldisease South African cossid moth Lentil anthracnose Citrus fruitborer South African maize leafhopper borer andstemborer stem borer, darkheaded stripeborer, spotted Gold fringedrice borer, topborer, spotted Sugarcane woolly aphid Bois noir Pine wiltnematode Panicle bight Banana bractmosaicvirus Emerald ashborer Pierce’s disease Citrus canker Lentil rust Karnal bunt Potato wart Avocado thrips Grape root rot Pulvinaria scale Barley striperust Pyriform scale PSTVd Potato moptopvirus Common name

169 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS Table 51. National Diagnostic Protocols (continued)

Scientific name Common name Scientific name Common name Draft protocols (continued) Draft protocols (continued) Deanolis sublimbalis Red banded mango caterpillar Planococcus ficus Vine mealybug Dendroctonus ponderosae Mountain pine beetle Pomacea canaliculata Golden apple snail Diaphorina citri Asian citrus psyllid Potyvirus (general) Potyvirus Drosophila suzuki Spotted wing drosophila Pseudocercospora fijiensis Black sigatoka Dysaphis plantaginea Rosy apple aphid Pseudococcus maritimus Grape mealybug Erionata thrax Banana skipper butterfly Pseudomonas papulans Blister spot of apple Erwinia amylovera Fire blight Puccinia psidii (exotic strains) Guava (eucalyptus) rust Furovirus and Bymovirus group Wheat soil-borne viruses Raffaelea lauricola Laurel wilt and vector beetle Fusarium circinatum Pine pitch canker Ralstonia solanacearum (phylotype IIB) Moko and Bugtok Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Panama disease Ralstonia syzgii subsp. celebesensis (syn. Blood disease Giberella fujikuroi Bakanae Ralstonia solanacearum race 2, biovar 1) PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis Potato cyst nematode Ramu stunt (Tenuivirus) Ramu stunt Grapevine flavescence doree phytoplasma Flavescence doree Red clover vein mosaic virus (Carlavirus) Red clover vein mosaic virus Hyalensthes obsoletus Cixiidae plant hopper Sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma Sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER Liriomyza huidobrensis Pea leaf minor Scirpophaga excerptalis Top shoot borer Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice water weevil Scirpophaga nivella White rice borer Lobesia botrana European grapevine moth Scirtithrips aurantii South African citrus thrips Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth, gypsy moth complex Scolytines Bark beetles Maize dwarf virus (Potyvirus) Maize dwarf virus Sesamia grisescens Stem borer Mayetiola destructor Hessian fly Sitobian avenae English grain aphid Mycosphaerella eumusae Eumusae leaf spot Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (Furovirus) Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus Orthaga euadrusalis Mango web weaver Stagonospora sacchari Leaf scorch of sugar Pantoea stewartii Stewart's wilt of maize Sternochetus frigidus Mango pulp weevil Pea early browning virus (Tobravirus) Pea early browning virus Termites (group) Termites Pea enation mosaic virus (Enamovirus) Pea enation mosaic virus Tetranychus piercei Spider mites Pepino mosaic virus (Potexvirus) Pepino mosaic virus Tetranychus turkestani Strawberry spider mite Peronosclerospora sacchari Sugarcane downy mildew Tilletia controversa Dwarf bunt of wheat Phymatotrichum omnivorum Texas root rot Tilletia horrida Kernel smut of rice Phytophthora infestans A2 Late blight Trioza erytreae African citrus psyllid

170 Draft a NationalDiagnosticProtocol Endorsed Image courtesy of NSWDPI Biosecurity Collections staffMichelleRossetto performing triageonstickymatsfor tomato potato psyllids. Table 51.NationalDiagnosticProtocols (continued) Xanthomonas fragariae Xanthomonas citri Wheat spindlestreak mosaicvirus Verticillium dahliae Scientific name –thestandard hasnot yet beenassessedandverified by SPHD –thestandard hasbeenassessedandendorsedby theSubcommittee onPlant Health Diagnosticsas subsp. malvacearum (Bymovirus) Draft protocols (continued) Angular leafscorch ofstrawberry Hyper virulent bacterialblight ofcotton Wheat spindlestreak mosaicvirus Defoliating strain Common name

171 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS DIAGNOSTIC SERVICES IN AUSTRALIA Diagnostic services are distributed across every state and territory in Australia. Services are delivered by a range of agencies, including state and territory governments, the Australian Government, commercial and private diagnostic laboratories, museums, CSIRO and universities.

Australia’s diagnostic facilities and their services are detailed in Table 52.

Services may be provided on an ad hoc, commercial or nationally coordinated basis, as required. Diagnostic operations are often performed as part of collaborative research activities that focus on specific pests of concern. NATIONAL REFERENCE COLLECTIONS Biological reference collections are an essential part of the plant biosecurity system, providing validated reference specimens for comparison during the identification of a plant pest. Comprehensive and well-maintained collections are a vital tool to support effective diagnostics, and they are also used for other purposes, such as biodiversity or scientific research.

Most biosecurity and biodiversity reference collections contain: • Exotic pest specimens – necessary for identification since these pests are not present in Australia. PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT • Common native relatives and lookalikes of exotic pests – essential for comparison when diagnosing exotic or unknown pests, and used in the development of effective diagnostic methods. • Type specimens – definitive and validated specimens of a species or strain, which is important for

CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER taxonomic research and diagnostics. • Historical material and records – including vouchers and evidence of surveillance or distribution.

Diagnosticians use collections to determine the status of a pest and to NATIONAL PLANT support export market access. Proof of area freedom requires PEST REFERENCE COLLECTIONS vouchering of specimens and records under international standards STRATEGY including ISPM 8, a service that is provided by Australia’s collections. 2018 Ensuring biological collections support trade and biosecurity During 2018, SPHD developed an implementation plan for the National Plant Pest Reference Collections Strategy. Using this plan to implement the strategy will ensure reference collections are integrated into the plant biosecurity system, coordinated with other system components, and can support Australia’s trade and biosecurity activities.

172 Table 52. Tamworth Tamworth Agricultural Institute, Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney Rosebery Operational Science, Crewe Place, Macleay Museum,Sydney Advisory Station, Grafton Grafton Agricultural Research and Laboratory, West Pennant Hills Forest Health Management Institute, Menangle Elizabeth MacarthurAgricultural Centre, Darwin CSIRO Tropical Ecosystems Research CSIRO Cotton Research Unit,Narrabri Cereal Rust Laboratory, Cobbitty Australian Museum,Sydney Narrabri Australian Cotton Research Institute, Canberra Black Mountain Laboratories, Canberra Black Mountain Laboratories, Canberra Black Mountain Laboratories, Laboratory andlocation Orange Agricultural Institute,Orange Agricultural Scientific Collections Unit, Canberra Black Mountain Laboratories, Australia’s diagnosticservices, theircapabilities,accreditations andcollections NSW DPI and Heritage NSW Office of Environment DAWR University ofSydney NSW DPI NSW DPI NSW DPI CSIRO CSIRO Sydney NSW DPI,University of Australian Museum NSW DPI,CSIRO NSW DPI Collection) (Australian NationalInsect Collections Australia,CSIRO National Research Herbarium) (Australian National Collections Australia,CSIRO National Research CSIRO Health andBiosecurity CSIRO Health andBiosecurity Organisation Bee pathogens Diagnostic capability pathology andbroadacre crops) Invertebrates andpathogens(entomology, plant methods Plant pathogens,using both classical andmolecular investigation todetermine causal agent of immature stagesof arthropods. Pathology Pest anddiseaseidentification, collection andrearing Entomology Insect pests Internal routine diagnostics and mycology) Invertebrates andpathogens(virology, bacteriology purposes Ant identification for generalpublicandbiosecurity Entomology Rust pathology Entomology bacteriology) Cotton pathology(e.g. mycology, virology and mite identification (mycology andentomology) Invertebrates andpathogens,specialistinsect Insect, nematodeandmiteidentification Fungal identification Fungal identification Australian CapitalTerritory New SouthWales containment 5.2/7.2 DAWR accredited quarantine 17025:2005) NATA accreditation (ISO/IEC ISO9001 17025:2005) NATA accreditation (ISO/IEC Accreditation Entomology Entomology ant collection Tropical Ecosystems Research Centre Entomology Fungal, bacterialandarthropods collections earthworm andother invertebrate arthropod (e.g. spider, centipede), Insect, nematode,mite,other Herbarium andfungicollections Collections

173 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS Table 52. Australia’s diagnostic services, their capabilities, accreditations and collections (continued)

Laboratory and location Organisation Diagnostic capability Accreditation Collections New South Wales (continued) Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Charles Sturt University, Plant pathology, nematode identification and Wagga Wagga NSW DPI molecular biology Invertebrates and pathogens (vegetables and rice Yanco Agricultural Institute, Yanco NSW DPI pathology) Northern Territory The Northern Territory Economic Entomology Laboratory, Berrimah NT DPIR Insects and mites, molecular biology Insect Reference Collection and insect DNA collection NT Department of Registration for exchange Herbarium, Flora and Fauna Division, Plant identification for general public and commercial Native plant collection of the Northern Environment and Natural (export and import) of scientific Palmerston purposes Territory Resources specimens Insect identification for general public and commercial Registration for exchange Insects with a focus on native species. Museum and Art Galleries of the Museum and Art Galleries of purposes. A gastropod collection that has been (export and import) of scientific Gastropoda with a number of border

PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT Northern Territory the Northern Territory assisting DAWR quarantine inspectors with specimens collections intercepted samples Plant pathology: herbarium specimens, desiccated virus and virus-like disease collections and CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER Tropical plant pests. Plant pathology including nucleic acids from Australia and microscopy, serology and molecular assays northern neighbouring countries. Northern Australia Quarantine DAWR (conventional and real time PCR) for selected Entomology: Northern Territory Strategy Regional Laboratory, Darwin organisms. Entomology and botany including Quarantine Insect Collection which microscopy and molecular capacity comprises general entomology insect pests; WA, NT and Timor Leste Tephritidae; and WA, NT and overseas Culicoides biting midges Northern Territory Plant Pathology Plant pathology, virology, bacteriology, PCR, mycology Plant Pathology Laboratory, Berrimah NT DPIR Herbarium and plant pathogen nucleic and diagnostics acids collection Queensland Bowen Research Station, Bowen QDAF Entomology Biosecurity Queensland Control QDAF Fire ants Fire ant reference collection Centre, Moggill Temperate and tropical plant pests. Plant pathology including microscopy and molecular techniques. DAWR accredited quarantine Brisbane Airport, Brisbane DAWR Insect collections Entomology including microscopy and limited containment 5.2/7.2 molecular capacity Cairns Research Station, Cairns QDAF Plant pest and disease triage

174 Table 52.Australia’s diagnosticservices, theircapabilities,accreditations andcollections (continued) Waite Institute,Adelaide School ofAgriculture, Food andWine, Toowoomba University ofSouthernQueensland, Toowoomba Toowoomba Research Station, Indooroopilly, Woodford, Mackay, Tully Sugar Research Australia, South Johnstone South Johnstone Research Station, Brisbane Queensland Museum,SouthBrisbane, Nambour QAAFI, St Lucia, DuttonPark, Warwick, Strategy Regional Laboratory, Cairns Northern AustraliaQuarantine Maroochy Research Station, Nambour Gatton Research Station, Gatton Ecosciences Precinct, DuttonPark Laboratory andlocation SARDI, Adelaide Mareeba Centre for Tropical Agriculture, University ofAdelaide SARDI Queensland University ofSouthern QDAF Sugar Research Australia QDAF Queensland Museum Queensland Innovation, University of Agriculture andFood Queensland Alliance for DAWR QDAF QDAF QDAF QDAF Organisation Entomology, plant pathology, molecularand Diagnostic capability Nematology and viticulture virology surveillance nematology, virology, taxonomy), entomology and Molecular diagnostics,plant pathology (mycology, Plant pathologyandnematology virology, nematologyandmycology Field crop pestsanddiseases,molecular, entomology, Sugarcane pestsanddiseases Nematology, entomology andplant pathology Acaralogy andentomology Plant pathologyandvirology microscopy limited molecularcapacity. Botany including organisms. Entomology includingmicroscopy and (conventional andreal timePCR)for selected microscopy, serology andmolecularassays Tropical plant pests.Plant pathologyincluding Plant pathology Vegetable pestsanddiseases fruit flyscreening mycology, nematology, molecularbiologyandexotic Entomology, plant pathology, virology, bacteriology, bacteriology Queensland (continued) South Australia and plants containment facilitiesfor insects testing. DAWR accredited accredited for potato virus under Biologicals.NATA Laboratory isNATA accredited Molecular Diagnostics (BC3) containment level 2(BC2)and3 for Class5.2&5.3.Biosecurity DAWR Approved Arrangement Accreditation University Entomology collection, Adelaide Acarology andentomology fly collection overseas specimensandalarge fruit extensive insectcollections including disease collections. Entomology: and desiccated virusandvirus-like Plant pathology:herbariumspecimens Plant pathologyandentomology Entomology Collections

175 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS Table 52. Australia’s diagnostic services, their capabilities, accreditations and collections (continued)

Laboratory and location Organisation Diagnostic capability Accreditation Collections South Australia (continued) School of Earth and Environmental University of Adelaide Entomology Sciences, Adelaide SA Department of Premier South Australian Museum, Adelaide Entomology and Cabinet Tasmania Laboratory DAWR containment Peracto, Devonport Peracto Plant pathology and nematology approved Laboratories DAWR containment Plant Health Laboratories, New Town Entomology, plant pathology (virology, mycology, approved, TASAG laboratories (satellite entomology laboratories at DPIPWE nematology and bacteriology including molecular Insect reference collection have NATA accreditation (ISO/ Devonport and Launceston) testing), TASAG ELISA testing services (virology) IEC 17025:2005) Queen Victoria Museum and Art Queen Victoria Museum and Invertebrate reference collection Insect identification for the general public Gallery, Launceston Art Gallery covering most groups including insects

PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT Feed grain quarantine assessments for declared Prohibited and quarantinable species Seed Analysis Laboratory, Mt Pleasant DPIPWE ISTA accredited species seed reference collection Limited pathology diagnostics, particularly focusing Sustainable Timber Tasmania on testing for Phythophthora cinnamomi. Sustainable Timber Tasmania CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER Laboratory, Derwent Park, Hobart Entomology, specialising in beetles for internal projects Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Tasmanian Museum and Art Entomology, specialising in beetles and moths, and Tasmanian forest insect collection, Hobart Gallery insect identification for the general public herbarium including weeds and fungi University of Tasmania and University of Tasmania Cradle Coast Plant pathology (mycology including molecular Tasmanian Institute of Limited collection of fungal pathogens Campus, Burnie testing) Agriculture University of Tasmania and University of Tasmania Sandy Bay Entomology, forest pathology and molecular Laboratory DAWR containment Tasmanian Institute of Insect reference collection Campus, Hobart laboratory approved Agriculture Victoria DAWR approved AS/NSZ 9001:2000/QA certification. Entomology, mycology, virology, nematology, Laboratory is NATA accredited Fungal, bacterial, nematode, bacteriology, general plant pathology, fungal and under Biologicals. NATA AgriBio, Bundoora DJPR, La Trobe University invertebrates and limited virus insect taxonomy, high throughput molecular accredited for potato virus collection diagnostics and weeds testing, potato cyst nematode identification, fruit fly and phylloxera identification

176 Table 52.Australia’s diagnosticservices, theircapabilities,accreditations andcollections (continued) Western AustralianMuseum,Kewdale Biotechnology Centre Western AustralianState Agricultural Phytophthora Laboratory, Murdoch International Airport Operational Science, DAWR, Perth Strategy, Broome Northern AustraliaQuarantine South Perth DPIRD DiagnosticPlant Laboratories, Tatura Research Centre, Tatura Rutherglen Rutherglen Research Centre, Royal Botanic Gardens, Victoria Mickleham Plant Post-Entry Quarantine facility, Tullamarine Airport Operational Science Laboratory, Irymple Research Centre, Irymple Horsham Research Centre, Horsham Laboratory andlocation Perth Department ofEnvironmental Biology, Forest Health Laboratory, Heidelberg Western AustralianMuseum Murdoch University Murdoch University DAWR DAWR DPIRD Technology Curtin University of DJPR DJPR Victoria Royal Botanic Gardens, DAWR DJPR DJPR DJPR University ofMelbourne Organisation Forest pathologyandentomology Diagnostic capability Insect identification for generalpublic laboratory for plant pathogenidentification Commercial andresearch molecularbiology laboratory Commercial andresearch Phytophthora diagnostic viruses exotic pestsincludingarthropods, fungi,bacteriaand Identification ofquarantine intercept samples,mostly exotic pests Identification ofquarantine intercept samples,mostly bee pathogens bacteriology, mycology, seeds andlimitednumberof identification, entomology, nematology, virology, Commercial diagnosticlaboratoryfor plant pathogen Mycology Entomology Entomology Mycology andweeds and nematology bacteriology, botany, virology (traditionalandmodern) General plant pathologyincludingmycology, Entomology andplant pathology General plant pathologyandentomology General plant pathologyandvirology (grainsfocus) Victoria (continued) Western Australia containment 5.2/7.2 DAWR accredited quarantine laboratory isQC2accredited accredited. Plant quarantine Seed labisISTA andQC2 containment 5.2/7.2 DAWR accredited quarantine Accreditation Western Australia Largest invertebrate collection in collection ofseedandcultures exotic invertebrates withalimited Small reference collection, mostly exotic invertebrates Small reference collection, mostly and invertebrate collections Western Australianplant pathogen Entomology collection Collections

177 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS HANDBOOK FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF FRUIT FLIES The accurate identification of fruit flies is a key component of Australia’s biosecurity system that underpins the domestic movement of fruit and vegetables, maintains international market access for Australian producers and protects Australia’s borders from exotic pest incursions.

A new version (v 3.1) of the Australian Handbook for the Identification of Fruit Flies was released in 2018. The volume was developed in consultation with, and input from, fruit fly entomologists, scientists, academics and diagnosticians from Australia and overseas, including government departments of agriculture or primary industries and research institutions.

The handbook consists of two integrated components: an illustrated hardcopy identification ‘bench- top handbook’ and an online resource.

Hardcopy handbook: The fully illustrated Australian Handbook for the Identification of Fruit Flies includes new images of all target species and revised information pages. The handbook includes 65 pests and close relatives in Dacinae (Bactrocera, Dacus, Zeugodacus, Ceratitis), Trypetinae (Anastrepha, Rhagoletis, Toxotrypana), Phytalmiinae (Dirioxa) and Drosophilidae (Drosophila suzukii). Introductory sections support bench-top diagnostic applications and links to the online resource provide more in-depth information (e.g. molecular diagnostic techniques). PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT Website: A new website fruitflyidentification.org.au includes: • high-resolution diagnostic images of target species • pages detailing information about all high priority target pests and non-pest close relatives

CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER • a 3D rotating fly and glossary of morphological terms • supplementary information on molecular diagnostic tools and applications • a completely new and fully illustrated lucid key to 65 species, including all high priority target taxa and readily confused non-pest Australian species.

THE AUSTRALIAN HANDBOOK FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF FRUIT FLIES Version 3.1

Species: Bactrocera facialis Species: Bactrocera aquilonis Species: Bactrocera cacuminata Species: Bactrocera frauenfeldi

Species: Bactrocera musae Species: Bactrocera tryoni Species: Ceratitis capitata Species: Dacus aequalis

Species: Zeugodacus choristus Species: Bactrocera opiliae Species: Bactrocera rufofuscula Species: Bactrocera pallida

Plant Health AUSTRALIA

Dorsal view of female Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni). Image courtesy of 178 The Australian Handbook for the Identification of Fruit Flies v3.1 aggregating biodiversity datafrom multipledatasources. information relevanthas toplant biosecurityasitisacollaborative, nationaldatabase pest statusinformation. APPDishousedwithintheAtlas ofLivingAustralia(ALA).ALA also is interrogated duringevery plant pest incursionthatisdetected inAustraliatoassistwith Currently APPDdraws information from 18databases throughout Australia.Thisdatabase the environment. records ofpestsanddiseasesplants withsignificance toagriculture, forestry, pasture or reference system for plant pests.TheAPPDcontains information onvalidated specimen The AustralianPlant Pest Database(APPD) at The AustralianPlantPestDatabase • • • • Sites fallinto four categories: 19 external sites,makingitakey information source for biosecuritystakeholders. the BiosecurityPortal housed31web sitesandshared workspaces, andlinked toafurther information thatcanbefound at The BiosecurityPortal ishostedby PHA,bringingtogether asuiteofonlinebiosecurity The BiosecurityPortal biosecurity system withsomeofthemajoronesdescribedhere. analysis andaccess ofinformation. Many onlinesystems are usedby stakeholders inthe Digital resources are ofincreasing importance toplant biosecurity, providing fastdownload, ONLINE SYSTEMS SUPPORTING PLANT BIOSECURITY BeeAware. awareness andinformation resources suchastheFarm Biosecuritywebsite and Advisory Committee andtheSubcommittee onPlant Health Diagnostics shared spaces for committees andworking groups suchastheNationalFruit FlyStrategy knowledge basesanddatalibrariessuchastheFruit FlyBodyofKnowledge tools anddatabasessuchastheNationalPlant Surveillance Reporting Tool biosecurityportal.org.au planthealthaustralia.com.au/appd . At theendofDecember 2018, isakey pest incursions.During2018,AUSPest providing digitalrepresentations ofpeststatusaround thecountry, includingduringplant data from multiplesources andindifferent formats. Mapsare generatedinreal time, or absence ofexotic andestablishedpestsaround Australia.Thissystem collates surveillance AUSPest AUSPest where surveillance samplesconfirm thepresence of apest,whereas green dots denote pestabsence AUSPestCheck government diagnosticsservice for identification. MyPestGuide Reporter whichsendsimagesofplant pestsorsymptoms directly totheWA FarmBiosecurity, whichhelpsausertocreate abiosecurityplanfor theirproperty, and smart phoneappsare usedby Australianstocontribute tobiosecurity. Examples are improving accessibility tothetoolsandintegration into biosecurityoperations.Various Mobile devices suchassmartphonesandtablets are supplementing onlinesystems, Australia’s highpriorityexotic peststosupportstakeholders inthebiosecuritysystem. factsheets, contingency plans,diagnosticprotocols andother information specificto PHA hasthePest Information Document Databaseonitswebsite. Thisdatabaseholds by theDepartment ofAgriculture andWater Resources, asdescribedinChapter 4. Databases ofagreed importpolicies(BICON) andexport conditions (MICoR) are maintained Other resources programming interface. spreadsheets, orautomaticallyuploadedfrom pre-existing databasesorsystems viaa about typesofpests.Standardised datacanbeuploadedmanuallyusingpreformatted All theinformation isintegrated toallow seamlessmappingand searching for information included inthedatabaseby theendofyear. coordinating surveillance dataonline.Over 3millionrecords ofsurveillance checkshadbeen Demonstration dataonly Check Check TM can provide areal-time picture of pestnumbers andspread. Inthisdemonstration map,red dots show TM TM

is asystem developed by PHAfor hostingsurveillance dataonthepresence Check TM facilitatedtwo proof ofconcept trials for

179 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS

Chapter 6 Post-border biosecurity – eradicating new plant pests Post-border biosecurity – eradicating new plant pests

Even with a highly effective biosecurity system, including strong border controls, there is still a risk that new plant pests will enter the country. Passenger arrivals and imports are increasing with time and, together with natural routes of entry such as wind and water currents, the risk of exotic pest incursions is ever present.

As a result, Australia has post-border biosecurity mechanisms in place to rapidly and effectively respond to plant pests to minimise any negative impacts. REPORTING A PLANT PEST OR DISEASE Reports of new plant pests and diseases are referred to

state and territory departments of agriculture in the first instance. An Exotic Plant Pest Hotline has been set up for such reports. The national number, 1800 084 881, is directed to the state agency, and all calls are confidential and treated seriously.

A report to the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline triggers investigations by the state or territory agency to identify the pests or the unusual plant symptoms. Diagnosticians are tasked with identifying the pest and the state or territory agency will determine if the suspicious pest is indeed exotic. Information on Australia’s diagnostic system is in Chapter 5. POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – ERADICATING NEW PLANT PESTS PLANT NEW ERADICATING – BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER PEST RESPONSE ARRANGEMENTS In cases where a new pest is identified that warrants further action, state and territory agencies will

CHAPTER 6: 6: CHAPTER take immediate steps as stipulated under Australia’s pest response arrangements.

If a new pest is considered to primarily impact the environment or social amenity, and where the response is for the public good, the National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement (NEBRA) may be activated. NEBRA was signed by the Australian Government and state and territory governments in January 2012.

Serious exotic pests that would affect agricultural industries are dealt with under the provisions of the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed (EPPRD), and the majority of this chapter focuses on those arrangements.

It may also be in the national interest to respond to an exotic weed of production, although at this time there is no formal national agreement in place to manage such detections.

Biosecurity Queensland inspectors Roger Winton and Jodie Bocking access Torres Strait Island communities and some remote beach sites by helicopter to conduct blocking activities. Biosecurity Queensland is responsible for exotic fruit fly control using the male annihilation technique, commonly called blocking, by installing caneite blocks impregnated 182 with a lure and insecticide. Image courtesy of Biosecurity Queensland • • • • A Plant Pest isconsidered anEPPifitmeets oneofthefollowing criteria: through theprocess ofcategorisation,andtheseappearinschedule13theEPPRD. defined intheagreement. SomePlant Pests have already beenformally agreed asEPPs, For apesttobecovered by theEPPRD, itmustalsobeanEmergency Plant Pest (EPP) as Note thattheEPPRDdefinitionofaPlant Pest doesnot includeweeds. Modified Organisms. Fungi provided thatitisdiscrete, identifiable andgenetically stable, butexcludes Genetically of invertebrate pestorpathogeninjuriousto Plant Health, Unprocessed Plant Products, Beesor This chapter usestheEPPRDdefinitionofaPlant Pest, whichis: planthealthaustralia.com.au/epprd For thefulllistofdefinitions,refer toclause1oftheEPPRDavailable at In thischapter, termsdefinedundertheEPPRDare identified through capitalisation. as Parties). and ofprogressively improving theprovisions tomeet theneedsofsignatories(referred to ensure thatresponses are carriedoutinaccordance withtheprovisions oftheagreement PHA isthecustodianofEPPRD, bestowing onthecompany thedualroles ofhelpingto all stateandterritorygovernments, and37 plant industrypeakbodies(IndustryParties). The The Emergency PlantPestResponse Deed DEFINITION OF AN EMERGENCY PLANT PEST incident ofregional and nationalimportance. adverse economic impactsuchthatanemergency response isrequired toprevent an The Plant Pest hasbeendetected outside thedefinedarea andislikely tohave an measures, thatisnot native toAustralia orunderanationalinstrument ofmanagement. A Plant Pest restricted toadefinedarea ofAustraliathrough theuseofregulatory in Australia. pest andcould have anadverse economic impactregionally andnationallyifestablished A seriousPlant Pest ofunknown oruncertain originwhichmay be anentirely new plant nationally ifestablishedinAustralia. investigative methods, andcould have anadverse economic impactregionally and A variant form ofanestablishedPlant Pest whichcanbedistinguishedby appropriate nationally ifestablishedinAustralia. A known exotic Plant Pest thatcould have anadverse economic impact regionally and EPPRD isaformal, legallybindingagreement between PHA,theAustralianGovernment, any species,biotype orstrain

The honey beeindustryisalsocovered by theEPPRD, since aPlant Pest affecting honey convened by theCCEPP, asrequired, toprovide advice onspecifictechnicalmatters. technical advice neededfor theNMGtomake decisions.AScientific Advisory Panel may be The CCEPP isresponsible for assessingthegrounds for eradicationandproviding the Government, PHAand eachIndustryParty identified asAffected by theEPP. territory ChiefPlant Health Managers,andnominatedrepresentatives from theAustralian The CCEPP iscomprised oftheAustralianChiefPlant Protection Officer, allstateand EPP, isdetected. response toanEPP. AswiththeNMG,CCEPP isformed whenanEPP, orasuspected The CCEPP isatechnicalcommittee thatmakes recommendations totheNMGona technical mattersby theConsultative Committee onEmergency Plant Pests (CCEPP). that eradicationoftheEPPistechnicallyfeasible andcost-beneficial. TheNMGisadvisedon The NMGisresponsible for approving aResponse Plan,includingthebudget, ifitisagreed and IndustryParties identified asaffected by theEPP. representatives from PHA,theAustralianGovernment, allstateandterritorygovernments response undertheEPPRD. Thegroup isformed whenanEPPisdetected andconsists of The NationalManagement Group (NMG)isresponsible for makingthekey decisionsona can take anactive partinthesedecision-makinggroups. from government andIndustryParties thatare Affected by theEPP. OnlyEPPRD signatories appropriate approach toanEPPresponse. Thesecommittees are madeupofrepresentatives decisions onresponses toEPPs.Instead,formal committees are assembledtodetermine an The termsoftheEPPRDensure thatnosingleParty isexclusively responsible for making assessment oftherelative publicandprivate benefitsoferadication. EPP response, andhow governments andIndustryParties willshare thecosts, basedonan The EPPRDspecifiesParties’ roles inthedecisionmakingandoperationalprocesses ofthe and provide certainty onthegovernance, decisionmakingandfundingofthatresponse. The EPPRDisdesignedtosupportarapidandeffective response tothedetection ofanEPP, bees would alsoaffect plant industriesthatbenefitfrom pollination. DECISION MAKING UNDER THE EPPRD

183 CHAPTER 6: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – ERADICATING NEW PLANT PESTS PLANTPLAN Table 53. Emergency Plant Pest categories and the associated Affected Party Cost Sharing splits PLANTPLAN is the agreed technical response plan used in responding to a suspected EPP in accordance with the EPPRD. PLANTPLAN underpins the EPPRD as part of schedule 5 and is Category 1 endorsed by all EPPRD Parties. The eradication of Category 1 EPPs would have very high public benefits and would be 100 per cent government funded. These are EPPs which, if not eradicated, would: It provides nationally consistent guidelines for response procedures under the EPPRD, outlining the phases of an incursion (investigation and alert, operational, stand down and • cause major environmental damage to natural ecosystems; and/or transition to management), as well as the key roles and responsibilities of industry and • potentially affect human health or cause a major nuisance to humans; and/or government Parties during each of these phases. It incorporates best practice in EPP • cause significant damage to amenity flora; and responses and is reviewed annually to address relevant findings of Incident debriefs and • have relatively little impact on commercial Crops. simulation exercises or other observations from use of the EPPRD. PHA manages the This category also covers situations where the EPP has a wide range of hosts, including native continued development of PLANTPLAN on behalf of EPPRD Parties. flora, and there is considerable uncertainty as to the relative impacts on Crops. In short, it is almost impossible to properly determine which Cropping Sectors benefit from PLANTPLAN is supported by several documents that provide further detail and guidance on eradication and to what extent, and in any case the incursion primarily affects native flora and/ specific topics as required. In 2018, Parties endorsed a number of new and revised supporting or amenity plants, and/or is a major nuisance, if not a health risk to humans. documents, all of which are available at planthealthaustralia.com.au/plantplan Category 2 CATEGORISATION OF PESTS The eradication of Category 2 EPPs would have high public benefits and would be funded 80 per cent by governments and 20 per cent by Affected Industry Parties. Investment in a Response Plan by government and Industry Parties is guided by the Cost Sharing category of the EPP. Each of the four categories is based on the public versus private These are EPPs, which if not eradicated, would: benefit of eradication of the EPP, as described in Table 53. • cause significant public losses either directly through serious loss of amenity, and/or environmental values and/or effects on households; or indirectly through very severe Assessments are made by a Categorisation Group comprising nominated representatives economic impacts on regions and the national economy, through large trade losses with from the Affected Industry Parties, relevant technical experts nominated by government and flow on effects through the economy; and Industry Parties, an economic expert, a standing member representing Industry Parties and • impose major costs on the affected Cropping Sectors such that the Cropping Sectors would POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – ERADICATING NEW PLANT PESTS PLANT NEW ERADICATING – BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER an independent chair from PHA. benefit significantly from eradication. Category 3 The Categorisation Group makes a recommendation on an EPP category to the Relevant (Affected) Parties. Relevant Parties must unanimously agree on the EPP category for it to be The eradication of Category 3 EPPs would have moderate public benefits and would be funded 50 per cent by governments and 50 per cent by Affected Industry Parties. These are EPPs, CHAPTER 6: 6: CHAPTER included in the EPPRD. which if not eradicated, would primarily harm the affected Cropping Sectors, but there would also be some significant public costs as well (that is, moderate public benefits from eradication). The EPP could adversely affect public amenities, households or the environment, and/or could have significant, though moderate trade implications and/or national and regional economic implications. Category 4 The eradication of Category 4 EPPs would mainly, if not wholly, have private benefits and would be funded 20 per cent by governments and 80 per cent by Affected Industry Parties. These are EPPs, which if not eradicated, would: • have little or no public cost implications and little or no impacts on natural ecosystems. The affected Cropping Sectors would be adversely affected primarily through additional costs of production, extra control costs, or nuisance costs; and • generally there would be no significant trade issues that would affect national and regional economies.

184 TRANSITION TO MANAGEMENT In some cases, EPPs are not able to be eradicated through a response under the EPPRD. In 2016, a Transition to Management (T2M) phase was incorporated into the EPPRD following approval by all EPPRD Parties.

T2M may only be initiated under certain circumstances. Its aim is to provide a formalised structure for transitioning a response under the EPPRD from the eradication of an EPP under an approved Response Plan to management of the EPP outside of the EPPRD processes.

The objectives and activities undertaken during T2M are considered on a case-by-case basis and will depend on the biology of the pest and the circumstances relating to the stage of the response. Activities might include development of control options and tools to support pest management, research to improve knowledge of the pest or communication, engagement and training activities.

Prior to the inclusion of T2M in the EPPRD, the processes of the EPPRD ceased once a decision that an EPP was not eradicable had been made. This left no clear path for decision making and Cost Sharing of any further activities that are in the national interest and were required to support the response stand down process.

Parties agreed that the T2M phase in the EPPRD would only apply in a situation where an eradication program fails. That is where a Response Plan has been agreed and implemented and the NMG has subsequently determined that it is no longer feasible to eradicate the EPP. EVALUATING ACTIVITIES UNDER THE EPPRD To maintain the ongoing relevance and integrity of the EPPRD, Parties undertake continual evaluation of its performance, including specific response debriefs. PESTS PLANT NEW ERADICATING – BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER

The Evaluation and Lessons Management Specialist Task Group is a skills-based working group that ensures best practice is applied to all processes and systems nationally, and that lessons learnt from

evaluations are effectively shared across the biosecurity sectors. 6: CHAPTER

For more information on the EPPRD go to planthealthaustralia.com.au/epprd

Local Land Services, industry representatives, Biosecurity Queensland and NSW DPI staff worked together during Exercise Border Bridge. Image courtesy of NSW DPI 185 Managing biosecurity incidents

BIOSECURITY INCIDENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Across all sectors, biosecurity incidents are managed in accordance with the Biosecurity Incident Management System (BIMS).

The system is an ‘all hazards’ approach, which: • co-exists with and complements current, sector specific and jurisdictional response arrangements • can be applied to all biosecurity incidents, irrespective of sector or scale of response • provides a guide for personnel working within operations centres established at national, state, territory, local and field levels.

Importantly, BIMS is consistent with contemporary incident management systems employed by other emergency response agencies across Australia and in other countries, including Australasian Inter Services Incident Management System, Australia Emergency Coordination System and the New Zealand Critical Incident Management System.

In a biosecurity incident, responses are managed by incident management teams. Figure 94 shows one example of an Incident Management Team structure. A range of positions and functions may be needed, depending on the level of the incident.

Since the system is consistent with other incident management systems, response capacity can be boosted more easily in the event of a large or long-term response. With roles consistent across the POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – ERADICATING NEW PLANT PESTS PLANT NEW ERADICATING – BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER systems, people who have been involved in one response can be more readily co-opted and integrated into another. Figure 94. Incident management team structure for biosecurity incursion responses

CHAPTER 6: 6: CHAPTER Support agencies Incident Management Liaison Industry Other

Finance & Public Information Planning Operations Logistics Administration Investigations Media liaison Technical analysis Facilities IMT secretariat Restricted area Social media Response planning movements Staffing Records management Infected premises Website Resource planning operations Catering Finance Other field operations Human & industrial Advertising Situation assessment Transport relations Procurement Call centre Legal Accommodation Community Supply engagement Information systems Internal communication Mapping & GIS

A range of positions and functions in the response team may need to be established, depending on the level of the incident. Image courtesy of the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources Participants undertaking a practical exercise while training for a Certificate III in Public 186 Safety (Biosecurity Response Operations) maintain theirskillsinexercises andresponses. Members oftheteamparticipateinrelevant professional development opportunitiesand Animal Health AustraliamanagestheNBRT outsideofany biosecurityresponse activities. Agriculture andWater Resources, AnimalHealth AustraliaandPHA. Advisory Group, withstandingmembersfrom theAustralianGovernment Department of personnel andacohort ofhighlyexperienced mentors. TheNBRT program ismanagedby an The NBRT hastwo cohorts ofmembers:acohort ofexperienced functionalresponse and logistics. functions includingincident management, liaison,public information, planning,operations They may bedeployed inaState Coordination Centre orLocal Control Centre toperform management, incident management ormore specifically, responding tobiosecurityincidents. Members are government officers withknowledge, experience andtraininginemergency incident. Deployment might beinresponse toananimal,plant, aquaticorenvironmental biosecurity jurisdiction toboostcapacitytemporarilyassistinaresponse toabiosecurityincident. personnel, drawnfrom biosecurityagenciesacross Australia,whocanbedeployed toa The NationalBiosecurityResponse Team (NBRT) isagroup oftrainedandexperienced THE NATIONAL BIOSECURITY RESPONSE TEAM held inAdelaide Participants at theinaugural meeting of theBiosecurityEmergency Response Training Australia Community of Practice During anEPPresponse, therelevant stateorterritorygovernment takes theleadin animalhealthaustralia.com.au as anAUSVETPLAN Resource document from theAnimalHealth Australiawebsite when they are needed inalong-term orwidespread biosecurityincident. TheBIPIMisavailable Having specificroles andjob cards canhelpjurisdictionsrecruit additionalresources promptly, information tostakeholders andthe public. their role andhow eachofthejurisdictionswork withindustrytodeliver consistent The useofBIPIMensures thatanyone performing afunctioninpublicinformation knows the PublicInformation functionset outintheBiosecurityIncident Management System. Incident PublicInformation Manual(BIPIM),developed by NBCEN.TheBIPIMisin line with During aresponse, agriculturalagenciesandAffected industriesrefer totheBiosecurity restrictions. Italsohelpsthewidercommunity tounderstandtheirrole inbiosecurity. or diseaseaffecting theirproperty, andhow tocomply withmovement andother quarantine vital. It aids response activities by informing growers of what they can do to prevent the pest Effective communication andengagement withthoseimpactedby abiosecurityincident is The BiosecurityIncidentPublicInformation Manual warrant anationalapproach tocommunication andengagement activities. NBCEN alsoadvances preparedness andprevention awareness activitiesfor issuesthat of theCCEPP whichallows for consistent nationalmessaging. and relevant plant industrypeakbodies.Agreed talkingpoints are circulated toallmembers NBCEN’s process for developing nationaltalkingpoints allows inputfrom theseagencies and organisations includingPHAandAnimalHealth Australia. communication managersfrom theAustralianGovernment, stateandterritorygovernments, Biosecurity Communication andEngagement Network (NBCEN)whichconsists of National talkingpoints are developed andcirculated through membersoftheNational Affected Parties. To helpachieve this,nationallyagreed talkingpoints are developed withinputfrom all multiple Parties involved, messagingneedstobenationallyconsistent andcoordinated. ensuring thatthepublicandany stakeholders are kept informed aboutactivities.Given the COMMUNICATION IN AN EMERGENCY PLANT PEST RESPONSE

187 CHAPTER 6: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – ERADICATING NEW PLANT PESTS Responses to Emergency Plant Pest incursions

Table 54 lists nine Cost Shared responses to EPPs that were ongoing or initiated in 2018 and includes descriptions of past actions and key activities undertaken for those responses. Some ongoing responses that have not progressed to a Cost Shared Response Plan, and for which significant activity occurred in 2018, are also included. In addition to the Cost Shared responses, a number of pests were detected that did not proceed to a Response Plan in 2018. Some have been assessed as requiring no further action, while others were still under investigation in 2018 and further actions may still be taken. These pest detections are listed in Table 55 (page 192).

In September 2018 the National Management Group agreed that T2M under the response plan for giant pine scale in Victoria and SA had been completed, bringing the response under the EPPRD to an end. During 2018, T2M activities under the response plan for tomato potato psyllid in WA continued. Extensive testing of psyllids and host plants has not detected Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum.

Eradicating citrus canker in the north

The nationally coordinated citrus canker emergency response has made enormous progress towards eradicating the disease from Australia.

Citrus canker is a contagious disease caused by the bacteria Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri which can affect all citrus plants including species that are native to Australia. Of particular concern for the citrus industry, infected plants have lesions or cankers which severely impact POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – ERADICATING NEW PLANT PESTS PLANT NEW ERADICATING – BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER fruit quality and yield.

In April 2018, the disease was first detected in Darwin, NT, and then in northern WA. It was found on potted lime plants, and all subsequent detections were restricted to potted plants

CHAPTER 6: 6: CHAPTER in the home and garden sector. A nationally cost-shared response plan under the EPPRD is underway to eradicate citrus canker. A budget of up to $18.72 million is available to fund response activities until 31 December 2019. The Australian Government, state and territory governments (except Tasmania and the ACT), along with Citrus Australia and Nursery and Garden Industry Australia, are contributing to the funding and implementing the emergency response.

Since citrus canker was detected, movement controls and quarantine measures have been in place to contain the disease. NT and WA residents have been urged to report any purchased citrus plants so they can be checked for signs of infection.

By the end of 2018, the response teams in the NT had removed and disposed of more than 12,000 host plants. In WA, over 1,500 host plants had been removed from restricted areas. Surveillance has demonstrated that citrus canker is not present in any commercial citrus orchards or in any other jurisdictions. The goal is to eradicate citrus canker and to reinstate Australia’s ‘country freedom’ status from the disease.

A plant health inspector from the National Citrus Canker Eradication Program 188 conducting surveillance activities on a citrus plant. Image courtesy of NT DPIR Table 54. parasitica Cryphonectria and E haplotypes D solanacearum Liberibacter Candidatus cockerelli Bactericera cucurbitae Zeugodacus Bactrocera trivialis Bactrocera dorsalis Scientific name Responses toplantpestsunderEPPRDarrangements*

Chestnut blight yellows decline Vegetative disorder, psyllid Tomato potato Melon fly New Guineafruitfly Oriental fruitfly Common name Chestnuts nurseries production Vegetables, nurseries production vegetables, Tomatoes, and vegetables Various fruits Crops affected Vic NSW WA Torres Strait Region revision oftheresponse strategy. of thepathogenandrecommendations informed technical information onspore dispersalandlatency A Scientific Advisory Panel convened toconsider version endorsedby theNMGin2017. Response Plansubsequently revised andmostrecent destroyed. Infected trees andsurrounding hosttrees were detections occurred in2014,2016and2017. Following extensive surveillance activitiessporadic eradication activitiesundertaken. endorsed by theNMGinNovember 2010and First detected inSeptember 2010.Response Plan crops beinggrown inAustralia. unsown importedseedsandnot withinany host undertaken. Thebacteriumhasonly beendetected in parsley seed.Tracing ofimportedseedwas Haplotypes DandEdetected inJuly2017imported solanacearum (haplotypes AandB). pathogen itcanvector, of thepsyllid andproviding proof offreedom from the and isaimedatmanagingongoingrisksimpacts Management activitieswas approved by theNMG A Response Planincorporating Transition to potato psyllid. agreed thatitwas not feasible toeradicatetomato Response Planfor eradicationhowever subsequently Detected inPerth inFebruary 2017.NMGendorseda an annualbasis. 2018. Surveillance anderadicationactivitiesoccur on Strait Response Planfor theperiodJuly2015toJune (NMG) endorsedtheExotic Fruit FliesintheTorres In November 2015theNationalManagement Group Strait anderadicatedtoprotect mainlandAustralia. Exotic fruitfliesare sporadicallydetected intheTorres Past action Candidatus Liberibacter

were ongoingin2018. Containment measures remained inplace andsurveillance activities review. The Response Planfor eradicationofchestnutblight was under Tracing andsurveillance activitieswere ongoingin2018. Candidatus Extensive testingofpsyllids andhostplants hadnot detected continued in2018. Transition toManagement activitiesundertheResponse Plan ongoing inresponse tosporadicfruitflydetections. Surveillance anderadicationactivitiesintheTorres Strait were Situation asof31December 2018 Liberibactersolanacearum.

189 CHAPTER 6: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – ERADICATING NEW PLANT PESTS Table 54. Responses to plant pests under EPPRD arrangements* (continued)

Scientific name Common name Crops affected Region Past action Situation as of 31 December 2018 Fusarium mangiferae Fusarium species associated with suspected MMD symptoms were first detected in 2007. F. proliferatum The NMG agreed that the Incident of F. mangiferae in Qld and one The CCEPP agreed that three unrelated Incidents of Incident of F. mangiferae in NT had been eradicated. A third Incident F. mangiferae should be considered separately, F. pseudocircinatum Mango Mangoes, of F. mangiferae in the NT remained under consideration by the consistent with the EPPRD. malformation production Qld, NT CCEPP. A targeted surveillance program was to be undertaken to Following consideration of advice from a Scientific inform the course of action. F. sterilihyphosum disease (MMD) nurseries Advisory Panel the CCEPP made recommendations to sensu lato The Incidents of F. proliferatum, F. pseudocircinatum and F. parvisorum the NMG on the EPP status and technical feasibility of (rediagnosed as were resolved by the NMG. eradication of F. proliferatum, F. pseudocircinatum and F. parvisorum) F. parvisorum.

Various fruits Detected in 2017 in imported cargo at two sites in Treatment and surveillance activities continued under the Response and vegetables, Western Sydney. Treatment, surveillance, trapping Plan. Brown marmorated hazelnuts, Halyomorpha halys NSW and tracing activities undertaken. The NMG agreed that BMSB had been eradicated. stink bug (BMSB) cotton, grains, production A Response Plan was endorsed by the NMG in General surveillance and early reporting were promoted through nurseries December 2017. awareness activities.

Various fruits BMSB were detected in Perth in February 2018 in a consignment of and vegetables, electrical goods from Italy. hazelnuts, H. halys BMSB WA New incursion in 2018. cotton, grains, A Response Plan was approved by NMG. Treatment and surveillance production activities were undertaken. No further BMSB have since been detected.

POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – ERADICATING NEW PLANT PESTS PLANT NEW ERADICATING – BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER nurseries Detected in Vic and SA in October 2014. Response Plan endorsed by NMG in March 2015 and eradication activities undertaken.

CHAPTER 6: 6: CHAPTER In October 2016 NMG agreed that it was not Pine trees, In September 2018 the NMG agreed that Transition to Management Marchalina technically feasible to eradicate M. hellenica. Giant pine scale production SA, Vic under the Response Plan had been completed, bringing the hellenica nurseries A revised Response Plan incorporating Transition to response under the EPPRD to an end. Management was endorsed by NMG, aimed at preparing industry and the community for ongoing management of the pest and minimising future impacts.

Detected in July 2013. NMG endorsed a Response Plan in October 2013 and eradication activities were undertaken. Bananas, Surveillance activities continued to support proof of freedom from Phyllosticta Destruction of host material continued and host free Banana freckle production NT banana freckle and the response remained on track to achieve cavendishii period commenced May 2015. nurseries eradication. Sentinel planting phase commenced May 2016 with the controlled reintroduction of banana plants and ongoing surveillance activities.

190 * Thistablemay not reflect allCost Shared responses in2018. Table 54. Responses to plant pests underEPPRD arrangements* (continued) Xanthomonas citri Varroa jacobsoni Scientific name Citrus canker Varroa mite Common name nurseries production Citrus, reliant crops pollination- various Honey and Crops affected NT, WA Qld Region September 2016anderadicationactivities June 2016.Response Planendorsedby theNMGin Detected onAsianhoney bee( Past action New incursionin2018. undertaken. Surveillance activitiesongoing. Apis cerana ) inQld of activity. Community engagement andawareness activitieswere alsoafocus as hostplants withinsurrounding Restricted Areas. and tracingactivities,destructionofallinfected plants aswell containment measures toprevent spread ofthedisease,surveillance Eradication activitieswere ongoing.Thisincludedimplementation of NMG endorsedaResponse PlaninMay 2018. orchards. sector andthere have beennodetections incommercial citrus The Incident was restricted topotted plants inthehomeandgarden activities identified additionalinfected plants innorthernWA. Initially detected inDarwin,NT, inApril2018.Subsequent tracing V. jacobsoni There were nofurtherdetections ofAsianhoney beeor Situation asof31December 2018 . Proof offreedom surveillance activitieswere ongoing.

191 CHAPTER 6: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – ERADICATING NEW PLANT PESTS Table 55. Plant Pest detections notified under the EPPRD in 2018*

Scientific name Common name State Scientific name Common name State New detections New detections (continued) Aleurothrixus trachoides Capsicum whitefly Qld (Torres Strait) Ophiostoma dentifundum No common name NSW Apricot latent virus Apricot latent virus Vic Ophiostoma pallidulum Blue stain fungus NSW Asian prunus virus 2 Asian prunus virus 2 Tas Ozognathus cornutus Ptinid beetle NSW Barley virus G Barley virus G Vic Phodoryctis caerulea Bean miner Qld Citrus viroid V Citrus viroid V Qld (Torres Strait), NSW Christmas Island (external Phyllosticta cavendishii Banana freckle territory) Citrus viroid VI Citrus viroid VI NSW Cocos (Keeling) Island Columnea latent viroid Columnea latent viroid NSW Phyllosticta maculata Banana freckle (external territory) Norfolk Island (external Cosmopolites sordidus Banana weevil borer Pseudocercospora opuntiae Cactus leaf spot NSW territory) Pseudomonas syringae pv Didymella aliena No common name Vic PSA disease Vic actinidiae Diplodia scrobiculata Diplodia dieback Qld Pterocomma populeum Poplar bark aphid Tas Discus rotundatus Rotund disc snail Vic Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Wheat stripe rust Vic Elsinoë citricola Citrus scab Qld pathotype 199 E76A Endive necrotic mosaic virus Endive necrotic mosaic virus NSW Pyrrhocoris apterus European firebug Vic Erysiphe syringae Lilac powdery mildew Vic Ramularia collo-cygni Ramularia leaf spot WA

POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – ERADICATING NEW PLANT PESTS PLANT NEW ERADICATING – BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER Relative of Candidatus Faba bean Breeza virus Faba bean Breeza virus NSW No common name Qld Phytoplasma noviguineense Fusarium sp. AF-7 No common name Qld Schizentaspidus nr silvicola Circular hard scale Qld Halyomorpha halys Brown marmorated stink bug Vic (Clayton) Trogoderma glabrum Glabrous cabinet beetle SA

CHAPTER 6: 6: CHAPTER Halyomorpha halys Brown marmorated stink bug Qld (Fisherman Island) Xerotricha conspurcara Snail Vic Halyomorpha halys Brown marmorated stink bug NSW (Horsley Park) Xyleborinus sculptilis Bark beetle Qld Halyomorpha halys Brown marmorated stink bug Qld (Lytton) Extensions of geographic and/or host range Halyomorpha halys Brown marmorated stink bug Qld (New Chum) Agrobacterium tumefaciens No common name Qld Heliococcus nr summervillei Pasture mealybug Qld biovar 1 Impatiens necrotic spot virus Impatiens necrotic spot virus NSW Apis cerana Asian honey bee NT Christmas Island (external Araecerus fasciculatus Coffee bean weevil WA Kilifia deltoides Coconut scale territory) Ceroplastes stellifer Stellate wax scale Qld Macrophomina No common name Qld Claviceps africana Ergot of sorghum NT pseudophaseolina Diplodia sapinea Diplodia blight Vic Nectarine stem-pitting Nectarine stem-pitting Tas, Vic associated virus associated virus Nasonovia ribisnigri Currant lettuce aphid Vic Ophiostoma angusticollis Blue stain fungus NSW Neofusicoccum australe No common name SA

192 Table 55. Plant Pest detections notified under the EPPRD in 2018* (continued)

Scientific name Common name State Extensions of geographic and/or host range (continued) Neofusicoccum luteum No common name Vic Neoscytalidium dimidiatum No common name NT Nothophoma quercina Brown spot of jujube SA, Vic Phytophthora sp. kelmania No common name Qld Phytophthora multivora Phytophthora dieback Qld Sporothrix stenoceras No common name Vic Tuberolachnus salignus Giant willow aphid Qld

* These pests may be new detections, extensions of geographic range or new host records. Some pests that are not listed in this table are still under investigation. If further action is implemented these pests may be reported in future publications. POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – ERADICATING NEW PLANT PESTS PLANT NEW ERADICATING – BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER CHAPTER 6: 6: CHAPTER

Brown marmorated stink bug. Image courtesy of Gary Bernon, USDA APHIS, Bugwood.org 193 Maintaining the capacity to respond to incursions

The effective delivery of Emergency Plant Pest (EPP) responses is supported by preferentially QUALIFICATIONS FOR BIOSECURITY EMERGENCY RESPONSES utilising trained and experienced personnel at all levels of the response. This includes representatives from industry and government, and covers the roles on national decision- Three biosecurity emergency response qualifications have been developed and nationally making committees through to members of control centres and field-based officers. endorsed as part of the Public Safety Training Package. These align with the emergency response role training delivered by jurisdictions, allowing people to achieve formal Provision of this training is primarily provided by state and territory governments, the qualifications based on their work experience and training. Australian Government, PHA and peak plant industry bodies, and is offered in a variety of forms, from short presentations and e-learning courses, through to formal educational Achieving these qualifications puts biosecurity response personnel on the same footing as qualifications. those in other emergency response areas, such as police and firefighters. The system ensures that biosecurity emergency response training across the country meets the desired standard. Parties also undertake simulation exercises, where responders are put through their paces under a simulated incursion scenario, on a regular basis. This provides both practice in EPP Qualifications available are: responses and improved preparedness by identifying any aspects of the system that need • PUA33112 – Certificate III in Public Safety (Biosecurity Response Operations) improvement. • PUA42912 – Certificate IV in Public Safety (Biosecurity Response Leadership) Evaluation of incursions and of simulated response exercises are also critical for effective • PUA52412 – Diploma of Public Safety (Biosecurity Response Management). EPP responses and the ongoing relevance and integrity of response systems in Australia. Some Australian universities offer graduate and post-graduate qualifications in biosecurity. Regular evaluation activities are undertaken by all stakeholders, including PHA. These university courses increase awareness in the biosecurity system and provide students In addition to emergency response training, a range of related skills-based training is offered with a good grounding for entering the biosecurity workforce. to members of the plant biosecurity system. For example, plant pest taxonomic identification Examples of the university courses are: and technique-based training is available to members of the National Plant Biosecurity

POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – ERADICATING NEW PLANT PESTS PLANT NEW ERADICATING – BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER Diagnostic Network to address any gaps in skills or capacity (see Chapter 5). • Graduate Certificate in Plant Biosecurity (Murdoch University) • Master of Biosecurity (Murdoch University) OVERSIGHT OF BIOSECURITY EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS • Graduate course in Biosecurity (Australian National University) TRAINING • Bachelor of Biosecurity Science (Box Hill Institute). CHAPTER 6: 6: CHAPTER The Training Specialist Task Group (TSTG) is a skills-based working group that guides policy and training standards for cross-sectoral biosecurity training. In its national capacity, the group identifies risks, gaps and duplication in biosecurity emergency training, and provides advice and support to trainers. It also ensures that biosecurity emergency training is consistent with contemporary emergency management practices.

The TSTG reports to the National Biosecurity Emergency Preparedness Expert Group and supports delivery of schedule 7 of the Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity (see page 20).

194 Industry Australia(includingNSW & ACT branch) andNSWFarmers alsoattendedtheexercise. canker beingdiscovered inaretail outlet inNSW. PHA,CitrusAustralia,Nursery&Garden stakeholders intheNSWcitrusindustryconsidered thehypothetical scenario ofcitrus between DPIandLLSinanemergency response. Participants from both branchesandkey preparedness for adetection ofcitruscanker. Afocus oftheexercise was thedynamic and Local LandServices (LLS)heldadiscussionexercise inGriffith,NSW, totestthestate’s Exercise OrangeJuice and existing arrangements torespond toabiosecurityincident. legislation atthattime,sothefocus oftheexercise was theuseoflegislation,ITsystems Team Advisory Group. Both NSWandQueenslandhadrecently introduced new biosecurity Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, and the National Biosecurity Response jurisdictions. Thesimulationexercise was runby NSWDepartment ofPrimaryIndustries, NSW andQueenslandwould respond toabiosecurityincident occurring across both Exercise Border Bridge Other training scenarios include: page 196)andExercise Fastidious (see right) whichwere runby PHA. industry groups, andalsoonastatebasis.Examples includeExercise BeePrepared (see Simulation exercises are runfrom anationalperspective by PHAworking withstatesand delivered andtestspecificaspectsofmember’s biosecurityemergency preparedness. of theNationalEPPTraining Program. These exercises supporttheother forms oftraining Practical training in emergency response via simulation exercises is an important component Simulation exercises ensuring thatmemberscaneffectively fulfiltheirroles andobligationsasEPPRDParties. simulation exercises. Theaimisto highlight thekey elements oftheEPPRDandPLANTPLAN, stakeholders. Training isdelivered through acombination offace-to-face sessionsand training toindustryandgovernment representatives, growers andother biosecurity PHA conducts theNationalEPPTraining Program onbehalfofitsmembers,delivering National Emergency PlantPest(EPP) Training Program RESPONSES PRACTICAL TRAINING FOR BIOSECURITY EMERGENCY –InOctober2018,NSW’s Department ofPrimaryIndustries(DPI) –On5–9March 2018,Exercise Border Bridgewas heldtotesthow

On 14–15November 2018,Exercise Fastidious, heldinBrisbane,testedelements Exercise Fastidious testsresponse toxylella of thegaps. preparedness torespond toxylellaanddeveloped research questionstofillsome native insectvectors ofthedisease.They alsoidentified gapsinAustralia’s combination ofxylellaandaninsectvector), andwhether there are any Australian Participants considered thetechnicalfeasibility oferadication,complexes (i.e.the implications toallindustries,usingtheEPPRDframework andprinciples. of industry). They were asked totestelements ofaresponse toafictionaldetection Hort Innovation, CSIROandrepresentatives from New Zealand (government and Australian Government, allstateandterritorygovernments, 13industries,PHA, There were 59attendeesatthetwo-day exercise withrepresentatives from the threat. Theexercise was fundedby Hort Innovation andconducted by PHA. of aresponse toadetection of Xylella fastidiosa , withafocus ontheproduction nurserysector andthebroader Xylella fastidiosa , Australia’s numberoneplant pest

195 CHAPTER 6: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – ERADICATING NEW PLANT PESTS Exercise Bee Prepared ONLINE TRAINING IN BIOSECURITY

Between March and October 2018, PHA facilitated The e-learning platform BOLT (Biosecurity Online Training), managed by PHA, supports the workshops across the country to test varroa mite National EPP Training Program. (Varroa destructor) response arrangements and the Current courses available on BOLT are: availability of resources. • PHA Foundation Course – provides a summary of the Australian biosecurity system and The Australian Government and each state and territory government hosted an how emergency responses to plant pests are managed under the EPPRD. Exercise Bee Prepared activity to improve the readiness of governments and the • National EPP Response Management – introduces the purpose of the CCEPP and the beekeeping industry for a detection of varroa. NMG, the roles and responsibilities of and their members, and the decision-making At each event, departmental staff and beekeepers worked together on a fictional process in an incident. scenario to develop a response strategy to eradicate varroa mite from a peri-urban • Reporting a Suspect Emergency Plant Pest – provides information on when and how to environment. Working through this process highlighted ways to improve how report an exotic plant pest. Australia responds to exotic pest detections. • Bee Biosecurity Awareness – a short awareness course that adds to the information in To wrap-up the exercise, the Chief Plant Health Managers and Australian Honey the Biosecurity Manual for the Honey Bee Industry. It provides an introduction to Bee Industry Council representatives assessed these elements at a national biosecurity best practice, hive inspections, surveillance, moving hives and how to report workshop to decide on an appropriate response and agree on a national approach. a suspect EPP. • Biosecurity for Beekeepers – provides advice on keeping honey bees healthy using industry best practice. This course supports the Australian Honey Bee Industry Biosecurity Code of Practice.

In 2018, the courses were completed just over 1,160 times, with the PHA Foundation Course being completed 395 times, and the Reporting Suspect Emergency Plant Pest and Biosecurity for Beekeepers courses being completed 96 and 486 times respectively. Since BOLT was launched, courses had been completed a total of 3,895 times by the end of 2018. POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – ERADICATING NEW PLANT PESTS PLANT NEW ERADICATING – BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER

BOLT courses are open to all plant biosecurity stakeholders and can be accessed through planthealthaustralia.com.au/bolt. CHAPTER 6: 6: CHAPTER

Exercise Bee Prepared near Hobart in Tasmania in July 2018

196 POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – ERADICATING NEW PLANT PESTS PLANT NEW ERADICATING – BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER CHAPTER 6: 6: CHAPTER

Exercise Bee Prepared in Victoria in March 2018 197

Chapter 7 Post-border biosecurity – controlling pests and weeds Post-border biosecurity – controlling pests and weeds

While many resources are invested in keeping new pests out of Australia and responding to pest detections, existing pests and weeds require biosecurity measures to prevent further spread. This chapter describes biosecurity measures that apply to pests found in certain parts of Australia, pests that are established and must be managed, and weeds.

There is a national system that coordinates domestic quarantine restrictions to prevent pest spread within Australia, but post-border control of pests and weeds is one part of the biosecurity system where agricultural industries and the Australian community have a major role to play.

Most farmers are aware that they have responsibility for controlling pests and weeds on their property and the use of on-farm biosecurity practices is on the rise. However, there is more that producers can do to prevent biosecurity incursions on their properties. This chapter details the communication initiatives to encourage on-farm biosecurity risk mitigation undertaken by PHA and Animal Health Australia, government and industries.

The chapter finishes with an overview of Australia’s weed biosecurity system. POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS AND PESTS CONTROLLING – BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER CHAPTER 7: CHAPTER

Vegetable crops in Australia are vulnerable to weeds due to regular soil PIRSA Biosecurity SA contractor conducting baiting operations during the eradication response to the outbreak of Queensland fruit disturbance and fertiliser and irrigation use. However, timely weed control fly at Loxton. Image courtesy of PIRSA practices can successfully minimise the impact of weeds as in this example near 200 Gatton, Queensland. Image courtesy of M. Coleman, University of New England by stateandterritorygovernments. produce around thecountry isboundby restrictions onwhatthey canandcannot carry set Anyone travelling withinAustralia, moving houseacross regional orstateborders, ormoving but alsopresent apotential pathway tosupportinternational market access. and implement new treatment arrangements, whichnot onlyprovide for domestictrade, It works closelywithstateandnationalplant quarantine agenciesandindustriestodevelop • • • The subcommittee istasked withensuringthatconditions are: conditions suchasin-field andpost-harvest treatments. affected regions canbemoved tonon-affected regions for sale,once ithasmet certain avoiding theriskofspreading regionalised plant pests.For example, produce from fruitfly standards andconditions thatallow movement ofproduce around thecountry while The objective ofthecommittee istodevelop, review andmaintain domesticquarantine Agriculture andWater Resources, andanindependent chairfrom PHA. territory governments, representatives from theAustralianGovernment Department of been established.Thiscommittee consists ofseniorplant healthregulators from stateand governments theSubcommittee onDomesticQuarantine andMarket Access (SDQMA)has To assistwiththecoordination ofdomesticquarantine between thestateandterritory import andexport ofgoodstoandfrom Australia. legislation tocomplement andsupportthenationalquarantine legislationthatgoverns the items applyineachstateandterritory. Restrictions operateunderstateandterritory To address thisrisk,domesticquarantine restrictions imposedonthemovement ofhigh-risk newly establishedandregionalised pests. movement ofplants, plant products, people,soilandequipment. Themainconcerns are Plant pestscanbespread easilyfrom onepartofAustraliatoanother through the National andstateoversight ofdomesticquarantine TRANSPORT OF PRODUCE RESTRICTIONS FOR INTERSTATE TRAVELLERS AND ACCESS SUBCOMMITTEE ON DOMESTIC QUARANTINE AND MARKET Agreement oftheApplicationSanitaryandPhytosanitary Measures. consistent withAustralia’s international obligationsundertheWorld Trade Organization’s coordinated andharmonisedacross thecountry andregions totheextent possible industry technically justifiedandleasttraderestrictive, tominimiseregulatory burdens on Rules applytohigh-riskmaterialincludingplants andplant products, fruitandvegetables, a complete listofICAs. territory andholds theScheduleofNationalInterstate Certification Assurance Documents, tomato potato psyllid. The AustralianInterstate Quarantine website listsallICAs by stateor properties affected by Panama TR4,andfor the treatment andinspectionofcutflowers for and Mediterranean fruitfly, andgreen snail.Two new ICAswere issued for bananasfrom In 2018,statesandterritoriesupdated several ICAstomitigatetherisks from Queensland • • • trade meets thereceiver’s requirements: There are three typesofcertificates thatmay beissuedtocertify thatproduce for interstate under cover, orbeingtreated after harvest. poses abiosecurityrisk.Itmight begrowing orpackingproduce inaparticularway, suchas of concern, iftheproduce iscertified tohave beentreated insuchaway thatitnolonger originate from acontrolled region canbeshippedinto aregion thatdoesnot have thepest goods meet thereceiving stateorterritory’s entry conditions. Consignments ofproduce that states andterritories,whoprovide certificates for eachconsignment attestingthatthe Commercial tradeinproducts beingmoved around Australiaismanagedby theindividual Restrictions for interstateexport Australian Interstate Quarantine website for thelatestinformation. Rules changeasnew pestincursionsoccur, sotravellers are advisedtocheckonthe quarantine zone borders. Travellers mustdisposeofany restricted products atthosepoints. There are interstate quarantine binsatdomesticairports,ferry terminals,andstateor Interstate Quarantine: ATraveller’s Guide–whichwas updatedinNovember 2018. restrictions for travellers andproducers. Thisinformation isalsoinabooklet –Australian The website honey andbeekeeping equipment, soil,agriculturalmachineryandrecreational equipment. certificates ofthistype. party. In2018,NurseryandGarden Industry Australiareceived approval toissuethefirst BioSecure HACCP BiosecurityCertificate accreditation authority. requirements andundergo regular auditsby thestateorterritorygovernment – known asanInterstate Certificate ofAssurance (ICA) –abusinessmustmeet specific Interstate Certification Assurance schemearrangement. To issuethesecertificates Plant Health Assurance Certificate territory oforigin. Plant Health Certificate interstatequarantine.org.au –whichisissuedby agovernment officer from thestateor – whichissuppliedby anapproved businessunderan provides information ondomesticquarantine –where certificates are issuedthrough athird

201 CHAPTER 7: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS OFFICIAL CONTROL OF QUARANTINE PLANT PESTS TO AUSTRALIA’S REGIONALISED PESTS PROTECT OVERSEAS TRADE When pests that have the potential to damage the environment or agriculture are detected, Since 2017, the Plant Quarantine Pest and Official Control National Policy – implemented by eradication is the ideal goal. In some cases, however, a pest cannot be eradicated. the Chief Plant Health Managers across Australia – has helped to contain and control new Depending on the circumstances, domestic quarantine measures may be implemented to plant pests and diseases, while allowing the Australian Government to continue to regulate contain the pest, minimising negative impacts. imports to prevent pest entry. The policy also facilitates exports, so growers can continue Regionalised pests can be contained at a local, regional or state level, depending on current sending their products to overseas markets. distribution and the ability to implement cost-beneficial measures for containment. On occasions, an exotic plant pest or disease may enter Australia that cannot be eradicated. In addition to introduced pests, some regionalised pests are native to parts of Australia, notably In these circumstances, responsibility for managing the pest or disease rests with industry and the Queensland fruit fly which is found on the east coast but not in SA, Tasmania or WA. the government of the state or territory in which it occurs. Table 56 lists the 92 regionalised pests recognised by formal legislation and their current When ‘official control’ is applied, the state or territory government has put in place measures area of distribution within Australia. These are the pests that domestic quarantine measures that aim to contain and control the pest or disease. These mandatory activities include: aim to contain. • containment or suppression activities (mostly involving destruction, disposal and decontamination) Table 56. Australia’s regionalised pests • surveillance in the area where the pest or disease could establish Scientific name Common name Area of regionalisation • movement restrictions so the pest or disease does not spread to an area that is not affected. New South Wales Endemic within all of NSW excluding the Queensland Official control can be applied at a regional or national level. If it is applied nationally, it must Queensland fruit Fruit Fly Control Zone on the Victorian border as Bactrocera tryoni be consistent across all states and territories. fly defined in Biosecurity (Queensland Fruit Fly) Control Order 2017 under the Biosecurity Act 2015 When an exotic pest or disease enters and is officially confirmed to be in Australia, the Present within the Banana Bunchy Top Virus Control Department of Agriculture and Water Resources has an obligation to notify the International Banana bunchy top Banana bunchy Zone on the far north coast as defined in the POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS AND PESTS CONTROLLING – BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER Plant Protection Convention. When other countries become aware of the presence of the virus (Babuvirus) top virus Biosecurity (Banana Bunchy Top Virus) Control Order pest or disease in Australia, it can trigger trade bans or restrictions on our exports, as well as 2017 under the Biosecurity Act 2015 requests for Australia to review its current import conditions. Present within the Grapevine Phylloxera Infested Daktulosphaira Grapevine Areas, comprising the Sydney and the Albury- CHAPTER 7: 7: CHAPTER If Australia can provide trading partners with evidence that the pest or disease is under vitifoliae phylloxera Corowa regions as defined in the Biosecurity official control, the department can continue to justify regulating international imports to Regulation 2017 under the Biosecurity Act 2015 prevent exotic pest entry. Present within the Citrus Red Mite Biosecurity Zone, comprising the Cumberland and Northumberland Panonychus citri Citrus red mite Official control may also underpin negotiations for export with concerned trading partners to counties as defined in the Biosecurity Regulation accept plants or products that have been produced in areas of Australia that are not affected 2017 under the Biosecurity Act 2015 by the pest or disease, or are treated to importing country standards to manage the Endemic in NSW excluding the Seed Protected biosecurity risk. If an established pest is not under official control, the department cannot Area, comprising specific areas within the Central Ralstonia Bacterial wilt of justify continuing to prevent the pest’s entry by regulating imported goods and conveyances Tablelands and Northern Tablelands as defined in solanacearum potatoes for that pest. the Biosecurity Regulation 2017 under the Biosecurity Act 2015 While there are numerous benefits in implementing official control, there are also costs Endemic in NSW excluding the Seed Protected associated with containment, surveillance and movement restrictions. State and territory Area, comprising specific areas within the Central Spongospora Powdery scab of governments, in consultation with peak industry bodies, must determine whether official Tablelands and Northern Tablelands as defined in subterranea potatoes control is cost-beneficial or whether other management options are more appropriate for the Biosecurity Regulation 2017 under the the plant pest. Biosecurity Act 2015

202 Table 56. Australia’s regionalised pests (continued)

Scientific name Common name Area of regionalisation Northern Territory

Aleuroidicus Spiraling whitefly Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area, Katherine dispersus

Queensland fruit Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area, Katherine, Bactrocera tryoni fly Tennant Creek, Alice Springs

Silver leaf Bemisia tabaci Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area, Katherine whitefly

Brontispa longissima Palm leaf beetle Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area

Citripestis eutrapera Mango fruit borer Darwin, Darwin rural area, Katherine

Cryptosporiopsis Cryptosporiopsis Darwin, Darwin rural area, Batchelor, Daly River, citri leaf spot Litchfield region

Cucumber green Cucumber green mottle mosaic Darwin rural area, Katherine, Alice Springs (Ti Tree) mottle mosaic virus virus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Panama disease Darwin rural area cubense (tropical

race 4) WEEDS AND PESTS CONTROLLING – BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER Fusarium Fusarium wilt of oxysporum f. sp. Darwin, Darwin rural area, Katherine watermelon niveum

Mango leaf 7: CHAPTER Idioscopus clypealis Tiwi Islands, Darwin rural area hopper Mango leaf Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area, Adelaide Idioscopus nitidulus hopper River, Pine Creek, Katherine Monomorium Monomorium Darwin dichroum dichroum

Parlatoria blanchardi Date palm scale Alice Springs

Phakopsora Phakopsora rust Darwin rural area cherimoliae

Pineapple mealy bug wilt associated virus No common One property only (Darwin Correctional Facility (PMWaV-1, name Shoal Bay) PMWaV-3)

Bunched flowers are a symptom of mango malformation disease. Image courtesy of Barry Conde, NT DPIR 203 Table 56. Australia’s regionalised pests (continued)

Scientific name Common name Area of regionalisation Northern Territory (continued) Pseudocercospora Cercospora spot Darwin rural area purpurea Selenothrips Red banded Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area, Adelaide rubrocinctus thrips River, Pine Creek, Katherine Sternochetus Mango seed Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area, Batchelor, mangiferae weevil Adelaide River

Tetranycus gloveri Glovers' mite Darwin rural area

Thrips palmi Melon thrips Darwin rural area

Dundee Downs, Palmerston, Noonamah, Darwin Uredo morifolia Mulberry rust rural area Queensland Aleurodicus Torres Strait Islands, Cape York Peninsula, Mareeba, Spiraling whitefly dispersus Charters Towers, coastal towns south to Bundaberg Anoplolepis Populations dotted in various locations spanning Yellow crazy ant gracilipes Cairns to the Gold Coast Apis cerana, Java Surrounding Cairns region, north to Twyford (near Asian honey bee genotype Mossman), west of Dimbula and south to Feluga

POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS AND PESTS CONTROLLING – BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER Banana bunchy top Bunchy top Noosa south to the NSW border virus (Babuvirus) Detected on a number of occasions in sugarcane on Chilo terrenellus Sugarcane stem two of the three Torres Strait islands closest to PNG (Pagenstecher) borer CHAPTER 7: CHAPTER (Saibai and Dauan) Cucumber green Cucumber green Confined to three quarantined properties in central mottle mosaic mottle mosaic virus and south-east Queensland virus

West Indian Greater Brisbane, Wide Bay–Burnett, Rockhampton, Cryptotermes brevis drywood termite Bowen, Townsville

Red banded Deanolis sublimbalis Far northern Cape York Peninsula mango caterpillar Eumetopina flavipes Island sugarcane Torres Strait island archipelago and the northern (Muir) planthopper peninsula area of Cape York

Fiji disease virus Fiji disease virus Sugarcane biosecurity zones 4, 5 and 6

204 Preserved specimen of a yellow crazy ant queen. Image courtesy of NSW DPI Table 56.Australia’s regionalised pests(continued) (Potyvirus) virus Sugarcane mosaic purpurea Pseudocercospora jackbeardsleyi Pseudococcus cryptus Pseudococcus Procontarinia lilacinus Planoccoccus virus Papaya ringspot fijiensis Mycosphaerella Liriomyza sativae Idioscopus nitidulus Idioscopus clypealis race 4) race 4andtropical race 2,subtropical Cubense oxysporum Fusarium Scientific name (strain A) (Potyvirus) (race 1, f. sp. spp. mosaic virus Sugarcane spot Cercospora leaf mealybug Jack Beardsley Cryptic mealybug midge Mango leafgall Coffee mealybug virus Papaya ringspot Black sigatoka leafminer Vegetable hopper Mango leaf hopper Mango leaf Panama disease Common name Queensland (continued) Sugarcane biosecurityzones 4,5and6 Council Mareeba Shire Council andTablelands Regional Torres Strait IslandsandtheCapeYork Peninsula distributed North Queensland,includingCairns, not widely Islands intheTorres Strait andisolatedplaces in Torres Strait andnortherntipofCapeYork Peninsula Boigu Island,Torres Strait Islands area South-east QueenslandasfarnorthBundaberg Some northernandeasternTorres Strait Islands Northern Peninsula area ofCapeYork Peninsula Cape York Peninsula. ManagedundertheGBO Gordonvale. ManagedundertheGBO Atherton, andalongthecoast from Wangetti to Cape York Peninsula andMareeba area, southto remains inplace separate properties. Acontainment program Race 4(tropical) detected in 2015and2017ontwo Obligation (GBO) applies regulation, althoughtheGeneralBiosecurity Races 1,2andsubtropical race 4are nolongerin north asRosedale (north ofBundaberg) Race 4(subtropical) south-east Queenslandasfar Race 2southJohnstone andCairns Race 1endemicthroughout bananagrowing regions Area ofregionalisation

Sugarcane striate Scientific name terminifera Chortoicetes mottle mosaicvirus Cucumber green Diuraphis noxia virus Grapevine pinot gris Nosema ceranae Nosema apis pluten Melissococcus Paenibacillus larvae Aethina tumida Ascosphaera apis Galleria mellonella Achroia grisella auropunctata Wasmannia Thrips palmi Tetranychus piercei virus mosaic-associated (Carlavirus) locust Australian plague virus mottle mosaic Cucumber green aphid Russian wheat gris virus Grapevine pinot Nosema Nosema foulbrood European foulbrood American Small hive beetle Chalkbrood moth Greater wax Lesser wax moth Electric ant Melon thrips Spider mite mosaic virus Sugarcane striate Common name Queensland (continued) South Australia Endemic withinallofSA Northern Adelaide Plains.Underactive eradication Known tobepresent onthree properties onthe Endemic withinSA's cereal growing regions define spread Limited distribution–furthersurveillance required to Kangaroo Island Endemic across mostofSA not known tooccur on Endemic across allofSA Kangaroo Island Endemic across mostofSA not known tooccur on Kangaroo Island Endemic across mostofSA not known tooccur on known tooccur onKangaroo Island Limited known distributionwithinallofSA not Endemic across allofSA Endemic across allofSA Endemic across allofSA Bingle Bay Far northQueensland,Cairnshinterland and Mossman andAtherton Tablelands area. North Queenslandcoastal areas from Ayr to South-east QueenslandasfarnorthBundaberg Weipa, CapeYork Peninsula Sugarcane biosecurityzone 2and6 Area ofregionalisation

205 CHAPTER 7: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS Table 56. Australia’s regionalised pests (continued)

Scientific name Common name Area of regionalisation Scientific name Common name Area of regionalisation Victoria Western Australia (continued) Queensland fruit Permanent fruit fly zones (refer to specific gazetted Mediterranean Regulations or controls for insecticide resistant Bactrocera tryoni Ephestia kuehniella fly orders) flour moth strains Fusarium Cornu apertus (syn. Management of green snail linked and infested lands Carnarvon. Host material restricted from movement Green snail oxysporum f. sp. Panama disease Cantareus apertus) (refer to specific gazetted orders) to rest of the state cubense (race 1) Daktulosphaira Grapevine Phylloxera Infested Zone and Phylloxera Free Zone Regulations or controls for movement and control in vitifoliae phylloxera (refer to specific gazetted orders) Galleria mellonella Larger wax moth specified areas Management of potato cyst nematode linked and Globodera Potato cyst European house Regulations or controls for movement and control in infested lands, and Plant Protection District (refer to Hylotrupes bajulus rostochiensis nematode borer specified areas specific gazetted orders) Oryzaephilus Sawtooth grain Regulations or controls for insecticide resistant Western Australia surinamensis beetle strains Regulations or controls for movement and control in Pentalonia Carnarvon. Host material restricted from movement Achroia grisella Lesser wax moth Banana aphid specified areas nigronervosa to rest of the state Kimberley Region. Host material restricted from Regulations or controls for insecticide resistant Aethina tumida Small hive beetle Plodia interpunctella Indian meal moth movement to rest of state strains

Bemisia tabaci (B Perth and Carnarvon. Host material restricted from Potato spindle Silverleaf whitefly Potato spindle tuber biotype) movement to Kununurra tuber viroid Carnarvon viroid Broome. Host material restricted from movement to (PSTVd) Brontispa longissima Palm leaf beetle POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS AND PESTS CONTROLLING – BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER rest of state Rhyzopertha Lesser grain Regulations or controls for insecticide resistant Cornu apertus (syn. Regulations or controls for movement and control in dominica borer strains Green snail Cantareus apertus) specified areas Regulations or controls for insecticide resistant Sitophilus granarius Granary weevil Absent from east Kimberley region (Ord River strains CHAPTER 7: 7: CHAPTER Mediterranean Ceratitis capitata Irrigation Area). Regulations or controls for fruit fly Regulations or controls for insecticide resistant movement and control in specified areas Sitophilus oryzae Rice weevil strains Chortoicetes Australian plague Regulations for control in specified areas Angoumois grain Regulations or controls for insecticide resistant terminifera locust Sitotroga cerealella moth strains Cosmopolites Banana weevil Kununurra and Carnarvon. Host material restricted sordidus borer from movement to rest of state Thrips palmi Melon thrips Kimberley (low pest prevalence area)

Cryptolestes Regulations or controls for movement and control in Regulations or controls for insecticide resistant Flat grain beetle Tribolium castaneum Rust red flour ferrugineus specified areas strains

Regulations or controls for movement and control in Confused flour Regulations or controls for insecticide resistant Cryptolestes pusillus Flat grain beetle Tribolium confusum specified areas beetle strains

Regulations or controls for insecticide resistant Warehouse Regulations or controls for movement and control in Ephestia elutella Tobacco moth Trogoderma variabile strains beetle specified areas

206 PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF FRUIT FLIES Australia is fortunate to be free of some of the most damaging fruit fly species that occur overseas. Some of these – like the Oriental fruit fly, Natal fruit fly, melon fly and peach fruit fly – would cause considerable damage to crop production in Australia should they establish here. To ensure we remain free of these devastating pests Australia has an extensive system of surveillance and an ongoing response in the Torres Strait.

Two fruit fly species in Australia are significant pests economically – Queensland fruit fly and the Mediterranean fruit fly. They are the focus of pest management programs and quarantine restrictions to prevent Queensland fruit fly from spreading into Tasmania, WA and SA and Mediterranean fruit fly spreading from WA.

Given the widespread ramifications of fruit flies, it is in everyone’s interest to prevent exotic fruit flies from reaching or becoming established in Australia and to tackle fruit fly management collectively.

The National Fruit Fly Strategy is a collaborative approach to managing pest species developed by PHA in 2008. A cost-benefit analysis undertaken in 2012 by the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences estimated that, if fully implemented, the national strategy could generate benefits of between $29 and $38 million per year.

The National Fruit Fly Council oversees and monitors implementation of the strategy, continuing the work begun by the National Fruit Fly Strategy Advisory Committee which performed this role from May 2014 to September 2015. The Council includes representatives from governments, industry and Hort Innovation. It has an independent chair and is supported by a National Manager and a secretariat from PHA.

The Council aims to help drive the delivery of a national system that prevents fruit flies being a WEEDS AND PESTS CONTROLLING – BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER constraint to sustainable production or a barrier to trade and market access. It focuses its efforts across four areas: • systems for the prevention, detection, eradication and management of fruit flies CHAPTER 7: CHAPTER • maximising market access, including activities that assist in securing entry conditions for horticultural produce into markets • legislation and regulation that supports fruit fly management, is harmonised across Australia and is consistent with international standards • research and development to ensure that innovative solutions and technically justifiable approaches are available to meet the requirements of the three areas above.

Regular meetings of the Council provide an important opportunity to identify priority areas for action and to promote coordination of activities between its members. It is also working to improve the general awareness of fruit fly as important pests, of how they can be managed, and of the Council’s role in a nationally coordinated system.

The website preventfruitfly.com.au provides information for backyard growers and commercial producers. It is supported by an e-newsletter and Twitter to keep stakeholders informed.

Mediterranean fruit fly. Image courtesy of Scott Bauer, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org 207 Community involvement in domestic quarantine

THE BIOSECURITY OBLIGATIONS OF ALL AUSTRALIANS Abiding by international and domestic border restrictions is one role that all Australians must play in maintaining Australia’s biosecurity status. In addition, everyone has an obligation to do what they can to avoid spreading plant pests and weeds, to keep a lookout for anything unusual and report unfamiliar pests. In two states, NSW and Queensland, governments have included these obligations in legislation.

The introduction of a general biosecurity obligation or duty makes explicit the role that everyday Australians have to play in the biosecurity system. A biosecurity risk exists when dealing with any pest, disease or contaminant. This includes moving an animal, plant, turf, soil, machinery and equipment that could carry a pest, disease or contaminant.

People in the two eastern states are now required by law to take all reasonable and practical steps to prevent or minimise the risk of causing a biosecurity ‘event’ and limit the consequences of such an event. A biosecurity event is caused by a pest, disease or contaminant that is, or is likely to become, a significant problem for human health, social amenity, the economy or the environment.

Australians are not expected to know about all biosecurity risks but are expected to know about those associated with their day-to-day work and hobbies. For example: • Those who live or work in a biosecurity zone (for example a builder or developer in a fire ant biosecurity zone) are expected to know what can and cannot move in to and out of the zone, and any other precautions required.

POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS AND PESTS CONTROLLING – BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER • Residential gardeners are expected to know the basics about reducing the risks of spreading a pest or disease, and the problem pests in their local area. They will not be expected to know about all of the biosecurity risks to plants. • Farmers are expected to stay informed about and appropriately manage the pests and diseases CHAPTER 7: CHAPTER that could affect or be carried by their crops and livestock, as well as weeds and pest animals that could be on their property. • Land owners are expected to stay informed about and appropriately manage the weeds and pest animals (such as wild dogs) that could be on their property. • Transporters of agricultural produce are expected to check whether the transportation of goods could spread diseases or pests and, if so, to manage the risks appropriately.

To learn more about the new laws, go to the Queensland and NSW government websites.

Farmers are expected to stay informed about and appropriately manage the pests 208 and diseases that could affect or be carried by their crops and livestock to reduce fruitfliesintheirgardens. populations. Thisincludesefforts by residents ofurbanareas andregional towns whoneed Area widemanagement isonlyeffective ifallstakeholders take stepstoreduce fly spraying andscouting. baiting, orchard hygiene (particularly pickingupfallenfruit),sterileinsectrelease, cover areas. Area widemanagement caninvolve arangeoftechniquessuchastrapping,protein As aresult, regional groups are takingaproactive approach tomanagingfruitfliesinlocal necessary management strategy. chemicals previously usedfor fruitfly control, insomeregions area widemanagement isa numbers are now having tomanagethepest.Given thederegistration ofseveral agricultural and northernVictoria.Areas previously free from thispestorexperiencing onlyvery low Recent years have seenthesouthward spread ofQueensland fruitflyinto southernNSW communities tobeeffective. pest speciesoffruitflies.Area widemanagement oftenrequires cooperation from Australian area. Itcanbeappliedtomany pestsbutiscurrently a widespread techniquefor managing Area widemanagement isanapproach topestmanagement thatoperates inageographic • • • • • • • to stateandeven from region toregion, butgenerallyincludes: biosecurity management. Local government’s involvement inbiosecurityvaries from state As thecommunity’s closesttierofgovernment, localgovernment isakey stakeholder in CONTROLLING PESTS THROUGH AREA WIDE MANAGEMENT THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT providing fieldtrialsitesfor biologicalcontrol ofcertain weeds. regional collaboration between localgovernments todealwithregional biosecurityissues biosecurity inthecommunity delivering environmental educationprograms andother information relating to biosecurity issues providing tools,management plans,staffsupportandtrainingonpost-border Act 1995 developing andenforcing pestmanagement locallaws underthe including themanagement ofpost-border invasive species on-going supportfor localcommunity groups inthearea ofnaturalresource management management ofpestspeciesonlandowned by localgovernments Local Government

On 14–15August2018,theNationalFruit FlySymposium was heldinMelbourne National Fruit FlySymposium helpssetdirection agencies attended theNational Fruit FlySymposium Around 90peoplerepresenting horticultural industries,researchers, pest control advisorsandgovernment minimising thespread andimpactoffruitfliesacross thecountry. They alsorecognised theimportance ofAustralia’s favourable peststatusand fruit flies,andsupportedongoingefforts toprotect Australiafrom exotic fruitflies. Participants were confident thatasuitablerangeoftoolswas available tomanage • • • • updated on: flies, intheleaduptoareview oftheNationalFruit FlyStrategy. They were also Attendees considered current progress and future prioritiesfor managingfruit horticultural industries,researchers, pestcontrol advisersandgovernment agencies. and was attendedby around 90peopleincludingrepresentatives from Australia’s pest management andpolicy. priority areas for future investment andeffort, includingresearch, market access, get better extension ofR&Doutcomes recent activitiestoimprove community engagement infruitflycontrol andto future opportunitiesandmarket access aspirationsfor Australianhorticulture current fruitflyresearch, development, management andextension activities

209 CHAPTER 7: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS On-farm biosecurity

On-farm biosecurity is a set of measures producers can use to protect a property from the entry and spread of pests, diseases and weeds. On-farm risk mitigation establishes another Banana growers recognised in biosecurity awards layer of protection for a farm, allowing producers to mitigate new pest problems as well as boosting biosecurity for their region, their industry and supporting market access for produce. In March 2018 the Australian Biosecurity Awards were presented at the ABARES Outlook Conference in Canberra. The winners of the inaugural Farm Biosecurity On-farm biosecurity measures are most effective when integrated into everyday activities. Producer of the Year Award were Mackay Farming Group from Tully, Queensland, Often measures are procedural, such as changing vehicles between zones on a property, and Rum Jungle Organics, from Batchelor in the NT. providing footwear for visits to production areas, disinfecting pruning shears and ensuring that farm inputs are clean and disease free. These measures and information about the Mackay Farming Group owns Bolinda Estate, a banana farming business located in pests of their crop are included in biosecurity manuals (see page 61). Tully struck by Panama disease tropical race 4 (TR4) in July 2017. Because of their sound biosecurity practices on farm they were well positioned to deal with this Increasingly, growers are appreciating the benefits of on-farm biosecurity. The rate of uptake non-eradicable fungal disease which can spread in soil, water and infected plant of on-farm biosecurity risk mitigation varies between and within industries. Increasing this material. uptake is the remit of a number of programs, described in the following pages. When Bolinda Estate was placed under quarantine following a positive test result for THE FARM BIOSECURITY PROGRAM TR4, the existing biosecurity measures they had in place allowed them to keep the business going with only a few hours down-time by isolating sections of the property. Recognising the increasing number of mixed farming enterprises in Australia, PHA and Animal Health Australia (AHA) work together in a joint communication and awareness program, Farm Rum Jungle Organics principally grew bananas, but after the discovery of banana Biosecurity, which provides biosecurity advice for both crop and livestock producers. freckle in 2013, all banana trees on their property had to be destroyed and disposed of as part of the National Banana Freckle Eradication Program. The program aims to help producers identify and reduce the risks to their enterprises posed by diseases, pests and weeds. The program website farmbiosecurity.com.au provides an This resulted in owners Alan Peterson and Julie-Ann Murphy having virtually no farm POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS AND PESTS CONTROLLING – BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER array of information and tools, including biosecurity manuals, templates for record keeping, income for four years. They undertook a complete review of their biosecurity farm biosecurity gate signs to download or order, industry specific information, videos practices and after being allowed to re-plant a new crop of bananas, the plants are outlining best practice, a personal profile builder, a biosecurity planner and a planning app. now producing fruit and they can once again sell top quality fruit at the local markets.

CHAPTER 7: 7: CHAPTER Resources produced by Farm Biosecurity are structured around the six biosecurity essentials: • farm inputs • production practices • farm outputs • people, vehicles and • feral animals and weeds • train, plan and record. equipment

By considering how these principles apply to their properties, producers can go a long way towards protecting their farms and their future from the impact of new or established diseases, pests and weeds.

The Farm Biosecurity Producer of the Year Award was established by PHA, AHA and the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources to recognise the contribution of producers who demonstrate outstanding, proactive on-farm biosecurity practices.

(L to R) Biosecurity award winners Gavin and Cameron Mackay from Mackay Farming Group; Alan Peterson from Rum Jungle Organics; Greg Fraser from PHA; Julie Anne Murphy from Rum Jungle Organics; Jim Pekin from Australian Banana Growers’ Council.

210 anthracnose. in various recent incursion responses suchasRussian wheataphid,Khaprabeetle andlupin Biosecurity officers alsoundertake surveillance for exotic pestsofgrainsandhave assisted distributed year round toraiseawareness ofseasonalbiosecurityrisksfor graingrowers. the nationalreporting toolAUSPest in graingrowing regions. Datafrom thesesurveys has andcontinues tobecaptured within been undertaken withindustry, improving on-farm biosecurityaswell asraisingawareness Since itbeganin2007,thousandsofin-crop andstored grainpestanddiseasesurveys have protect theirfarms. running trainingsessionsonbiosecuritymanagement practices thatgrowers canuseto engage growers atfielddays andconferences, givingpresentations anddemonstrations management practices amonggraingrowers andothers alongthesupplychain.Theofficers states. GrainsBiosecurityOfficers are responsible for raisingawareness ofbiosecurity and GrainProducers Australia,inpartnershipwiththegovernments offive grain-producing The GrainsFarm BiosecurityProgram isfundedby grainproducers andmanagedby PHA Grains Farm BiosecurityProgram farmers, landholdersandthecommunity. advice includingbiosecurity, naturalresearch management andemergency management for system. For example, theNSWLocal LandServices bringstogether agriculturalproduction groups ofproducers andothers along thesupplychaintostrengthen thestate’s biosecurity Some stategovernments have additionaloutreach programs withofficers whowork with producers ofparticularcrops. with someoftheseprograms are oftenfundedby grower levies andsotendtowork with of, andpreparedness for, biosecurityrisks atthefarmlevel. Biosecurityofficers associated engagement programs are fundedby PHAmemberindustriestoimprove themanagement involved inbiosecuritycommunication andengagement. Biosecurityextension and Through theleadershipoftheirpeakbodies,plant industriesare becoming increasingly BIOSECURITY EXTENSION AND ENGAGEMENT PROGRAMS Check TM . Media, newsletter andGround Cover articlesare In March 2018,theGrainsFarm BiosecurityProgram (GFBP) won anAustralian Recognition for grainsfarmbiosecurityefforts GPA’s BarryLarge attheAustralian BiosecurityAwards. Imagecourtesy of Steve Keough Photography (L to R) Victoria’s grains biosecurityofficer JimMoran, PHA’s Executive Director andCEO Greg Fraser, and More information abouttheprogram isavailable from to assistinmanagingtheriskofdiseases,pestsandweeds. publications, andworked withindividualgrowers todevelop farmbiosecurityplans properties. They have writtenarticlesfor Ground Cover magazineandother importance ofbiosecurityandprovide growers withinformation toprotect their of trainingsessionsinclubsandhallsallover thecountry toraiseawareness ofthe Since 2007whenitbegan,thegrainsbiosecurityofficers have delivered hundreds biosecurity material. many thousandsoffarmbiosecuritysigns,pestfactsheets, manualsandother biosecurity officers have attendedmore thanathousandevents andhandedout incursions. Thefaces have changedover theyears but,collectively, grains in theirregion, andhelpingtheindustryduringemergency responses and pest awareness ofbiosecurityamonggraingrowers andothers alongthesupplychain NSW, Queensland,SA, VictoriaandWA. Eachofficer isresponsible for raising The biosecurityfrontline personnelare thegrainsbiosecurityofficers, locatedin biosecurity integrity. Biosecurity Award, recognising theirsignificant ongoingcontribution toAustralia’s planthealthaustralia.com.au/gfbp

211 CHAPTER 7: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS National Citrus Biosecurity Program National Forest Biosecurity Surveillance Program As part of a partnership program funded by Hort Innovation and the Department of In 2018, activities to initiate a National Forest Biosecurity Program commenced with the Agriculture and Water Resources (through the Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper), appointment of the National Forest Biosecurity Coordinator co-funded by the Department a National Citrus Biosecurity Program was initiated in 2017 to improve biosecurity planning, of Agriculture and Water Resources (through the Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper) preparedness and awareness in the citrus industry. and the Australian Forest Products Association. The coordinator is to oversee the establishment of the program which aims to enhance national forest pest surveillance. During 2018, a National Citrus Biosecurity Coordinator was appointed to work with government and industry to improve surveillance for exotic pests and raise awareness of The need for a nationally coordinated program comprising pest threats among citrus growers and others along the supply chain. NATIONAL stakeholders from industry and government is crucial due to FOREST BIOSECURITY the ever increasing volumes of trade and movement of people SURVEILLANCE The program has re-established the First Detectors Network, a group of growers and crop STRATEGY and commodities into and within Australia. Climate change is 2018-2023 scouts who monitor their crops regularly for any sign of exotic pests. The coordinator is also also causing pest pressures and distribution to change investigating ways to improve awareness and surveillance in peri-urban and urban worldwide. Improved surveillance will help to provide ongoing communities. evidence to demonstrate freedom from pests and to support early detection of pests. Should an exotic pest enter Australia, early detection of incursions helps to limit their spread and minimise the costs of eradication. Improved surveillance also helps to provide ongoing The National Forest Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy evidence to demonstrate area freedom from pests, to support new market access requests 2018–23 and its Implementation Plan guide the program, in This initiative is part of the Australian Government’s JANUARY 2018 Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper, the government’s plan for stronger farmers and the maintenance of existing markets. and a stronger economy consultation with industry, government and the R&D sector. The forest surveillance strategy is aligned with the National The Huanglongbing Taskforce was also established in 2018 to identify and coordinate Plant Biosecurity Strategy and National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy, as described research and extension needed to manage huanglongbing, the most serious High Priority in Chapter 1. Pest for the citrus industry. The program started with an assessment of the high-risk pathways for entry of forest pests The program is guided by the framework provided by the National Citrus Biosecurity into Australia and a pilot of High-Risk Site Surveillance in Queensland, NSW and Victoria. Surveillance Strategy 2018–28, developed by PHA in consultation with Citrus Australia and The National Forest Biosecurity Surveillance Program is overseen by a National Forest

POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS AND PESTS CONTROLLING – BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources in 2017. The strategy is aligned with Biosecurity Surveillance Group, with the coordinator working directly with industry, state the National Plant Biosecurity Strategy and National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy, governments, environmental groups and other forest industry stakeholders. as described in Chapter 1. CHAPTER 7: 7: CHAPTER

National Citrus Biosecurity Coordinator Jeff Milne. Image courtesy of Citrus Australia Vegetable and potato officer Callum Fletcher speaking to growers in Carnarvon, WA, while Vegetables WA Vietnamese industry extension officer, Truyen Vo, translates. Image courtesy of AUSVEG 212 Vegetable and Potato Farm Biosecurity Program The Vegetable and Potato Farm Biosecurity Program is an extension and engagement program funded by vegetable growers and managed by PHA and AUSVEG to enhance biosecurity management practices of producers and others along the supply chain in that industry.

It focuses on increasing the awareness and adoption of farm biosecurity among vegetable and potato growers and is increasingly being used as a platform for driving strategically important biosecurity initiatives.

Two dedicated biosecurity officers develop extension and training material, write articles on biosecurity themes for industry magazines, engage with producers at field days, and liaise with growers during pest incursions. In 2018 the officers undertook an urban biosecurity pilot program after many of the recent exotic pest incursions were located at seaports, airports and other urban hotspots across Australian cities.

Throughout 2018, the officers took part in a variety of forums, biosecurity meetings and working groups. Their involvement also precipitated a number of initiatives with industry and researchers to extend surveillance capabilities and improve general surveillance reporting outcomes.

National Bee Biosecurity Program The National Bee Biosecurity Program is funded by the Australian Honey Bee Industry Council, with support from the state governments, and managed by PHA. It aims to help beekeepers to manage pests that are already in Australia, and to prepare for incursions by exotic pests, through training and education. If there is an exotic pest incursion, the biosecurity officers are available to provide expert support to industry, and to help design and implement response measures.

Bee biosecurity officers are employed in five states, and actively promote adoption of the Australian WEEDS AND PESTS CONTROLLING – BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER Honey Bee Industry Biosecurity Code of Practice. The aim of the Code of Practice is to improve the management of established pests and diseases, as well as increase the preparedness and surveillance for exotic pest threats to the honey bee industry. CHAPTER 7: CHAPTER

Victorian bee biosecurity officer Jess Millar (right) and Agriculture Victoria senior apiary officer Joe Riordan (left) inspecting bee hives in an almond orchard. Image courtesy of Jess Millar 213 MANAGING PESTS ON-FARM A recent report20 estimated that up to 68 per cent ($17.6 billion) of Australia’s total value of crop production is attributable to the use of crop protection products. Table 57 illustrates Australian farmers manage pests with a variety of methods tailored to the type of pest, the amount and type of agricultural chemicals used for controlling plant pests in Australia. the crop and agroecological conditions. Most growers use an integrated pest management This total expenditure on pesticides for plants represents over seven per cent of the gross approach, which means that they combine chemical, cultural, mechanical and biological value of production for all crops in Australia21. Although many pesticide products are formulated controls in a flexible way that can change over time. and packaged in Australia, almost all the active constituent chemicals are manufactured overseas. In the event of an exotic pest incursion, the required chemicals might not be Chemical control immediately available. PHA facilitates a program to help ensure the availability of pesticides For the management of many plant pests, pesticides are the fastest and easiest option for in the event of an incursion, through its emergency permits initiative. control and most growers use at least one type of chemical to maintain productive agriculture. Pesticide availability in Australia is regulated by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Cultural and mechanical control Medicines Authority (APVMA), an independent statutory authority. As the national regulator Cultural and mechanical control refers to the practice of modifying the growing environment of agricultural and veterinary chemicals, the APVMA regulates pesticides in line with of production crops to reduce the prevalence of unwanted pests. Examples include tillage responsibilities described in the Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals (Administration) Act 1992 methods and changing soil pH levels, irrigation practices and fallow periods, which make the and the Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Code Act 1994. environment less favourable for the survival, growth and reproduction of pest species. These practices can provide significant relief from some pests when used effectively. The APVMA exists to ensure that Australia has access to safe and effective agricultural and veterinary chemicals to control pests and diseases on animals and plants. It also monitors and enforces compliance with the Agvet Code and other legislation and keeps a record and Biological control register of approved agricultural and veterinary constituents, registered products and Biological control is a method of controlling pests using natural enemies. Natural enemies of approved labels. More information is available from apvma.gov.au pests are known as biological control agents and include predators, parasitoids and pathogens. Biological control has been highly successful in many instances, with a number of pest All agricultural chemicals sold or used in Australia must be registered with the APVMA. problems permanently solved by importation and successful establishment of biological National registration ensures that all agricultural chemical products, when used as directed control agents. Successes tend to be confined to particular ecosystems or pest situations, on the product label, will be effective and have no harmful or unintended effects on people, and when they are effective, can provide long-term and even permanent results. animals, crops, the environment or international trade. The actual use of chemicals is POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS AND PESTS CONTROLLING – BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER regulated by state and territory governments. 20. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences, Agricultural commodities and trade data, Agricultural Commodities Statistics March 2017. Accessed online 22 July 2019 agriculture.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/abares/data/agricultural-commodities-statistics.xlsx 21. Australian Pesticide and Veterinary Medicines Authority, Gazette No 6 March 2018. Accessed online 22 CHAPTER 7: 7: CHAPTER July 2019 apvma.gov.au/node/29176 Table 57. Sales of plant chemicals in Australia, 2016–18

Mixed function Herbicide Insecticide Fungicide Miticide Molluscicide Nematicide Total pesticide No. of products 3,301 1,445 939 149 131 54 18 6,037 Value of product 2016 1,717 337 254 32 19 12 4 2,375 sales ($ million) No. of products 3,363 1,482 967 148 131 54 15 6,160 Value of product 2017 1,683 484 343 39 36 16 2 2,603 sales ($ million) No. of products 3517 1515 1021 145 131 52 16 6,397 Value of product 2018 1,714 413 269 37 20 14 2 2,469 sales ($ million)

214 215 CHAPTER 7: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS Australia’s weed biosecurity system

The scope of Australia’s biosecurity system covers more than just invertebrates and COORDINATION OF WEED MANAGEMENT pathogens, with a range of activities also in place to address the threats posed by weeds. The Environment and Invasives Committee (EIC) provides an intergovernmental mechanism A weed is a plant that requires some form of action to reduce its negative effects on the for identifying and resolving weed issues at a national level. It comprises members from the economy, the environment and human health or amenity. Australian Government and all state and territory governments, plus observers from CSIRO, PHA and the New Zealand Government. Weeds displace native species, contribute to land degradation and reduce productivity in addition to the considerable costs of control. EIC oversees the administration of the Australian Weeds Strategy 2017–27, which is the overarching policy for weed management in Australia. It outlines goals and actions required to It has been estimated that the cost to the Australian economy from the agricultural impacts of keep Australia's economic, environmental and social assets secure from the impacts of weeds. weeds is over $4 billion annually22. An estimated 2,300 species currently impact the natural The strategy is reviewed every 10 years to ensure it remains relevant to Australia’s needs. environment nationally, and a further 1,000 species have a direct impact on plant production. The strategy provides information on where improvements

There are far more potential weed species that have not yet entered the country or become Australian Weeds Strategy can be made at the national level that will result in benefits established in Australia. In addition, many weeds display a ‘lag phase’ in which impacts do 2017–2027 across Australia. It draws attention to areas that require Invasive Plants and Animals Committee not become apparent, potentially for decades. As such, many future problem weeds may national collaboration and will drive the development of already be here. consistent and coordinated national approaches by providing Australian Weeds Strategy clarity around priorities, roles and responsibilities. Australia’s weed biosecurity system aims to: 2017 to 2027 Invasive Plants and Animals Committee • prevent entry of high-risk plant species The strategy is available at agriculture.gov.au/ SiteCollectionDocuments/pests-diseases-weeds/ • eradicate or contain those in the early stages of invasion consultation/aws-final.pdf • mitigate the impacts of established weeds. POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS AND PESTS CONTROLLING – BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER As with plant pest biosecurity, responsibility for weeds is shared between all levels of government, industry and the community. Legislation across the country sets out the various roles of governments in managing weeds across Australia. PREVENTING THE ENTRY OF NEW WEEDS CHAPTER 7: 7: CHAPTER Within Australia, state and territory government departments of primary industries and A large percentage of weed species (at least 50 per cent and possibly up to 70 per cent) environment, along with Natural Resource Management authorities, have responsibility for were originally imported for use as garden ornamentals. However, many of these species weed biosecurity policy and management. were imported a long time ago and modern improvements to biosecurity arrangements have significantly reduced this risk. At the local level, weed surveillance is undertaken by most local councils, which report new weed incursions in their areas. Weed management is a component of on-farm biosecurity The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources develops and implements quarantine activities. Producers of both crops and livestock manage weeds on individual properties to policies for plant imports and for the past decade plant imports have been subject to a Weed reduce their impacts and play an integral part in the weed detection and reporting network. Risk Assessment. A Permitted Seeds List has also been developed, so that all species not currently in Australia or on the Permitted Seeds List are subject to a risk assessment prior to Community based weed spotter programs are active in many states and local areas. importation. Australia’s Weed Risk Assessment system has been adapted for use in other Volunteers in these groups report new weed detections in their areas and are generally parts around the world. supported in their activities by government agencies. Weeds are also an integral part of the Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, which involves surveillance activities in Australia’s north and neighbouring countries. 22. Sinden JA et al, 2004. The economic impact of weeds in Australia: Report to the CRC for Australian Weed Management, Technical Series No. 8, Adelaide 216 Image courtesy of Brenton Congoo, QDAF Tropical weed eradication fieldstaffpullingasmall miconia tree outof ariparianarea innorthQueensland. • • • In 2018theprogram targeted eradicationof: Queensland, NSW, NTandWA governments. The program ismanagedby BiosecurityQueenslandandiscost-shared by theAustralian, species native totropical Americathatare innorthQueensland(and oneinnorthernNSW). The NationalTropical Weeds EradicationProgram commenced in2003andtargets weed National Tropical Weeds EradicationProgram Program andtheWorking onCountry Indigenousrangerprograms. Natural Heritage Trust, theNationalLandcare Program, theEnvironment Stewardship trade orcommunities. Phasetwo ofthisprogram, from July2013–18,integrates the eradication ofweed incursionsthatthreaten production ortheenvironment, orimpacton The Caringfor ourCountry program coordinates nationalsurveillance, containment and Plant Incursions. shared invasive weed eradicationprograms through theConsultative Committee onExotic The Australian,stateandterritorygovernments manageandcoordinate nationallycost- and aresponse ismounted before theweeds have achance tospread toofar. Eradication andcontainment ofweeds isonlypossibleifweed incursionsare detected early, WEEDS ERADICATION AND CONTAINMENT OF NEWLY ESTABLISHED mikania vine( miconia ( limnocharis ( Miconia calvescens, M.nervosa, M.racemosa Limnocharis flava Mikania micrantha ), awetland plant ). ), rainforest tree andshrubs

Queensland. Thecombined impactsoftheseweeds onagriculture andtheenvironment in and CANEGROWERS. Government andisbeingfundedby Meat andLivestock Australia,GrainProducers Australia $5.8 milliontoeradicatered witchweed. Theeradicationresponse isledby theQueensland In April2016,theAgriculture Ministers’Forum endorseda10-year response planofupto and arrangements set outinthenationaleradicationagreements. Nonetheless, theresponse tored witchweed hasbeenundertaken according totheprinciples agreements, andboth plant andlivestock industrieswere considered likely tobeaffected. complex, since weeds are not covered undertheexisting industryandgovernment response Queensland. Reaching agreement onanationalapproach totheeradicationresponse was In July2013,red witchweed ( Eradication ofred witchweed tropical rainforest in2018. seven mature plants were detected by teamsduring6,000hectares ofsurveillance indense germinates aftercyclones toturnpatches ofrainforest into monocultures ofmiconia. Only the seedofthisplant cansurvive for upto20 years inundisturbedrainforest, andquickly nearby Wet Tropics World Heritage Area. Known asthe‘purpleplague’ inTahiti andHawaii, a highlyinvasive rainforest tree which hasbeenspread by birds from gardens into the Over 80percent oftheeradicationprogram resources are directed at all ofthetarget species are ontrackfor complete eradicationfrom theAustralianmainland. become reproductive, incombination withsoilseedbankdepletion over thepast16years, they were abletomature andproduce seed.By removing 99.5percent ofplants before they areas innorthQueenslandtosearch outandremove allseedlingsofthesespeciesbefore During 2018,fieldteamstraversed over 7,000hectares ofrainforest, wetland andriparian milestones andtargets. Regular reviews are undertaken totracktheprogress oftheprogram towards eradication extensive community engagement toidentify infested areas andresearch components. The nationaleradicationprogram involves targeted weed surveys andweed control, tropical andsubtropical areas ofAustraliawould besignificant ifallowed tospread unchecked. while Limnocharis, miconia andmikania vineare allconsidered seriousweeds inother countries, Miconia nervosa and M. racemosa Striga asiatica have exhibited invasive characteristicsinnorth ) was detected insugarcane onsixproperties in Miconia calvescens ,

217 CHAPTER 7: POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS MANAGING ESTABLISHED WEEDS Table 58. Weeds of National Significance Combating weeds is an integral part of most farming systems. Problem weeds and their management differ greatly among industries and regions, but most production systems Scientific name Common name use a mixture of chemical and non-chemical control methods. Acacia nilotica subsp. indica Prickly acacia

Some plant production industry peak bodies produce integrated weed management Alternanthera philoxeroides Alligator weed manuals, and the larger industry organisations conduct weed surveillance and research. Andropogon gayunus Gamba grass Annona glabra Pond apple In Australian broadacre plant production industries, weeds are most commonly managed through competition with other plants, herbicide sprays, tillage, slashing, grazing, burning, Anredera cordifolia Madeira vine or a combination of these measures. Asparagus aethiopicus, A. africanus, A. asparagoides (Western Cape form), Asparagus weeds In horticultural production systems, weed control focuses on mechanical cultivation and A. declinatus, A. plumosus and A. scandens. herbicide applications. No-till production systems, which use herbicides to control weeds, Excludes A. officinalis and A. racemosis are now common in Australia. Asparagus asparagoides Bridal creeper Local councils are responsible for weed management on land that they own, control or Cabomba caroliniana Cabomba manage, and some jurisdictions also conduct weed inspections on private land. Chrysanthemoides monilifera Bitou bush, boneseed

Local community groups support the activities of industry and governments in weed Cryptostegia grandiflora Rubber vine management. Formal organisations such as Landcare Australia, Conservation Volunteers Cytisus scoparius, Genista monspessulana, Brooms (scotch, montpellier, flaxleaf) and Greening Australia, together with smaller informal groups, organise volunteers to G. linifolia restore and maintain local bushland. Dolichandra unguis-cati Cat’s claw creeper Eichhornia crassipes Water hyacinth Weeds of National Significance Hymenachne amplexicaulis Hymenachne Thirty two Weeds of National Significance (WoNS, see Table 58) have been agreed by the POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS AND PESTS CONTROLLING – BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER Australian Government, state and territory governments based on assessments of their Jatropha gossypiifolia Bellyache bush invasiveness, potential for spread and environmental, social and economic impacts. Lantana camara Lantana Consideration was also given to their ability to be successfully managed. A list of 20 WoNS Lycium ferocissimum African boxthorn was endorsed in 1999 and a further 12 were added in 2012. CHAPTER 7: 7: CHAPTER Mimosa pigra Mimosa Weeds designated to be of national significance are those that require coordination among Nassella neesiana Chilean needle grass all levels of government, as well as organisations and individuals with weed management Nassella trichotama Serrated tussock responsibilities. Opuntia spp. (except O. ficus-indica), Opuntioid cacti A national focus on WoNS continues through the work of the Environment and Invasives Cylindropuntia spp., Austrocylindropuntia spp. Committee and government agencies report to this committee on progress against any Parkinsonia acuteata Parkinsonia remaining actions under the strategic plans. Parthenium hysterophorus Parthenium weed

218 Table 58. Weeds of National Significance (continued) Plant Sure scheme to weed out invaders

A pilot project in NSW is testing a voluntary accreditation scheme that will allow Scientific name Common name the ornamental plant industry to promote environmentally safe plants and help Prosopis spp. Mesquite consumers to avoid buying plants that pose a weed risk. Rubus fruticosus aggregate Blackberry The Plant Sure project has received seed funding from the NSW Environmental Sagittaria platyphylla Sagittaria Trust to design and develop a scheme in collaboration with the nursery, gardening Salix spp., except S. babvlonica, and horticulture sectors, as well as government agencies and peak environmental Willows S. x calendendron and S. x reichardtii community groups. Salvinia molesta Salvinia The project, led by the Nursery and Garden Industry NSW and ACT, involves people Senecio madagas cariensis Fireweed working together to reduce the supply and trade of ‘high-risk’ ornamental plants Solanum elaeagnifolium Silverleaf nightshade that may become invasive. Tamarix aphylla Athel pine Plant Sure will be a voluntary scheme, with education and engagement strategies Ulex europaeus Gorse that use branding and marketing to discourage the use of ‘weedy’ ornamental plants in the trade.

Partners will work with the entire supply chain, from breeders and growers to sellers and installers of ornamental plants, and the people that influence plant choice.

Phase 1 of the project, now complete, reviewed 18 different voluntary schemes in Australia and overseas to determine which model might be most suitable. From this, a purpose-built set of tools were developed to assess the risk of invasiveness of ornamental plant species and cultivars. These will be trialed with NSW partners initially, then refined and expanded for use nationally. POST-BORDER BIOSECURITY – CONTROLLING PESTS AND WEEDS AND PESTS CONTROLLING – BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER CHAPTER 7: 7: CHAPTER

Confidence Empowerment Influence Collaboration Accurate and Certification Powerful brand, Cross-sector aligned species surety for marketing and partners information responsible communications working across and plant lists operators to drive change the supply chain

Foundational pillars of the Plant Sure initiative

Common water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Image courtesy of Ted D. Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Image courtesy of NSW Office of Environment and Heritage Bugwood.org

219

Chapter 8 Plant biosecurity RD&E Plant biosecurity research, development and extension

An understanding of the biology of plant pests, the hosts that are susceptible to them, their effects on production and methods of control are fundamental to an effective plant biosecurity system.

Plant biosecurity research, development and extension (RD&E) develops this understanding and how to apply it to situations to minimise negative impacts from plant pests.

Industry and government often combine resources to invest in plant biosecurity RD&E. The research

PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT on pests and how to manage them is undertaken by research institutions across Australia, including CSIRO, Cooperative Research Centres, the Australian Government, state and territory agencies as well as universities, plant industries, PHA, botanic gardens and private organisations.

The science underpinning Australia’s plant biosecurity system takes many forms. It covers the topics of CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER pest management, crop improvement, risk analysis, database management, surveillance, diagnostics, protecting the natural environment, and the basic biology of pests and crops. It involves the full range of crops grown in Australia as well as pollinators.

The pests investigated include bacteria, fungi, nematodes and viruses, along with the diseases they cause, and also weeds, insects and other invertebrates, such as mites.

The data for 2018 provides an overview of all plant, weed and pollinator RD&E in Australia, with a summary of where it was carried out, the size, the topic, pest and crop types23. Surveillance programs that include some research or extension activities are also included, as are some training and awareness programs.

Biosecurity Behaviour and Market Research Knowledge Base

The Biosecurity Behaviour and Market Research Knowledge Base was established in 2018 on the Biosecurity Portal portal.biosecurityportal.org.au. The site presents published research papers on audience behaviour and attitudes related to biosecurity practice and emergency responses in Australia.

The site serves to inform stakeholder engagement activities to enhance biosecurity preparedness and risk management. Public and private entities can contribute to the site, in consultation with the National Biosecurity Communication and Engagement Network.

23. Every year, the methods used to collect data for this chapter improve incrementally. While every effort is made to Student Saeedeh Noushini analysing samples in a gas chromatograph. This technique is secure accurate data for inclusion in Table 59 on page 236, we acknowledge that it is not complete. used to investigate the volatile gases produced by Queensland fruit flies; these volatiles 222 are key for reproduction. Image courtesy of ARC Centre for Fruit Fly Biosecurity Innovation Australia, AgriFutures Australia,WineAustralia andForest andWood Products Australia. Research andDevelopment Corporation, Meat andLivestock Australia,SugarResearch and Regions, Cotton Research andDevelopment Corporation, DairyAustralia,Grains The committee isfundedby Hort Innovation, theVictorianDepartment ofJobs, Precincts the Plant BiosecurityResearch Initiative. Hort Innovation, GrainsResearch andDevelopment Corporation, WineAustralia,CSIROand state governments, PHA,theCouncil ofRural Research andDevelopment Corporations, The implementation committee includesrepresentatives from theAustralianGovernment, 2019. inventories ofcapacity andcapabilityinnematologybacteriologytobecompleted in was attended by governments, industryand RDCs.Thecommittee alsobeganwork on investigate theresearch andpolicygapsaround pasture andanimalfeed biosecuritywhich In August2018,aworkshop atCharlesSturt University inWagga Wagga was heldto the agendaandtohostworkshops focusing onparticularbiosecurityissues. the AGSOC Research andInnovation Committee, ischaired andsupportedby PHAtodrive The NationalPlant BiosecurityRD&EStrategy Implementation Committee, whichreports to biosecurity research. cooperative andcoordinated approaches tomattersofnationalinterest suchasplant Agriculture SeniorOfficials’Committee (AGSOC) whosegoalistoimplement cross-jurisdictional a component oftheNationalPrimaryIndustriesRD&EFramework. Itisoverseen by the Devised in2013by PHAincollaboration withstakeholders around Australia,thestrategyis or spread withinAustralia. and socialrisksposedby establishedpestsaswell asthosethatmay enter, emerge, establish The strategy’s objective istoenabletheeffective management ofeconomic, environmental dependent onthem. and strengthen cross-sectoral biosecurityRD&Efor Australia’s plant industriesandthose The NationalPlant BiosecurityRD&EStrategy provides anoverarching framework toguide National PlantBiosecurityRD&EStrategy

Leaf symptoms of Xylella fastidiosa. Image courtesy of ChristineHorlock, QDAF Initiative meeting on16February 2018. these nationallyagreed prioritieswere tabledataPlant BiosecurityResearch Following theworkshop three xylellarelated R&Dconcepts whichalignedwith • • • areas, including: During theworkshop there was strong supportfor urgent actiononkey priority Zealand biosecurityagencies. Australian NationalBotanic Gardens andPHA,alongwithstate,federal andNew Hort Innovation, AgriFutures Australia,theAustralianSeedbankPartnership, Attendees includedrepresentatives from peakindustrybodies,VinehealthAustralia, on a workshop toconsider thepriorityactionsidentified attheInternational Symposium On 15February 2018theDepartment ofAgriculture andWater Resources convened Workshop prioritisesxylellaaction Xylella fastidiosa the appointment ofanationalcoordinator for xylella. the investigation into potential native insectvectors the improvement ofdiagnostics heldinMay 2017.

223 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Australian Government agencies and statutory authorities

The Australian Government currently contributes to a variety of plant biosecurity related COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH RD&E activities. This occurs predominantly through the Department of Agriculture and Water ORGANISATION Resources but also through the Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, the csiro.au/research Department of the Environment and Energy and the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. As the national science agency, CSIRO pushes the boundaries of what is possible in AUSTRALIAN CENTRE FOR INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL innovation, science and technology. CSIRO delivers impact nationally and globally through RESEARCH collaboration with industry, governments and communities. CSIRO feeds into the plant PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT aciar.gov.au biosecurity system via its Health and Biosecurity and Agriculture and Food business units, together with its National Research Collections. The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) works to achieve more productive and sustainable agricultural systems for the joint benefit of developing countries The Health and Biosecurity unit delivers research-based solutions to manage the devastating CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER and Australia through international agricultural research partnerships. The research focuses impacts of invasive alien species such as pests, weeds and diseases. It also helps protect on fields where Australia has special research competence and develops enduring research Australia from pests and diseases by assessing the risks they pose, prioritising the pathways collaborations as a trusted science partner. of entry and providing new technologies for surveillance and early response through sensor networks and autonomous platforms. The Agriculture and Food unit takes an integrated ACIAR’s biosecurity projects adopt various approaches and are spread across several gene-to-plate approach to improve crop quality and yield. program areas, including horticulture, agricultural systems, crop improvement and management and forestry. This research provides a unique opportunity to learn about the CSIRO is the custodian of a number of plant and plant pest specimen collections that biology and management of exotic pests and diseases, preparing for potential exotic contribute to national and international biological knowledge that underpin a significant part incursions, and to develop and share best practice in biosecurity management. of the country’s taxonomic, genetic, agricultural and ecological research. They include the Australian Tree Seed Centre, Australian National Insect Collection and Australian National AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH COUNCIL Herbarium amongst others. arc.gov.au PLANT INNOVATION CENTRE The Australian Research Council (ARC) is an independent agency within the Australian The Plant Innovation Centre was launched at the Mickleham Post-Entry Quarantine facility Government’s Education and Training portfolio. The ARC’s purpose is to grow knowledge and near Melbourne’s Tullamarine Airport in November 2017. innovation for the benefit of the Australian community by funding the highest quality research, assessing the quality, engagement and impact of research and providing advice on research The purpose of the facility, known as PIC@PEQ, is to develop innovations that improve matters. The ARC plays a leading role in supporting and developing research to benefit Australia’s capacity to address current and anticipated plant biosecurity risks, ensuring the Australia across the full range of research disciplines with outcomes in the commercial, nation has modern, effective plant biosecurity systems in place to secure Australia's border. cultural, economic, environmental, health and societal fields. The centre’s research team consists of a steering board, which determines priority projects based on operational challenges, and departmental scientists, who collaborate with various external scientists and other biosecurity stakeholders to deliver on the agreed projects.

224 PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER

CSIRO’s Dr Louise Morin testing the leaf smut fungus Kordyana brasiliensis ahead of its release on the environmental weed wandering trad (Tradescantia fluminensis). Image courtesy of CSIRO 225 Research and development corporations

Research and development corporations (RDCs) bring together industry and researchers to establish the strategic directions for RD&E and to fund projects that provide industries with the innovation and productivity tools needed to compete in global markets.

RDCs provide funding and support to research providers including state governments, universities, CSIRO, industry associations and research organisations in the private sector.

Priority areas are framed and guided by the Australian Government’s Rural RD&E Priorities outlined in the Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper, and its national Science and Research Priorities. PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT Following extensive consultation in July 2015, the Australian Government announced four Rural RD&E Priorities: • advanced technology

CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER • biosecurity • soil, water and managing natural resources • adoption of R&D.

In 2018, 15 rural RDCs covered most Australian agricultural industries, with seven focusing on plant production.

RDCs of relevance to Australia’s plant industries are described in this section. They include a mixture of industry owned companies and statutory corporations. The industry owned RDCs have statutory funding agreements with the Australian Government that lay out the general principles that must be observed when investing levy funds as well as reporting obligations to levy payers and the Australian Government.

QDAFs Dr Murray Sharman joined DAWR and Timor-Leste Quarantine staff in three 226 surveys to study the virus threats present in Timor-Leste. Image courtesy of CRDC • • • RD&E thatcontributes to: is theprotection ofAustralian cotton from endemicand exotic biotic threats. CRDCsupports key focus area underthe goal ofincreasing theproductivity andprofitability ofcotton farms CRDC invests across five strategicareas, asoutlined intheStrategic RD&EPlan2018–23. A technologies todeliver impact. industry’s continued success isCRDC’s investment ininnovation andtransformative Australia’s cotton industryandthewidercommunity. Akey drivingforce behindthecotton Australian Government andcotton growers thatinvests inworld-leading RD&Etobenefit The Cotton Research andDevelopment Corporation (CRDC) isapartnershipbetween the crdc.com.au • • • • • • AgriFutures Australiainvests inbiosecurityRD&Eactivities,including: prosperity ofAustralianruralindustries. the AustralianGovernment, thevisionoforganisation istogrow thelong-term emerging industries,andtheissuesthataffect thewholeofagriculture. Primarilyfundedby industries thatdonot have theirown research anddevelopment corporation, new and AgriFutures Australiainvests inresearch, leadership,innovation andlearningtosupport agrifutures.com.au COTTON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION AGRIFUTURES AUSTRALIA threats investigating andmonitoringtheeconomic, environmental andsocialimpactsofbiotic adoption ofknowledge. resistance breeding weed management pest management biosecurity planning incursion riskanalysis preparedness activitiesandaddress identified knowledge gaps. working collaboratively withgrowers andconsultants todeliver industry-led biosecurity surveillance, prevention andsustainableresponsible management ofbiotic threats investigating anddelivering new andimproved tools, systems andstrategiesfor the fwpa.com.au • • • year RD&Eplanwhichtargets: The GRDCinvestment scheme‘Protecting Your Crop’ isidentified aspartoftheGRDC’s five in farmproduction. temperate andtropical cereals, oilseedsandpulses,whichare worth over $13billionayear the AustralianGovernment. GRDC’s research portfolio covers 25leviable crops, spanning GRDC’s primarysource ofincome isthrough alevy ongraingrowers, whichismatchedby the widercommunity. of world classinnovation tothebenefitofgraingrowers, thegrainsindustryvalue chainand for Australiangraingrowers. GRDC’s activitiesdrive thediscovery, development anddelivery the Australiangrainsindustry. ThepurposeofGRDC’s investment istocreate enduringprofit The GRDCisacorporate Commonwealth entity establishedtoplanandinvest inRD&Efor grdc.com.au manufacturers. government agencieswithintheAustralianwood products sector, except for pulp and paper international competitiveness ofwood products. FWPA isfundedby private companies and FWPA provides services totheindustrythatare designedtoincrease thesustainabilityand solutions for theindustryandpromotion oftheindustry’s products, services andvalues. These services includedirect andcollaborative investment inRD&Eto provide innovative targeted RD&Einvestments, genericpromotion andother services asrequested by members. the impediments totheirsupply. FWPA iscommitted tohelping industrygrow through nationally integrated strategytoincrease demandfor forest andwood products andreduce Forest andWood Products Australia(FWPA) isanindustryservice company thatprovides a FOREST AND WOOD PRODUCTS AUSTRALIA GRAINS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION biosecurity andstewardship of genetic andpesticidetechnologies. management practices increased farmerawareness andadoption ofinvertebrate andweed integrated genetic, culturalmanagement andpesticideoptions for root andfoliar crop diseases

227 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E HORT INNOVATION horticulture.com.au Hort Innovation is a not-for-profit, grower-owned RDC for Australia’s $9.5 billion horticulture industry that invests in research, development and marketing programs.

Hort Innovation’s key functions include: • providing leadership to and promoting the development of the Australian horticulture sector • increasing the productivity, farm gate profitability and global competitiveness of the horticultural industries by investing grower levies and Australian government contributions in RD&E • marketing funds, programs and services • providing information, services and products related to project outcomes PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT • promoting the interests of horticultural industries overseas including the export of Australian horticultural products.

CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER SUGAR RESEARCH AUSTRALIA sugarresearch.com.au

Sugar Research Australia (SRA) invests in and manages a portfolio of RD&E projects that drive the productivity, profitability and sustainability of its levy payers and the Australian sugarcane industry.

In its role as the industry services body, SRA receives the statutory levies paid by growers and milling businesses, and matching funds from the Australian Government. SRA’s own team of in-house researchers conducts research in the areas of plant breeding, trait development, biosecurity and farming systems.

The SRA Breeding Program and SRA Biosecurity Program collaborate to breed disease and pest- resistant crop varieties and support quarantine and disease-free seed cane programs. Cooperating with government departments to prevent entry of these pests and to prepare for possible incursions is also a high priority. WINE AUSTRALIA wineaustralia.com/research

Wine Australia supports a competitive wine sector by investing in RD&E, marketing, disseminating knowledge, encouraging adoption and protecting the reputation of Australian wine. Wine Australia’s revenue comes from levies on the annual wine grape harvest with contributions matched by the Australian Government. Wine Australia collaborates with key stakeholders to coordinate and direct investments to best address the RD&E priorities of the wine industry.

Sugar Research Australia far north Queensland staff screening sugarcane varieties for 228 yellow spot. Image courtesy of Sugar Research Australia need addressing. amongst industryandtocoordinate research inAustralia,identifying any research gapsthat In 2018,thePBRIfundedaxylellacoordinator positiontoimprove awareness ofthisthreat Xylella isagoodexample ofabiosecurity threat thatcould impactmultipleplant industries. broader nationalgoalsanddelivered efficiently, avoiding duplicationofeffort. double theprevious year. Acoordinated approach ensures thatthiseffort isalignedto In 2017–18,theplant RDCscollectively invested $118millioninto biosecurityRD&E, • • • • biosecurity stakeholders. The PBRIpartners,listedbelow, work collaboratively withindustry, stateandfederal biosecurity stakeholders. PBRI partners,listedbelow, work collaboratively withindustry, stateandfederal plant biosecurityRD&E,delivering vitalprojects andattractingfurtherco-investment. The Plant BiosecurityResearch Initiative (PBRI)supportscross-sectoral investment for pbri.com.au THE PLANT BIOSECURITY RESEARCH INITIATIVE Council ofRural Research andDevelopment Corporations Department ofAgriculture andWater Resources Plant Health Australia Australia’s seven plant research anddevelopment corporations: à à à à à à à à à à à à à à Wine Australia Sugar Research Australia Hort Innovation Grains Research andDevelopment Corporation Forest andWood Products Australia Cotton Research andDevelopment Corporation AgriFutures Australia

B3 NZactsasthepre-eminent research provider for science-based plant border New Zealand Australian Plant BiosecurityResearch Initiative (PBRI)and In November 2018,amemorandumofunderstanding was signedbetween the Australia andNZjoinforces onplantbiosecurityresearch pbri.com.au collaboration andinvestment opportunities.More information canbefound at research onxylellaandbrown marmoratedstinkbug,andtodiscusspotential A workshop was heldinDecember 2018toshare AustralianandNew Zealand • • • The mainaspectsofthenew collaboration are: with five enduserpartners. venture integrates investment andexpertise from five science agencies working science system for plant border biosecurityresearch. Thisunincorporated joint biosecurity solutionsinNew Zealand, providing asinglepoint ofaccess totheNZ students. support theprofessional development ofpost-graduate andpost-doctoral formation ofajoint Australia–New Zealand plant biosecuritynetwork to and B3 government, industry, research oracademicplayers, includingpartnersofPBRI biosecurity research cross-sectoral projects onpre-border, at-border andimmediatepost-border (B3NZ)tostrengthen collaboration onplant biosecurityresearch. Better Border Biosecurity,

229 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E State and territory governments

Most of Australia’s state and territory departments of agriculture have dedicated RD&E CENTRE FOR CROP AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT divisions that undertake research, including aspects of plant biosecurity that are a priority ccdm.com.au for that jurisdiction. These organisations carry out a significant proportion of Australia’s agricultural RD&E. A smaller proportion of projects are undertaken by botanic gardens in The Centre for Crop and Disease Management is a leading Australian research centre some states. Research projects are done to meet state and territory government needs, committed to reducing the economic impact of crop disease in the grains industry. as well as projects commissioned by commercial clients. Established in 2014, the centre is co-supported by the Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC) and Curtin University.

PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT University and private research institutes The centre is home to more than 65 researchers and support staff, who through laboratory based research and the development of integrated farm management strategies, work to deliver real benefits to growers and industry Australia-wide. Many universities across Australia provide biosecurity research and education services for the

CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER community, often in partnership with other organisations. Research is funded by governments, The research has and continues to pave the way for key changes in how growers, breeders, industries and domestic or international sources, often in partnership arrangements. agronomists and life science companies adapt and manage crops to ensure better outcomes and stronger outputs. Private research institutions commonly collaborate with universities to provide research facilities and services in specific subject areas. They contribute specialist knowledge and From now until 2022, the focus of its research falls into three key themes: research skills in areas of significance to the Australian community and plant production • fungicide resistance management and disease impacts industries. • cereal diseases COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH ARRANGEMENTS • canola and pulse diseases. Some state and territory governments have formed partnerships with universities. These partnerships allow for the sharing of facilities, staff and equipment (such as next generation CENTRE FOR FRUIT FLY BIOSECURITY INNOVATION sequencers) and encourage the specialist agricultural training of students. Collaborative fruitflyittc.edu.au research arrangements also ensure that state and territory government plant biosecurity priorities are funded and supported by researchers. It also provides a larger pool of expertise The Centre for Fruit Fly Biosecurity Innovation is an Australian Research Council funded for the government agencies to work with. Industrial Transformation Training Centre dedicated to providing the Australian horticulture industries new, sustainable and environmentally friendly tools to control fruit fly pests. AgriBio – a partnership between the Victorian Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions The centre coordinates research and research training across three universities and four and La Trobe University partner organisations.

Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation – a partnership between the With a focus on research training, the Centre for Fruit Fly Biosecurity Innovation supports Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries and the University of Queensland research fellows and PhD students, who are distributed across and move freely between participating organisations. Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture – a partnership between the Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment and the University of Tasmania Research activities are supported by a grant of $3.7 m from the Australian Research Council’s Industrial Transformation Training Centre program, with supplementary support Waite Research Institute – a partnership between the South Australian Research and from NSW Trade and Investment’s Research Attraction and Acceleration Program. Development Institute and the University of Adelaide

A partnership also exists between the Northern Territory Department of Primary Industry and Resources and Charles Darwin University. 230 communities through enhanced plant biosecurity. building activitiesthatwillassistinsafeguarding Australia,itsplant industriesandregional The missionistoinvest, co-invest, collaborate andpartnerinRD&Edelivery andcapacity IP developed by andinheritedfrom PBCRC. there isa need for investment inenvironmental capacitybuilding.Italsoinvests incommercial The foundation supportsplant biosecurityRD&Eandcapacitybuilding,particularlywhere finished operationsinJune2018,supportedby unspent fundsfrom PBCRC. established tofollow thePlant BiosecurityCooperative Research Centre (PBCRC)which The AustralianPlant Biosecurity Science Foundation (APBSF) isanot-for-profit entity apbsf.org.au University ofMelbourne whichwillexpire in2021. of Agriculture andWater Resources, New Zealand’s Ministry for PrimaryIndustriesandthe CEBRA was created in2013by deedsbetween theAustralianGovernment Department CEBRA hascollaborated withawiderangeofstateandnationalagencies. international linkages withother nations,includingCanadaandtheUnitedKingdom. CEBRA collaborates withorganisations inNew Zealand andtheUnitedStates, and has modelling, andagriculturaleconomics. include pestpathway analysis, incursionimpact assessment, mathematical andstatistical social amenity, anditsscientific outputspansthebiosecuritycontinuum. Areas ofexpertise CEBRA’s remit covers animal,plant, andenvironmental biosecurity, aswell asprotecting and New Zealand’s peakbiosecurityregulatory bodies. focuses onimproving themanagement ofbiosecurityrisk,working closelywithAustralia scientists housedintheSchoolofBiosciences attheUniversity ofMelbourne. CEBRA The Centre ofExcellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis (CEBRA) isagroup ofquantitative cebra.unimelb.edu.au AUSTRALIAN PLANT BIOSECURITY SCIENCE FOUNDATION CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE FOR BIOSECURITY RISK ANALYSIS

Toxins produced by plant pathogensplay akey role inthedevelopment ofdisease. Research toprotect Australianwheatfrom overseas threat and DiseaseManagement Elyce Iagallo andPaoTheenSeeresearching yellow spot of wheat.Imagecourtesy of theCentre for Crop varieties againstnewly discovered toxins. The researchers alsohopethatthesamemethod could beappliedtoscreen wheat breeders theabilitytoselectfor traitsthatwill breed out sensitivitytoyellow spot. Australian cereal crops andonethatdoesn’t –theresearchers hopetogive By understandingtheimpactsofeachtoxins –onethatcurrently impacts translated into thepaddock. revealed whichvarieties are sensitive toToxA andToxB inthelab,andcould be triticale varieties to determine how sensitive they were tothetoxins. Theresults Australian cereals. They tested122varieties ofbread wheat,16durumand20 to produce ToxA andToxB inthelabsothey could compare theimpactofboth on Researchers attheCentre for Crop andDiseaseManagement cameupwithamethod Canada, theUnitedStates, Azerbaijan, Algeria,Syria andTurkey. been found inAustraliabutare aproblem for wheatgrowers incountries like already found inAustralia.Ontheother hand,ToxB producing fungihave not yet the abilitytomake eachone.Fungi thatproduce ToxA, whichcausescell death,are is known toproduce three toxins, withdifferent isolatesofthefungusvarying in The funguswhichcausesyellow (or tan) spot disease( Pyrenophora tritici-repentis )

231 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Cooperative Research Centres

CRCs are formed through a collaboration of businesses, the community, government organisations and researchers. Essential participants within a CRC must include at least one Australia and New Zealand consider future innovations Australian end user (from either the private, public or community sector) and one Australian higher education institution (or a research institution affiliated with a university). The CRC In March 2018, the inaugural Biosecurity Innovation Exchange was held in partnership program is an Australian Government funded initiative. with the New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries. The event brought together innovators from both countries, other government agencies and the research and CRC FOR HONEY BEE PRODUCTS commercial sectors to talk about biosecurity technologies and share ideas. crchoneybeeproducts.com Some of the ideas discussed included using bionic noses to sniff out insect pests in PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT containers, a rapid test to detect plant diseases in cuttings, or machines that help The CRC for Honey Bee Products was established in November 2017 to bring together make smart, risk-based biosecurity decisions. industry and research expertise from across Australia for five years. The research work is trans-disciplinary across four programs, driving innovation within the industry to meet Australia and New Zealand face similar biosecurity challenges. In Australia alone, export demands.

CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER the volume of people and goods entering the country is forecast to significantly increase by 2025, bringing increased biosecurity risks and other challenges. The CRC aims to help resolve industry problems that limit both the value and expansion of the Australian honey bee products industry. The four areas of focus are honey bee hive sites, The event committed to progressing key themes including: honey bee products, honey bee health, and honey bee chain of custody. The CRC has 22 industry and community partners. • gamification and citizen science • next generation sequencing PLANT BIOSECURITY CRC • bionic technologies and sensors. pbcrc.com.au Special guests Kyle Langford and Sam Newton from the Oracle Team USA America’s The Plant Biosecurity CRC operated between 2012 and June 2018 with the goal of Cup Sailing team provided an inspiring example of innovation. strengthening the plant biosecurity scientific capacity of Australia. The CRC funded research Since the event, work has been progressing on key initiatives, including gamification to to develop and deploy scientific knowledge, tools, resources and capacity to safeguard engage the community with biosecurity. The Department of Agriculture and Water Australia, its plant industries and regional communities from the economic, environmental Resources has also launched an interactive online biosecurity innovation hub and and social consequences of damaging invasive plant pests and diseases. e-newsletter call The Seed at haveyoursay.agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity-innovation Areas of expertise within the CRC included plant biosecurity risk, pest pathway analysis, incursion impact management, insect resistance, plant health policy, economic and social analysis, modelling and agricultural engineering.

The CRC was funded through the Australian Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program and 27 participating government, industry and research organisations in Australia and New Zealand.

In May 2018, the Plant Biosecurity CRC National Science Exchange was held in Melbourne as an opportunity to look back at its work. Papers from the science exchange are available on the website, along with information on 160 research projects and publications. (L to R) Kyle Langford (Oracle Team USA America’s Cup Sailing team) Roger Smith (Biosecurity New Zealand), Lee Cale (DAWR), Sam Newton (Oracle Team USA America’s Cup Sailing team), Lyn O’Connell (DAWR), Matt Koval (DAWR) and Chris Cairns (Master of Ceremonies) after the keynote sessions at the Biosecurity Innovation Exchange. Image courtesy of the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources

232 233 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Plant biosecurity RD&E projects in 2018

In 2018, a substantial amount of RD&E that benefits plant biosecurity occurred across Figure 96. RD&E projects by research type or location Australia. PHA received data from over 90 organisations who were asked to provide information relevant to plant or pollinator (e.g. honey bee) biosecurity RD&E projects which they either funded or in which they were involved.

Research projects covered the spectrum of crops and pest types relevant to Australian plant production industries and the natural environment. Figures 95–99 present the research 11% Field based (ecology) projects by pest type, research type, project value, biosecurity area and affected crop type to give some indication of how research budgets are spent in Australia. 9% Field based (other) PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT 20% Laboratory based (molecular) Table 59 on page 236 lists 665 plant biosecurity related research projects undertaken during 2018, listed by crop type as shown in Figure 99. Although projects have simply been listed 5% Laboratory based (non-molecular) by project title in the table, other information (e.g. an abstract) was sourced to help to 36% Multiple

CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER categorise the research. 19% Policy or office-based In this year’s report, the projects related to extension have been separated from the R&D projects for the first time to highlight work in the area of communication, training and awareness. Forty five out of the 665 RD&E projects are categorised as extension activities.

Figure 95. RD&E projects by pest type Figure 97. RD&E projects by project value

3% Bacteria 16% Fungi 4% $1–$20,000 29% Insect 15% $20,001–$100,000 32% Multiple 18% $100,001–250,000 2% Nematode 17% $250,001–$500,000 1% Other 15% $500,001–$1,000,000 2% Other invertebrate 25% $1,000,001–$5,000,000 2% Other pathogen 4% $5,000,001+ 1% Unknown 2% Unknown 4% Virus 8% Weed

234 AgriFutures AustraliaandGrainsResearch andDevelopment Corporation crop groupings. Figure 99**Thedefinitionsfor ‘crop type’ are generallybasedontheHort Innovation, Figure 98*Titlesandabstractswere usedtocategorise theresearch. FIGURE LEGENDS Figure 98. RD&E projects by biosecurityareas* 21% 11% <1% 10% 11% <1% 7% 5% 2% 2% 5% 3% 5% 7% 1% 7% 2% Diagnostics Crop improvement System approaches Surveillance Risk analysis andmodelling Research centre orcommittee Prevention Pest management Pest basicbiology Other Multiple Market access support Information management Host orpestidentification Host basicbiology Extension Emergency response Figure 99. RD&E projects by crop type** <1% 14% 11% 20% 17% <1% 5% 1% 4% 3% 6% 1% 5% 1% 1% 1% 5% 4% 1% Other Multiple crops Urban/amenities Unknown Pollinators Nursery crops Natural environment Horticulture –other Horticulture –multiple Horticulture –vegetable Horticulture –nuts Horticulture –grapes Horticulture –fruit Forestry Broadacre – other Broadacre – multiple Broadacre – sugarcane Broadacre – grains Broadacre – cotton

235 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 236

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59. Cotton diseasemanagement mitchelli Biology of managing suckingpestsoncotton monitoring tool('Zappatrap') for Assessing thepotential ofanew Helicoverpa monitor for resistance allelesin Application ofmoleculartoolsto Project title emerging cotton pests2 IPM tosupportmanagement of emerging cotton pests1 IPM tosupportmanagement of research management for highyield IPM technicalleadandpest diseases Innovative solutions tocotton cotton farmingsystems cotton diseasesinAustralian Improving themanagement of silverleaf whiteflyoncotton farms Improved management of in cotton Identifying sensorsfor better IPM in cotton spider miteandstrawberry caused by two-spotted mite,bean Evaluation ofrelative damage management incotton systems Enhancing integrated pest biopesticides (PhD) identification ofnovel Electrophysiological andmolecular threshold (PhD) Developing theweed control and Plant biosecurityRD&Eprojects Amarathus hybridus, A. A. powelii (PhD) Research anddevelopment NSW DPI CSIRO Western Sydney University NSW DPI Western Sydney University University ofQueensland NSW DPI CSIRO research Organisation undertakingthe CSIRO NSW DPI QDAF NSW DPI QDAF QDAF Queensland University ofSouthern Broadacre –cotton Funding source orbody CRDC, CSIRO CRDC, NSWDPI CRDC, QDAF CRDC, NSWDPI QDAF CRDC, WineAustralia, CRDC, QDAF QDAF Southern Queensland, CRDC, University of CRDC, NSWDPI CRDC, CSIRO CRDC CRDC, NSWDPI Converte PtyLtd CRDC CRDC, NSWDPI CRDC, Monsanto (USA) Project title in weeds real-time detection ofresistance A simpleandinnovative test for practices inWestern Australia weed resistance management A 'focus farms'studytooptimise reniform nematodesin cotton Understanding theecology of Verticillium wiltofcotton dahliae Transformation of Australian cotton aphids, mitesandmiridsin and resistance management of The sustainablechemicalcontrol mirids inAustraliancotton management ofmites,aphidsand Sustainable resistance of cotton endemic andexotic virusdiseases Surveillance andmonitoringfor monitoring Silverleaf whiteflyresistance development innorthernAustralia Science leadershipfor cotton black root rot risks Ready tousesoiltestmanage to Monitoring tomanageresistance best practice Mirid andmealybugmanagement cotton Managing Verticillium riskfor preparedness support cotton industry Large scalebiosecurityscenario to Bt toxins , causalagent of Verticillium Broadacre –cotton (continued) Research anddevelopment University ofWestern Australia University ofWestern Australia QDAF NSW DPI NSW DPI NSW DPI QDAF QDAF CSIRO Australia Microbiology Laboratories CSIRO QDAF NSW DPI PHA research Organisation undertakingthe Broadacre –grains GRDC GRDC CRDC, QDAF CRDC, NSWDPI CRDC CRDC CRDC, QDAF CRDC, QDAF CSIRO Co-operative Ltd, QDAF, CRDC, Ord River District CRDC CRDC, CSIRO CRDC, QDAF Wine Australia,CRDC QDAF CRDC, PHA,NSWDPI, Funding source orbody Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) genetic analysis molecular marker program – Australian wheat and barley breeding support Program –wheatandbarley Australian Cereal Rust Control rust to leafrust,striperustandstem wheat andbarley withresistance and knowledge required tobreed Program –delivering genetic tools Australian Cereal Rust Control stripe rustandstem barley withresistance toleafrust, required tobreed wheatand genetic toolsandknowledge Program –delivering Australian Cereal Rust Control Australia of cereal rustpathogensin Progam –continued monitoring Australian Cereal Rust Control to root-lesion nematodes chickpea relatives for resistance Assessing collections ofwild pathogen surveillance germplasm for resistance and selection methods, mining integrating development ofnovel Ascochyta blight ofpulses– crops management inoilseedandpulse Aphid andinsecticideresistance phosphine instored grain manage pestsandresistance to An integrated approach to resistance toleafrustinbarley deployment ofdurableadultplant Accelerating theutilisationand Project title

Broadacre –grains(continued) Research anddevelopment University ofSydney University ofCukuorva (Turkey) of California Davis (USA), Queensland, CSIRO, University University ofSouthern University Curtin University, Griffith CESAR QDAF, NSWDPI,GrainCorp University ofQueensland University ofSydney, research Organisation undertakingthe University ofAdelaide University ofSydney University ofSydney CSIRO Funding source orbody GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC PBCRC GRDC Project title surveillance ofpathogens Developing toolsfor in-field infrared hyperspectral (PhD) spectrometry andvisiblenear chromatography/mass solid phasemicro extraction, gas for Trogoderma speciesby using Developing new diagnostictools productivity andprofitability wheat varieties for increased microbial products for Australian Demonstrate theefficacyof species revision ofAustralianTrogoderma Conduct integrative taxonomic of stored product insects(PhD) susceptible strainsoftwo species phosphine resistant and physiological behaviour of Comparison ofbiologicaland incursion surveillance for grains Combining monitoringand in thecanolagenome Characterising structuralvariation defence andfood security molecular interactions for plant Cereals andrustdiseases– southern region resistance ratingsfor the Cereal andpulsecultivar Management Centre for Crop Disease crops in emerging fungalpathogensof Cell wall structure anddynamics Barley rustgenetics snails andslugsingraincrops Biology andmanagement of Broadacre –grains(continued) Research anddevelopment SARDI Murdoch University Western Sydney University CSIRO Murdoch University NSW DPI University ofWestern Australia University ofSydney DJPR Curtin University University ofAdelaide University ofSydney SARDI research Organisation undertakingthe PBCRC Government ofIraq CHR HansenPtyLtd DEE Government ofIraq PBCRC ARC ARC GRDC, DJPR GRDC ARC AusAID GRDC Funding source orbody

237 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 238

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) deployment ofgenetic resistance principles tooptimise the strategies –usingevolutionary Development ofgenedeployment temperate legumes mould causalspeciesaffecting of biosensorsfor Botrytis grey Development andimplementation pathogens oflupin sequence resources for fungal Developing whole-genome Project title dwarf virusinwheat Effective control ofbarley yellow Actinobacteria deaminase producing Drought tolerance by ACC (PhD) resistance instored grainpests eradication ofphosphine their useinmonitoringand DNA marker development and service) Disease screening service (fee for breeding program germplasm enhancement and Diagnostic services for pulse gene deployment accelerate nematoderesistance Development oftoolsto peanut breeding program quality traitsintheAustralian for selectionofkey agronomic and phenotyping andgenotyping tools Development ofrapid leaf rust Australian barley crops against Development ofgenetic toolsfor in crops Broadacre –grains(continued) Research anddevelopment University ofSouthern University ofAdelaide, of Australia Queensland, Peanut Company University ofSouthern University ofSydney CSIRO Griffith University University ofWestern Australia research Organisation undertakingthe University ofTasmania Flinders University, CSIRO University ofQueensland DJPR DJPR Queensland, SARDI Funding source orbody GRDC Research Fund Australia IndiaStrategic PBCRC Fee for Services GRDC, DJPR GRDC Australia Peanut Company of GRDC GRDC NSW DPI,GRDC Curtin University Project title Grain e-surveillance project in Victoria Grain crop diseasemanagement yellow spot resistance Germplasm enhancement for soil have onnematodenumbersinthe of theeffects thatrotational crops farming system andquantification grown withintheAustralian species affecting majorcrops Genetic control ofnematode pulses nematode control incereals and germplasm enhancement for species affecting majorcrops – Genetic control ofnematode Fungicide resistance group bioinformatics Fungal pathogenomicsand endophytes Field trialswithactinobacterial Evaluating chlorinedioxide (PhD) mungbean improvement network Establishing theinternational stripe rustdisease Enhancing resistance towheat Engineering rustresistance Emerging foliar diseases ofcanola Stagonospora nodorum Effective genetic control of Septoria tritici Effective genetic control of blotch blotch Broadacre –grains(continued) Research anddevelopment WA DPIRD DJPR DJPR Queensland University ofSouthern University ofAdelaide, Queensland, GRDC University ofSouthern Curtin University Curtin University Flinders University, SARDI Kansas State University (USA) Development Centre, QDAF Asian Vegetable Research and Australian NationalUniversity CSIRO University ofWestern Australia WA DPIRD NSW DPI research Organisation undertakingthe WA DPIRD Royalties for Regions, GRDC, DJPR Australia, DJPR University ofWestern DPI, SARDI, QDAF, GRDC, WA DPIRD, NSW GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC IndigoAg (USA) PBCRC ACIAR ARC (USA) Two BladesFoundation GRDC GRDC GRDC Funding source orbody Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) crop disease knowledge andtoolstomanage management, epidemiology Improving grower surveillance management pathogens andabiotic stress Improved resistance tooat Improved farmingsystems and epidemiologyknowledge through surveillance, diagnostics South Australianfieldcrops Improved diseasemanagement in Khapra beetle Improved diagnosticmethods for wheat management yellow spot in Improve genetic solutions disease-induced yieldloss Impacts ofhostresistance on varieties adapted toBangladesh their deployment inwheat resistance towheatblastand Identification ofsources of durum wheat nematodes inadapted springand crown rot and theroot lesion novel sources ofresistance to Identification andutilisationof in plants necrotrophic fungicausedisease How doeffector proteins from southern region Harvest weed seedcontrol for the Grain weeds advisorycommittee Project title Broadacre –grains(continued) Research anddevelopment WA DPIRD, University of DJPR Improvement Centre International WheatandMaize Improvement Centre International WheatandMaize Australian NationalUniversity Southern Farming Systems Rural Directions PtyLtd research Organisation undertakingthe Queensland, GRDC, QDAF University ofSouthern SARDI Curtin University SARDI WA DPIRD, Murdoch University Southern Queensland Funding source orbody GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC WA DPIRD GRDC Australia, DJPR University ofWestern DPI, SARDI, QDAF, GRDC, WA DPIRD, NSW ACIAR GRDC ARC GRDC GRDC Project title durum improving crown rot resistance in Managing crop diseases– resistance improving chickpeapathogen Managing crop disease – capability inQueensland Maintaining abarley pre-breeding management under sustainedintegrated weed Low weed seedbankpersistence crown rot inwheat Integrated genetic solutions to Bangladesh Insect tolerant chickpeafor tolerance –partB pulse crops through herbicide Improving weed management in tolerance –partA pulse crops through herbicide Improving weed management in management ofEtiella inlentils Improving monitoringand Phytophthora root rot ofchickpea Improving management of crop diseaseinVictoria knowledge andtoolstomanage management, epidemiology Improving grower surveillance, crop diseaseinsouthernNSW knowledge andtoolstomanage management, epidemiology Improving grower surveillance, crop diseaseinSouthAustralia knowledge andtoolstomanage management, epidemiology Improving grower surveillance, Broadacre –grains(continued) Research anddevelopment Queensland, NSW DPI,SARDI University ofSouthern NSW DPI Queensland QDAF, University of University ofWestern Australia Queensland CSIRO, University ofSouthern University ofSydney, QDAF, CSIRO SARDI SARDI SARDI Western Sydney University DJPR NSW DPI SARDI research Organisation undertakingthe GRDC GRDC GRDC, QDAF GRDC GRDC ACIAR GRDC GRDC SA GrainIndustryTrust NSW DPI GRDC GRDC GRDC Funding source orbody

239 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 240

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) rust onwheatproduction insouth Mitigating theeffects ofstripe inheritance ofresistance Mechanisms, evolution and canola resistance inblacklegdiseaseof Mechanisms ofantifungal lentil the caseofrustinfieldpeaand through pre-emptive breeding – Managing on-farm biosecurityrisk Project title and management program National nematode epidemiology management diagnostics for disease National improved molecular and management program National crown rot epidemiology management insecticide resistance invertebrate pestresearch and National coordination of program ( National chickpeapathology improvement program –phaseII National Brassicagermplasm variety improvement program National barley foliar pathogen blast inBangladeshandbeyond Mitigating theeffects ofwheat Asia andeasternAfrica Ascochyta rabie i ) Broadacre –grains(continued) Research anddevelopment NSW DPI University ofTasmania Southern Queensland, Adelaide, University of DPIRD, NSWDPI,University of University, SARDI, DJPR, WA QDAF, AustralianNational Improvement Centre International WheatandMaize University ofSydney University ofAdelaide University ofMelbourne Curtin University research Organisation undertakingthe Southern Queensland WA DPIRD, University of GRDC, DJPR, NSWDPI,SARDI, Southern Queensland DPI, DJPR, University of GRDC, SARDI, WA DPIRD, NSW DJPR, WA DPIRD Southern Queensland,SARDI, NSW DPI,University of University ofMelbourne Griffith University Funding source orbody GRDC, DJPR Australia, DJPR University ofWestern DPI, SARDI, QDAF, GRDC, WA DPIRD, NSW Australia, DJPR University ofWestern DPI, SARDI, QDAF, GRDC, WA DPIRD, NSW GRDC GRDC GRDC Australia, DJPR University ofWestern DPI, SARDI, QDAF, GRDC, WA DPIRD, NSW ACIAR ACIAR GRDC ARC GRDC Project title Powdery mildrew ofbarley two different Podborer resistant cowpea with Phosphine resistance use Pathways toregistration –minor integrated pestmanagement Northern pulseandgrains management Northern NSWintegrated disease protect grain(PhD) Non-chemical technologiesto grain (PhD) Non-chemical method for stored New usesfor existing chemistry changing virusthreats breeding programs torespond to Australian pulseandoilseed New toolsandgermplasmfor decisions ingraincrops timing ofpestmanagement New knowledge toimprove the access detection andfuture-proof market ( protocols for exotic Khaprabeetle New discriminatorydiagnostic Net blotch ofbarley agreement National variety trialsservice screening National variety trialsdisease support modelling anddelivery ofdecision National pathogenmanagement Trogoderma granariu Bt genes m ) toaidearly Broadacre –grains(continued) Research anddevelopment Curtin University Ghana Nigeria, BurkinaFaso and CSIRO andcollaborators in Murdoch University AKC Consulting PtyLtd QDAF NSW DPI Kansas State University (USA) Murdoch University Southern Farming Systems QDAF, NSWDPI CSIRO WA DPIRD Curtin University Queensland, QDAF GRDC, University ofSouthern DJPR Southern Queensland,QDAF DPI, SARDI, DJPR, University of Grains Pathology PtyLtd, NSW GRDC, WA DPIRD, Marcroft research Organisation undertakingthe GRDC Technology Foundation African Agricultural WA DPIRD GRDC GRDC GRDC PBCRC PBCRC GRDC GRDC GRDC Royalties for Regions GRDC GRDC GRDC Australia, DJPR University ofWestern DPI, SARDI, QDAF, GRDC, WA DPIRD, NSW Funding source orbody Table 59. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects (continued)

Organisation undertaking the Project title Funding source or body research Research and development Broadacre – grains (continued) Pre-emptive APVMA emergency permit development for grains PHA GRDC industry Pre-emptive chickpea pre- International Centre for breeding for biotic stresses and Agricultural Research in the GRDC germplasm enhancement for Dry Areas

abiotic stresses RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT Proof of concept for approaches designed to increase disease University of Melbourne GRDC resistance to fungal pathogens in canola CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER Protein trafficking pathways in Australian National University ARC fungal rust pathogens of plants Pulse breeding Australia – faba University of Adelaide, SARDI, GRDC bean breeding University of Sydney, NSW DPI Pulse pathology and genetics Curtin University GRDC Rapid detection and diagnosis of Hermon Slade Australian National University plant pathogens Foundation

Sclerotinia stem rot of canola Curtin University GRDC

Scoping the requirements of a national Grains Biosecurity PHA DAWR Surveillance Strategy Septoria nodorum blotch of wheat Curtin University GRDC Smart-trap design and Kansas State University (USA) PBCRC deployment strategies (PhD) Smart use of fertilisers to minimise and manage the risk of University of Western Australia GRDC pest infestations in growing canola Snail biocontrol revisited – phase 2 CSIRO GRDC Spring research in response to SARDI GRDC Russian wheat aphid incursion Stem rust effectors and non-host Two Blades Foundation CSIRO resistance (USA) Surveillance of herbicide resistant Charles Sturt University, GRDC weeds in Australian grain cropping University of Western Australia Lars Kamphuis and Mark Derbyshire taking a closer look at Sclerotinia stem rot of canola. Image courtesy of the Centre for Crop and Disease Management 241 242

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) nodorum Two new phytotoxins in incidence andemergence inbarley The role of weedy hosts in disease novel immuneresponse inplants The functionalcharacterisationofa virulence The evolution ofstriperust root diseases Survey potential emerging pulse Project title streak disease Delivering solutionsfor chlorotic endophytes ofsugarcane Bio-prospecting for beneficial canopy syndrome paradox resolve theyellow A novel polyphasicframework to cinnamomi Zea mays root diseasesinwheatandbarley host resistance toleaf, crown and Yield lossresponse curves for Yellow spot ofwheat Weed surveillance and oilseedsbreeding programs germplasm for Australianpulse Virus threats –new toolsand biological effect (PhD) of dust-induced insectdeathand Understanding themechanisms and functions blotch –biosynthesis model and Phytophthora Septoria Broadacre –grains(continued) Research anddevelopment Broadacre –sugarcane QDAF DJPR Murdoch University University ofWestern Australia QDAF Australian NationalUniversity Australian NationalUniversity SARDI research Organisation undertakingthe SRA AgResearch Ltd Western Sydney University Deakin University WA DPIRD, QDAF Curtin University Funding source orbody SRA SRA SRA, QDAF DAWR GRDC GRDC GRDC Australia, DJPR University ofWestern DPI, SARDI, QDAF, GRDC, WA DPIRD, NSW PBCRC ARC GRDC ARC ARC SA GrainIndustryTrust Project title flies Management ofsugarcane soldier and sugarcane productivity such asyellow canopy syndrome diseases, physiological disorders Leaf sucrose –the linkto place –inthefield Keeping ourchemicalsintheir yellow canopy syndrome Investigation ofbiotic causesof germplasm quarantine for sugarcane International anddomestic Indonesia of sugarcane streak mosaicin Integrated diseasemanagement forecasting sensors, diagnosticsand industry deployment ofsmart management through cross Improving sugarcane pest with existing product as contingency for loss ofamenity insecticides for canegrubcontrol Identifying new-generation stunting disease Diagnostic laboratoryfor ratoon stunting diseasediagnostics Development ofnew ratoon and productivity improved sugarcane soilhealth molecular biologicalassays for Development ofcommercial in Queenslandcanefields technology tocombat canegrubs Delivery ofremote sensing Broadacre –sugarcane (continued) Research anddevelopment SRA SRA James Cook University University ofQueensland SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA research Organisation undertakingthe SRA SRA, QDAF SRA SRA SRA ACIAR SRA, DAWR SRA, QDAF SRA SRA SRA SRA, QDAF Funding source orbody Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) decline fungi andmitigatesugarcane yield Strategies tomanagesoil-borne syndrome Solving theyellow canopy rot root – nematodesandpachymetra Soil diagnosticassay laboratory New Guineabiosecuritythreats Securing Australiafrom Paupa program –Woodford resistance for theSRA breeding Screening clonesfor disease program –Tully resistance for theSRA breeding Screening clonesfor disease breeding program genes from Erianthus into SRA integrate Pachymetra resistance New approaches toidentify and to managethemwhenthey arrive? Moth borers –how are we going varieties exploitation ofcommercial soil-borne pathogensfor better Molecular assay ofmajor biocontrol potential (PhD) – ecology, food preferences and of nematodesinsugarcane soils Mesostigmatid mitesaspredators identification borers through accurate Managing threats from exotic Project title Broadacre –sugarcane (continued) Research anddevelopment SRA SRA SRA SRA Coast University oftheSunshine SRA research Organisation undertakingthe CSIRO SRA SRA SRA SRA Funding source orbody SRA SRA, QDAF SRA (Papua New Guinea) SRA, QDAF, Ramu-AI SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA Image courtesy of theRicegrowers’ Associationof Australia Project title Rice pestanddiseasebiosecurityII Australia lucerne seedproduction in Potential exotic virusthreats to disease resistance seed production from multiple Improved subterranean clover Herbicide resistance inrice higher CO activate grassresistance under Time toprime–usingsilicon to plant immunereceptors Molecular mechanismofaction for plant protection unlocking soil-derived defences Down toearthdefence – resistance inHelicoverpa Conventional insecticide antigen for clorpyralid crop production –developing herbicide residues for improved Benchmarking andmanagingsoil 2 Research anddevelopment Broadacre –multiple NSW DPI University ofQueensland University ofWestern Australia Charles Sturt University Western Sydney University University ofQueensland Western Sydney University NSW DPI Monash University research Organisation undertakingthe Broadacre –other NSW DPI AgriFutures Australia, Queensland University of AgriFutures Australia, AgriFutures Australia AgriFutures Australia ARC ARC ARC CRDC, NSWDPI GRDC Funding source orbody

243 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects (continued)

Organisation undertaking the Organisation undertaking the Project title Funding source or body Project title Funding source or body research research Research and development Research and development Forestry Horticulture – fruit (continued) FWPA, DAWR, University An inventory of Colletotrichum A model system for the discovery University of the Sunshine of the Sunshine Coast, species infecting tropical and and development of biocontrol QDAF DEE Coast NSW DPI, Forestry subtropical fruit crops in Australia agents against forest pests Tasmania based on molecular phylogenetics Asian gypsy moth – national Auscitrus horticultural project NSW DPI Collaborative Research QDAF QDAF surveillance program Avocado industry biosecurity PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT University of Queensland Hort Innovation Biological control of galling pests capacity building University of the Sunshine of eucalypt plantations in the ACIAR Banana bunchy top virus control Coast, QDAF University of Queensland Hort Innovation Mekong region data Dispersal modelling of invasive CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER DJPR DJPR Banana industry R&D coordination ABGC Hort Innovation forestry pest species Biological control of yellow scale FWPA, Australian Forest Murdoch University Government of Iraq Giant pine scale biology and insect Aonidiella orientalis Newstead La Trobe University and Products Association ecology (PhD) (16 companies ) Breeding tools for enhanced fruit quality for the Australian papaya Griffith University Hort Innovation FWPA, Australian Forest industry Giant pine scale chemical control HVPlantations and Products Association Cherry export readiness and (16 companies ) Cherry Growers Australia Hort Innovation market access University of Tasmania, Clean seed program for the University of the Sunshine QDAF Hort Innovation Coast, NSW DPI, Vietnamese papaya industry Management strategies for Acacia Academy of Forest Sciences plantation diseases in Indonesia ACIAR Coordination of banana industry (Vietnam), Gadjah Mada ABGC Hort Innovation and Vietnam R&D (Panama tropical race 4) University (Indonesia), Forest Developing diagnostic protocols Research and Development University of Queensland PHA Agency (Indonesia) for Ralstonia on bananas DAWR (Agricultural Developing US market access based National forestry biosecurity NSW DPI Hort Innovation PHA Competitiveness White on irradiation and methyl bromide surveillance program Paper) Development of area wide The Industry Plantation management approaches for fruit WA Plantation Management Group – applied WA Plantation Resources flies in mango for Indonesia, QDAF ACIAR Resources research and extension Philippines, Australia and the Asia-Pacific region Horticulture – fruit Development of effective and Agrichemical residue monitoring sustainable disease management NSW DPI Hort Innovation program for Australian citrus Citrus Australia Hort Innovation for blueberry production in Australia exports – stage 2 Development of plant biosecurity Alternative quarantine treatment surveillance protocols for the PHA DAWR for bananas infested with coffee QDAF Hort Innovation citrus and mango industries in bean weevil northern Australia 244 Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) region ofAfrica holder farmersin the Great Lakes Improvement ofbananas for small banana industry Improved plant protection for the charcoal rot strawberry Improved management of review voluntary accreditation scheme avocado industrynursery recommendations from the Implementation of applications inhorticulture crops Generation ofdatafor pesticide research program –2 Fusarium wilttropical race 4 research program –1 Fusarium wilttropical race 4 for citruspests Field triagecapabilityandcapacity sawfly European blackberrywiththe Feasibility ofbiocontrol of bananas for rustthripscontrol inAustralian Evaluation of race 4 oxysporum and capacitytodiagnose Enhancing Australia's capability market access toJapan against Mediterranean fruitflyfor Disinfestation ofblueberries fruit (PhD) cinerea Diagnosis andcontrol of Project title onpostharvest blueberry f. sp. Beauveria bassiana cubense tropical Botrytis Fusarium Horticulture –fruit(continued) Research anddevelopment QDAF PHA DJPR, CSIRO James Cook University NSW DPI Pty Ltd, Murdoch University Kalang Consultancy Services Murdoch University research Organisation undertakingthe University ofQueensland QDAF QDAF NGIA Peracto PtyLtd University ofQueensland Funding source orbody (Nigeria) for Tropical Agriculture International Institute Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation QDAF, Hort Innovation Hort Innovation DAWR Australia, DJPR Meat andLivestock Australian Government, Innovation andScience Department ofIndustry, PBCRC Hort Innovation Government ofIraq Project title supply chaintothe USA Monitoring mangoes through the water sprays lychee fruitusinghighpressure Mite andinsectdisinfestation of Melon industrybiosecurity diseases innorthQueensland Management ofbananapestsand early fieldestablishment Investigating tree mortalityduring of current bestpractice alternative treatments andreview diphenylamine decontamination, International industryanalysis for Philippines andAustralia Fusarium wiltofbananasinthe Integrated management of and Australia fruit inthesouthernPhilippines production ofhighqualitypapaya profitable andsustainable strategies for theproductive, Integrated diseasemanagement Phillipines andAustralia strategies for papaya inthe Integrated crop management citrus industry preparedness oftheAustralian Improving biosecurity management -2 productivity through disease Improving avocado orchard management -1 productivity through disease Improving avocado orchard Horticulture –fruit(continued) Research anddevelopment NT DPIR Association Australian Lychee Growers' Associates PtyLtd Dianne Fullelove and ABGC University ofQueensland University ofMelbourne QDAF QDAF QDAF PHA, CitrusAustralia University ofQueensland Murdoch University research Organisation undertakingthe Hort Innovation DAWR Lychee levy funds, PHA Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation ACIAR ACIAR ACIAR Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Funding source orbody

245 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 246

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) – industrymeets innovation managing Australiantree crops Multi-scale monitoringtoolsfor Project title strawberries harvesting andgradingof Precise recognition for automated fruit trials Post-harvest oiltreatment on cinnamomi Pineapple modeland orchards sexmaculatus six-spotted mite( Pest statusandmanagement of mango markets access andtradefor selected improve biosecurity, market Opportunities andstrategiesto program National passionfruitbreeding surveillance program National citrusbiosecurity program –phase3Queensland National bananabunchy topvirus program –phase3NSW National bananabunchy topvirus ) inWA avocado Eotetranychus Phytophthora Horticulture –fruit(continued) Research anddevelopment PHA, CitrusAustralia Barry Sullivan Trading Trust The Trustee for TheLagom QDAF research Organisation undertakingthe Griffith University Association Australian Lychee Growers' Deakin University Authority Western AustralianAgriculture Griffith University Southern Cross University Funding source orbody ARC DAWR Lychee levy funds, Deakin University Hort Innovation ACIAR Hort Innovation Paper) Competitiveness White DAWR (Agricultural Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Innovation QDAF, AGTRIX Ltd, Hort Macadamia Society, Association, Australian Mango Industry Farms, Australian Australia, Simpson Sydney, Avocados England, University of University ofNew of Central Queensland, Queensland, University University of Project title for thewinegrape industry Biosecurity management activties Queensland fruitfly intablegrapes Area wideIPMsupportfor continuation US market access project Fusarium oxysporum banana disease-causingfungus growth andinfectivity ofthe physicochemical conditions on The influence ofsoil crown rot ofbanana The causeandmanagement of surveillance project Structured packingshed industry diagnosticcapacity Strengthening thebanana temperate fruitindustries national surveillance strategyfor Scoping for therequirements ofa manual for cherryproducers development ofabiosecurity plan for thecherryindustryand Review ofthenationalbiosecurity plan for thebananaindustry Review ofthenationalbiosecurity plans (avocados andmangoes) Review ofnationalbiosecurity codling moth Review hoststatusofcherriesfor blood diseaseinIndonesia Reversing theimpactofbanana genetic material Protecting Australia's citrus genetic material Protecting Australia’s citrus f. sp. cubense Horticulture –fruit(continued) Research anddevelopment Horticulture –grapes Initiative Australian WineResearch Association Australian Table Grape Association Australian Lychee Growers' James Cook University QDAF PHA University ofQueensland PHA PHA PHA PHA Pty Ltd Applied Horticultural Research University ofQueensland Auscitrus, NSWDPI Association Incorporation Australian CitrusPropagation research Organisation undertakingthe Australian Vignerons Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation, QDAF Hort Innovation DAWR Hort Innovation Paper) Competitiveness White DAWR (Agricultural Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Science Foundation Plant Biosecurity Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Funding source orbody Table 59. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects (continued)

Organisation undertaking the Project title Funding source or body research Research and development Horticulture – grapes (continued)

Building capacity in area wide IPM for Queensland fruit fly in table SunRise 21 Inc Hort Innovation grapes

Characterisation of the microbiome associated with grapevines and evaluation of Wine Australia, Charles endophytic microorganisms as Charles Sturt University RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT Sturt University biological control agents of grapevine trunk disease pathogens (PhD)

Vinehealth Australia, Treasury Vinehealth Australia, 8: CHAPTER Coonawarra rootstock trial Wine Estates, Coonawarra Treasury Wine Estates, Vignerons Coonawarra Vignerons

Delivering a collaborative monitoring program with industry NSW DPI, QDAF, WA DPIRD PBCRC to manage and facilitate trade

Determining thresholds for bunch rot tolerance in wine and Charles Sturt University Wine Australia detection of unwanted fungal aromas

Do viral infections in the Gingin clone of chardonnay influence vine WA DPIRD Wine Australia phenotype, performance and consequent wine quality?

Enabling technologies and genetic CSIRO Wine Australia resources

Enhanced biological control of Wine Australia, light brown apple moth in University of Adelaide University of Adelaide vineyards (PhD)

Entomopathogenic fungi as Wine Australia, Charles potential biocontrol agents of Charles Sturt University Sturt University grape phylloxera (PhD)

Field trials with new scion– rootstock combinations and evaluation of new technology for CSIRO Wine Australia improved water efficiency and reduced costs Professor Andre Drenth on survey for blood disease in Java. Image courtesy of University of Queensland 247 248

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) Grapes e-surveillance project genes abiotic stress and pest resistance grapevine totestsignificant Genetic transformation of and Australianvineyards (PhD) populations inWestern Australian grapevine downy mildew mechanisms andspread of Genetic structure, survival Project title quantifying area freedom status detections ofphylloxera for accurate andcost-effective Sampling strategies for sensitive, phylloxera to root knot nematodes and rootstocks withdurableresistance improvement –new improved Rootstock genetics and manual for theviticulture industry Review ofthebiosecurityplanand adoption germplasm –pathway to Regional evaluation ofnew canopy anddiseasemanagement New technologiesfor dynamic Australian viticulture Managing fungicideresistance in in grapevine trunkdiseases (PhD) Botryosphaeriaceae andtheirrole phytotoxins produced by the Isolation andcharacterisationof established grapevine phylloxera Integrated management of Australia longevity indiverse climatesin management for vineyard Grapevine trunkdisease Horticulture –grapes(continued) Research anddevelopment Charles Sturt University DJPR SARDI WA DPIRD CSIRO Murdoch University research Organisation undertakingthe Environmetrics DJPR, NSWDPI,PFRNZ,Rho University ofAdelaide, PIRSA, Vinehealth Australia, SARDI, CSIRO PHA CSIRO CSIRO SARDI Funding source orbody SARDI Vinehealth Australia, PBCRC, WineAustralia, Wine Australia Innovation Wine Australia,Hort Wine Australia Wine Australia Wine Australia Wine Australia Wine Australia Wine Australia WA DPIRD Royalties for Regions, Wine Australia Wine Australia Project title pistachio shells contributing todarkstaining on Pathogens and other factors management Macadamia integrated disease system almonds usingattractandkill Control ofCarpophilusbeetle in spp.) (Heteroptera: Tingidae: diversity ofmacadamialace bugs Biology, speciesandgenetic almond industry program for theAustralian An integrated pestmanagement Australian almondindustry management program for the An integrated disease mildew application for assessingpowdery Updating PMapp,asmartphone biotrophic grapevine pathogens agrochemical resistance in Understanding thebasisof (PhD) infecting Australiangrapevines The moleculardiversity ofviruses phylloxera Surveillance ofSouthAustraliafor DNA testing Botrytis andpowdery mildew Spore trappingtechnologiesfor resistant varieties ingrapevines – development ofnew disease- Scion genetics andimprovement Ulonemia Horticulture –grapes(continued)

Research anddevelopment Ag Etc PtyLtd University ofQueensland DJPR University ofNSW DJPR DJPR University ofAdelaide Initiative Australian WineResearch Adelaide University, DJPR Vinehealth Australia Research Initiative SARDI, AustralianWine CSIRO research Organisation undertakingthe Horticulture –nuts Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation, DJPR Society, Hort Innovation Australian Macadamia Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Wine Australia Wine Australia Wine Australia Vinehealth Australia Wine Australia Wine Australia Funding source orbody Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) seed potatoes Improved certification for certified approaches management usingbiological economic crop diseases andtheir Identification andtaxonomy of development Fungus resistant crop potato diagnosticservice Extension ofthePreDicta Pt pests (PhD) extracts for control ofvegetable Evaluation ofnaturalproduct solanacearum Candidatus Diagnostic capabilitytodetect Tasmania root rot forecasting modelfor Development ofanonionwhite biosecurity surveillance strategy Developing thenationalpotato production inPapua New Guinea intensification ofsweetpotato protection options insupportof Developing improved crop french bean Characterisation ofaCarlavirus of bacteria vegetable diseases–virusand Area widemanagement of bacteria vegetable diseases–virusand Area widemanagement of Alternaria ontomato vegetable Industry management for theAustralian A strategicapproach toweed Project title Liberibacter Research anddevelopment Horticulture –vegetable PHA Queensland University ofSouthern Charles Sturt University, QDAF QDAF NSW DPI University ofQueensland University ofNew England research Organisation undertakingthe DJPR University ofQueensland Australian NationalUniversity SARDI Murdoch University DJPR, PFRNZ University ofTasmania Funding source orbody DJPR of Korea) Administration (Republic Rural Development ARC Hort Innovation Government ofIraq Hort Innovation Hort Innovation DAWR ACIAR Hort Innovation University ofTasmania DJPR, WA DPIRD, Hort Innovation, QDAF, DPI Hort Innovation, NSW Queensland University of Hort Innovation

249 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects (continued)

Organisation undertaking the Project title Funding source or body research Research and development Horticulture – vegetable (continued) Improved knowledge of factors Peracto Pty Ltd Hort Innovation contributing to carrot rot Improved management of Applied Horticultural Research Hort Innovation pumpkin brown etch Pty Ltd Innovating new virus diagnostics Australian Sweetpotato

PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT and planting bed management in Hort Innovation Growers, QDAF the Australian sweetpotato industry Integrated pest management of QDAF Hort Innovation, QDAF nematodes in sweetpotatoes

CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER Hort Innovation, QDAF, Australian Sweetpotato Integrated pest management of Growers, Central QDAF nematodes in sweetpotatoes Queensland University, University of Southern Queensland Minor use permits for the onion Hort Innovation Onions Australia industry Central Queensland University, Novel approaches for root knot QDAF, Henderson RDE, QDAF, Australian nematode control Australian Sweetpotato Sweetpotato Growers Growers Program approach for pest and disease potato industry RMCG Consultancy Hort Innovation investments Resolving the critical disease threat to the Western Australian WA DPIRD Royalties for Regions cucurbit industry Review of bacterial blackleg diseases and R&D gaps with a Crop Doc Consulting Hort Innovation focus on the potato industry Review of the biosecurity plan for PHA Hort Innovation the sweetpotato industry Review of the biosecurity plan for PHA Hort Innovation the vegetable industry Review of the national biosecurity plan for the onion industry and PHA Hort Innovation development of a biosecurity manual for onion producers 250 Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) for purposes ofsowing consignments ofseedsimported regulatory compliance of measures for assurance about approaches toestablishing Assessment ofalternative stakeholder adoption effective pestsuppression and – guidelinesfor efficient and of QueenslandfruitflyusingSIT Adaptive area widemanagement signalling inDrosophila A novel regulator ofgrowth management research project Tomato potato psyllid transition to freedom project Tomato potato psyllid pestarea Liberibacter ecology Tomato potato psyllid and variation inbrassicas investigating copy number The more themerrier– Guinea highlands marketing inthePapua New sweetpotato production and Supporting commercial vegetable industry–phase2 Strengthened biosecurityfor the manual for potato producers development ofabiosecurity plan for thepotato industryand Review ofthenationalbiosecurity Project title Horticulture –vegetable (continued) Horticulture –multiplecrops Research anddevelopment AUSVEG PFRNZ University ofWestern Australia Sweetpotato Growers Henderson RDE,Australian Research Institute(PNG), (PNG), NationalAgricultural Produce Development Agency University, Enterprises, Fresh QDAF, AustralianNational Central QueenslandUniversity, AUSVEG PHA research Organisation undertakingthe CEBRA CSIRO, DJPR Monash University WA DPIRD Funding source orbody DAWR Development for Profit) Research and CSIRO, DAWR (Rural Hort Innovation, RDCs, ARC EPPRD Cost-sharing underthe PHA (through DAWR) PBCRC ARC ACIAR Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Project title solanacearum for high throughput diagnostic tests Developing and implementing Vietnam mosaic virusinCambodiaand management strategyfor cassava response andlong-term Developing anemergency protection ofcrop plantations herbicide residues for the Detection andprediction of Crop hygiene –Hort Indexing device for Queensland fruitfly Creating anovel lure andkill strains ofQueenslandfruitfly Comparisons ofnew sexing fly IMPprograms (PhD) Combining SITinQueenslandfruit natural enemies(PhD) Queensland fruitfliesandtheir Chemical relationships between fruit flyacross different regions Biotic mortalityfactorsofAustralian structure of Biology, behavior, andpopulation (Diptera: Tephritidae) Australian Dacinifruitflies evolutionary relationships among Biogeographic historiesand Queensland fruitflies(PhD) mediated sexual inhibitionin Biochemistry ofejaculate Candidatus Fopius arisanus Liberibacter Horticulture –multiplecrops (continued) Research anddevelopment SARDI, DJPR Tropical Agriculture International Center for Monash University DJPR Technology, QDAF, DJPR Queensland University of Macquarie University Macquarie University Macquarie University Western Sydney University NSW DPI Technology Queensland University of Macquarie University research Organisation undertakingthe Hort Innovation ACIAR Yitpi Foundation Fee for Services PBCRC, DJPR Program (Austria) Co-operative Research Energy Agency International Atomic Hort Innovation ARC ARC Charles Sturt University DEE Hort Innovation Funding source orbody

251 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 252

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) packages Essential market access data rearing (PhD) fly microbiome undermass- Dynamics oftheQueenslandfruit (Queensland fruitfly) lethal, strainof selecting temperature-sensitive- optimisation ofamale-only Development andproduction Project title in Queenslandfruit fly(PhD) Gut bacteria-mediated physiology of fruitflypests molecular diagnosticsandcontrol Genomic toolstoimprove tolerance andpupalcolour Genetics offruitfly thermal fruit fly(PhD) domestication intheQueensland Genetic consequences of testing Fruition® trap andNatflav 500 isotope technology(PhD) treated fruitfliesby usingstable and migrationbetween different Evaluation ofmating,dispersion post-harvest citrus treatment for fruitflyon Evaluation offumigationandcold diagnostic insecthealth(PhD) infected insectsasindicatorsfor Evaluate volatiles from the Australia fruit flySITplus facilityinsouthern Establishment oftheQueensland Bactrocera tryoni Horticulture –multiplecrops (continued) Research anddevelopment Murdoch University Murdoch University SARDI QDAF Macquarie University University ofAdelaide research Organisation undertakingthe Macquarie University DJPR, LaTrobe University Macquarie University Macquarie University Griffith University Murdoch University Funding source orbody Hort Innovation DJPR Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Pty Ltd AgNova Technologies Government ofIraq Department Korean Quarantine Government ofIraq Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation SARDI Project title Islands andTonga Guinea, Fiji,Samoa, Solomon regional capacities inPapua New – strengthening nationaland strategies for root andtubercrops Integrated crop management Biosecurity Innovation centre –Centre for Fruit Fly Industrial transformation training nutrient distribution pollination, fruitretention and tropical horticulture withbetter Increasing yieldandqualityin fly grid Improving thenationalexotic fruit suzuki wing drosophila ( horticulture for theexotic spotted preparedness ofAustralian Improving thebiosecurity commodities access treatment for horticultural Improved post-harvest market rearing ofQueenslandfruitfly(PhD) Improved larval diets for mass- affecting vegetable crops (PhD) identification ofxanthomonads Improved detection and presence andlocationoffruitfly real-time monitoringfor the Implementation ofRapidAIM– from fruitfly flotation for assuring freedom Implementing brown sugar Queensland fruitfly(PhD) Heritability ofstress tolerance in i ) Drosophila Horticulture –multiplecrops (continued) Research anddevelopment University ofQueensland University ofTechnology Sydney University, Queensland Macquarie University, Western Coast University oftheSunshine CEBRA PHA PFRNZ, QDAF, NSWDPI Macquarie University La Trobe University, DJPR CSIRO Pty Ltd Applied Horticultural Research Macquarie University research Organisation undertakingthe ACIAR ARC Hort Innovation DAWR Hort Innovation DPI, QDAF PBCRC, PFRNZ,NSW Hort Innovation PBCRC Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Funding source orbody Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) Queensland fruitfly Methyl bromide disinfestation of Queensland fruitflySIT(PhD) pre-release supplements for Methoprene anddietary yeast as management andSIT from Carnarvon usingarea wide Mediterranean fruitflyeradication management andSIT from Carnarvon usingarea wide Mediterranean fruitflyeradication stressors (PhD) capitat Mediterranean fruitfly( SIT (PhD) fruit fly–apotential constraint on Mating frequency ofQueensland chilli crops bacterial leafspot incapsicum and Management anddetection of fly, SITplus Male onlysterileQueenslandfruit mass-rearing Larval diets for high-productivity fruit flies LAMP assay for thedetection of fruit flylures (PhD) dispersal andtransformation of Investigation into deployment, in fruitflysurveillance Investigate theuseofsmarttraps fungal species Inventory ofColletrotrichum and Australianfruitfly Interactions ofentomopathogens management –PIPsII Integrated pestanddisease Project title a ) responses tolethal Ceratitis Horticulture –multiplecrops (continued) Research anddevelopment QDAF SARDI Macquarie University DJPR Macquarie University Hort Innovation QDAF Western Sydney University DJPR research Organisation undertakingthe NSW DPI Macquarie University WA DPIRD WA DPIRD Murdoch University Macquarie University Funding source orbody Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Royalties for Regions Hort Innovation, Hort Innovation Government ofIraq Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation DJPR Hort Innovation DAWR DEE ARC Hort Innovation, DJPR Project title in easternAustralia improved control ofpestfruitflies Optimising theFruition® trapfor (PhD) fruit fliesandassociatedbacteria Olfactory relationship between Queensland fruitflies(PhD) Nutritional immunologyof methods for Queenslandfruitfly Non-host statusanddetection diagnostics andhandbook Next generationnationalfruitfly New insecticidetestingfor fruitfly (Australian Medfly R&D Centre) Mediterranean Fruit Fly Disinfestation Research on National Centre for Post-harvest summerfruit industry National biosecurityplanfor the – powdery mildews market access into Asianmarkets Pathogen Herbarium tosupport specimens intheVictorianPlant Molecular characterisationof fly (PhD) performance inQueenslandfruit Molecular basisofsexual sub-lethal stresses Molecular basisofresponse to assurance? pelleted seeds–how much Models for border inspectionfor domestication Microbial gutsymbionts and Horticulture –multiplecrops (continued) Research anddevelopment Griffith University Macquarie University Macquarie University DJPR PHA Technology, QDAF, WA DPIRD, Queensland University of Griffith University Murdoch University PHA DJPR, LaTrobe University Macquarie University Murdoch University CEBRA University University, Western Sydney NSW DPI,Macquarie research Organisation undertakingthe Pty Ltd AgNova Technologies ARC Hort Innovation DJPR PBCRC Zealand) Industries (New Ministry for Primary DPIRD Pty Ltd, QDAF, WA Consultancy Services Hort Innovation, Kalang AgriFutures Australia, Hort Innovation DJPR ARC PBCRC Zealand) Industries (New Ministry for Primary Macquarie University Funding source orbody

253 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 254

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) bioinformatics toolkit surveillance web-based Plant biosecuritydiagnosticand fly and eradicateMediterranean fruit Piloting new techniquestocontrol harvest disinfestation treatments Pilot testingefficacyofpost- lures (PhD) Pheromones aspotential fruitfly Project title Australian fruitflies to diagnosticsofsouth-east Risk evaluation andimprovements (PhD) Queensland fruitflybehaviour (PhD) Queensland fruitflymass-rearing Quality control procedures for (PhD) surveillance andpestcontrol for Liberibacterdisease Psyllid microflora –implications (PhD) performance aspartoftheSIT Queensland fruitflymale Probiotic diets toincrease Preparedness for exotic fruitflies Queensland fruitflies(PhD) Predator–prey interactions in the Queenslandfruitfly(PhD) change onhabitatsuitabilityfor Potential impactsofclimate production Post factorypilot ofSITplus fly Planthoppers inCixiidae Plant pestsurveillance project Horticulture –multiplecrops (continued) Research anddevelopment Macquarie University Macquarie University Macquarie University NSW DPI DJPR Murdoch University WA DPIRD DJPR Macquarie University research Organisation undertakingthe DJPR Macquarie University Macquarie University La Trobe University, DJPR NSW DPI Western Sydney University, PHA Funding source orbody DJPR Hort Innovation Hort Innovation PBCRC PBCRC DAWR Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation DEE Hort Innovation PBCRC WA DPIRD Royalties for Regions, DJPR ARC Project title management permit effective pest borer inPapua New Guinea to Basic research on the cocoa pod The science underpinning ISPM37 subtropical Australia The phenologyoffruitflyin flies? why somany polyphagousfruit The evolution ofgeneralism– diseases Taxonomy ofanthracnose attractants (PhD) zingerone analoguesasfruitfly Synthesis andanalysis of technique factorypilot operation Queensland fruitflysterileinsect SITplus –Port Augusta Queensland fruitfly management system for SITplus –improved population male Queenslandfruitfly SITplus –dietary sterilisationof Queensland fruitfly sensitive-lethal, strainof male-only, temperature- optimising production ofa SITplus –developing and species for useinSITplus Sex selectiongenesfrom fruitfly Queensland fruitfly enhancement ofsterilemale Semiochemical-mediated Horticulture –multiplecrops (continued) Research anddevelopment NSW DPI Technology Queensland University of Technology Queensland University of Technology Queensland University of DJPR Macquarie University PIRSA PFRNZ CSIRO SARDI Macquarie University NSW DPI research Organisation undertakingthe Horticulture –other ACIAR of Technology Queensland University of Technology Queensland University ARC University ofMelbourne Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Universities Funding source orbody Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) planting material production of ginger clean Improved tissueculture for cocoa inPapua New Guinea Improved management strategies smut ( disease management ofcouch Improved capacityfor integrated Fusarium oxysporum lemon myrtle plantations (PhD) management ofmyrtle rustin Epidemiology, impactand downy mildew ofpoppy management system for systemic Development ofarisk for theteatree Industry Development ofabiosecurityplan for theAustraliancoffee industry Development ofabiosecurityplan market access toAustralia fresh taro from Samoagaining Defining thebiotic constraints to and ariskmanagement strategy developing biologicalknowledge phytoplasma syndromes – New Guineaandrelated Bogia coconut syndrome inPapua for theolive industry management extension program An integrated pestanddisease wildflowers for thedisinfestation ofAustralian A trialofVapormate® fumigant Project title Ustilago cynodontis onginger ) inturf Horticulture –other(continued) Research anddevelopment PHA PHA Organisation ofSamoa Scientific Research Agriculture andFisheries, PFRNZ, SamoanMinistryof Queensland University ofSouthern Charles Sturt University, Western Sydney University Cedar HillFlowers research Organisation undertakingthe QDAF University ofSydney University ofQueensland University ofQueensland University ofQueensland University ofTasmania Funding source orbody QDAF AgriFutures Australia, ACIAR Hort Innovation QDAF AgriFutures Australia, PBCRC ARC Industry Association Australia Tea Tree AgriFutures Australia ACIAR ACIAR Hort Innovation DAWR Project title their tree hostsinAustralia Pests anddiseasesoftruffles mushroom industry and research services for the Pest anddiseasemanagement Olive industryminoruseprogram Minor usepermitrenewals phytophagous mitesonturfgrass Integrated pestmanagement of Horticulture –other(continued) Research anddevelopment WA DPIRD University ofTasmania Hort Innovation Peracto PtyLtd IPM Technologies research Organisation undertakingthe Truffle andWineCo. National University, Australia, Australian Producers Western WA DPIRD, Truffle Growers' Association, Australian Truffle AgriFutures Australia, Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Funding source orbody

255 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects (continued)

Organisation undertaking the Project title Funding source or body research Research and development Natural environment A predictive framework for Monash University ARC invaded communities Activities to support the development of the national University of Melbourne DAWR, ABARES priority list of exotic environmental pests and diseases PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT GRDC, CSIRO, DJPR, NSW DPI, QDAF, PIRSA, Seqwater, Shire of Ravensthorpe, NSW

CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER Weed Biocontrol Taskforce, North-West Local Land Services, NSW DP&E, Bundaberg Regional Council, Gladstone Regional Council, HQPlantations, Goulburn–Murray Water Corporation, Murrumbidgee Irrigation Biocontrol solutions for Ltd, Coleambally sustainable management of weed CSIRO, DJPR, NSW DPI, QDAF Irrigation Cooperative, impacts to agriculture Goulburn Broken Catchment Management Authority, Murray Local Local Land Services, USDA Agricultural Research Service (USA), Australian Biological Control Laboratory, Wyong Shire Council, NSW National Parks Service, Central Murray County Council, Murrumbidgee Landcare Inc, NQ Dry Tropics Changes in the ecology and control of introduced non-native Australian Antarctic plants following pest herbivore University of New England Division eradication in the sub-Antarctic (Stellaria media)

The unique fauna and flora of the lower slopes of Australia’s sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island have suffered historically due to human exploitation and rabbit grazing. The University of New England is now addressing the effects of the invasion of weeds 256 on the island. Image courtesy of B.M. Sindel Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) decision making surveillance toassistwith pre-border andborder Mixed modelstoanalyse plant invasions the causesandconsequences of Invasion and impact–predicting Barkly Lakes biocontrol technologiesonthe Integrating emerging Parkinsonia making (PhD) to assistinbiosecuritydecision Information gaptheoryasatool Mesquite inthePilbaraRegion manage Parkinsonia and Improving anddeveloping toolsto frass Identification oftermitesthrough plants Evolution ofchemicalwarfare in eradication autonomous vehicles for weed Evaluating thedeployment of dogs for hawkweed eradication Evaluating progress ofdetector Island priority weed incursiononKing Eradication ofinkweed, anew managed ecosystems (PhD) ( Ecological impactofmyrtle rust for Acacia species Development ofabiosecurityplan control ofpricklyAcacia Development ofabioherbicidefor Project title Puccinia psidi i ) innative and Natural environment (continued) Research anddevelopment Murdoch University Monash University Murdoch University Monash University Management Group King IslandNaturalResource NSW DPI, Macquarie University PHA BioHerbicides Australia University ofQueensland, research Organisation undertakingthe Murdoch University University ofCanberra Company Ltd Australian Agricultural Murdoch University Committee Pilbara Mesquite Management Funding source orbody Chevron (USA) Murdoch University, ARC Management Natural Resource (Northern) Territory Chevron (USA) Murdoch University, DAWR DAWR ARC Chevron (USA) Parks Victoria Program National Landcare DEE NSW DP&E,PBCRC, DAWR Australia Australia, BioHerbicides Meat andLivestock Project title management Western Australiabitou ecosystem rehabilitation practices associatedwith native Weed control for soilhandling Sea spurge genomicsinAustralia Role ofmycorrhizae ininvasion ( of theinvasive yellow crazy ant Resolving thereproductive mode NSW significantly impactbiodiversity in pests andpathogensthatcould Research and access potential field implementation parasitic plant, from laboratoryto for weed control usinganative Plant ecophysiology –prospecting Wollemi pine Phosphonate barkpainting of action planfor myrtle rust National review andproposed management for improved regional weed Multi-scale seeddispersalmodels Anoplolepis gracilipe s ) Natural environment (continued) Research anddevelopment CSIRO Charles DarwinUniversity CSIRO University ofWollongong James Cook University University ofMelbourne University ofAdelaide Environment andHeritage Domain Trust, NSWOffice of Royal Botanic Gardens and PBCRC Monash University research Organisation undertakingthe Authority Freemantle Port NT DPIR University Australian National Wollongong University of Foundation Skyrail Rainforest Heritage Environment and NSW Office of Macquarie University, Boards Resources Management Darling BasinNatural South AustralianMurray Mount Lofty Rangesand Fund, Adelaide and Lirabenda Endowment Nature Foundation SA, SA, DEWNRSA, PIRSA, ARC, SA Water, Forestry Botanic Gardens Sydney NSW DP&E,Royal PBCRC, DEE ARC Funding source orbody

257 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 258

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) Integrated diseasemanagement the nurseryindustry Improving pestmanagement for industry the Australianproduction nursery on-farm biosecuritycapacityof Building theresilience and Australian nurseryindustry technologies tobenefitthe A review ofdiagnostic Project title hive beetle External attractant trapfor small in theabsence ofbees Ensuring lucerne seedproduction production inAustralia pollination services for almond Enhancing andsafeguarding surveillance program Enhanced nationalbeepest and performance to monitorbeehealthproductivity model beecolony dynamicsand Developing theuseofsensorsto Bee pollinationprojects NSW (PhD) honey beesandnative beesin Assessing pathogenrisksto pollinators important agriculturalinsect A world withoutbees–simulating biosecurity program National nurseryindustry in pyrethrum Research anddevelopment Western Sydney University Monash University NGIA University ofTasmania NGIA QDAF DJPR research Organisation undertakingthe QDAF University ofWestern Australia Western Sydney University PHA (USA) Agricultural Research Service Macquarie University, USDA Western Sydney University Nursery crops Pollinators Funding source orbody Wheen BeeFoundation Beekeepers Association, QDAF, Queensland AgriFutures Australia, AgriFutures Australia Ltd Olam International Pty Australia, DAWR Grain Producers Hort Innovation, AHBIC, Research Service (USA) USDA Agricultural Syngenta AustraliaLtd University Western Sydney ARC Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation, DJPR Project title services provision ofpollinationecosystem pollinator biodiversity inthe Quantifying therole ofwildinsect Pollination harmony Local LandServices region Native pollinatorsintheRiverina program enhancements National beepestsurveillance breeding program implementation into abee disease resistance and Molecular marker identification for high-value honey production sites Modelling for year round Managing fliesfor crop pollination in pollination Improving thehealthofhives used colony collapse detection ofmalnutritionand Honey beenutrition–early Honey beediseasediagnostics horticultural pollinationservices Healthy beepopulationsfor migration patterns systems –acasestudyofhive modelling ofsocio-ecological Australia usingmulti-agent ecosystem services inWestern industry andassociated of climatechangeonthebee Geospatial assessment ofimpacts Research anddevelopment Pollinators (continued) University ofNew England University ofWestern Australia University ofNew England PHA University ofWestern Australia University ofWestern Australia England Authority, University ofNew Western AustralianAgriculture University ofAdelaide University ofWestern Australia University ofWestern Australia Western Sydney University University ofWestern Australia research Organisation undertakingthe Ian Potter Foundation Products CRC for Honey Bee Association Inc Australian Melon DAWR Products CRC for Honey Bee Products CRC for Honey Bee Hort Innovation AgriFutures Australia Products CRC for Honey Bee Products CRC for Honey Bee Hort Innovation Products CRC for Honey Bee Funding source orbody Table 59. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects (continued)

Organisation undertaking the Project title Funding source or body research Research and development Pollinators (continued) Hort Innovation, University of Sydney, University of Adelaide, University of New England, Australian National University, SA DPIRD, SA Department PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, O’Connor NRM, Native Vegetation Council,

Trees for Life, CSIRO, 8: CHAPTER Lucerne Australia, South Australia Apiarist Association, Apple and Securing pollination for productive Pear Growers agriculture – guidelines for AgriFutures Australia Association of South effective pollinator management Australia, Costa Group, and stakeholder adoption Australian Melon Association, Australian Mango Industry Association, Terrestrial Ecosystems Research Network, Greening Australia, Almond Board of Australia, Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board, Natural Resource Northern and Yorke, Raspberries and Blackberries Australia

Selection and development of AgriFutures Australia, Australian hygienic honey bee Bee Scientifics Wheen Bee Foundation, lines Bee Scientifics

Stingless bees as effective managed pollinators for Western Sydney University Hort Innovation Australian horticulture Systematics and host associations of the Australian Flinders University DEE gasteruption wasps (Honours) University of New England research aims to increase the profitability and security of pollinator dependent crops by improving the health, diversity and abundance of pollinating bees on farms. It also aims to manage the biosecurity risks posed by the varroa mite. Image courtesy of J. Jones. 259 260

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) Biodiversity, systematics and Varroa mitehost switch bee healthandlongevity hives anditsinfluenece onhoney pathogenic fungiinhoney bee The storageofbeneficialandplant agro-ecosystems pollinator effectiveness in The mechanismsunderlyingcrop Project title under Tasmanian conditions levels onarangeofannualcrops and ondiseasepest andweed of biofumigationonsoilhealth, in-paddock andeconomic benefits A scientific trialto measure the vectors agricultural pestsanddisease pesticide resistance inAustralian exploiting theevolution of Anticipating, combating and industry profitability the south-west toprotect Agriculture weed surveillance in agvet chemicals Access toindustrypriorityusesof global tradeinspections A risk-return prioritisationtoolfor Ichneumonidae) (Honours) Australia (Hymenoptera: parasitoids from south-east associations inLabeninae Taxonomy, phylogeny andhost (Honours) microgastrine parasitoidwasps taxonomy ofAustralian Research anddevelopment Pollinators (continued) CSIRO University ofAdelaide University ofAdelaide Australian NationalUniversity University ofAdelaide University ofNew England research Organisation undertakingthe University ofTasmania Australian NationalUniversity WA DPIRD Agaware Consulting PtyLtd Urban, amenities Unknown crop Multiple crops Funding source orbody DPIPWE ARC WA DPIRD Royalties for Regions, DAWR AgriFutures Australia, PBCRC DEE DEE ARC University ofAdelaide ARC Project title wet tropics area to replace PSIIherbicidesinthe herbicide management strategy Developing an alternative diagnostics genome-informed bacterial Deployment ofvalidated and quarantine zones Decision makingfor eradication plan sensitivityanalysis scheme –continuous sampling Compliance basedinspection vision-based weed spot sprayer evaluation ofamachine Commercial development and stakeholders decision makingamongst Collaborative planningandshared endemic andexotic flora insecticides andsynergists from Semiochemicals –novel Centre for Biopesticides and legumes inAustralia Black spot offieldpeasandnative resistance inAustralianagriculture Biopesticide useandinsect brown marmoratedstinkbug Biological control stocktake for nightshade Biological control ofsilverleaf scale Biocontrol feasibility for giant pine for conservation andbiosecurity Australian psyllids, implications AUSPest Check TM trial Research anddevelopment Multiple crops (continued) SRA, JamesCook University NSW DPI Technology, QDAF, NSWDPI Queensland University of England CEBRA, University ofNew Queensland University ofSouthern QDAF Western Sydney University Trust, SARDI Botanic Gardens andDomain University ofAdelaide, Royal University ofAdelaide DAWR, CSIRO DJPR DJPR University ofAdelaide PHA research Organisation undertakingthe SRA, QDAF PBCRC PBCRC DAWR SRA, Hort Innovation Southern Queensland, CRDC, University of PBCRC CRDC and DomainTrust Royal Botanic Gardens University ofAdelaide, ARC DAWR Australia, PIRSA, GRDC Profit), AgriFutures and Development for DAWR (Rural Research DJPR DEE DAWR Funding source orbody Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) Laos andThailand biosecurity practices inCambodia, Enabling improved plant and legacy(phase 2) biosecurity landscape–uptake Response Databaseinto the Embedding GlobalEradicationand rigidum Australian majorweed Elucidating trifluralinresistance in skeleton weed Disease resistance genesfrom xylostella diamondback moth, global migratorypest, bio-insecticide control ofthe mechanisms underlying Discovering the pathways and Phytophthora species Diagnosis ofwater samplesfor Diagnosis ofemerging pathogens guidelines Development ofproof offreedom and semiochemicals) strategies for IPM(biopesticides Development ofnew toolsand economic portfolio theory(PhD) surveillance plansutilising Development ofeffective insect priority plant pests and management ofnational Developing modelsfor thespread access key Asianmarkets biosecurity requirements to approach for meeting AM17001 Developing anationalsystems Project title Plutella Lolium Research anddevelopment Multiple crops (continued) DJPR NSW DPI CEBRA NSW DPI Murdoch University CEBRA CSIRO research Organisation undertakingthe PBCRC, RedClaw PFRNZ University ofWestern Australia CSIRO University ofAdelaide Funding source orbody ACIAR PBCRC ARC, NuFarm Australia University Australian National ARC DJPR Private industry DAWR CRDC, NSWDPI Chevron (USA) Murdoch University, DAWR Hort Innovation Project title plants and signallingproteins from Identification ofimmunereceptor membranes? punch giant holesinlipid How doMACPF andCDCproteins PBCRC Horticulture fundingfor the proceeds debate abouthow rapidevolution Historical pestgenomesinform General surveillance movement inlocusts synchronisation andcollective organisation –aggregation, From individualstomass Phytophthora inNSW Forging aneffective fight against Evolutionary aerialrobotics biostimulant blends herbicide, adjuvant and Evaluation ofstressed weeds with Biosecurity Initiative Indonesia BilateralPlant Establishment oftheAustralian– botanic gardens andarboreta pest surveillance inAustralian Establishing aprogram ofplant pathways –phase2 on knowledge ofnaturaldispersal in horticulturalindustriesbased Enhanced surveillance strategies Research anddevelopment Multiple crops (continued) Australian National University Monash University PBCRC Australian NationalUniversity CSIRO University ofAdelaide Environment andHeritage Domain Trust, NSWOffice of Royal Botanic Gardens and CSIRO Monash University PBCRC PHA DJPR, DPIPWE research Organisation undertakingthe ARC ARC Hort Innovation ARC DAWR ARC and Heritage Office ofEnvironment and DomainTrust, NSW Royal Botanic Gardens CSIRO Ltd Axieo OperationsPty PBCRC, Crawford Fund DAWR PHA PBCRC, DJPR, DAWR, Funding source orbody

261 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 262

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) iMapPESTS –sentinel surveillance weevil support screening ofclover root mutations invinegarfliesto Identify new Trojan female radish) Raphanus raphanistrum economically important weed herbicide resistance inthe molecular basesof2,4-D Identifying thebiochemicaland Project title Industry liasonofficer pseudomonad biocontrol bacteria Improving theefficacyof Pacific Islands Improving plant biosecurityinthe Improving grower-led surveillance diseases incitrus biosecurity for grafttransmissible Improving diagnosticsand virus for cucumbergreen mottle mosaic Improved management options freedom for demonstratingpestarea Improve biosecuritycapabilities surveillance system Implementation ofamulti-target for agriculture (wild Research anddevelopment Multiple crops (continued) NSW DPI,QueenslandAlliance NT DPIR PHA Murdoch University SARDI Monash University University ofWestern Australia research Organisation undertakingthe PHA Macquarie University Consultants and Agrisystems Protection Crawford Fund, Biosecurity for Development Initiative, Pacific Agribusiness Research Agricultural Market Access, Pacific Horticultural and Consultancy, Pacific NPPOs, Kalang Consulting, Magee CSIRO Auscitrus Queensland, WA DPIRD, Innovation, University of for Agriculture andFood Funding source orbody DAWR ARC ACIAR, DAWR DAWR Hort Innovation Hort Innovation DAWR Chevron (USA) Hort Innovation and Employment Business, Innovation New Zealand Ministryof ARC, NufarmAustralia Project title – genotype prediction toolbox National tree genomicsprogram host listandriskpathways National priorityplant peststrue committee strategy implementation National plant biosecurityRD&E insecticide resistance risk management ofoutbreak and for forecasting andadaptive Monitoring diamondbackmoth immune receptors Molecular mechanismofplant national diseasesurveillance Molecular DiagnosticCentre – for soil-bornediseasecontrol Manipulating plant root exudation biopesticide – enhancingtheefficacyofa Making Green Guard® greener Invasive grassLAMPplatform Australia –insects Invasion pathway analysis for environment pests threatening food andthe rapid mobileidentification of distorted andpartialqueriesfor Intelligent imageretrieval from absence remote sensingfor presence or Innovative technologiesproject – Research anddevelopment Multiple crops (continued) Western Sydney University QDAF PHA SARDI University ofQueensland SARDI University ofTasmania University ofAdelaide University ofSydney, NSW DPI Monash University Griffith University CSIRO research Organisation undertakingthe Hort Innovation DAWR governments FWPA, PHA,state AgriFutures Australia, Wine Australia,SRA, Livestock Australia, GRDC, Meat and CRDC, DairyAustralia, Hort Innovation, DJPR, GRDC ARC GRDC ARC ARC DAWR Invasive SpeciesCouncil ARC DAWR Funding source orbody Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) Indian drywood termite Prevention andcontrol ofWest thresholds of fire regime impacts–astudy of Pollination systems asindicators Initiative Plant BiosecurityResearch agriculture potential applicationsin responses toindoleaminesand Plant andassociatedmicrobiome native vegetation Phytophthora cinnamomi targeted tillage herbicide resistant weeds – Physical management options for species framework for highimpact Pathways andriskassessment behaviour olfactory system tocontrol insect Odorant recognition ininsect (PHD) from endemicandexotic flora Novel insecticidesandsynergists metabarcoding oftrappedinsects Natural dispersalsubproject – Pesticide Applications National Working Party on project National weed biologicalcontrol Project title and Research anddevelopment Multiple crops (continued) Australia, University ofSydney University ofWestern Zealand) DPIRD, Lincoln University (New CSIRO, QDAF, PFRNZ,WA Murdoch University Western Sydney University DJPR PHA DJPR research Organisation undertakingthe QDAF University ofNew England Projects ledby individualRDCs La Trobe Univeristy Deakin University Funding source orbody QDAF Species grant) Heritage (Save our Environment and NSW Office of Australia, FWPA SRA, Agrifutures GRDC, WineAustralia, Hort Innovation, CRDC, La Trobe University DEE, Parks Victoria University ofSydney PBCRC ARC CRDC PBCRC, Hort Innovation SRA Wine Australia,CRDC, GRDC, Hort Innovation, CropLife Australia, DPI, CSIRO, QDAF Australia, DJPR, NSW DEE, Meat andLivestock Project title herbicides into new modesofactionfor Structure based investigations detection retrieval for rapidplant disease Single modelirregular region grains occasional pestsofcotton and Semiochemical management for weeds Seed bankbiologyofemerging guidelines Sampling for proof offreedom in New Zealand movement ofbeesandbeehives of myrtle rustspores, through the Risks associatedwiththespread northern Australia for plant pestdiseasepathways in Risk assessment andevaluation Revision ofbristleflygenusRutilia the Pacific Islands disease threats tohorticulture in Responding toemerging pestand Australian longhornbeetle Resolve thetaxonomy ofnative tropics ant management inthewet Research toinform yellow crazy application technology Reduced herbicideusagethrough vegetable leafminer eradication andpreparedness for RD&E program for control, Island biosecurity allocation theorymodel–Barrow Provision ofarevised economic Research anddevelopment Multiple crops (continued) University ofWestern Australia Griffith University University ofNew England University ofAdelaide University ofMelbourne PFRNZ QDAF CSIRO University ofQueensland CSIRO James Cook University Edith Cowan University University ofMelbourne, PHA AUSVEG, CESAR, NAQS, University ofMelbourne research Organisation undertakingthe ARC ARC CRDC GRDC DAWR Zealand, PFRNZ Biosecurity New DAWR DEE ACIAR DAWR Management Authority Wet Tropics GRDC Hort Innovation Chevron (USA) Murdoch University, Funding source orbody

263 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 264

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) and biosecurity – implicationsfor conservation associations ofAustralianpsyllids Systematics, biodiversity andhost braconid wasps Systematics andbiologyof Australia Indonesia andsubtropical solanaceous vegetable crops in improvements inAlliumand Sustainable productivity Project title Weed biocontrol blends hydrothermal dissolutionliquor herbicide, adjuvant andoxidative Treatment ofstressed weeds with environmental stress for plant phenomicsunder TraitCapture –genomicmodelling thrips (PhD) in thebiologyofinvasive pest The role ofreproductive parasites dahliae The effect ofSeroX on importer compliance Testing incentive baseddrivers for control agents selecting successful biological Testing aniterative approach to microsclerotial inoculum Verticillium Research anddevelopment Multiple crops (continued) Western Sydney University NSW DPI England CEBRA, University ofNew University ofQueensland University ofAdelaide University ofAdelaide QDAF research Organisation undertakingthe DJPR Monash University Australian NationalUniversity Funding source orbody Landcare, PIRSA, GRDC Murrumbidgee Local LandServices, NQ DryTropics, Murray Central Murray Council, Shire, OEHNPWS, Broken CMA,Wyong Irrigation, Goulburn Irrigation, Coleambally Murrumbidgee Goulburn Murray Water, Limited Greenpower Energy ARC University Western Sydney Innovate Ag PtyLtd DAWR CSIRO University ofAdelaide DEE ACIAR Project title pesticides incarobs safety datawithvarious Generation ofefficacyandcrop Guinea andSolomonIslands stem rot ofoilpalminPapua New long-term management ofbasal Developing afoundation for the Sagittaria Best practice management of irrigation channels tools for maintaining water flow in AgWhite –aquaticweed control control methodologies Yellow crazyant biology andnovel Xylella coordinator (PhD) pathogens into northernAustralia Wind spread ofplant viral harmful toinvaders? When ishybridisation helpfulor geminata establishment of and biotic resistance inthe What are theroles ofdisturbance ? Solenopsis Research anddevelopment Multiple crops (continued) WA DPIRD University ofQueensland DJPR DJPR James Cook University Wine Australia Australia, WA DPIRD, CSIRO University ofWestern Monash University James Cook University research Organisation undertakingthe Other crops AgriFutures Australia ACIAR Irrigiation Murrumbidgee Cooperative, Coleambally Irrigation Broken CMA, Corporation, Goulburn Murray Water Australia, Goulburn Profit), AgriFutures and Development for DAWR (Rural Research Sun Water Ltd Coleambally Irrigation, Irrigation, Ord Irrigation, Water, Murrumbidgee Goulburn–Murray Phosphorus Ltd (India), DAWR, United Kuranda Envirocare Inc Innovation, PBRI Wine Australia,Hort PBCRC ARC Australia Ecological Society of Funding source orbody California arrowhead (Sagittaria montevidensis). Imagecourtesy of JuanCampá, MGAP, Bugwood.org Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) effectors Phytophthora extracellular inhibitor proteins targeting – characterisationofplant Phytophthora–plant interactions Transcriptome analysis of African whitefly Solutions andunderstanding Project title Research anddevelopment Other crops (continued) Australian NationalUniversity CSIRO research Organisation undertakingthe Funding source orbody ARC Education Department of Australian Government

265 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 266

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) Communication andadoption communication program Australian lychee industry industry the Australianappleandpear weed management program for An integrated pest,diseaseand soil-borne diseasemanagement A multi-faceted approach to grapevine pinot grisvirus A comprehensive review of Project title Grain storageextension south Queensland General pestmanagement – north Queensland General pestmanagement – central Queensland General pestmanagement – Woodford training andtechnicaladvice – General pathologydiagnostic, Tully training andtechnicaladvice – General pathologydiagnostic, Field surveillance capability Farm biosecurityproject Extension andengagement indigenous communities Engagement inresilience in vegetation mapping database andenhanced floristic Development ofaspatiotemporal yield control andmaintenance ofcrop Cultural management for weed chestnut industry program for theAustralian PFRNZ University ofWestern Australia University ofWestern Australia Chestnuts Australia Association Australian Lychee Growers' University ofTasmania, DJPR Pty Ltd Applied Horticultural Research Vinehealth Australia research Organisation undertakingthe QDAF SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA DJPR AUSVEG Curtin University Extension Wine Australia Funding source orbody GRDC SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA DAWR PHA GRDC PBCRC Products CRC for Honey Bee GRDC Chestnuts Australia Hort Innovation, Hort Innovation QDAF Tasmania, NSWDPI, WA DPIRD, University of Hort Innovation, DJPR, Hort Innovation Grains farmbiosecurityprogram Project title communities inAustralia(PhD) threats across Vietnamese farming Perceptions towards biosecurity resources Nursery production visual training program coordinator National tomatopotato psyllid National Fruit FlyCouncil stewardship ofbiotechnologies development anddelivery – National cotton extension regional extension extension andcentral Queensland National biosecurityordisease National beebiosecurityprogram Melon industrybiosecurityproject Vietnam for growers inIndonesiaand Eucalyptus andAcacia plantations Maximising productivity of using refuge crops induced tolerance inBollgard III Managing blackberries redberry mite( Integrated pestmanagement of sigatoka Integrated management ofyellow training management through technical Improving on-farm grainstorage health inAustralia and better understandingbee Improving biosecurityresources Australian vegetable industry diagnostic capacityfor the Improved soil-bornedisease Bt resistance and Acalitus essig i ) on Charles DarwinUniversity EHR Consultants AUSVEG PHA CRDC QDAF PHA PHA Products CSIRO Forestry andForest CSIRO University ofTasmania ABGC QDAF PHA SARDI PHA research Organisation undertakingthe Extension PBCRC PHA Hort Innovation Hort Innovation CRDC CRDC, QDAF AHBIC DAWR ACIAR CRDC Hort Innovation Hort Innovation GRDC AgriFutures Australia Hort Innovation Australia Grain Producers Funding source orbody Table 59.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) industry Western Australia's beekeeping competing interests indeveloping What's allthebuzz? Managing officer program Vegetable andpotato biosecurity and pearindustry certification devices for the apple Variety evaluation andtree flowering events approaches for predicting development ofremote sensing product production – drivers offloraandhoney bee Understanding theenvironmental insects onpistachioorchards Understanding andmanaging change intarget communities achieve required behavioural communications materialsto aquatic biosecurity critical success factorsfor DPI Understanding andadoption of north-west Vietnam Sustainable vegetable systems in effective pollinationfor Australia Strengthening andenabling vegetable industry–phase2 Strengthened biosecurityfor the fly SITtoworld standard SITplus –raisingQueenslandfruit Responsible visitationcampaign industry R&D extension for thetruffle Project title Monash University Adelaide NSW DPI,University of PFRNZ, PHA AUSVEG Macquarie University Vinehealth Australia Association Australian Truffle Growers' research Organisation undertakingthe University ofWestern Australia PHA Limited Apple andPear Australia University ofWestern Australia Ag DynamicsPtyLtd Extension AgriFutures Australia, Funding source orbody Products CRC for Honey Bee AUSVEG Hort Innovation Products CRC for Honey Bee Hort Innovation NSW DPI University ofAdelaide Hort Innovation, PFRNZ Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Vinehealth Australia Federation Australia, Association, Wine Wine Industry PIRSA, SouthAustralian Growers' Association Australian Truffle

267 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E

Appendices Organisation contact details

Organisation Website Phone Organisation Website Phone AgriFutures Australia agrifutures.com.au +61 2 6923 6900 Australian Macadamia Society australianmacadamias.org +61 2 6622 4933 Almond Board of Australia australianalmonds.com.au +61 8 8584 7053 Australian Mango Industry Association industry.mangoes.net.au +61 7 3278 3755 Apple and Pear Australia apal.org.au +61 3 9329 3511 Australian Melon Association melonsaustralia.org.au +61 413 101 646 Atlas of Living Australia ala.org.au +61 2 6218 3431 Australian National University anu.edu.au +61 2 6125 5111 Australasian Plant Pathology Society appsnet.org +61 7 4632 0467 Australian Olive Association australianolives.com.au +61 478 606 145 Australian Plant Biosecurity Science Australian Banana Growers’ Council abgc.org.au +61 7 3278 4786 apbsf.org.au Foundation Australian Blueberry Growers’ Association abga.com.au +61 490 092 273 Australian Processing Tomato Research aptrc.asn.au Australian Entomological Society austentsoc.org.au +61 3 9895 4462 Council

ORGANISATION CONTACT DETAILS CONTACT ORGANISATION Australian Forest Products Association ausfpa.com.au +61 2 6285 3833 Australian Society for Microbiology theasm.org.au +61 1300 656 423 Australian Ginger Industry Association australianginger.org.au Australian Society of Agronomy agronomyaustralia.org Australian Government – Australian Centre aciar.gov.au +61 2 6217 0500 Australian Sweetpotato Growers aspg.com.au for International Agricultural Research

APPENDIX 1: 1: APPENDIX Australian Table Grape Association australiangrapes.com.au +61 3 5021 5718 Australian Government – Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines apvma.gov.au +61 2 6210 4701 Australian Tea Tree Industry Association teatree.org.au +61 2 4017 1336 Authority Australian Truffle Growers' Association trufflegrowers.com.au Australian Government – Australian arc.gov.au +61 2 6287 6600 Australian Walnut Industry Association walnut.net.au Research Council Australian Government – Department of AUSVEG ausveg.com.au +61 3 9882 0277 agriculture.gov.au +61 1800 900 090 Agriculture and Water Resources Avocados Australia avocado.org.au +61 7 3846 6566 Australian Government – Department of CANEGROWERS canegrowers.com.au +61 7 3864 6444 Agriculture and Water Resources, agriculture.gov.au/abares +61 1800 900 090 Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Canned Fruits Industry Council of Australia fgv.com.au +61 3 5825 3732 Resource Economics and Sciences Central Queensland University cqu.edu.au +61 7 4930 9777 Australian Government – Department of agriculture.gov.au/ Centre for Crop and Disease Management ccdm.com.au Agriculture and Water Resources, +61 1800 900 090 biosecurity/australia/naqs Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy Centre for Fruit Fly Biosecurity Innovation fruitflyittc.edu.au Australian Government – Department of Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk agriculture.gov.au/ cebra.unimelb.edu.au Agriculture and Water Resources, Trade +61 1800 900 090 Analysis market-access-trade and Market Access Division Charles Darwin University cdu.edu.au +61 8 8946 7766 Australian Government – Department of environment.gov.au +61 1800 803 772 Environment and Energy Charles Sturt University csu.edu.au +61 1800 275 278 Australian Government – Department of dfat.gov.au +61 2 6261 1111 Cherry Growers Australia cherrygrowers.org.au +61 3 6231 1229 Foreign Affairs and Trade Chestnuts Australia chestnutsaustralia.com.au Australian Grape and Wine (previously Australian Vignerons and Winemakers' wfa.org.au +61 8 8133 4300 Citrus Australia citrusaustralia.com.au +61 3 5023 6333 Federation Australia) Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial csiro.au +61 1300 363 400 Australian Honey Bee Industry Council honeybee.org.au +61 402 467 780 Research Organisation Australian Lychee Growers' Association australianlychee.com.au +61 417 639 927 Cotton Australia cottonaustralia.com.au +61 2 9669 5222 270 Organisation Website Phone Organisation Website Phone Cotton Research and Development Murdoch University murdoch.edu.au +61 8 9360 6000 crdc.com.au +61 2 6792 4088 Corporation Nursery and Garden Industry Australia ngia.com.au +61 2 8861 5100 Council of Australasian Weed Societies caws.org.au Onions Australia onionsaustralia.org.au +61 8 8725 8862 CRC for Honey Bee Products crchoneybeeproducts.com Passionfruit Australia passionfruitaustralia.org.au +61 427 833 281 Deakin University deakin.edu.au +61 3 9244 6100 Pistachio Growers' Association pgai.com.au +61 428 922 576 Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, daf.qld.gov.au +61 7 3404 6999 Plant Biosecurity CRC pbcrc.com.au Queensland Plant Biosecurity Research Initiative pbri.com.au +61 3 9516 9716 Department of Jobs, Precincts and djpr.vic.gov.au +61 3 9651 9999 sydney.edu.au/agriculture/ Regions, Victoria Plant Breeding Institute, University of +61 2 9352 8800 plant_breeding_institute/ Sydney

Department of Primary Industries and DETAILS CONTACT ORGANISATION dpird.wa.gov.au +61 1300 374 731 index.shtml Regional Development, Western Australia Plant Health Australia planthealthaustralia.com.au +61 2 6215 7700 Department of Primary Industries and pir.sa.gov.au +61 8 8226 0995 Regions, South Australia Plant Innovation Centre agriculture.gov.au +61 1800 900 090 Department of Primary Industries, New Queensland University of Technology qut.edu.au +61 7 3138 2000 dpi.nsw.gov.au +61 1800 808 095 1: APPENDIX South Wales Raspberries and Blackberries Australia raba.com.au Department of Primary Industries, Parks, dpipwe.tas.gov.au +61 1300 368 550 Ricegrowers’ Association of Australia rga.org.au +61 2 6953 0433 Water and Environment, Tasmania Strawberries Australia strawberriesaustralia.com.au +61 428 375 711 Department of Primary Industry and dpir.nt.gov.au +61 8 8999 2006 Resources, Northern Territory Sugar Research Australia sugarresearch.com.au +61 7 3331 3333 Summerfruit Australia +61 2 6059 0816 Dried Fruits Australia driedfruitsaustralia.org.au +61 3 5023 5174 summerfruit.com.au Transport Canberra and City Services, Edith Cowan University ecu.edu.au +61 13 43 28 tccs.act.gov.au +61 13 22 81 Australian Capital Territory Flinders University flinders.edu.au +61 8 8201 3911 University of Adelaide adelaide.edu.au +61 8 8313 4455 Forest and Wood Products Australia fwpa.com.au +61 3 9927 3200 University of Canberra canberra.edu.au +61 2 6201 5111 Forestry Corporation of NSW forestrycorporation.com.au +61 2 9872 0111 University of Melbourne unimelb.edu.au +61 13 63 52 Grain Producers Australia +61 448 493 386 grainproducers.com.au University of New England une.edu.au +61 2 6773 3333 Grains Research and Development grdc.com.au +61 2 6166 4500 University of New South Wales unsw.edu.au +61 2 9385 1000 Corporation University of Queensland uq.edu.au +61 7 3365 1111 Griffith University griffith.edu.au +61 7 3735 7111 University of Sydney sydney.edu.au +61 286 278 111 Growcom growcom.com.au +61 7 3620 3844 University of Tasmania utas.edu.au +61 362 262 999 Hazelnut Growers of Australia hazelnuts.org.au +61 2 6379 1616 University of Western Australia uwa.edu.au +61 8 6488 6000 Horticulture Innovation Australia horticulture.com.au +61 2 8295 2300 University of Western Sydney westernsydney.edu.au +61 2 9852 5222 International Plant Protection Convention ippc.int University of Wollongong uow.edu.au +61 2 4221 3555 James Cook University jcu.edu.au +61 1800 246 446 environment.gov.au/ La Trobe University latrobe.edu.au +61 1300 528 762 Weeds of National Significance biodiversity/invasive/weeds/ +61 1800 803 772 Macquarie University mq.edu.au +61 2 9850 7111 weeds/lists/wons.html Monash University monash.edu +61 3 9902 6000 Wine Australia wineaustralia.com +61 8 8228 2000 271 Glossary

Term Definition Term Definition The level of protection deemed appropriate by a country establishing a Diagnostic protocols for the official taxonomic identification of a pest in Appropriate Level of sanitary or phytosanitary measure to protect human, animal and plant a manner consistent with ISPM No. 27 – Diagnostic protocols for Protection National Diagnostic life or health within its territory. regulated pests. National Diagnostic Protocols include diagnostic Protocols GLOSSARY procedures and data on the pest, its hosts, taxonomic information, Area freedom Absence of a specific pest in a specified location. detection and identification. The protection of the economy, environment and human health from Measures to address risks that are undertaken before goods arrive at Pre-border Biosecurity the negative impacts associated with entry, establishment or spread of the border. exotic pests.

APPENDIX 2: 2: APPENDIX Post-border Measures to address risks that are undertaken inside Australia's border. Biosecurity activities Activities undertaken to manage biosecurity risks. Any insects, mites, snails, nematodes, pathogens (diseases) and Biosecurity The range of biosecurity activities and arrangements that are weeds that have the potential to adversely affect food, fibre, continuum undertaken in pre-border, border and post-border locations. Pest ornamental crops, bees and stored products, as well as In relation to the biosecurity continuum: airports, seaports and land Border environmental flora and fauna. borders that represent the potential point of entry for a pest into Australia. An area in which a pest does not occur as demonstrated by scientific Commonwealth The Commonwealth of Australia, including its external territories. Pest Free Area evidence and in which, where appropriate, this condition is being Management plans that outline pest specific information for use in the officially maintained. Contingency plans event of an emergency response. Any legislation, regulation or official procedure having the purpose to Phytosanitary Protocols that describe the procedures and methods for the prevent the introduction and/or spread of quarantine pests, or to limit Diagnostic protocols measure identification of a pest to a defined level. the economic impact of regulated non-quarantine pests. Processes and standards associated with the accurate identification of The protection of plants or plant products from pests that may impact Diagnostics Plant biosecurity a pest. on production or market access. The national contingency planning framework for the management of Post-harvest management measures focused on eliminating the PLANTPLAN Disinfestation plant pest emergencies in Australia. presence of pests within plants and plant products. Plant production Activities designed to prevent the movement and spread of pests All plant industries in the agricultural, horticultural and forestry sectors. Domestic quarantine industries within Australia. The system of measures that are used to minimise risks associated A pest that is included in Schedule 13 of the Emergency Plant Pest Quarantine Emergency Plant with the entry or exit of pests. Response Deed or which is determined by the Categorisation Group to Pest meet one or more of the EPP criteria listed in Clause 1 of the EPPRD. Research aimed at developing solutions for particular problems and RD&E communication (extension) to users. Emergency Plant Pest A pre-agreed cost sharing and response framework for dealing with an Response Deed incursion of an Emergency Plant Pest. Pests contained within a geographic region due to specific quarantine Regionalised pests and/or management arrangements. Emergency response The actions undertaken to eradicate an exotic pest after its detection. An integrated plan for undertaking a response to an Emergency Plant Response Plan Established pests Non-endemic pests that have established in Australia. Pest incident. Exotic pests Pests not currently present in Australia. The process of evaluating scientific and economic evidence to Risk analysis determine the risk posed by a pest to Australia's environment, plant A pest that has been identified to have the greatest potential economic production industries and economy. High Priority Pest impact to a particular plant industry and is listed in an industry biosecurity plan or in Schedule 13 of the EPPRD. Processes which collect and record data on pest occurrence or absence Surveillance by survey, monitoring or other procedures. International Standard An international standard adopted by the Commission on Phytosanitary for Phytosanitary Measures, established under the International Plant Protection Weeds of National Weeds considered to currently pose serious threats at a national level. Measures Convention. Significance

272 GLOSSARY APPENDIX 2: 2: APPENDIX

Mount Buller, Victoria 273 Acronyms

Acronym Full name Acronym Full name ABARES Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics and Sciences DAWR Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics DJPR Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Victoria ABGC Australian Banana Growers' Council DEE Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy ACRONYMS ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research DFAT Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade ACT Australian Capital Territory DPIPWE Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, AGSOC Agriculture Senior Officials' Committee Tasmania

APPENDIX 3: 3: APPENDIX AHA Animal Health Australia EIC Environment and Invasives Committee AHBIC Australian Honey Bee Industry Council EPP Emergency Plant Pest ALA Atlas of Living Australia EPPRD Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed ALOP Appropriate Level of Protection EPSD Environment Planning and Sustainable Development Directorate, APBSF Australian Plant Biosecurity Science Foundation Australian Capital Territory APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation EXDOC Export Documentation System APPPC Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission FAO Food and Agriculture Organization APPD Australian Plant Pest Database FPoE First Point of Entry APVMA Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority FWPA Forest and Wood Products Australia ARC Australian Research Council GBO General Biosecurity Obligation AusAID Australian Agency for International Development, Department of Foreign GPA Grain Producers Australia Affairs and Trade GRDC Grains Research and Development Corporation ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations GVP Gross Value of Production BICON Biosecurity Import Conditions HACCP Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point BIMS Biosecurity Incident Management System BIPIM Biosecurity Incident Public Information Manual Hort Innovation Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited BIRA Biosecurity Import Risk Analysis ICA Interstate Certification Assurance BOLT Biosecurity Online Training IGAB Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity BSI Biosecurity Solomon Islands IPPC International Plant Protection Convention CCEPP Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests ISPM International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures CEBRA Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis, University of Melbourne LVP Local Value of Production CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna MICoR Manual of Importing Country Requirements and Flora NAQS Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy CRC Cooperative Research Centre NBC National Biosecurity Committee CRDC Cotton Research and Development Corporation NBCEN National Biosecurity Communication and Engagement Network CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation NBRT National Biosecurity Response Team DPIRD Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Western Australia NDP National Diagnostic Protocol

274 Acronym Full name Acronym Full name NEBRA National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement TCCS Transport Canberra and City Services NGIA Nursery and Garden Industry Australia TSTG Training Specialist Task Group NMDS National Minimum Dataset Specifications T2M Transition to Management ACRONYMS NMG National Management Group WA Western Australia NPBDN National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network WoNS Weeds of National Significance NSW New South Wales R&D Research and Development

NSW DPI Department of Primary Industries, New South Wales RD&E Research Development & Extension 3: APPENDIX NSW DP&E Department of Planning and Environment, New South Wales RDC Research and Development Corporation NT Northern Territory RPPO Regional Plant Protection Organisation NT DPIR Department of Primary Industries and Resources, Northern Territory RSPM Regional Standards for Phytosanitary Measures PBCRC Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre SA South Australia PFRNZ Plant and Food Research, New Zealand SAP Scientific Advisory Panel PHA Plant Health Australia SARDI South Australian Research and Development institute PHC Plant Health Committee SDQMA Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market Access PIRSA Department of Primary Industries and Regions, South Australia SIT Sterile Insect Technology PNG Papua New Guinea SNPHS Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance PPPO Pacific Plant Protection Organisation SPHD Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics QAAFI Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary QDAF Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland SRA Sugar Research Australia R&D Research and Development TCCS Transport Canberra and City Services RD&E Research Development & Extension T2M Transition to Management RDC Research and Development Corporation WA Western Australia RPPO Regional Plant Protection Organisation WoNS Weeds of National Significance SA South Australia SARDI South Australian Research and Development Institute SIBDP Solomon Islands Biosecurity Development Program SDQMA Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market Access SIT Sterile Insect Technology SNPHS Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance SPHD Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary SRA Sugar Research Australia

275

Index Index

A Australian Honey Bee Industry Biosecurity Code of Practice, Botanic Gardens and Arboreta Surveillance Network, 94, 196, 213 156–7 ABARES, 10, 13, 23, 38, 54, 64, 86, 210, 214 Australian interstate quarantine, 201 breeding, 40, 44, 54, 102, 111, 227–8, 236–67t INDEX acronyms, 274–5t Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, broadacre crops, 218 AgriBio, 230 25, 214, 241t diagnostics, 173–7t Agriculture Senior Officials’ Committee, see committees Australian Plant Biosecurity Science Foundation, 231 research, development and extension, 235f, Agriculture Senior Officials’ Committee Research and Australian Plant Pest Database, 179 236–67t Innovation Committee, see committees Australian Research Council, 224, 230, 236–67t surveillance, 158f, 158–65t AgriFutures Australia, 223, 227, 229 avocados, 33t, 70–1, 132t, 136, 137t, 244–67t brown marmorated stink bug, 13 40–1t, 49t, 57t, 133t, almonds, 33t, 44t, 45–53t, 61t, 66–7, 153, 248–67t 143, 152, 156, 158–65t, 190t, 192t, 229, 260t see also nut industry B building capacity in the Asia-Pacific region, 24, 134 amenities, see urban banana freckle, 28, 72, 147, 190t, 192t, 210 Animal Health Committee, see committees C Annual Diagnosticians’ Workshop, 167 bananas, 33t, 44t, 45–53t, 61t, 72–3, 131t, 136t, apples, 33t, 44t, 45–53t, 55–9t, 61t, 68–9, 75–6, 160–1t, 169–70t, 190t, 192t, 201–2t, 204–6t, 210, Canberra Agreement, 129 131–2t, 136–9t, 153, 162t, 169–70t, 244–67t 244–67t canned fruits, 33t, 75 area wide management, 209 bees, see honey bees cargo imports, 142 Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission, 129 BICON, 129, 142, 144, 146, 179 Centre for Crop and Disease Management, 230–1 Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission Standards biological control, 40, 131–2t, 209, 214, 236–67t Centre for Fruit Fly Biosecurity Innovation, 230 Committee, see committees biosecurity, 10–1 Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis, 231 Asian honey bee, 28, 45t, 95t, 154–5, 160t, 191–2t, 204t biosecurity awards, 210–1 chemical control, 214 Atlas of Living Australia, 179 Biosecurity Behaviour and Market Research Knowledge cherries, 76, 131t, 136–8t, 140, 153, 158t, 162t, 244–67t AUSPestCheck, 140, 179, 211, 260t Base, 222 chestnut blight, 31, 47t, 56t, 78–9t, 169t, 189, 206 Australian Capital Territory, 27, 33t Biosecurity Blitz, 156 chestnuts, 33t, 48t, 56t, 78–9, 165t, 169t, 189, 206, biosecurity services, 27 biosecurity emergency preparedness training, 194 251–67t legislation, 21t Biosecurity Emergency Preparedness Working Group, see also nut industry pest diagnostic services, 173t see committees Chief Environmental Biosecurity Officer, 13, 22–3, 43 post-entry plant quarantine facilities, 147t biosecurity extension and engagement programs, 211–3 Chief Plant Protection Officer, 22, 183 Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, biosecurity import risk analysis, 130 citrus, 12, 28, 33t, 40–1t, 44–53t, 55t, 59t, 61t, 80–1, 24, 224, 238–66t Biosecurity Incident Management System, 186–7 131t, 136–9t, 158–9t, 161–5t, 169–70t, 192t, 202, Australian Forest Products Association Subcommittee, Biosecurity Incident National Communication Network, 244–67t see committees see committees Citrus Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy, 212 Australian Government, 16, 18, 22 Biosecurity Incident Public Information Manual, 187 citrus canker, 188, 191t diagnostic services, 172 biosecurity manuals, 12, 32, 44, 61 National Citrus Biosecurity Program, 212 enterprise surveillance system, 152 biosecurity obligations, 208 Commission on Phytosanitary Measures, see committees Inspector-General of Biosecurity, 25, 43 Biosecurity Online Training, 196 committees, 18, 19f, 20, 235f, 236–67t legislation, 21t biosecurity plan for acacia species, 43 Agriculture Senior Officials’ Committee, 18, 19f, National Priority Plant Pests, 40t biosecurity planning, 11, 21, 44–5, 146 223 research, development and extension, 224–9 Biosecurity Portal, 179, 222 Agriculture Senior Officials’ Committee Research risk assessments, 128, 130, 142, 146 blueberries, 74, 137t, 244–67t and Innovation Committee, 19f, 223 surveillance, 150, 155 border biosecurity, 126, 142–9 Animal Health Committee, 19f

Note: f = figure, t = table 278 Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission Subcommittee on National Plant Health legislation, 21 Standards Committee, 129 Surveillance, 18, 19f, 152 market access, 136–9t Commission on Phytosanitary Measures, 128, Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics, 18, national committees, 18 272 19f, 166 see also committees INDEX Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant communication and awareness, 151f, 167, 185, 187, 200, National Priority Plant Pests, 40–2 Pests, 19f, 183 210–1, 222, 234, 266–7t Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, 146 Consultative Committee on Exotic Plant communication in an emergency plant pest response, 187 pest diagnostic services, 172, 147t Incursions, 217 community, 26, 35, 43, 126, 140, 146–7, 150, 155–7, post-border activities, 216 Environment and Invasives Committee, 18, 19f, 159t, 163–4t, 187, 200, 208, 211, 218, 232 pre-border activities, 128–9 218, 218 Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests, see research, development and extension, 224, 229, Grains and Plant Products Export Industry committees 231, 236–67t Consultative Committee, 134 Consultative Committee on Exotic Plant Incursions, see Solomon Islands Biosecurity Development Horticulture Export Industry Consultative committees Program, 141 Committee, 134 contingency plans, 40, 44, 54–9t, 179 surveillance, 151–3, 156–7 Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species training, 195 Implementation Taskforce, 19f of Wild Fauna and Flora, 24 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 24, 134 IPPC Implementation and Capacity Development cooperative research centres, 232–3, 235–67t Asia-Pacific capacity, 134, 152 Committee, 128 CRC for Honey Bee Products, 232 research, development and extension, 236–67t IPPC Strategic Planning Group, 128 Plant Biosecurity CRC, 232 Department of Home Affairs, 25, 144 IPPC Standards Committee, 128 cotton, 33t, 44–53t, 61, 64, 82–3, 137–9t, 158f, Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, 245–67t Marine Pest Sectoral Committee, 19f 158–65t, 169–71t, 173, 235f Department of the Environment and Energy, 24, 43 National Biosecurity Committee, 18, 19f, 140 research, development and extension, 33t, 236–67t legislation, 21t National Biosecurity Communication and Cotton Research and Development Corporation, 33t, 223, research, development and extension, 237–67t Engagement Network, 19f 227, 229, 236–67t detector dogs, 11, 22, 145, 257 National Biosecurity Emergency Preparedness CRC for Honey Bee Products, 232 diagnostics, 12, 26, 150, 166–81 Expert Group, 19f, 194 CSIRO, 25, 33t, 172–3t, 195, 216, 222–4, 236–67t Annual Diagnosticians’ Workshop, 167 National Fruit Fly Council, 18, 207, 266 cultural and mechanical control, 214 National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network, National Fruit Fly Strategy Advisory Committee, 167 179, 207 D National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Strategy, National Management Group, 19f, 183, 188 Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, 18, 20, 167 National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy 22–3, 25, 43, 126, 155, 179, 202, 223, 232 protocols, 168, 169–71t Implementation Committee, 19f, 223 Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper, 22, services and laboratories, 172–7t non-EPPRD consultative committees, 19f 135, 140, 147, 151–3, 156–7, 212, 244–67t see also Subcommittee on Plant Health Northern Australia Biosecurity Reference Group, 18 Asia-Pacific capacity, 134, 152 Diagnostics Pacific Plant Protection Organisation Executive bee pest surveillance program, 154 domestic quarantine, 26, 200–10, 242t Committee, 129 biosecurity import risk analysis, 130 see also Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine Plant Health Committee, 18, 19f, 40, 45 biosecurity plan for acacia species, 43 and Market Access Plant Health Surveillance Consultative Committee, border activities, 142, 144–6 dried fruit, 33t, 84 18, 152 don’t be sorry, just declare it, 144 see also viticulture Scientific Advisory Panel, 19f, 34, 183 exports, 134–5 Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and imports, 130–3t Market Access, 18, 19f, 201

279 E first point of entry, 142–3, 145 H Forest and Wood Products Australia, 223, 227, 229 education and awareness, 194 Forest Health and Biosecurity Subcommittee, see Handbook for the Identification of Fruit Flies, 178 Emergency Plant Pest categorisation, 183–4 committees hazelnuts, 33t, 45–53t, 92, 131t, 169t, 190t Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed, 17f, 19f, 44, 143, forestry, 46–53t, 158–65t see also nut industry 146, 182–96 biosecurity plan for acacia species, 43 High Priority Pests, 44–53t, 61, 134, 167 INDEX categorisation of pests, 184 crop production summary, 86–7 honey bees, 33t, 40–1t, 44–53t, 55–9t, 61t, 64f, 94–5, decision making under the EPPRD, 183 forestry surveillance strategy, 212 137t, 155, 183, 191–2t, 204 definition of an Emergency Plant Pest, 183 research, development and extension, 235f, bee biosecurity program, 213 evaluating activities under the EPPRD, 185 244–67t CRC for Honey Bee Products, 232 maintaining the capacity to respond to incursions, fruit, see horticulture diagnostics, 173–7t 194–6 fruit flies, 12, 40–1t, 45–53t, 55–9t, 136, 137–9t, 151, Exercise Bee Prepared, 12–3f, 31, 195–6 measures to encourage early reporting, 157 207, 175–7t, 189t, 201–8 National Bee Pest Surveillance Program, 154–5 PLANTPLAN, 32, 184, 195 Australian Handbook for the Identification of Fruit research, development and extension, 235f, training, 194–6 Flies, 12, 178 258–60t transition to management, 185 Centre for Fruit Fly Biosecurity Innovation, 230 surveillance, 158–65t Emergency Plant Pests, 183–96 National Exotic Fruit Fly Surveillance Program, training, 196 emergency responses, 17–9f, 31–2, 42, 147, 183–96 146, 158–65t horticulture, 39f, 64, 219, 228 Enterprise Surveillance System, 152 National Fruit Fly Council, 207 research, development and extension, 235f, environment, 10–1, 17f, 18–9f, 22–3, 42–3, 156, 182, national fruit fly symposium, 13, 209 244–67t 184t, 202, 209, 216–9 reinstating Tasmania’s fruit fly free status, 140 surveillance, 158–65t biosecurity plan for acacia species, 43 research, development and extension, 244–67t Horticulture Export Industry Consultative Committee, see Chief Environmental Biosecurity Officer, 13, 22–3, surveillance, see surveillance, fruit flies committees 43 Hort Innovation, 33t, 228 Department of the Environment and Energy, see G Department of the Environment and Energy I diagnostics, 173–7t general biosecurity obligation, 21, 208 general surveillance programs, 156–7 import risk analysis, 130 Environment and Invasives Committee, see imports, 17, 22–3, 129–33t, 142, 145, 146–7, 158t, 202, committees ginger, 33t, 44t, 45–53t, 88, 131t, 255t glossary, 272t 216 environmental biosecurity, 42-3 import conditions database, 129, 142, 144, 146 legislation, 21t Grains and Plant Products Export Industry Consultative Committee, see committees live import list, 24 National Environmental Biosecurity Response policy advice, 131–3t Agreement, 42, 182 Grains Farm Biosecurity Program, 159–65t, 211, 266t Australian Biosecurity Award, 211 industry consultative committee, see committees research, development and extension, 235f, industry profiles, 63–123 256–7t grains, 33t, 41t, 44t, 45–53t, 55–9t, 61t, 131t, 134, 136, 138–9t, 176–7t, 190t, 206t, 211, 223, 227, 229–30 industry representative bodies, 33 surveillance, 151f, 158–65t industry surveillance strategies and programs, 153–5 weeds, see weeds crop production summary, 64f, 90–1 research, development and extension, 235f, Inspector-General of Biosecurity, 25, 43 Export Document System, 17f, 135 Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity, 18, 19f, 20, exports, 134–42 236–67t surveillance, 152, 158f, 158–65t 194 Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity F Grains Research and Development Corporation, 33t, 152, 223, 227 Implementation Taskforce, see committees farm biosecurity manuals, 61 grapes, see viticulture international agreements, 22, 128–9 Farm Biosecurity Program, 210, 159–65t, 211, 213 growers, 16, 34, 38, 45, 61, 147, 156–7, 187, 207, International Clean Seed Pathway Workshop, 23 Grains Farm Biosecurity Program, 211 210–1, 219 International Plant Protection Convention, 22–3, 35, 128, 202

Note: f = figure, t = table 280 IPPC Implementation and Capacity Development National Biosecurity Communication and Engagement Northern Australia Biosecurity Reference Group, see Committee, see committees Network, see committees committees IPPC Standards Committee, see committees National Biosecurity Emergency Preparedness Expert Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, 17f, 141–2, IPPC Strategic Planning Group, see committees Group, see committees 146–7, 153, 158t, 174–5t, 177t, 216, 263t international plant health system, 134 National Biosecurity Response Team, 187 northern coastline, 146 International Plant Sentinel Network, 33, 156–7 National Border Surveillance Program, 145 Northern Territory INDEX International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, 128, National Citrus Biosecurity Program, 212 biosecurity services, 28 140 national committees, see committees legislation, 21t international trade, 24, 128–9 National Diagnostic Protocols, 168, 169–71t pest diagnostic services, 174t International Year of Plant Health, 13, 35 National Emergency Plant Pest Training Program, 195 regionalised pests, 203–4t interstate certification, 201 National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement, surveillance programs, 160t 42, 182 nursery industry, 106, 107f, 107t, 131–2t, 136–8t, 158t, J National Forest Biosecurity Surveillance Program, 212 160t, 164t, 235f, 258t National Fruit Fly Council, see committees crop production summary, 64f K National Fruit Fly Strategy, 207 research, development and extension, 235f, 258t National Fruit Fly Strategy Advisory Committee, see nut industry committees crop production summary, 64f L National Management Group, see committees research, development and extension, 235f, 248t land use in Australia, 39f national minimum dataset specifications, 140 see also almonds, chestnuts, hazelnuts, Landcare, 217–8, 256–64 National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network, 166–7 macadamias, pistachios, walnuts legislation, 21, 26–31, 130, 134, 135t national plant biosecurity diagnostics, 166 local government, 209 National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Strategy, 167 O lychees, 33t, 44t, 45–53t, 96 National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy, 223 Office of the Gene Technology Regulator, 25 National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy Implementation official control of quarantine plant pests protects overseas M Committee, see committees trade, 202 macadamias, 33t, 97, 137–8t, 244–67t National Plant Biosecurity Strategy, 18, 20–1 olives, 44t, 46–53t, 100, 132t, 136t, 255t see also nut industry National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy, 151 on-farm biosecurity, 210–3 managing biosecurity incidents, 186–7 National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance System biosecurity manuals, 61, 61t managing pests on-farm, 214 Framework, 151 Farm Biosecurity Program, 210 mangoes, 33t, 44–53t, 56–9t, 61t, 98, 132t, 136–9t, National Plant Health Surveillance Program, 152 Grains Farm Biosecurity Program, 211 170t, 190t, 203–5, 244–67t National Plant Surveillance Reporting Tool, 179 National Bee Biosecurity Program, 213 surveillance, 153, 160–5t National Priority Plant Pests, 40, 41t, 134 National Citrus Biosecurity Program, 212 Marine Pest Sectoral Committee, see committees national reference collections, 172 National Forest Biosecurity Surveillance Program, market access, 17f, 20, 22–4, 136–9t, 140, 235t National Temperate Fruit Biosecurity Surveillance 212 see also Subcommittee in Domestic Quarantine Strategy, 153 Vegetable and Potato Farm Biosecurity Program, and Market Access National Tropical Weeds Eradication Program, 217 213 MICoR, 17, 135, 179 New South Wales onions, 33t, 44t, 46–59t, 61, 61t, 101, 137t, 249–50t biosecurity services, 27 online systems supporting plant biosecurity, 179 N legislation, 21, 21t, 27 online training in biosecurity, 196 pest diagnostic services, 173–4t organisational contact details, 270–1t national and state oversight of domestic quarantine, 201–8 post-entry plant quarantine facilities, 147t National Bee Biosecurity Program, 213, 266t regionalised pests, 202t National Bee Pest Surveillance Program, 94, 154–5, 158t surveillance programs, 158–60t National Biosecurity Committee, see committees non-EPPRD consultative committees, see committees

281 P Plant Sure scheme, 219 reporting, 157, 182 pollinators research, development and extension, 222–67, 236–67t Pacific Plant Biosecurity Capacity Building Workshop, 24 research, development and extension, 235f, Australian Government agencies, 224 Pacific Plant Protection Organisation, see committees 258–60t collaborative research arrangements, 230–1 Papua New Guinea, 141, 146 see also honey bees cooperative research centres, 232 passionfruit, 44t, 45–53t, 102, 256t see also National Bee Pest Surveillance Program National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy, 223 INDEX pears, 33t, 44t, 46–53t, 56t, 61t, 68–9, 75, 131–2t, post-border biosecurity, 181–218 Plant Biosecurity Research Initiative, 229 137–9t post-border biosecurity – controlling pests and weeds, 199 research and development corporations, 226–8 permitted seeds list, 216 post-border biosecurity – eradicating new plant pests, research, development and extension projects, pesticide, 214, 214t, 236t 181–96 234, 234–5f, 236t Pest Information Document Database, 33, 54, 179 post-entry plant quarantine, 17f, 146–7t, 177t state and territory governments, 230 pest management, 209, 214, 235f, 236t potatoes, 118, 120, 131–3t, 136t, 139t, 163–5t, universities and private institutions, 230 pest response arrangements, 182 249–51t, 267t research funders and providers, 35, 224–67 pest risk analysis, 130, 131t, 133t Vegetable and Potato Farm Biosecurity Program, responses to emergency plant pest incursions, 188–93t phytosanitary measures and standards, 128–30, 134, 213 restrictions for interstate travellers and transport of 140, 168, 172, 254t practical training for biosecurity emergency responses, produce, 201 pineapples, 33t, 44t, 47–52t, 103, 132–3t, 246t 195 rice, 44t, 50–2t, 55–8t, 108, 243t pistachios, 104, 248t, 267t pre-border and border biosecurity, 125–47 risk assessments, 44, 128–30 see also nut industry pre-border biosecurity, 126–9 Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, 231–2, private sector, 34 S 236t protecting Australia’s plant resources, 37–61 Scientific Advisory Panel, see committees plant biosecurity RD&E, 221–67 processing tomatoes, 105 Plant Biosecurity Research Initiative, 229, 264t screening mail, 145 screening passengers, 144 plant biosecurity system, 12–35 Q Plant Health Australia simulation exercises, 12–3, 195–6 members, 33t qualifications for biosecurity emergency responses, 194 Exercise Bee Prepared, 196 role, 32–3 quarantine Exercise Fastidious, 195 Plant Health Committee, see committees domestic quarantine, 201–2, 208 Solomon Islands, 24, 141 Plant Health Surveillance Consultative Committee, see post-entry quarantine facilities, 147t South Australia committees see also Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy biosecurity services, 29 plant industry peak bodies, 34, 66–123 see also post-entry quarantine legislation, 21t, 29 plant industry profile, 64 Queensland pest diagnostic services, 175–6t Plant Innovation Centre, 224 biosecurity services, 28 post-entry plant quarantine facilities, 147t plant pests legislation, 21, 21t, 28 surveillance programs, 162t definition, 11, 183 pest diagnostic services, 174–5t spotted wing drosophila, 13, 38, 41t, 48t, 131t, 170t, see also High Priority Pests, Emergency Plant post-entry plant quarantine facilities, 147t 252t Pests and National Priority Plant Pests regionalised pests, 204–5t SPS Agreement, 128, 130 plant pest surveillance, 151–65t surveillance programs, 160–2t state and territory governments, 26–31 plant pest surveillance and diagnostics, 150–79 Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, biosecurity services, 27–31 PLANTPLAN, 32, 184, 195 230 contingency plans, 55t plant production, 64–123 diagnostic services, 173t Plant Protection Agreement for the Asia and Pacific R legislation, 21, 21t Region, 129 red witchweed, 217 post-entry plant quarantine facilities, 147t plant quarantine pest and official control national policy, regionalised pests, 11, 17f, 26, 40, 201–2, 202t regionalised pests, 202t 202 regional plant protection organisation, 129 research, development and extension, 230, 236t

Note: f = figure, t = table 282 surveillance programs, 158–65t T surveillance programs, 164t stone fruit, 10, 75, 110, 132t, 153, 159 viticulture, 29, 44t, 45–53t, 61t, 175t strawberries, 111, 132–3t, 137t, 139t, 246t table grapes, 33t, 115, 136–9t, 246–7t contingency plans, 56–7t Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market see also viticulture crop production summary, 84, 115, 123 Access, see committees targeted surveillance programs, 152–5 research, development and extension, 235f, 248–67t Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance, see Tasmania INDEX committees biosecurity services, 30 W fruit fly free status, 140 Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics, see Waite Research Institute, 230 committees legislation, 21, 21t, 30 pest diagnostic services, 176t walnuts, 122, 138t sugarcane industry, 10, 33t, 44t, 45–53t, 56–9t, 61t, 64, see also nut industry 112, 113t, 153, 158f, 161t, 169–70t, 175t, 204–5t, 217 post-entry plant quarantine facilities, 147t surveillance programs, 162–4t weeds research, development and extension, 235f, Australia’s weed biosecurity system, 216–9 242–3t Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, 230 Timor-Leste, 141, 146 coordination of weed management, 216 Sugar Research Australia, 33t, 56–9t, 175t, 223, 228–9, eradication and containment, 217 242–66t, 271t tomatoes (processing), 33t, 105, 136t, 138t, 189t trade agreements, 128 eradication of red witchweed, 217 summerfruit, 44t, 46–53t, 61t, 75, 110, 137–9t, 253t managing established weeds, 218–9 surveillance, 140–1, 144–7, 150–8, 151f, 158f, 158–63t training, 194–6 transition to management, 185, 189–90t, 251t National Tropical Weeds Eradication Program, 217 bee pest surveillance program, see honey bees Plant Sure scheme, 219 citrus biosecurity surveillance strategy, see citrus U preventing the entry of new weeds, 216 Enterprise Surveillance System, 152 research, development and extension, 234f, forest biosecurity surveillance strategy, see Ug 99, 40t, 51t, 54, 58t 236–67t forestry universities, 150, 167, 172, 194 weed risk assessment, 216 fruit fly, 140, 146, 152, 158–65t research, development and extension, 222, 226, Weeds of National Significance, 218, 218–9t National Bee Pest Surveillance Program, 154–5, 230, 254–67t Western Australia 158–65t urban, 27, 42, 151f, 152–3, 158f, 159–65t, 196, 209, biosecurity services, 31 National Border Surveillance Program, 145 212–3 legislation, 21t National Citrus Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy, research, development and extension, 235f, 260t pest diagnostic services, 177t 212 post-entry plant quarantine facilities, 147t National Forest Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy, V regionalised pests, 206t 212 vegetables, 10, 29, 33t, 34, 44t, 45, 45–53t, 61, 64f, 106, surveillance programs, 165t national minimum dataset specifications, 140 134, 137t, 153, 158f, 161–5t, 174–7t, 178, 189–91t, Wine Australia, 33t, 223, 228–9, 236–67t National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance System 201 wine grapes, 123 Framework, 151 contingency plans, 55–8t see also viticulture National Plant Health Surveillance Program, 152 crop summary, 118 World Trade Organization, 128, 201 National Temperate Fruit Biosecurity Surveillance research, development and extension, 235f, Strategy, 153 238–67t X Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, 142, 146, vegetable and potato biosecurity program, 213 xylella, 12–3, 40t, 41t, 42–3, 53t, 59t, 66t, 74t, 76t, 80t, 153, 158t Victoria see also National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance 84t, 97t, 100t, 107t, 110t, 115t, 123, 123t, 133t, 152, biosecurity services, 30–1 159–65t, 169t, 195, 223, 229, 264t Strategy emergency response, 31 see also Subcommittee on National Plant Health legislation, 21t Y Surveillance pest diagnostic services, 176–7t surveillance in northern Australia, 153 post-entry plant quarantine facilities, 147t regionalised pests, 206t Z

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