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A Study of the Restructured Italian Intelligence and Security Services" (1978) and "Contemporary Italian Terrorism: Analysis and Countermeasures" (1979)

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A Study of the Restructured Italian Intelligence and Security Services If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. 98th Congress • 2d Session COMMI'M'EE PIUNT TERRORISM AND SECURITY: THE ITALIAN EXPERIENCE REPORT OF THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON SECURITY AND TERRORISM OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY UNITED STATES SENATE • NOVEMBER 1984 ."jJ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE :16·6790 WASHINGTON: 1984 • COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY STROM THURMOND, South Carolina, Chairman .... CHARLES MeC. MATHIAS, JR., Maryland JOSEPH R. BlDEN, JR., Delaware PAUL LAXALT, Nevada EDWARD M, KENNEDY, MlIBBachusetts ORRIN G. HATCH, Utah ROBERT C. BYRD, West Virginia ROBERT DOLE, Kansas HOWARD M. METZENBAUM, Ohio ALAN K. S!MPSON, Wyoming DENNIS D&CONCINI, Arizona JOHN P. EAST, North Carolina PATRICK J. LEAHY, Vermont CHARLES E. GRASSLEY, Iowa MAX BAUCUS, Montana JEREMIAH DENTON, Alabama HOWELL HEFLIN, Alabama ARLEN SPECI'ER, Pennsylvania VINTON DEVANE LIDE, Chief CouTI8eI and Staff Director DEBORAH K. OWEN, General Counsel DEBORAH G. BERNSTEIN, Chief Clerk MARK H. GlTENBTEIN, MillOrity Chkf Counsel SUDCOMMt'M'EE ON SECURITY AND TERRORISM JEREMIAH DENTON, Alabama, Chairman ORRIN G. HATCH. Utah PATRICK J. LEAHY, Vermont JOHN P. EAST, North Carolina HOWARD M. METZENBAUM. Ohio JOEL S. LI8KER, Chief COI/TI8el and Staff Director RICHARD D. HOLCOMB, General Counsel FRANCES R. WERMUTH, Chief Clerk (Ill • 129291 • U,S. Department of Justice Nationallnslitute of Justice This document has been reproduced exactly as received from Ihe person or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are Ihose of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the Natio:1ill Institute of Justice. Permission 10 reproduce thisan,..igLtM material has been granted by ----'pub] i c Domain --1Jni..t.e.d-S-tat-e~ to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires permis­ sion of the ~owner. • LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL U.S. SENATE, SUBCOMMI'lTEE: ON SECURITY AND TERRORISM, Washington, DC, July 11, 1984 . • Hon. STROM 1'HURMOND, Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary, Washington, DC. DEAR MR. CHAIRMAN: On April 7, 1982, I wrote to Dr. Daniel J. Boorstin, the Librarian at the Library of Congress, requesting a complete and detailed study on Italian terrorism and security measures. This entailed a major revision and updating of two im­ portant Library of Congress reports prepared by Dr. Vittorfranco S. Pisano, i.e., "A Study of the Restructured Italian Intelligence and Security Services" (1978) and "Contemporary Italian Terrorism: Analysis and Countermeasures" (1979). I requested Dr. Pisano's assistance in this work because.J appre­ ciate and greatly respect the professionalism, thoroughness, and ob­ jectivity that characterizes not only the above monographs, but also subsequent publications privately authored by Dr. Pisano, who, as you know, is an internationally recognized authority in this field. Because of the important lessons to be learned from the Italian experience with terrorism, I requested that Dr. Pisano prepare a comprehensive update of his works. This update has now been com­ pleted with the enthusiastic assistance of Dr. Thomas J. Blumer, • senior editor of the European Law Division, Law Library, who pre­ pared the index. It is with great pleasure that I transmit to you Dr. Pisano's report, entitled: "Terrorism and Security: The Italian Experience." Sincerely, JEREMIAH DENTON, Chairman, Subcommittee on Security and Terrorism. (1111 • CONTENTS Page Letter of '1'1 ansmittal ..................................................................................................... IJJ List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... .. VII • Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 Part I. The terrorist threr.:t ........................................................................................... 1 A. Nature and incidence ........................................................................................ 1 n. Communist component ...................................................................................... 3 1. Characteristics ......................................................................................... 3 2. Ideology and objectives ........................................................................... 3 3. Factors conducive to growth .................................................................. 4 4. Structurlll and opprational patterns .................................................... 7 fl. Militants' profiles ................................................................................... .. 18 Ii. Numerical strength ................................................................................. 20 7. Targets and targeting techniques ......................................................... 21 H. Behavior upon arrest and during imprisonment.. ............................. 28 !l I nternational connections ..................................................................... .. 28 (:. Neo·Fascist component ...................................................................................... 35 1. Characteristics ........................................................................................ .. 35 ~ Jdeology and objectives ........................................................................... 35 a. Composition, structure, and dynamics ................................................ 36 ,I. International connections ...................................................................... 38 D. Anarchist component ....................................................................................... .. 39 1. Bnekgr~u.nd, ideology, and objectiv~s .................................................. 39 2. ComposItIOn, structure, and dynamICS ................................................ 39 3. International connections ...................................................................... 40 E. Sepal'lltist component ........................................................................................ 41 1. Sardinia ..................................................................................................... 41 2. Trcntino-Alto Adige (South Tyrol) ...................................................... .. 43 F. Nationalistic/counterseparatist component .................................................. 45 G. Ecologieal component ........................................................................................ 45 H. Feminist component ......................................................................................... .. 46 • 1. Internationalist component .............................................................................. .. 47 J. Transnational component ................................................................................ .. 47 I. Armenian elements ................................................................................ .. 47 2. Libyan elements....................................................................................... 48 :.I. Palestinian elements ............................................................................... 48 4. Other elements ........................................................................................ .. 49 Part n. The counterterrorist response ....................................................................... .. 50 A. Legislation ........................................................................................................... 50 B. Intelligence and law enforcement ....................................... ,........................... 51 56 ConS~~~~Ii~e~~~~~~.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 58 Selected list uf works consulted .................................................................................. .. 60 Appendices: I. Aggregate annual statistics pertaining to terrorist crimes ....................... 62 II. Annual statistics pertaining to specific categories of terrorist crimes ... .. 63 III. Terrorist/subversive formations of Communist inspiration ..................... .. 63 IV. Terrorist/subversive formations of nco-Fascist inspiration ..................... .. 67 V. Terroristhmbversive formations of anarchist inspiration ......................... 69 VI. Terrorist/subversive formations of separatist inspiration ....................... .. 69 VII. 'rerroristlsubversive formations of nationalistic counterseparatist in- spiration .......................................................................................................... .. 69 VIII. Terrorist/subversive formations of ecological inspiration ......................... 69 IX. Terrorh;l/subversive formations of feminist inspiration ........................... 69 IV) X. Terrorist/subversive formations of "internationalist" inspiration .......... 70 XI. Terrorist formations with "transnational" objectives ............................... .. 70 XII. Chronology of significant terrorist actions perpetrated by major sub- versive formations of Communist inspiration .......................................... 70 XIII. Chronology of significant terrorist aetLOns perpetrated by minor sub- versive formationa of Communist inspiration ..................... " .................. .. 77 XIV. Chronology of significant terrorist actions perpetrated by major
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