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Università Degli Studi Di Urbino Carlo Bo UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI URBINO CARLO BO Dipartimento di Scienze della Comunicazione, Studi Umanistici e Internazionali: Storia, Cultura, Lingue, Letterature, Arti, Media Dottorato di ricerca in Culture umanistiche Curriculum Storia dei partiti e dei movimenti politici Ciclo XXIX La parabola di Prima linea. Violenza politica e lotta armata nella crisi italiana (1974-1979) Settore Scientifico Disciplinare M-STO/04 – Storia Contemporanea Relatore Dottorando Chiar.ma Prof.ssa Monica Galfrè Andrea Tanturli Anno Accademico 2016/17 INDICE Elenco delle abbreviazioni 1 Introduzione 6 1 Si allontanarono alla spicciolata: dai gruppi della sinistra extraparlamentare a “Senza tregua” (1974-76) 26 1) Parole chiave 26 2) Diaspore 34 3) Geografie 47 4) Velleità di contropotere 62 5) «La forza c'è, usiamola» 80 2 Un'alba radiosa?: la nascita dell'organizzazione (1976-77) 96 1) “Forzatura” e crisi di Senza tregua 96 2) Un autunno italiano 107 3) Il "golpe dei sergenti" 113 4) Torino 125 5) Reversibile e bipolare 134 3 La forza incontra la piazza: Prima linea e il movimento del Settantasette (1977) 153 1) Uno strano movimento di strani studenti 153 2) Alla prima linea di un movimento 162 3) Piccola città: il caso di Firenze 175 4) Ci sono anche gli altri: l'impatto con la repressione 185 5) “Un movimento a misura di autonomi”? 206 6) Il salto del fosso: l'autunno delle squadre 220 4 Fra maturità e fuga in avanti (1978) 235 1) Una federazione: la geografia del gruppo 235 2) Lotte armate 260 3) Il convitato di pietra: le Br e il sequestro Moro 277 4) Piani inclinati: fra omicidio politico e crisi delle squadre 297 5 Apogeo e crisi (1979) 316 1) L'inizio della fine: l'omicidio Alessandrini 316 2) Il Pci scende in campo: il questionario antiterrorismo 329 3) Torino 1979: si apre il vaso di Pandora 346 4) Prove generali di crisi: dalla caduta della sede fiorentina all'irruzione nella Scuola di amministrazione aziendale 359 Fonti e bibliografia 381 Elenco delle abbreviazioni Sigle Acli Associazioni cristiane dei lavoratori italiani Ar Azione rivoluzionaria Br Brigate rosse Cgil Confederazione generale italiana del lavoro Cisl Confederazione italiana sindacati lavoratori Cisnal Confederazione italiana sindacati nazionali dei lavoratori Cocori Comitati comunisti rivoluzionari Cpv Collettivi politici veneti Dc Democrazia cristiana Dp Democrazia proletaria Eta Euskadi ta askatasuna Fca Formazioni comuniste armate Fcc Formazioni comuniste combattenti Fim Federazione italiana metalmeccanici Fiom Federazione impiegati operai metallurgici Flm Federazione lavoratori metalmeccanici Iacp Istituto autonomo case popolari Kgb Komitet gosudarstvennoj bezopasnosti Lc Lotta continua Md Magistratura democratica Mls Movimento lavoratori per il socialismo Msi Movimento sociale italiano Nap Nuclei armati proletari Napap Noyaux armés pour l'autonomie populaire Nar Nuclei armati rivoluzionari Nct Nuclei comunisti territoriali Pac Proletari armati per il comunismo Pci Partito comunista italiano Pdup Partito di unità proletaria Pl Prima linea Potop Potere operaio Psi Partito socialista italiano Raf Rote Armee Fraktion 1 Rca Reparti comunisti d'attacco Ucc Unità comuniste combattenti Abbreviazioni archivistiche ABNB Archivio Biblioteca Nazionale Braidense ABP Archivio Biblioteca comunale Antonio Panizzi, Reggio Emilia ACDL Archivio Centro di documentazione di Lucca ACDP Archivio Centro di documentazione di Pistoia ACG Archivio Centro studi Piero Gobetti, Torino ACS MI GAB Archivio Centrale dello Stato, Ministero dell'Interno, Gabinetto ACS MI DPS, G Archivio Centrale dello Stato, Ministero dell'Interno, Dipartimento Pubblica Sicurezza, Categoria “G” Associazioni ACS Carte caso Moro Archivio Centrale dello Stato, Raccolte speciali, Documentazione inerente il caso Moro declassificata a seguito della direttiva Prodi (2008) ACTS Archivio della Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta sul terrorismo in Italia e sulle cause della mancata individuazione dei responsabili delle stragi AFB Archivio Fondazione Ernesto Balducci, Fiesole AFF Archivio Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, Milano AFG Archivio Fondazione Gramsci, Roma AFGT Archivio Fondazione Istituto piemontese Antonio Gramsci, Torino AFISEC Archivio Fondazione Istituto per la storia dell'età contemporanea, Sesto S. Giovanni AFN Archivio Fondazione culturale Vera Nocentini, Torino AIGT Archivio Istituto Gramsci Toscano AINSMLI Archivio Istituto Nazionale per la Storia del Movimento di Liberazione in Italia, Milano AIP Archivio Istituto per la storia e le memorie del Novecento Parri, Bologna AISRT Archivio Istituto Storico Toscano della Resistenza e dell'Età contemporanea, Firenze AMP Archivio Storico della Nuova Sinistra Marco Pezzi, Bologna APM Archivio Primo Moroni, Centro Sociale Cox 18, Milano ASESS Archivio Centro Studi “Il Sessantotto”, Firenze ASFI Archivio di Stato di Firenze ASM Archivio di stato di Milano ATT Archivio del Tribunale di Torino CM Atti Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta sulla strage di Via Fani, sul 2 sequestro e l'assassinio di Aldo Moro e sul terrorismo in Italia Procedimenti e sentenze giudiziarie Requisitoria Avella Tribunale di Bergamo, requisitoria pubblico ministero per il rinvio a giudizio, procedimento penale contro Franco Albesano + 151, 8 giugno 1981 Requisitoria Calogero Tribunale di Padova, requisitoria pubblico ministero per il rinvio a giudizio, procedimento penale contro Alisa del Re + altri, 18 maggio 1981 Requisitoria Spataro Tribunale di Milano, requisitoria pubblico ministero per il rinvio a giudizio, procedimenti n. 921/80 e 228/81 registro giudice istruttore contro Antonio Achilli + 185, 4 febbraio 1982 Sentenza/ordinanza Paciotti Tribunale di Milano, sentenza/ordinanza rinvio a giudizio del giudice istruttore, procedimento n. 921/80 registro giudice istruttore contro Antonio Achilli e altri, 3 giugno 1982 Sentenza/ordinanza Tricomi Tribunale di Firenze, sentenza/ordinanza di rinvio a giudizio del giudice istruttore, procedimento n. 309/79 registro generale contro Gabriella Argentiero + 90, 20 giugno 1981 Processo “Pac” Corte d'assise di Milano, procedimento penale n. 49/84 registro generale, contro Giulio Anselmi + 36 Processo Pl/Cocori Milano Corte d'assise di Milano, procedimento penale 921/80 registro giudice istruttore, contro Antonio Achilli + altri Processo appello Pl/Cocori Milano Corte d'assise d'appello di Milano, procedimento penale 921/80 registro giudice istruttore, contro Antonio Achilli + altri Processo Pl Torino Corte d'Assise di Torino, procedimento penale n. 8/81 registro generale, contro Franco Albesano + 80 Processo Pl Torino fatti specifici Corte d'assise di Torino, procedimento penale n. 7/83, contro Franco Albesano + 133 Processo “Rosso-Tobagi” Corte d'assise di Milano, procedimento penale n. 59/82 registro generale, contro Giovanni Abbate + 151 Processo “7 Aprile” Roma Corte d'assise di Roma, procedimento penale n. 32/81 registro generale 3 Interrogatori istruttori - Massimo Barbieri ASM, Processo Rosso Tobagi, b. 22, f. 2 - Sergio Canzi ACTS, Subfondo 7 "Eversione di destra", XI-XIII legislatura, 4.2.7. ins. 2 - Marco Donat Cattin CM, vol. XCIII - Mario Ferrandi ASM, Processo Proletari Armati per il Comunismo, b. 24 - Fabrizio Giai ACG FGS - Massimo Libardi ASM, Processo Rosso Tobagi, b. 22, f. 6 - Umberto Mazzola ASM, Processo Rosso Tobagi, b. 22, f. 9 - Roberto Sandalo CM, vol. XCIII Interrogatori dibattimentali - Enrico Baglioni ACG FGS Processo appello Prima linea/Cocori Milano, udienza 14 novembre 1985 - Maurice Bignami ACG FGS Processo appello Prima linea/Cocori Milano, udienza 15 novembre 1985 - Alessandro Bruni ACG FGS Processo Prima Linea/Cocori Milano, udienza 9 febbraio 1984 - Alessandro Bruni appello ACG FGS Processo appello Prima linea/Cocori Milano, udienza 18 novembre 1985 - Maurizio Costa ACG FGS Processo appello Prima linea/Cocori Milano, udienza 20 novembre 1985 - Marco Donat Cattin “7 aprile” ACG FGS Processo “7 aprile Roma”, udienza 10 febbraio 1984 - Marco Donat Cattin appello ACG FGS Processo appello Prima linea/Cocori Milano, udienza 9 dicembre 1985 - Diego Forastieri ACG FGS Processo appello Prima linea/Cocori Milano, udienza 5 dicembre 1985 - Enrico Galmozzi APM, scatola 23, Processo Prima Linea/Cocori Milano, udienza 2 febbraio 1984 - Enrico Galmozzi appello ACG FGS Processo appello Prima linea/Cocori Milano, udienza 21 novembre 1985 - Bruno Laronga ACG FGS Processo appello Prima linea/Cocori Milano, udienza 2 dicembre 1985 - Massimo Libardi “7 aprile” ACG FGS Processo “7 aprile Roma”, udienza 16 gennaio 1984 - Roberto Rosso APM, scatola 14, Processo Prima Linea/Cocori Milano, udienza 30 gennaio 1984 4 - Roberto Rosso appello ACG FGS Processo appello Prima linea/Cocori Milano, udienza 10 dicembre 1985 - Roberto Rosso Torino ACG FGS, Processo Torino fatti specifici, udienza 15 luglio 1983 - Silveria Russo ACG FGS Processo appello Prima linea/Cocori Milano, udienza 12 dicembre 1985 - Sergio Segio ACG FGS Processo appello Prima linea/Cocori Milano, udienza 6 dicembre 1985 Audizioni alla Commissione “Moro” - Marco Barbone seduta del 29 maggio 1981, vol. VIII - Marco Donat Cattin seduta dell'11 giugno 1981, vol. VIII - Gen. Carlo Alberto dalla Chiesa seduta dell'8 luglio 1980, vol. IV 5 Introduzione Mai come nello studio della violenza politica e dell'eversione armata nell'Italia degli anni Settanta è più calzante la domanda con cui si apre uno dei classici di metodologia della storia: «papà, spiegami a che serve la storia?»1. Infatti, basta entrare in una qualsiasi libreria d'Italia e avvicinarsi al reparto di storia per percepire
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