GadShannan DESIGN
Akademin för Innovation, Design och Teknik
Designing a Very Light Jet
Master thesis work 30 credits, D-level
Product and process development, concurrent engineering Master Thesis Programme Innovation and Product Design
Per Nyblom
Report code: IDPPOPEXD:08:11 Commissioned by: GadShaanan DESIGN Tutor (company): Mladen Barbaric Tutor (university): Ragnar Tengstrand Examiner: Rolf Lövgren Abstract
Introduction
Very light jet is a hot subject growing stronger and stronger. The new type of air craft is an air plane that weighs less than 10000 pounds and uses a jet engine.
Problem
The student was proposed to designing a conceptual very light jet that could be used for inspiration and accepted the challenge.
Method
In this thesis the reader can follow the project progress in detail, the proposed methods and the results. The student divided the project into four activities analysis, creation, development and documentation.
Result The project ended with a concept very light jet with simple specifications. Illustrations for inspirational usage and a simulation testing for verification of the proposed concept specifications.
Keywords: Nm 1 nautical miles = 1.852 kilometres lb 1 pound = 0.45359237 kilograms ft 1 foot = 0.3048 metres in 1 inch = 0.025 metres MTOW Maximum take-off weight Pax Available Seats in an airplane both crew and traveller VLJ (micro jet) Very Light Jet, coined expression. FAA Federal Aviation Administration, www.faa.gov EASA European Aviation Safety Agency, www.easa.eu.int CAA Civil Aviation Authority PDF File format standard Intelligence Information that is presented easy to act on. Thrust Power given by a jet engine measured in pounds.
ii Acknowledgements
Thanks to GadShaanan DESIGN, the commissioner Mr Mladen Barbaric who has provided with this project and who made all of this possible, Colleges Minku and Damien who also contributed a lot. Thanks to Ragnar Tengstrand for his guidance. Thanks to Joe Kingham for his help in simulations, William E. Herp CEO of Linear Jet, Fazackerley Steve at CAA. Also thanks to the four girls on Barcley Street who all contributed in supporting my willpower to succeed.
iii Contents INTRODUCTION ...... 2 PROBLEM ...... 2 METHOD ...... 2 RESULT ...... 2 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 6 ABOUT VLJ’ S ...... 6 ABOUT GAD SHAANAN DESIGN ...... 6 PURPOSE OF THIS THESIS ...... 7 2. AIM OF PROJECT ...... 7 3. PROJECT DIRECTIVES ...... 7 COMMISSIONERS DIRECTIVES ...... 7 STUDENTS DIRECTIVES ...... 7 4. PROBLEM STATEMENT ...... 8 PROJECT SPECIFICATION ...... 8 Technical requirements ...... 8 Inspirational requirements ...... 8 5. PROJECT LIMITATIONS ...... 9 TIME AND MONEY ...... 9 ANALYSIS , CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT ...... 9 6. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND, SOLUTIONS & METHODS ...... 10 ANALYSIS ...... 10 CREATION ...... 12 Sketching ...... 14 DEVELOPMENT ...... 16 3D modelling ...... 16 Model Rendering ...... 17 Testing and flight simulation ...... 17 QFD ...... 17 7. APPLIED SOLUTION PROCEDURES ...... 18 ANALYSIS ...... 18 CREATION ...... 18 Aerodynamics ...... 21 Concept creation ...... 22 DEVELOPMENT ...... 26 3D model creation ...... 26 Simulation and adjustments ...... 27 Visualising the concept in realistic way ...... 29 8. RESULTS ...... 30 CHOOSING THE APPROPRIATE METHODS FOR DESIGNING A VERY LIGHT JET ...... 30 USING THE CHOSEN METHODS IN A CONTROLLED AND TRACEABLE WAY ...... 30 DESIGNING A VERY LIGHT JET ...... 30 Meeting the technical requirements ...... 30 Meeting the inspirational requirements ...... 31 SIMULATION RESULTS FROM X-PLANE ...... 32 9. ANALYSIS ...... 33 RESOURCES ANALYSIS ...... 33 The problem statement and the achieved result ...... 33 ANALYSIS OF THE CHOSEN METHODS ...... 33 Analysis ...... 33
iv Creation ...... 33 Development ...... 33 Summery and documentation ...... 34 10. CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 35 CONCLUSIONS ...... 35 RECOMMENDATION ...... 35 LEARNED FROM THE PROJECT ...... 35 OVERALL IMPRESSION ...... 35 11. REFERENCES ...... 36 DIRECT CONTACT ...... 36 LITERATURE ...... 36 DATABASE ARTICLES ...... 36 INTERNET PAGES ...... 36 Organisations ...... 36 Parts and products: ...... 37 VLJ producer’s sites: ...... 37 Other relevant sites: ...... 37 12. APPENDICES ...... 39 1 ANALYSIS ...... 39 1.1 Project specification ...... 39 Technical requirements ...... 39 Inspirational requirements ...... 39 1.2 GANTT ...... 40 1.3 Survey ...... 41 1.4 Benchmarking ...... 42 1.4.1 Benchmark graphs ...... 43 1.5 Least square calculation ...... 44 1.6 Walk through ...... 46 1.7 Function diagram ...... 47 2 CREATION ...... 49 2.2 Concept benchmark ...... 60 3 COMPARISONS ...... 68 4 SIMULATION ...... 69 5 QFD ...... 70 5.1 QFD Graphs ...... 71 5.2 QFD explanation ...... 72
v 1. Introduction
There is an increasing demand and coverage on VLJ’s so called very light jets. One the most searched words on Google the online search engine during 2007, had been reported to be “VLJ” according to Design Director Mr Mladen at GadShaanan DESIGN.
About VLJ’s A VLJ is a jet plane that weighs less than 10'000 pounds certified for single pilot operations. (NBAA, 2008)
The coined expression differs from different sources but all they all agree that is a jet plane that weighs less than 10000 pounds. However some references claim that they have four to eight passenger seats some that they are supposed to cost less than 4$ million. FAA, EASA however does use the same expression because of their system of classifications. VLJ’s have been proven useful for lowering operational costs and are able to travel on smaller airports. Thus competing in price, time and location with the larger scaled transportation air planes. The price of the new smaller jet air planes is giving smaller charter and air taxi companies a chance to own a jet plane. Today there are roughly a dozen VLJ’s in production all with their own competitive attributes trying to supply the demand on the market. Most VLJ's are produced as a purpose of taxi jets or private jets. The aim of Taxi Jets is to sell a flight ticket at the price of a regular business class ticket on for example a jumbo jet, but with the service of a private jet. Most air craft’s today are shared between owners reducing cost, hanger price and optimising flight time. The major difference in a VLJ and jumbo jet is that VLJ's are focused transferring a certain few persons and jumbo jets often as many as possible, reducing flight per person where the VLJ is designed to reduce price for the person that wishes to travel alone or with a small group of people and give the person faster and more accurate flight. When comparing VLJ's to small propeller planes in private or taxi sector they are not new. There is already an establishment where taxi air planes fly and operate, however with the low weight combined with the jet engine the time of flight is reduced significantly performing in some cases up to double the speed.
About GadShaanan DESIGN The company had made an assessment that this was the kind of inspirational project they wanted to act on. GadShaanan DESIGN is a company developing various products from mobile phones to trains working in fields of industrial design, engineering prototyping and marketing. On arriving to the first meeting Mr Mladen (also named as the commissioner in this thesis) told me about the change of plans and expressed his view on the current VLJ's how they were lacking design and aesthetics, he wanted me to design a concept VLJ more up to date with the car industry something new and impressive.
Current VLJ's are made by hand if compared with the car industry that has big product lines and spits out three new car roughly every two seconds. (Worldometer , 2008) Cessna delivered 45 Citation Mustangs in 2007 which is currently the only certified VLJ operating in Europe.
The commissioner Mr Mladen then proposed that the new project would be to design a new VLJ that they could use for inspirational purpose in future projects. There were some future projects they were planning and this project could be used to give inspiration for one of them.
6 (73) Purpose of this thesis The purpose of this thesis is to prove that the student is capable of comprehending and solving a problem statement in a scientific way. The thesis will explain the steps and the conclusions made along during the project of designing a VLJ for GadShaanan DESIGN, what went wrong, what succeeded and finally the result of this project. 2. Aim of project
After the first meeting both the student and the commissioner thought that the sky was the limit, the concept would become bigger than anything the student had done before, and from what they discussed it sounded almost impossible, almost.
”You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word: It is victory” (Sir Winston Churchill, 1940)
The aim of this project is, with the help of employees at GadShaanan DESIGN, in a scientific way design a concept VLJ that can be used as inspirational tool for further product development. The project will also teach the student more about real work. 3. Project directives
GadShaanan DESIGN is the commissioner who wished for the project to be an inspiration project for further development within their company. Therefore the project had few starting directives.
Commissioners directives Design a VLJ Maintain regular contact and meetings Access to two designers during CAD part of the project. Use their methods of development Access to give directives on produced material Sketches CAD Rendering and illustration
Students directives Besides the directives for the student there were also some directives made for the commissioner:
Supply relevant information regarding design Car industry and in-house design methods CAD frames for such relevant parts as chairs and cars Finnish the concept before the 11 June
With these Guidelines a project started, full of hopes and dreams of victory.
7 (73) 4. Problem statement
The problems that have been solved during this project are stated in this part of the report which can later be followed up in chapter 8. The problem was to design a VLJ, this problem can be broken down into sub problems that later can be divided into even smaller problems. However due to the project limitations sub dividing problems too much have been restricted and global definitions has been required to have a full concept with balanced depth.
Project Specification The project specification has been split into two parts to help identify project goals.
Technical requirements
Choosing the most appropriate methods for designing a very light jet. Using the chosen methods in a controlled and traceable way. Designing a very light Jet Weighing less than 10000 pounds Advanced Avionics Transporting passengers Flying with jet engine
Inspirational requirements
Creating a concept that can give inspiration for other projects. Being attractive ■ Perception ■ Cognition ■ Anthropometry ■ Geometry and colour language ■ Ergonomics Visualising the concept in realistic way
Due to the fact that the commissioner was interested in an inspirational concept with a high level aesthetics the project focused more on the visual aspect of the project specifications. ”Design presents brand values in visual form” (Prof. h.c. Peter Pfeiffer, Senior Vice President Design of Mercedes-Benz, Commerce Germany, 2006)
8 (73) 5. Project limitations
Time and money Due to the knowledge in this field of studies the student had a lot of information to take in a short period of time. Therefore the project limitation is first and foremost time where the student and the commissioner decided that the student would work until he went back to his homeland and this has been set to five months of project development. From the five months work the student has estimated the required time on each part to get the best results asked from the commissioner. This helped the student to not get overwhelmed with fulfilling the immense project of designing a conceptual VLJ air plane. Economically the student was provided with some material such as sketching tools, magazines from the commissioner and bought some on his own mostly for the sketching part of the project.
Analysis, creation and development Producing a project management of the required quality, literature used was narrowed down to two books, The Mechanical Design process has been used for overall management, Introduction to Private & Public Intelligence for structuring gathered information. Pilots handbook for aerodynamics and overall flying , Grunderna i numeriska metoder has been used for calculations. Several articles and documentations found on internet and databases have been used to get a better view regarding design and VLJ's customers, past, present and future. This is also due to the fact that VLJ’s is a very new product. Organisation sites such as FAA, CAA, EASA , aerospace producers have been a valuable asset. Information in databases has also been used to find articles regarding the subject such as consumer behaviour, car/empirical design and anthropometric. Software and hardware for this project are as followed OpenOffice , Pro Engineer , Adobe Photoshop and illustrator , X-plane , down to the hardware a laptop and some sketching tools.
9 (73) 6. Theoretical background, solutions & methods
The methods used for completing this project have been chosen together with the commissioner and from studies of literature. Where the aesthetic and product-feature methods were decided and provided from the commissioner and the overall design methods were picked by the student from the literature or created for this project. The list of the methods used are all following the order of the Gantt schedule, presented later in this thesis, to give an easy reference and structure.
Analysis This is the activity that creates the structure of the project. Defines the problem, defines what paths to take and how to reach the best results.
Project Planning What Project planning is the process used to organizing planned actions, money and resources within a project. Why To easier plan where and when to do things also to define what actions is needed in order to solve the project problem. How The list below show the structure used in this project to solve the problem statements of this project and is based on the project management from The mechanical Design process 1. Establish the problem 2. Plan how to solve it 3. Understand the problem and define methods 4. Generate alternative solutions 5. Evaluate solutions 6. Decide on acceptable solutions 7. Communicate results (Ullman, 2003, p. 16) When Early in the project when the problem is being defined a project planning that suite the problem is defined and used.
Project specification What A list of requirements that needs to be fulfilled during the projects life cycle. Why The list is created to use as a measurable goals also to know where to aim the project with this tool it is easier to see define the steps needed to reach these goals. How List goals that the project needs to reach to succeed. (Ullman, 2003, p. 72) When When defining the problem.
10 (73) Information gathering and reading What Finding and reading relevant information useful for the project. Why Without knowing your problem you cannot solve it, finding information about your problem will help to solve it. How This is done by collecting and reading relevant information the student will have to decide on his own what is relevant and what is not and what can be useful and not, all of the information that is regarded relevant should be handled with the method Intelligence. When During the analysis.
Intelligence What Intelligence is information that you can act on. Why This is to acquire information that can be useful and easy to use later during the project. How Intelligence is often divided into 3 steps but depending on the amount of searches the first two steps often have to be looped. 1. First search, at this point you do not know anything about the subject or you know a lot. Find relevant information and establish a basic knowledge around the problem. All search words and search areas should be documented. 2. The second step will be to extract better search words or search areas Figure 1 Results from searches, the from the first search. A quickly blue shapes represent the first look at the result is often the only searches, the green and the second step that is needed to see if it could more structured and finally the stars be what was searched. Sometimes are marked as intelligence material. it is hard to know exactly what is searched there for it is important to always keep track of what linked where and where leads ends and why. The first two steps should then be iterated until the exact or good enough information gathered. (Solberg Soilen, 2005)
When This is done when the problem has been or during the definition of the problem.
11 (73) Creation This are the activities were the student collects and use intelligence in various methods.
Customer analysis What Finding out who the targeted customer is and what they want. Why To define a targeted market, what the customer want and need. How Finding information regarding who fly business, income age social status. After acquired information estimating their needs and attraction. 1. Specify the information needed 2. Determine the type of data-collection method to be used 3. determine the content of individual questions 4. Design the questions 5. Order the questions 6. Take Data 7. Reduce the data (Ullman, 2003, p. 121) When Before trying to define the product.
Car analysis What Finding reoccurring features in new and award winning car design and the targeted consumer price range car. Why Because the car industry is very advanced in design, focused target groups and mass production. This area becomes a good reference as getting an up-to-date look on what is seen interesting and will be a future reference in design. How Looking at award winning car design to find repeated features, types of buttons, shapes, colours etc. When Before the creation activity for the sketching part.
Competition benchmark What Identify and evaluate the competition regarding VLJ's. Why Looking at the current market to get a good idea of the current competition there features and design. How Making a comprehensive specification list of the current VLJ's. Evaluating their specifications and design. (Ullman, 2003, p. 129) When This is done before the concept creation activity.
Expert analysis What Contacting users, pilots, producers, taxi companies, service technicians and sellers, retrieve information directly from persons involved with VLJ's. Why This is done to get a better view of the market and specifications that might not show on the producer’s homepage, also giving ideas on VLJ's future where they might evolve. How Questionnaires and other means of contact regarding users, producers, manufacturers and sellers personal view and future thoughts around the subject VLJ. (Ullman, 2003, p. 122) When Before concept creation activity.
12 (73) The walk through What To make a description of what a customer would experience with all the five senses using the concept, from first seeing to leaving the subject. Why To pinpoint and find the important features required to fulfil the customer’s needs and expectations. This is method similar to a function diagram (see next method), however the walk through emphases more on emotions and impressions. This can later be translated into specifications the user needs and desires. How Imagining all the steps, impressions and actions that a user would experience and perform. From the introduction of where the subject is seen to the end when the user leaves the subject. The imagined thoughts are documented and expressed without narrowing down exactly what solution is needed to solve it. When Done early in the concept creation activity, after specifying the problem that needs to be solved and when a good idea of what features and solutions the subject should give to the user. Method provided by the commissioner
Function Diagram What Method to define all the features needed in a product. Why This is used as a reference for creating new or different ways of solving requirements on the air plane. How By listing all the attributes that the product should do in verb + subject form. ( Stamatis, 2001, p. 55) When During the creation activity of the project this is a valuable tool.
Mood board What A table of images that gives a feeling of the final product and that helps to give a direction for the sketching. “Mood boards are often used by graphic designers to enable a person to illustrate visually the direction of style which they are pursuing. However, Mood boards can also be used to visually explain a certain style of writing, or an imaginary setting for Figure 2 The used moodboard a storyline. In short, Mood boards are not limited to visual subjects, but serve as a visual tool to quickly inform others of the overall 'feel' (or 'flow') that a designer is trying to achieve. Creating mood boards in a digital form may be easier and quicker, but physical objects often tend to have a higher impact on people.” ( wikipedia , 2008) Why The method is based on creating a feeling. The mood board gives an overall comprehension of what colours, shapes and impressions that should be expressed from the final product. Why Cutting out images from magazines and newspapers that can represent feelings and impressions that the solution should express. Arranging the cut out images on the Paper Marché in different ways documenting the different results picking the best solution. Elevating the images that are more important in the picture by adding more Paper Marché behind those images.
13 (73) Gluing the images to the Paper Marché and using this Board as a reference while sketching. When Before starting to sketch on concepts.
Sketching
What Sketching as a method of making a selling concept. Why Designing an innovative VLJ requires appealing aesthetics How All of the information gathered and evaluated in the beginning of the creation activity is used here. Through different sketching method ideas and concepts are created in a creative and informative way. When When the problem and the idea has been defined.
Tracing What Improving existing sketches and concepts. Why This is done to improve and strengthening an idea or a chosen concept also in order to make it more appealing for the consumer. How There are two ways of doing this Making a couple of first light lines then filling in the line or combination of curves that looks best. Using tracing paper to sketch over an old sketch thus having premade guidelines for the basic shapes and the freedom to change where ever wanted. Figure 3 One of many results from the use of tracing
When Multiple times during the sketching process, very useful to improve a chosen concept.
Creative sketching What Making several creative sketches of a subject. Why This is done in order to find new ideas. Widening the set of mind. How • Free sketching: Sketch what comes to your mind. • Combination: Combining the subject with another subject and illustrating the combination. Combining two different images, for example a jet engine and a trout. • Artistic sketching: Starting to draw some random lines and mixes of colours and building ideas from that. When Early in the process, it should be done before using methods to find concepts or ideas.
Mass production of ideas What Multiple rough drawings of solutions and ideas. Why The best ideas are never the first ideas, emptying your conscious will let get past the incremental ideas and produce the radical solutions. A great number of possible solutions help the innovation process. How Drawing everything you can imagine on a subject, quickly drawing rough
14 (73) sketches of images and ideas that pops into the conscious. (Ullman, 2003, p. 138) When This is done as the first stage of the drawing procedure. “He who spends too much time developing a single concept realized only that concept”.
Developing concepts What Increasing the output ideas on a certain area. Why To get a better product depth insight and development of certain ideas.
How Expanding and improving current ideas using creative tools like moodboard, function diagram, creative sketching and mass production.
Figure 4 How ideas branch into new ideas
When After choosing concepts.
Evaluating concepts What Evaluating and picking the best concept suited for continuing with. Why The project specifications are to evaluate and produce the best suited concept for the commissioner. How This is done by weighing the different concepts against each other with the Demand specification: Perception/Cognition Anthropometry Marketing Geometry Shape design Psychology (Rolf Lövgren, 2006) When When a certain amount of concepts have been produced.
Choosing a final concept What Choosing the best Concept for further development Why To have a clear idea of what solution is chosen, because after evaluating concept the best concept is then improved. How Picking all the features ideas into a solid idea. Letting the commissioner be a part of choosing the final concept and choosing interior parts and specifications. When When a certain number of concepts have been met.
15 (73) Development This is the activity that took the chosen concept and created an interactive three dimensional model and extracting illustrations.
3D modelling
What Creating the concepts in a 3D dimensional environment. Why This is done in order to better illustrate and create a model for future development. How Using the 3D CAD software called Pro Engineer Wildfire 2.0. When After the creation activity has been done.
Relearning Pro Engineer What Relearning the software Pro Engineer. Why In order to utilize the most of the software. In more advanced context this was done to learn more about surfaces that was needed in the creation of this product. How By doing some basic and advanced tutorials to get the feeling of the software. Also practising on making surfaces to understand the limitations and possibilities of this specific feature. Learning how to use and configure useful short commands. When This is done before attempting to make the 3D model.
Correcting features and curves What Redefining features, curves, shapes and sizes using prints. Why Acquiring a smoother and better design concept. Displaying a better overview and ability see and improve what works and do not work in an aesthetic way. This was also used to give the commissioner a way to give inputs to the concept in an easy and comprehensive way.
Figure 5 Applying sketched improvements in the Pro Engineer CAD modeling
How Printing the concept from three basic angles front, top and right views on large papers. Then sketching over them to find better curves. When Before going into details of the model.
16 (73) Model Rendering
What Extracting images from the three dimensional model Why In order to portray the three dimensional model as realistic as possible and to give an easy access inspirational tool. How The rendering software used was the built in rendering program of Pro Engineer. The commissioner recommended a software called Bunk speed however the student was not able to gain access to this software. To acquire the best appearance settings were changed: lighting positioning, strength, colour, softness, background, perception and reflection was changed on and around the model. The extracted rendering are compared with a chosen background and then adjusted in the software this iterative gives the best results relevant to the students knowledge of the rendering part of the software. When While finishing the concept.
Testing and flight simulation
What Using the simulation software X-plane to test the model and concept VLJ. X- plane is software used as a tool of learning for training pilots it is also used by companies and public people to create and test different existing and non existing air planes. Why Get feedback on the produced concept for future development and to use as a reference to see if the concept was a successful or not in the design. How Implementing the designed model and its specifications into the software X- plane running tests on the model and extracting performance specifications. When After specifying all features and finished model. (X-plane , 2008)
QFD
What A tool to evaluate and help specify requirements of concepts. Why The use of this tool in this project has been to verify and compare the new concept with the current competition. How The QFD lists the requirements from the different customers; it also lists the specifications that the products can perform in a measurable. The two lists are then compared to see what customer requirements can be or is related to product specifications thus making a link between customer needs and adjustable performances. For example to go fast is strongly connected with the thrust of the plane. When This is used early or last in the product development process.
17 (73) 7. Applied solution procedures
Designing a VLJ , also referred to as a private business jet or micro jet. All have a common red thread, it is a jet plane that is very small, light and mainly for businessmen. The importance is to land the concept in the definition area at the same time not being exactly the same.
Analysis The first things done in the project was to structure and analyse the problem and collect information needed to solve the problem. This was done by acquiring articles and public definitions regarding the subject, using the intelligence method (p. 11) to create information to act on. A definition of VLJ was defined. With this information the student could then evaluate the project limitations and make a project specification (p. 8). The project specification changed the general definition “Designing a very light jet” to the current list of requirements. There is an abnormality in design process due to the fact that the commissioners requirement on a high aesthetic level. The project specification that states the wanted solutions and this was used to define what information, tools and required time / action would be needed and put in a Gantt (appendix 1.2). With the time schedule and the project specification the student could now in a scientific way follow the projects progress with a plan of action that could be controlled with the project specification. Other specifications such as project limitations and a report structure was defined and has been followed up during the projects life time, all found earlier in this thesis. The student then continued to search for actionable information read various books and articles on subjects such as product development, aerodynamics, aesthetics consumer behaviour, anthropometrics, car design. He also send out a survey to 60 different companies and persons, the questions we divided into three categories producer/seller/other, user/pilots/repairmen and experts (appendix 1.3). There were few responses. All this was done to try and get a good general perception of the product and task at hand.
Creation The activities were the student used intelligence in various methods for creating the concept VLJ.
Competition benchmark In the mechanical design process (Ullman, 2003) Ullman says that benchmarking (p. 13) should only be done in consideration to the customer and in the value of the customer. The student did this first because it would give him a good overview of the current competition and what the market was looking at when comparing and estimating advantages. When it comes to complex vehicles like air planes there are millions of things to take in consideration for the customer from how fast the Air plane flies to the colour of a button. The student compared the information that was accessible and of seemed to be of interest to the future customer. The benchmark made between the current VLJ (appendices 1.4), the student listed thirteen different air planes where one is not really meeting the requirements in weight but it was interesting in size and speed. The specifications are not always valued in consideration to the customer because the complexity of translating all specifications into user values and then converting them back would be too big. The results showed a medium of 40x40 feet sized air plane that had a cruise speed at 350 knots with 6 seats. This gave the student something to aim for and to
18 (73) use as a reference. From this he was also able to print some interesting graphs such as comparison between the different VLJ's in terms of weight / pax and weight /thrust.
Defining the customer The student started to define who the customer is (p. 12). The student sent out a questionnaire to almost 70 different companies/persons related to VLJ’s. The student received only one reply. However after a several tries he was able to define his search words well enough to find some relevant information. “Top management was the largest group of passengers for six months during the year of 1997. (57 percent) were top managers (Chairman, CEO, COO, CFO, Board Directors) or senior managers (Executive or Senior Vice President). Middle managers (Vice President, General Manager, Director) and Technical, Sales, Service, Professional or Contract staff comprised just over one-fourth (26 percent) of those passengers, and 1 out of 10 passengers in the last six months was a customer. Passengers report spending nearly half (48 percent) of their time aboard company aircraft in work-related meetings, conferences, or discussions with other company employees or customers, compared with only 8 percent of time in these activities while aboard commercial aircraft.” Found in Louis Harris poll (NBAA , 1997) “UK business passengers using Heathrow had the highest average incomes at £79,000, compared with £67,000 at Gatwick and Luton Airports and £57,000 at Stansted. North of the border, average business incomes were lower, at £53,000 in Edinburgh and £50,000 at Aberdeen.” CAA Passenger Survey Report (CAA , 2005) From this information the student could verify what the commissioner had stated, that the targeted customer for a VLJ is in fact managers or higher. The student then combined this information between car design and the concept air plane, the commissioner wanted a jet plane more like a car. The analysis that the student made was comparing recent award winning cars over 30'000$ finding reoccurring design that could be used as guidelines for the aesthetics and features. Noted subjects such as dark colours and silver highlights was very common, buttons that was integrated with bright colours indicating easy use and where about.
Evaluating required amount of passengers Chosen from gathered information, benchmarking and questionnaires, the student had to do a compromise with the commissioner who had stated that he wanted a “6-8 seater”. The market showed a more usefulness with fewer seats: “Average business jet load factor is just 2.3 passengers” Company co-founder of Blink, Peter Leiman (ainonline, 2008) “National Aviation average passenger count for business flights has a passenger load factor is 3.9.” (NBAA , 1997)
William E. Herp, President and CEO of Linear Air told to the student during an interview with the student march 2008, that currently in a Cessna air plane that carries 8 persons has an average of 3 persons per flight, and with their ordered Eclipse he estimates and average of 2 out of 6 seats will be filled. The stated 6-8 seats were an estimation made by the commissioner. The research showed transportation for a smaller amount of passengers would the best solution therefore six seats were the best choice within the specified amount. One or two of these seats would be pilot seats.
19 (73) Interior specifications Using simple knowledge in ergonomics and measurements from anth ropometric sizes (Naval Biodynamics Laboratory, 1988) intelligence was extracted and later used during the sketching and 3D modelling process. Measurements of interior area were taken from current VLJ’s to be used as reference measurements. Interior from c ars was studied to use as feature and aesthetic guidelines.
General airplane specification Choosing the engine is often done to match the specifications of the plane such as weight and size (Federal aviation Administration Washington DC , 1980). In order t o find a good starting point in size and thrust to work around the student used current Figure 6 Naval information from competitors. A trend line would enable a good view of what an biodynamics average size would need for a thrust. The spread area of length and width of each VLJ and there thrust was plotted on a graph. The points on the graph defined a trend of around what thrust was needed for a certain size. Because the system was over defined the trend of how thrust and weight interacts for current VLJ is hard to say by looking Th erefore the student decided to use the least square method to define a linear line. With the matrix calculation and linear equation the stu dent calculated a straight line (appendix 1.5).
Illustration 1: Thrust/Area, Blue current VLJ's, Red Least Square calculation
With the line as a reference the student could now change size of the concept if needed and get a rough idea of the required thrust that this change would implicate.
The e ngine PW625F was chosen due to the small size and good thrust of 2,500 pounds. However later in the project this came to change due to large cabin space and simulation results. The fuel was chosen to 2'000 pounds estimated from the current VLJ D -Jet that had the same size and thrust.
From the first estimations the student found that D-jet that was a good reference due to the similarities. The specifications gives us more information about the chosen size such as distances, which is up to 1300 nautical mile s for D-jet on the amount of 1740 pounds of fuel. (diamondaircraft, 2008). From the site FAA the student was able to find information regarding fuel storage. “Fuel is by regulations from FAA always stored in th e wings.” (FAA , 2008)
The student also had to meet the requirements of using advance d avionics; this is referred to as a glass cockpit. A glass cockpit is an aircraft cockpit that features electronic instrument
20 (73) displays. Where a traditional cockpit relies on numerous mechanical gauges to display information, a glass cockpit utilizes several computer displays that can be adjusted to display flight information as needed. This simplifies aircraft operation and navigation and allows pilots to focus only on the most pertinent information. They are also highly popular with airline companies as they usually eliminate the need to employ a flight engineer. “In recent years the technology has become widely available in small personal aircraft.” (Wikipedia , 2008) Comparing the different VLJ's gives some interesting information. Garmin 1000 is the only avionics in a VLJ that has been approved by European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA, 2008) Most VLJ that have done flight testing and have advanced to flight testing are using the Garmin 1000 (garmin , 2008). Those found having different avionics usually have installed a lighter version from the same producer such as G500 information found on various VLJ producers homepage. The Body is often build up out of cylinders later in production mated together by bolts, there are some of the newer planes these days are built with a frame together with composite shell, however the commissioner expressed that he wanted the body to be made by aluminium. The difference changes in price / material, life and production time and methods. With the conventional production, the student had too little time to go deeper than looking at current production ways and used materials. Information was found at different sites and books.
Aerodynamics
The optimal shape for least resistance of an object travelling through air is often referred to a drop of water, it automatically shapes itself to pass the air particles at the same time without losing it is homogenise body. This can also be observed from current natures own, the fastest bird Falco Peregrinus that has documented speeds up to 168 miles/hour. The body is elongated with two Figure 7 Falco Peregrinus sleek wings and a tail for increased control. The head as the peak is progressively decreasing angle creasing as seen in mathematical curves such as Fibonacci spiral. The front should there for have a decreasing curve as seen on almost all current jet air craft’s. Obtaining “lift” with this shape is however not possible, Thus the obviously need of wings. There have been many other scientists who have tried to solve the calculation of flying one of the commonly used Bernoulli's principles Figure 8 Aerofoils found in Pilots that explains the movement of a particle is longer on the handbook of aeronautics knowledge upper side of a wing thus creating the lift however this theory has been proven not true. “Lift occurs when a moving flow of gas is turned by a solid object.” (NASA , 2008). This is calculated from Newton’s third law and seems to be the most accepted law from the different sites and books the student has studied. The student studied other aircrafts. After careful consideration the student choose the aerofoil most usable for this concept the sub-sonic aerofoil. (Federal aviation Administration Washington DC, 1980)
21 (73) Concept creation
For the project to be successful a fully 3D model was required from the commissioner he provided guidance and information regarding methods and aesthetic design where the student learned a lot. The first methods provided by the commissioner was the walk through (appendix 1.6) together with the mood board, used a lot among industrial designers these tools are for creating unified features, shapes and colours for a specific product. After creating the walk through the student created a function diagram (appendices 1.7) from the acquired information and from previous knowledge gathered. Sketching was chosen as the best method (p. 14), thinking up new ideas is easier and faster to note and illustrate with pen and paper than with 3D model program. It is a better solution then modelling the ideas that can sometimes be abstract and complex directly into modelling software. The sketching started with creative sketching using tools such as tracing and mass amount sketching (p. 14) ”Standardization may not be as prevalent or profitable as perceived” Margaret Bruce, Lucy Daly, and Kenneth B. Kahn. The student have implicated this recommendation in the aesthetics of the project giving the concept the little extra edge and satisfying the commissioners request in areas such as window shape and tail wing. The sketches Figure 9 The used moodboard were not dark enough to be portray well on computer and due to the weight and size the student decided to leave the hard copies in Canada, however a few sketches was recovered using Photoshop. See below for a few examples or (appendices 2.1) Methods used here was initially to gain a creativity with creative sketching (p. 14) and then to mass produce ideas. (p. 14)
Figure 10 Initial idea sketches
22 (73)
Figure 11 Detailed ideas and sketches
From the high number of ideas a number of seven concepts were chosen (p. 15) estimated to all meet the technical requirement from the project specification (appendix 2.2). The concepts were therefore evaluated on the Inspirational requirements using a modified list of design, Reference frames for design “Referensramar for Formgivning” (Rolf Lövgren, 2006). Key word evaluated on the concepts was as following: ■ Perception/Cognition ■ Anthropometry/Ergonomics ■ Marketing ■ Geometry ■ Shape design ■ Psychology
Figur 12:Choosen concept from Inspirational evaluation The concept that achieved the highest score was concept number six. (appendix 2.2.6)
23 (73) After the concepts had been evaluated the student continued to improve concept number six, a few of the recovered sketches can be seen below.
Figure 13 Several tracing scetches All the new sketches of concept 6 were presented where the commissioner pick the sketch he liked the most in order for the project to be inspirational for GadShaanan DESIGN, see below.
Figure 14 Sketch picked by the commissioner
24 (73) The picked sketch was chosen together with some mixed subtractions and additions found on other presented sketches. He wanted to add a split tail wing and the engine between, also found on a currently operational VLJ “The jet” (the-jet , 2008). He wished to make the main wings slimmer with longer reach and without the front stabilising wings and the air intake would be above instead of below.
Figure 15 The final sketch concept
25 (73) Development This part of the thesis is where the student created the 3D model and evaluated the concept.
3D model creation
The student used the same model program as the company used which was Pro Engineer 2.0. After relearning the Pro Engineer (p. 16) the student continued to try and illustrate the concept. The student used the feature Assembly with a skeleton model. The function of the skeleton model is to: • contain key assembly constraints • act as a conduit for “sketching” a design by adding geometry to complement a layout • serve as the hub of data sharing • allow assembled components to interact with the parent assembly, insulating it from failure of component placement. (PTC , 2008) These functions made it easier to model and have a reference to work from. The 3D modelling was harder than the student initially had anticipated; more over the software had problems implementing changes later in the process thus leaving the student no choice but to restart from scratch a certain number of times. Reference measurements calculated from earlier were added such as length, width and circular diameter. After several rebuilding the student was finally able to get the required shapes, using methods such as skeleton sketching, surfacing, polishing curves and more. (p. 16)
Figure 16 previous creations, printed overview and fol lowing adjustments
The commissioner helped to sketch over printed views of the 3D model to improve curves and focus the student on the chosen concept. When everything had been done with the exterior it was time to start the rendering according to the Gantt, time had flown away on small problems and the student rushed trying to build the interior along with seats etc. together with preparing the exterior for renderings.
While designing the seats the commissioner pointed out that the seats were floating inside the VLJ. Even though using references the sizes had become abnormal. The extra large cabin space was not calculated, leaving the student with an almost too large VLJ. Unable to resize the plane due the fact that the software could not resize such a complex 3D model, the student had to make a choice how to handle the problem. A to large plane could compromise the performance in an unanticipated way and having “a too large cabin” would even if correct in size not look real, thus making the final inspirational images not convincing. The student thought that a size change could be a good solution and it would mean less required thrust while performance would go up, according to Mr Kingham (certified pilot and computer specialist). The change
26 (73) from 40x40 ft to 30x30 ft would mean a thrust of 2013 lb instead of the calculated 2559 lb calculated with the least point method. To verify the new estimation the student resized the seats larger instead of sizing the air plane smaller. Next page shows two figures of before and after the size change.
Figure 18 3D model large version
Figure 17 3D model smaller version
The results were better than expected. Some adjustments would have to be done; the walls at the moment of the testing were somewhat too big for arm support and the future features such as work table and cup holder.
Simulation and adjustments
Simulations was done in an software called X-plane that can handle personal made 3D objects and enter estimated specifications it can then calculate and simulate flight using bladed element theory. Blade element theory (BET) is a mathematical process originally designed by William Froude (1878), David W. Taylor (1893) and Stefan Drzewiecki to determine the behaviour of propellers. It involves breaking an airfoil down into several small parts then determining the forces on them. These forces are then converted into accelerations, which can be integrated into velocities and positions. (wikipedia , 2008) The blade element theory is based on the same principals as NASA calculates with as presented in creation activity (p. 21) of the project; however the software simulates forces on divided surfaces instead of the stated gas particles moved by a solid objects surface. During simulations Mr Kingham made some improvements to the performance testing different specifications while the student was able to find a new engine that could match the new thrust. From the simulations a thrust of 1800 would be appropriate, The student used the old calculations and found that the answer was good with the least point calculation, outcome was a speed of 340 KTS. The student found the Williams FJ33-4A-19 a perfect match for the concept VLJ. The dimensions have been taken from the (williams , 2008). However the exhaust pipe was a little short to direct the thrust stream 100% in the right direction at this stage the student could not implement any new changes.
Figure 19 The model with FJ33 engine Figure 20 Engine Williams FJ33 27 (73) Mr Kingham then used the specific dimensions from the concept and recreated the model for X-plane due to the fact that the model was not compatible for the simulations program thus the not exactly same windows. He then t est flew the concept in X-plane (x-plane , 2008) giving it thumbs up in aviation attributes , nice handling and an overall nice flight. A recorded video from the flight can be acquired from the student and this film will be available in t he disc that wi ll be sent to the commissioner.
Figure 21 A few screen shots from the first simulated flight There were some changes such as a new fuel size to lower the MTOW, a fter the simulation it was calculated to 1'500 pounds. This would lower the estimated range to around 1163 nautical miles, using a percenta ge calculation with the same engine and roughly the same weight. 1350 nm / 1740 lb = 0.78 nm/lb →1500 lb * 0.78 nm/lb ≈ 1164 nm This gave the concept longer flight than three current VLJ's and around the same as two others. The concept VLJ have been added to the weight of current VLJ's from earlier together with the new specifications and can be vie wed on appendices 3.
28 (73) Visualising the concept in realistic way
”some degree of localization or rationalization is necessary to make the product acceptable to the market” (Margaret Bruce, Lucy Daly, and Kenneth B. Kahn, (citing Kotler , 2000)) In order to give the commissioner the most realistic concept the student took a photo in a local environment, mounted a rendering of the 3D model and edited them the rendering to fit with each other. Figure 22 Rendering of This was done to make the most realistic image where the user, concept VLJ commissioner and employees of GadShaanan DESIGN, can identify themselves with. The settings in Pro Engineer are limited and were trials for the student get some good renderings during the short period of time remaining. The student printed two images to show the commissioner before returning home to Sweden. The student
Figure 23 Photo taken in Montréal by the student have created a couple more printable images on arriving in Sweden that will be additional inspiration this will be burned to a disk and sent to the commissioner together with this report and the Pro Engineer 3D model.
QFD Evaluation of concept versus competitors The requirements of this subjective statement the concept had to be evaluated from the final customer which in fact is the commissioner. His response to the final print outs was that there were some things that had some interest to them. However a QFD was made to evaluate and verifying the results between the most interesting VLJ's. To QFD used partially collected and estimated data. (appendices 5)
Figur 24 The QFD reduced in size The concept VLJ meets the requirements from the market best of the four. However it was evaluated as runner up compared to the product specifications of Cessna Mustang.
29 (73) 8. Results
The documentation below is the results of this project. The results below can be followed up with the project specification and use as a reference to compare if the problems have been solved.
Choosing the appropriate methods for designing a Very Light Jet
The list of methods used in this thesis has all been explained in chapter 6 and 7. Most of them are from th e read literature and some of them have explicitly been made to suite this project.
Using the chosen methods in a controlled and traceable way All the methods used can be checked on the Gantt schedule (appendix 1.2), with this schedule the student have bee n able to control and document the progress of the project. The documentation can now be used to trace back steps and actions in a time line.
Designing a Very Light Jet Documented files for further development has not been required to present to the commi ssioner, however a disc will be sent to the commissioner. The disc containing the inspirational illustrations, 3D model, produced results from each method together with gathered information such as links, contacts and research documentation including this thesis.
Meeting the technical requirements Figur 25 Overview of the concept VLJ
Below are the final specifications of the Concept VLJ , here we can see the final results and check it against the stated project specification (appendix 1.1).
Weighing less than 10000 pounds The estimated maximum takeoff weight of the air plane will be 5'500 pounds. There for far below the required VLJ mark 10'000 pounds. The material used is mainly aluminium that is structured with partial cylinders mated together to create the body, as done in conventional air plane.
Transporting passengers The transportation specifications have been chosen optimal at 6 pax. Where 1 -2 seats are pilot seats in the front and the rest 4 -5 are passenger seats. There are two entrances to the concept VLJ such as on a sports car, one o n each side, giving a smooth and easy exit for the customer, thus removing the conventional aisle giving more space on each sides for larger arm rests and more robust work tables, meeting the requirements of relaxation and work space. The interior diamete r has been set to 6.1 ft, which is still a large cabin size compared with others.
Figur 26 Concept30 VLJ (73) planned seating
Flying with jet engine The engine chosen for the concept VLJ is one Williams FJ33-4A-19, which has a thrust of almost 1900 pounds. 1500 pounds fuel will be stored in the wings.
Figur 27 Concept VLJ engine placing Advance avionics Due to the efficiency and proven usefulness Garmin G1000 was chosen as the best avionics instrument panel for the concept VLJ.
Meeting the inspirational requirements
Below are the inspirational requirements compared with the results.
A concept to give inspiration for other projects Printable inspirational illustrations of the concept will be sent to the commissioner for easy use in other projects.
Figur 28 Rendering of concept jet
31 (73) Evaluation of attractiveness The requirements of this subjective perception was evaluated from the final customer which in project is the commissioner. The response was that there were some interesting ideas and shapes that could be of use for them.
Figur 29 Rendering of concept VLJ
Visualising the concept in realistic way The image below is one of the two printed images shown to the commissioner. These images along with some more like the one above will be sent to the commissioner as printable material for inspiration usage.
Figur 30 One of the inspirational renderings of the concept VLJ
Simulation results from X-plane The simulation results such as take off speeds lengths, in flight data and weights can be found in appendices 4, a simulated flight video can be acquired from the student on disc. Something to note is that maximum cruise speed is as high as 340 kts; minimum runway is 1200 ft and almost half the weight requirements 5'500 lb.
32 (73) 9. Analysis
The student have here analysed his work and the achieved results.
Resources Analysis Below is an analysis of the different activities and the produced result.
The problem statement and the achieved result
Looking at the project specification and the results at the same time, it shows that the proposed concept is a functional concept that weighs less than 10000 pounds, uses advanced avionics, can transport passengers and operates with a jet engine not only with the specifications but also with the verification of the simulation flight. The concept is of course in theory and this should be taken in consideration, the specifications from the project are only defining the shell of the concept jet. The demand to make the concept attractive has been proven by basing its conclusions on the target consumer, there taste and opinion has been emulate onto the concept jet. The commissioner has expressed his thoughts on the project where as some parts were interesting for them in the future, thus making the project useful as a inspiration and fulfilling the last demand the specified problem statement.
Analysis of the chosen methods
Analysis
The information gathering and overall structure of the analysis part was well defined by literature (Ullman, 2003, p. 10) and is a core for producing a good result. There were some lack of restrictions in depth of the project and a method or process for defining this would have been useful.
Creation
The proposed methods have been taken from literature and a few provided to the student by the commissioner. Most of the methods from the commissioner were used to improve the overall design and aesthetics of the concept, methods from the student was used to specify key parts of the concept. The use of the methods from two different sources that was not included to each other made it hard to merge the methods together creating the concept more divided then homogeneous. The QFD should have been used during the creation phase for a more well defined evaluation method, however the results are likely to have been similar.
Development
The first part of this phase methods were intended to specify at the same time create 3 dimensional visual parts, improving productivity and utilized maximum time. The methods enhance the reality of the concept thus improving the inspirational concept. The simulation and QFD was used to verify the results against competing products on the market to see if the concept is competitive and realistic in scientific and market factors.
33 (73) Summery and documentation
Gantt was chosen as method to document and follow the project progress. Additional documentation methods such as intelligence from analysis phase were also used to keep track and create useful information.
34 (73) 10. Conclusions & recommendations
Conclusions Comparing the demands of the project with the results shows that the student has worked for a specified goal and succeeded. Whatever the results of the project became, the goal of the thesis was for the student to first in a scientific way comprehend a complex problem propose a method of solution and solve the problem based on what the student has learned during his study time. Secondly the student has done this thesis to gain real work experience in the field of studies. Both of which the student has taken a lot of experience from learned a lot from.
Recommendation It could be for anyone wishing to use the produced information in this thesis to continue to look at the points below: With the function diagram create a specified list of features Create FMEA, DFA and DFM on the features. Update and add the features into the 3D model. Create a Bill of material list. Interesting literature such as “designing a Jet for students.” This could be useful for more accurate calculations and instructions. This book was found to late during the project or else it would have been used. Check with FAA's Rule 23, and Part 135 Certification: Single Pilot, Single Pilot-in- Command, and Basic Part 135 Operators. www.faa.gov Keep updated and single pilot requirements for jets in Europe at EASA. www.easa.eu.int Establish a contact with suppliers such as Garmin for information regarding their control panel and Mecaer America Inc for landing gear. Optimizations for sell points such as flight speeds flight and lengths Reducing stall time at airports, optimizing leaving, landing refuelling, entering/exiting passengers baggage’s. Optimizing sight from plane giving a “flying in the air experience” Optimizing working conditions in airplane key subjects such as reducing noise and providing comfortable seats with stable work tables and outlets for laptops.
Learned from the project The biggest lesson learned is to follow the time schedule, to move on with the results created instead of perfecting. No project has a perfect result no matter how hard one try's, from every step taken towards the goal hidden paths appear and missed shortcuts can be seen reaching the top. Last but not least call instead of email!
Overall impression The time spent in Canada has been invaluable lesson to the student, all the mistakes will he now know how to avoid and all the results will he take with him for his future carer. Last but not least, He is really grateful to GadShaanan DESIGN and the Mr Mladen accepting him to do this project.
35 (73) 11. References
Direct contact William E. Herp, President and CEO Linear Air Fazackerley Steve, CAA (20080306)
Literature Federal aviation Administration Washington DC, 1980, Pilot’s handbook of aeronautical knowledge d, US department of transportation Pohl, Peter 1999, Grunderna i numeriska metoder , NADA KTH Solberg Soilen, Klaus, 2005, Introduction to Private & Public Intelligence: The Swedish School of Competitive Intelligence , Studentlitteratur AB Stamatis, D. H. 2001, Six sigma and beyond , CRC Press Svenska Språknämnden 2000, Svenska Skrivregler , Liber AB Ullman, David G. 2003, The Mechanical Design process , McGraw Hill
Database articles Engineering Emotional Values in Product Design -Kansei Engineering in Development, Simon Schütte Delineating Design Factors that Influence the Global Product Launch Process Margaret Bruce, Lucy Daly, and Kenneth B. Kahn, 2007 PU Anthropometry and mass distribution for human analogues, Volume 1: Military Male Aviators Naval Biodynamics Laboratory, March 1988 Engineering Emotional Values in Product Design -Kansei Engineering in Development Simon Schütte
Internet pages
“Referensramar for Formgivning” (Rolf Lövgren, 2006), found at www.mdh.se (20080304)
Organisations
Federal Aviation Administration (20080212) www.faa.gov Single Pilot, Single Pilot-in-Command, and Basic Part 135 Operations (20080316) http://fsims.faa.gov/wdocs/8900.1/v02%20air%20op%20&%20agency%20cert/chapter%2004/ 02_004_006.pdf The Very Light Jets (VLJs) are coming… (20080213) http://www.faa.gov/news/conferences_events/aviation_forecast_2005/breakout/media/3- Don%20Taylor.ppt Civil Aviation Authority (20080212) www.caa.co.uk UK Airport Statistics (20080213) www.caa.co.uk/airportstatistics CAA publishes Air Passenger Survey (20080316) http://www.caa.co.uk/application.aspx?catid=14&pagetype=65&appid=7&newstype=n&mode =detail&nid=1362 European Aviation Safety Agency (20080213) www.easa.eu.int National Business Aviation Association (20080303) http://web.nbaa.org/
36 (73) NBAA Training Guidelines for Single Pilot Operations of Very Light Jets and Technically Advanced Aircraft (20080314) http://web.nbaa.org/ops/safety/vlj/introduction/1-4- definitions.php Survey of Companies Using Turbine-Powered General Aviation Aircraft for business Transportation (20080314) http://web.nbaa.org/public/news/stats/louis_harris_poll.pdf National Aeronautics and Space Administration (20080304) www.nasa.gov What is lift? (20080323) http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/lift1.html
Parts and products:
G1000 (20080321) www.garmin.com/products/g1000/ Hydraulic Systems :: PROGRAMS APPLICATIONS :: Eclipse Aviation E500 VLJ (20080321) http://www.mecaer.ca/products/?id=86
VLJ producer’s sites:
Adam Aircraft Industries (20080221) http://www.adamaircraft.com/ Diamond Aircraft (20080225) http://www.diamondaircraft.com/aircraft/djet/ Eclipse Aviation (20080224) http://www.eclipseaviation.com/ Embraer - Empresa Brasileira de Aeronáutica S.A. (20080224) http://www.embraer.com/english/content/home/ Excel Jet (20080304) http://exceljetair.com/ Citation Mustang (20080224) http://www.cessna.com/citation/mustang.html Bombardier Inc. - Bombardier – Home (20080225) http://www.learjet.com/ THE-JET BY CIRRUS (20080314) http://www.the-jet.com/ Piperjet Microsite (20080314) http://www.newpiper.com/piperjet/ Epic cabin-class turbine and VLJ aircraft (20080224) http://www.epicaircraft.com/Elite.html HondaJet | Official Site of Honda Jet Aircraft Technology (20080225) http://hondajet.honda.com/ Maverick Jets - The Jets – SmartJet (20080224) http://www.maverickjets.com/jets/smartjet.php Spectrum Aeronautical – Spectrum (20080225) http://www.spectrum.aero/ Grob Aircraft (20080224) http://www.grob-aerospace.net/aircraft/business-aircraft/spn- overview.html VLJ Aircraft Industry News and Information - VLJ Comparison (20080224) http://www.very- light-jet.com/vlj-comparison.html Very light jet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (20080224) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_light_jet
Other relevant sites:
VLJ MAGAZINE | Welcome to VLJ MAGAZINE®! | Aircraft, Epic, Jets ... (20080216) http://www.vljmag.com/ Taxijet Blog » Blog Archive » VLJ Air Taxi Service – Which ... (20080216) http://www.taxijet.com/blog/2008/01/15/vlj-air-taxi-service-which-airports-can-support-it/ Blade element theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (20080416) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_element_theory Eclipse Aviation Corporation Names Don Taylor Vice President ... (20080215) http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_/ai_63284037 X-Plane, by Austin Meyer (20080415) http://www.x-plane.com/ Worldometers - real time world statistics (20080320) www.worldometers.info
37 (73) UK air-taxi service ready for ‘the VLJ revolution’: AINonline (20080521) http://www.ainonline.com/news/single-news-page/article/uk-air-taxi-service-ready-for-the-vlj- revolution/
38 (73) 12. Appendices
Number and give describing names to your appendices to help the reader to grasp the content of your report.
1 Analysis
1.1 Project specification
Technical requirements
Choosing the most appropriate methods for designing a Very light jet. Using the chosen methods in a controlled and traceable way. Designing a Very Light Jet Weighing less than 10000 pounds Advanced Avionics Transporting passengers Flying with jet engine
Inspirational requirements
Creating a concept that can give inspiration for other projects. Being attractive ■ Perception ■ Cognition ■ Anthropometry ■ Geometry and colour language ■ Ergonomics Visualising the concept in realistic way
39 (73) 1.2 GANTT
PROJECTPLAN Date 2008-02-03 Identity Planed Worked Revision Activity Made by Per Nyblom Note Activities w.1 w.2 w.3 w.4 w.5 w.6 w.7 w.8 w.9 w.10 w.11 w.12 w.13 w.14 w.15 w.16 w.17 w.18 w.19 w.20 w.21 w.22 w.23 Analysis
Defining problem definition
Defining project limitations
Defining report structure
Defining methods
Information gathering
Information reading
Creation
Analysis of information and creation of intelligence Creativity design
Choose ideas/concepts
Advance Ideas/concepts
Choose solution
Development
Relearning wildfire
Developing chosen solution
Summery
Presentation material
Project ending
Documentation
Project results and progress
Gantt
40 (73) 1.3 Survey
Beneath are the questioners the student sent to 40 different companies and the documents are as following. Presentation email Master thesis student with some simple questions
Hello my name is Per Nyblom I am a Swedish student who is doing my master thesis on designing a conceptual “Very Light Jet”. I am looking for some future thoughts and ideas on this area from persons that have knowledge about this or have flown in one, maybe you yourself have insight in VLJ's. Would you mind answering a few simple questions? Maybe you know someone more who could help me?
Thank you very much in advance Per Nyblom
(Attached documents to the email) Producer-Seller-Other What do you think will be the major changes for Taxi jets in the future? What do you think is the biggest problems with current jets? Can you think of any solutions? Can you think of any specific areas in where jets will compete more in the future? What do you think about green jets? Do you think that it could be something for VLJ jets? Do you think that reducing sound could be a good marketing strategy? Do you feel that you are missing features in your jets? Such as cup holders, TV, seating, space... etc? What are the most common complaints? What have you planned to improve?
User-pilot-repairman What do you think are common problems with VLJ's? If you could, what would you change on the next VLJ that you flew with? What do you think is negative of flying a VLJ? What do you see positive about current VLJ's? In the air plane is there something you are missing? Is there anything you feel there could be less of? Were you comfortable last time you flew? What could have been better and what do you remember was good? Do you feel that the sound, smell, view(what you see inside and outside of the plane) and the vibrations while flying could be better in a VLJ? Are there other things that could be better?
Experts Is it possible to keep the same pressure in the VLJ as if you would stand on ground? What would that need to succeed? Is it possible to make huge sound reductions without losing it all in weight? Can you think of any ways? Are there any things/areas that you can think of that the VLJ industry have not entered yet, such as green fuel?
41 (73) 1.4 Benchmarking
Simple overview where maximum speed is in knots, weight in pounds, pax in amount, thrust in pounds, the following are calculated on the first four measurements.
Airplanes Max speed Weight Pax Thrust Thrust/weight Weight/pax Speed/thrust Length Elite 412 7700 5 1400 0.18 1540 0.29 0 Excel-Jet 375 4900 6 1500 0.31 816.67 0.25 30 Eclips 500 370 4480 6 1800 0.4 746.67 0.21 29 The-Jet 300 8645 5 1900 0.22 1729 0.16 35 D-Jet 315 5110 5 1900 0.37 1022 0.17 0 Adam 500 223 7000 6 2400 0.34 1166.67 0.09 38 Piper 369 4360 7 2400 0.55 622.86 0.15 34 Adam 700 340 8300 7 2700 0.33 1185.71 0.13 0 Independence 415 7300 10 2700 0.37 730 0.15 46 Spn 415 13000 9 2800 0.22 1444.44 0.15 49 Mustang 340 8645 6 2920 0.34 1440.83 0.12 40.7 Phenom 100 360 9700 5 3230 0.33 1940 0.11 41 HondaJet 420 9200 8 3320 0.36 1150 0.13 42
Comparision of VLJ's Name of Manufacturer Name of plane: Price M$ Material Max cruise speed (kt)Engine Name: Engine thrust (lb) Max seats Max weight (lb) Max Fuel (lb) Lenght ft Width ft Wing area ft^3 Range nm Cabin + bag sizeNoise cu db ft Adam Aircraft Adam 500 0 Carbon fiber 223 2 x TSIO-550-E 2400 6 7000 230gal 38 44 1100 245 Adam Aircraft Adam 700 2.25 Carbon Fiber 340 2 x FJ33-4 2700 7 8300 2200 0 0 1400 245 Cessna Aircraft Mustang 2.6 Aluminum & Composites 340 2 x PW615F 2920 6 8645 2580 40.7 43.2 1167 207 Cirrus Design The-Jet 0 Carbon Fiber 300 1 x FJ33-4A-19 1900 5 8645 600gal 35 38 1000 Diamond D-Jet 1.35 Carbon Fiber 315 1 x FJ33-4A-19 1900 5 5110 1740 35 38 1350 229 Eclipse Aviation Eclips 500 1.5 Aluminum 370 1 x PW615F 1800 6 4480 186gal 29 36 1125 176 Embraer Phenom 100 2.85 Aluminum & Composites 360 2 x PW617F 3230 5 9700 0 41 40 1160 375 Epic Elite 0 Carbon Fiber 412 1 x FJ33-4 1400 5 7700 0 0 0 1650 Sport-Jet Excel-Jet 1 Composit with Al wings 375 1 x FJ33-4A 1500 6 4900 210gal 30 33 1000 Honda HondaJet 3.65 Composit 420 2 x GE honda HF 120 3320 8 9200 0 42 40 1180 Piper Aircraft Piper 2.19 Aluminum 369 1 x FJ44-3AP 2400 7 4360 0 34 45 1300 Spectrum Independence 3.65 Carbon Fiber 415 2 x FJ33-4 2700 10 7300 2770 46 43 2000 Grob Aerospace Spn 0 Carbon Fiber 415 2 x FJ44-3A 2800 9 13000 660gal 49 49 1800 405 Maverickjets SmartJet 0.9 Aluminium 290 1 x PW JT-15-5 3200 3 4160 210gal 28 39 134 1250 55 Average: 2.19 353.14 2351.82 6.29 6774 40.7 44.38 1320.14 A more complete list:
42 (73) 1.4.1 Benchmark graphs
14000 3500 12000 3000 10000 2500 8000 2000
6000 1500 Thrust Weight 4000 1000 2000 500 0 0 Eclips 500 D-Jet Independence Adam 700 The-Jet Phenom 100 Piper Excel-Jet Adam 500 Elite Mustang HondaJet Spn
12 3500
10 3000
2500 8 2000 6 1500 Thrust 4 Pax 1000
2 500
0 0 Excel-Jet The-Jet Adam 500 Adam 700 Spn Phenom 100 Elite Eclips 500 D-Jet Piper Independence Mustang HondaJet
43 (73) 1.5 Least square calculation
The different VLJ competitors thrust was and as the area that the plane spans over length and wi dth. = 1500 lb is the t hrust of The Excel -jet, = 990 that is the area span of The Excel -jet. The rest of the VLJ competitors follows the same pattern and can be found in (appendices 1.4). T he matrix to solve an over defined syst em is and the linear equation .
Combined we get a solvable solutio n and gives the following:
= =>
With the numbers we can now solve the matrix.
=>
=>
44 (73)
The solution gives Solving the equation gives the linear equation
Illustration 2: Thrust/Area, Blue current VLJ's, Red Least Square calculation
Conclusions regarding this graph is that the trend curve moves upwards as the weight increases more thrust is needed to make the airplane fly. Nothing strange there, of course there are always exceptions such as the Smart jet that is a little bit abnormal to the curve with less thrust then normal at the same time this plane is still at the concept level without any r eal flight. Thus the curve should be a good representative for estimating weight with a relevant thrust.
45 (73) 1.6 Walk through
Seeing the plane I am going in the new generation of limo! That\s the coolest Jet on the market, waiting for me! It looks so fast and impressive! I want to see how it looks and feels inside Entering the plane So much more space! So uplifting! So relaxing! Wow I can see so much outside of the plane, but from the outside I could not see anything! Sitting down in the plane Ah that\s nice! Wow I got a great view! And in the air I should be able to get such views! And even in the ceiling I can see the clouds! I feel I am flying, but I still feel secure! That’s nice that I can close the one at my feet because I am afraid of heights. Sleeping in the plane Oh I am feeling so good in this chair I will make a short nap and then get some work done. Working in the plane Time to get some work done... now how do I... oh that’s simple, wow that’s really good. I should be able to work really easy here. I wished all cars and planes could be like this! Looking outside of the plane Wow! That\s a great view! I can see my office from here! I would like to fly over Himalayas and the Pyramids in this plane! Landing Wow that was a fast landing and getting out of the plane goes so fast. It just stopped and opened the doors and I am out! Going out I feel like I am one of the world’s leaders, I am one of the worlds greatest. I wished I could fly that to the office.
46 (73) 1.7 Function diagram
Support flight Self supporting propulsion Accept change of Speed Support fuel Weigh less than 10000lb Accept change of direction Support GPS navigation Accept change of flaps Accept communication Accept airplane interaction Present flight data Support exterior communication Support landing Support landing on airports Support landing on small runways Support ground movement Accept Passengers
Self supporting lift Support change of altitude Support change of air pressure Support change of temperature Reduce ice Pressure Interior and Exterior Support interior communication Support life Secure breathing Accept liquid Support climate control Support sight Support view Support light Support working Support computers Support writing Support reading Support luggage Support sleeping Support relaxing Support stretching Support standing Support entertainment Support movies Support games Support talking Support mobile phone Support air plane phone Reduce noise Support consummation Support drinking Support eating Support smoking Support toilet Support sickness Support emergency Support cleaning
47 (73) 1.7.2 Function diagram continue Give security Secure control Secure two way control Secure problem indication Secure problem solving Secure entrance Secure exit Secure easy exit Secure easy understanding Secure turbulence Secure crash Secure air breathing Secure against fire Secure against sharp objects Secure fastening Secure comfort To be Attractive Perception/Cognition Anthropometry/Ergonomics Marketing Geometry Shape design Attractive lines Common Shapes Attractive colours Attractive nuances Emphases Psychology
48 (73) 2 Creation The next following nine pages are sketches created during the project, some of them used for different purposes.
49 (73) 2.1.1 Sketching
50 (73) 2.1.2 Sketching
51 (73) 2.1.3 Sketching
52 (73) 2.1.4 Sketching
53 (73) 2.1.5 Sketching
54 (73) 2.1.6 Sketching
55 (73) 2.1.7 Sketching
56 (73) 2.1.8 Sketching
57 (73) 2.1.9 Sketching
58 (73) 2.1.10 Sketching
59 (73) 2.2 Concept benchmark
Benchmark Concepts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Parameters
Perception/Cognition 7 4 5 7 7 9 7 If the feature/product is easy to understand and use Anthropometry/Ergonomics 3 2 5 3 8 8 9 Body measurements, forces angles using the product Marketing 3 1 6 6 5 7 5 Cultural differences Geometry 8 8 7 2 6 9 7 Forces and mechanics Shape design 4 6 8 7 6 8 9 Naturally attractive shapes and patterns such as the golden ratio. Psychology 3 3 8 6 5 5 5 Emotional and social interactivity.
SUM 28 24 39 31 37 46 42
For each evaluated concept and their motivation see appendices 2.2.1 - 2.2.6
60 (73) 2.2.1 Concept1
Information: Interior radius 6 Wingspan 30 Length 25 Thrust 2000 Pax 4-6 Colours Black with silver highlights
Motivation Perception/Cognition 7 Fairly easy to understand what it is meant to do, due to simple shape and small shape. Anthropometry/Ergonomics 3 Due to the small size the radius dimension will be smaller and giving a smaller seating space. Marketing 2 Too much toy like. Geometry 8 The smaller the plane the easier it is to manoeuvre, flaps and systems can be made bigger in comparison to the rest of the plane with less impact on wind pressures. Shape design 4 In car design you never make a curve that goes down. But the curves and lines work well together. Psychology 3 It looks a little sad due to the down curve, and not aggressive enough for the proposed customer.
61 (73) 2.2.2 Concept 2
Information: Interior radius 5.5 Wingspan 25 Length 25 Thrust 1200 Pax 2-4 Colours Grey with orange highlights
Motivation Perception/Cognition 4 Due to the larger body, window and air intake together with the smaller wings the aircraft looks a little like it could be used under water. Anthropometry/Ergonomics 2 Small seating space at most 3 pax air plane. Making the space very cramped and hard to use the body's full potential. Marketing 1 This concept that looks the most like a toy. They eye like windows makes it look more organism like then solid and the long air intake makes the concept less attractive. Geometry 8 The smaller the plane the easier it is to manoeuvre, flaps and systems can be made bigger in comparison to the rest of the plane with less impact on wind pressures. Shape design 6 Somewhat unified lines for the dashboard, windows and tail wing. Psychology 3 Aggressive but too much aligned with a fly to make a good impression.
62 (73) 2.2.3 Concept 3
Information: Interior radius 7 Wingspan 30 Length 35 Thrust 2500 Pax 4-6 Colours Grey with aluminium highlights
Motivation Perception/Cognition 5 This concept also looks a little like it could be used for underwater because of the shark like gill window, fluffy information’s screen and the pointy “teeth” wing on the side. Anthropometry/Ergonomics 5 Fairly large spaces for movement seating space at most 4 pax cramped. Problems entering and exiting the aircraft due to the wing sizes. The interior looks roomy but the controls a little shattered. Marketing 6 A little too aggressive and fighter plane oriented. Geometry 7 The mirrored wings is something aircraft creators like when it comes to manoeuvrability, however very few aircraft with this feature is produced which contradicts its positive attributes probably because of the complex forces in the frame. Shape design 8 A lot of the curves move together to make an attractive and complete concept. Psychology 8 Very aggressive, sharp lines and uncommon shape direction gives this concept an edge unlike the others.
63 (73) 2.2.4 Concept 4
Information: Interior radius 7 Wingspan 30 Length 25 Thrust 3000 Pax 4-6 Colours Grey with aluminium highlights
Motivation Perception/Cognition 7 The concept is futuristic and looks a little to be used for space more than fast in air. The air intake talks of speed and Anthropometry/Ergonomics 3 Due to the small size the radius dimension will be smaller and giving a smaller seating space. Marketing 6 Futuristic, somewhat like a spaceship. Geometry 2 The smaller the plane the easier it is to manoeuvre, flaps and systems can be made bigger in comparison to the rest of the plane with less impact on wind pressures. The air intake will force the air to take an unnatural path and too much curved for it to work well. Shape design 7 The shapes talks of speed and simplicity. The double air intakes are consistent with cars grill. The lines are a little too straight. Psychology 6 The concept has hard lines and gives the feeling a little of shaky but at the same time quickness.
64 (73) 2.2.5 Concept 5
Information: Interior radius 7 Wingspan 35 Length 38 Thrust 3500 Pax 6-8 Colours white with black highlights
Motivation Perception/Cognition 7 Somewhat easy to understand what it does and how it works. Anthropometry/Ergonomics 8 Large space for movement seating space at most 6 pax. The interior looks small and futuristic simple and within good reach. Marketing 5 Price would have to be lifted due to the extra strengthened body. On the other hand it would be something new on the market and attract people on that point. However the futuristic look gives it a boost. Geometry 6 The mirrored wings is something aircraft creators like when it comes to manoeuvrability, however very few aircraft with this feature is produced which contradicts its positive attributes probably because of the complex forces in the frame. The placement of the wings will create a momentum and will have to be compensated in the body thus making it heavier and more speed would be required to lift. Shape design 6 a lot of the curves move together to give a solid concept, however the wings and the body are working a little against each other reducing the score. Psychology 5 It does not look as sad as concept 1 however if the concept would be shown in perspective from the side the down curved window would give the same impression.
65 (73) 2.2.6 Concept 6
Information: Interior radius 8 Wingspan 40 Length 40 Thrust 3500 Pax 6-10 Colours Black with aluminium highlights
Motivation Perception/Cognition 9 Very easy to understand what it does. Looks secure and futuristic at the same time. Anthropometry/Ergonomics 8 large spaces for movement seating space at most 8 pax. The interior looks big and spacey. Marketing 7 The long windows and couple engines gives an impression of security and futuristic at the same time. The market is however not looking for smaller jets so an 8 seater could be a little too big. Geometry 9 Proven geometry, simple and not as complex as the other concepts. Shape design 8 The curves are working together where the smooth curves of the window works very well with the positioning of the wings. The interior is something that is a little weak in comparison to the exterior but still giving a strong unified impression. Psychology 5 The shape of the body gives a little feeling of a helicopter. But the long windows and pointy wingtips gives the impression of speed.
66 (73) 2.2.7 Concept 7
Information: Interior radius 8 Wingspan 40 Length 44 Thrust 3800 Pax 6-10 Colours White with black highlights
Motivation Perception/Cognition 7 Easy to understand what it resembles. Maybe a little bit to futuristic. Anthropometry/Ergonomics 9 large space for movement up to 8 and a little cramped with 10 pax. The interior has a fishy bulb idea. Marketing 5 Hard to sell, it looks a little insecure with the big glass top however. Might be become too heavy to fit up to 10 persons. Geometry 7 The geometry is not tested and hard to imagine, however the shape is following aerodynamics but it might need a lot of support in the middle due to the neck and body separation. Shape design 9 The curves are working well together and it follows aerodynamics well with the raindrop nose. Interior has some smooth lines that work well with the dome shaped hull. Psychology 5 The shape of the body is speaking of an experimental aircraft not really proven but still with instinct of nature.
67 (73) 3 Comparisons
14000 3500 12000 3000 10000 2500
8000 2000
6000 1500 Weight Thrust 4000 1000 2000 500
0 0 Eclips 500 D-Jet Adam 500 Elite Mustang HondaJet Spn Piper Excel-Jet Concept VLJ Independence Adam 700 The-Jet Phenom 100
12 3500
10 3000 2500 8 2000 6 1500 Pax Thrust 4 1000
2 500
0 0 Phenom 100 Elite Adam 500 Eclips 500 Piper HondaJet Independence D-Jet The-Jet Mustang Excel-Jet Concept VLJ Adam 700 Spn
68 (73) 4 Simulation Specifications Dimensions Length 29.00 ft Wingspan 27.00 ft Wing Dihedral 6º Wing Sweep 16 º Wing Root Chord 8.00 ft Wing Tip Chord 2.80 ft Main Wing Aerofoil NACA 65(216)-415(Lam Flow) Vertical Stabiliser Aerofoil NACA 0009 (Symmetrical) Height 11.00 ft Speeds V1 (Maximum Take-Off Rejection Speed) 75 kts Vr (Take-Off Rotation Speed) 95 kts V2 (Minimum Safety Speed) 99 kts Vfe1 (Maximum Flap Down Speed / 1 Increment) 150 kts Vfe2 (Maximum Flap Down Speed / 2 Increments) 130 kts Vfe3 (Maximum Flap Down Speed / 3 Increments – Drag Flap) 100 kts Vs (Stall Speed Clean / Fully Loaded) 85 kts Vs1 (Stall Speed / 1 Increment of Flap / Fully Loaded) 80 kts Vs2 (Stall Speed / 2 Increments of Flap / Fully Loaded) 75 kts Vs3 (Stall Speed / 3 Increments Flap / Fully Loaded) 70 kts Vso (Stall Speed Dirty – Full Flap & Landing Gear / Fully Loaded) 75 kts Vne (Never Exceed Speed) 400 kts Weight & Balance Empty Weight 3,000.00 lbs Maximum Fuel Payload 1,500.00 lbs Maximum Take-Off Weight (MTOW) 5,500.00 lbs Forward CoG Limit - Aft of Datum (Nose) 15.50 ft Aft CoG Limit – Aft of Datum (Nose) 16.50 ft Performance Take-Off Distance Required (Clean / Fully Loaded: Dry) 1200 ft Take-Off Distance Required (1 Increment Flap / Fully Loaded: Dry)800 ft Take-Off Distance Required (2 Increment Flap / Fully Loaded: Dry)650 ft Landing Distance Required (Clean / Fully Loaded: Dry) 1050 ft Landing Distance Required (1 Increment Flap / Fully Loaded: Dry) 1000 ft Landing Distance Required (2 Increment Flap / Fully Loaded: Dry) 950 ft Landing Distance Required (3 Increment Flap / Fully Loaded: Dry) 850 ft Accelerate / Stop Distance Required (Fully Loaded: Dry) 1200.00 ft Maximum Rate Of Climb 2,500 ft / Minute Maximum Angle of Attack (AOA) 20º Cruise Speed 340 kts Maximum Demonstrated Crosswind Limit 21 kts Engine Specification Engine Type High Bypass Jet Engine Thrust at N 11,870 lbs Max Efficient Inlet Speed 00.80 (Mach) Intake / Compressor Area 1.57 ft2
69 (73) 5 QFD
lb lb ft ft # in²
5 How Size Fuel Thrust
window size 4 Now: scale 1-5
D-Jet Reoccuring features The Jet 1 Who Mustang Engine Distance to Pilot 6 What vs How scale 1,3,9 Concept VLJ
2 What: Scale 1-5
Fly fast 5 9 3 3 2 3 1 Easy to work 4 3 1 5 1 3 1
Passenger Low Noise emissions 3 3 3 9 5 3 4 1 Attractive 2 3 1 9 3 5 2 3 4 Big View 1 3 9 5 1 1 3 Easy piloting 5 3 9 4 4 4 3 Pilot Low Noise emission 4 3 9 5 3 4 1 Simple features 3 3 3 3 4 Big View 2 3 9 4 3 2 2 Attractive 1 1 1 9 3 5 2 5 4
Many seats 5 9 3 2 2 3
Owner Fly far 4 9 3 3 4 3 1 Attractive 3 3 1 9 3 4 2 3 4 Fly fast 2 9 3 3 2 3 1
Concept VLJ 1 1 1 5 5 4 D-Jet 1 2 2 1 2 3 Mustang 4 4 4 3 4 2 The Jet 1 3 2 2 4 2 7 How much7 How
Properties calculation 115 36 159 63 58 45 Goals OK OK - OK + + +
For more information please look at the next two pages for explanations and graphs.
70 (73) 5.1 QFD Graphs
From the graphs we can see how the concept VLJ does well meeting the requirements of the market but how it is lacking in product specifications when compared to the Mustang VLJ.
Concept VLJ Evaluation market D-Jet Mustang 6 The Jet 5 4 3 2
Satesfaction level 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Customer demand
Concept VLJ Evaluation technic D-Jet Mustang 6 The Jet 5
4
3
2
Satesfaction level 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Product measurement
71 (73) 5.2 QFD explanation
1 Who Identify the customers: Who are they? In this thesis the identified customers have been specified as the owner, passenger and the pilot. The pilot who uses the plane most frequently has most demands regarding usability, such as the planes respond and flight specifications and also control panel and interior comfort of the jet. The Owner who buys or rents the plane for earnings are demanding more regarding expenses from fuel and maintenance, design and aesthetics to heighten the company branding and seats for fitting more persons per flight. Finally we have the passenger who is the customer that rents a seat who will be putting most demand on speed in order to get fast to his or her destination, comfort to have a pleasant and workable flight, design and aesthetics to boost personal image. 2 What Customers requirements: What do the customers want? Once the customers has been identified we need to determine exactly what the customer wants. In this thesis the student has narrowed down the thoughts to what the customers wants: Fly fast for reaching destinations better, fly far for less changes or refuelling, easier piloting for smoother and safer flights, number of persons that can fit in the jet, low noise from flight for better work conditions, attractive to give a good impression and desire, simple features for better control of the jet plane, big view for a feeling of not being confined and showing the surroundings well, a work area with adjustable and usable features. 3 Who vs What A list of numeration of what the different customers demand. Scaled on the “what” requirements. The numbers are based on estimations made from the studies dune during the thesis. The sum on the sides gives an idea of what is most important for the all customers combined. 4 Now The goal with this column is to evaluate how satisfied the customer is. The index numbers are based on the different values and estimations from the “what” specifications such as fly fast is based on the speed. These are rated on a scale from one to five where one is that the product does not meet the requirements and five is the product fulfils the requirements completely. 5 How
72 (73) Generating properties on how to meet the market specifications. The customer’s requirements are here met with solutions from the products that are measurable. Such as go fast can easily be linked with thrust, this enables the designer to find how to meet the customer’s requirements by increasing the measured amount. There for it is important that this list is only with measurable solutions. 6 What vs. How How to measure what. In this step we compare the relation between the How and the What to get an estimation of importance and solutions that are key elements on meeting the requirements of the customers. In this project the student has used 1 3 and 9 as reference numbers to indicate weak 1, the medium 3 and the strong 9 relations between requirements and solutions. In comparison to The mechanical design process (Ullman, p. 132) this way it is possible to make a sum of these numbers and get an numerical importance instead of a illustrative that is hard to measure. 7 How much This is used to determine the current status of how well the solution ability to meet the customer’s requirements. The measurable solutions are here evaluated between the listed compared products. 8 How vs. How Identifying relationships between the solutions. Here we have an index of negative -1, strong negative -3, positive 1 and strong positive 3. This is important to see how the solutions interacts when changed, for example a increased thrust will directly increase size and weight of the product. In the thesis this has been excluded because the QFD was used to test the concept versus other correct products and not to improve the current concept.
73 (73)