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Factors Regulating the Population Dynamics and Damage Potential of Pollen Beetle (Meligethes Aeneus F.) on Crops of Oilseed Rape

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Factors Regulating the Population Dynamics and Damage Potential of Pollen Beetle (Meligethes Aeneus F.) on Crops of Oilseed Rape Factors regulating the population dynamics and damage potential of pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus F.) on crops of oilseed rape Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Fakultät für Agrarwissenschaften der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen vorgelegt von Marie-Luise Tölle geboren in Gifhorn Göttingen, Mai 2014 D 7 1. Referentin/Referent: Prof. Dr. Stefan Vidal 2. Korreferentin/Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Andreas von Tiedemann Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 12.05.2011 Contents Table of contents page Chapter I General introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 The pest: Meligethes aeneus ............................................................................................. 2 Factors influencing the population dynamics of pollen beetle ............................................ 3 Possible effects of insecticides on population growth and damage of pollen beetle ........... 4 Parasitoids and parasitisation of pollen beetle ................................................................... 5 Trap cropping in oilseed rape ............................................................................................ 6 References ........................................................................................................................ 7 Chapter II Cultivar and phenology of winter oilseed rape affect the abundance and reproduction of Meligethes aeneus (Fabricius) ......................................................................................11 Abstract ............................................................................................................................11 Introduction .......................................................................................................................11 Materials and methods .....................................................................................................12 Results .............................................................................................................................15 Discussion ........................................................................................................................21 Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................................24 References .......................................................................................................................25 Chapter III Effects of insecticides on abundance of pollen beetles (Meligethes aeneus Fabricius) and yields in oilseed rape ..................................................................................................27 Abstract ............................................................................................................................27 Introduction .......................................................................................................................27 Materials and methods .....................................................................................................28 Results .............................................................................................................................30 Discussion ........................................................................................................................32 Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................................34 References .......................................................................................................................34 Chapter IV Effects of site-specific factors and insecticide application on parasitisation of Meligethes aeneus (Fabricius) ..........................................................................................37 Abstract ............................................................................................................................37 Introduction .......................................................................................................................37 Materials and methods .....................................................................................................38 Results .............................................................................................................................39 Discussion ........................................................................................................................44 Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................................46 References .......................................................................................................................47 I Contents Table of contents page Chapter V Effect of trap cropping and spatial targeting of insecticide application on the abundance and spatio-temporal distribution of pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus Fabricius) on oilseed rape .................................................................................................49 Abstract ............................................................................................................................49 Introduction .......................................................................................................................49 Materials and methods .....................................................................................................50 Results .............................................................................................................................52 Discussion ........................................................................................................................57 Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................................59 References .......................................................................................................................59 Chapter IV General discussion ............................................................................................................61 Factors regulating the population dynamics and population growth ..................................61 Effects of insecticide application on population growth and damage .................................65 Effects of site-specific factors and insecticide application on parasitisation .......................66 Effect of trap crops to control pollen beetle .......................................................................67 Approaches of integrating pest management strategies in oilseed rape ...........................68 References .......................................................................................................................69 Summary .............................................................................................................................73 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................75 Curriculum vitae .................................................................................................................76 Declarations/ Erklärungen .................................................................................................77 II Chapter I General introduction Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera Metzg.) (Brassicaceae) was the fourth biggest crop harvested in Europe in 2009 (FAO, 2011). In 1973, fewer erucic acid cultivars were established for the market and caused an increase in the cultivation area of oilseed rape in Germany (Brauer, 2007). The breeding of cultivars with low glucosinolate content advanced the production of oilseed rape for animal food. In addition, it is grown for oil, human consumption and renewable energy resources (Brauer, 2007). In 2010, 1.46 Million ha of oilseed rape were grown in Germany (UFOP, 2011). With an increasing area cultivated with oilseed rape, the reproductive success of oilseed rape pests, including the pollen beetle Meligethes aeneus (Fabricius) (Col.: Nitidulidae), have increased as well (Hokkanen, 2000; Alford, 2003). The pollen beetle causes high yield losses in oilseed rape, occasionally exceeding 80% (Ahuja et al., 2010). From 2007 until 2011 pesticide use has steadily increased in oilseed rape crops in Germany, particularly due to insecticide applications (Freier et al., 2012). The extensive use of pyrethroids for more than 20 years and the overlapping exposure of different oil seed rape pests caused resistance of M. aeneus against pyrethroid compounds (Zlof, 2008). Pyrethroid resistance has been recorded in several countries in Europe, including Germany (Heimbach et al., 2006), Denmark (Hansen, 2003), Sweden (Kazachkova et al., 2007), France (Délos, 2008), Finland (Tiilikainen & Hokkanen, 2008) and Poland (Wegorek & Zamoyska, 2008) in recent years. To reduce the application of synthetic insecticides in oilseed rape integrated pest management strategies are needed (Cook & Denholm, 2008). Knowledge on trap cropping and conservation biocontrol in oilseed rape has been collected for years (Hokkanen, 1991; Cook et al., 2006; Ulber et al., 2010b), but further information including the biology and behaviour of the pollen beetle are necessary. Particularly, the influence of locate climate conditions, site-specific factors and agricultural methods have to be included for a successful pest management strategy (Evans & Scarisbrick, 1994). For this, information about the mortality
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