“How Stricter Hurricane Codes Saved Lives and Property in 2017”

Presenter: Oscar Cordova, Sr. Architect Sales Representative CGI / PGT / WinDoor L315- CGI Windows and Doors, Inc. CGI019- “How Stricter Hurricane Codes Saved Lives and Property in 2017”

AIA Course Reference: CGI019 This course qualifies for 1.0 LU/HSW AIA/CES credit Credit(s) earned on completion This course is registered with AIA CES of this course will be reported for continuing professional education. to AIA CES for AIA members. As such, it does not include content Certificates of Completion for that may be deemed or construed to both AIA members and non-AIA be an approval or endorsement by the members are available upon AIA of any material of construction or request. any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. ______Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation. Learning Topics

“How Stricter Hurricane codes Saved Lives and Property in 2017”

• Effects of a Hurricane

• Hurricane Andrew, what we learned

• 2017 Hurricane Season

• Irma’s path of destruction

• Damage assessment

• Lessons learned

• Current Building Codes Effects of a Hurricane Effects of a Hurricane

High Winds This is the most important effect of a hurricane since it determines how strong the storm is, and how much storm surge and damage it can cause. High winds create flying debris that could cause catastrophic failure to a structure. Effects of a Hurricane

Storm Surge and Tidal Flooding One of the most devastating and notable effect from a hurricane. Storm surge is the rising wall of water that comes ashore with a land falling hurricane, and it is responsible for 90 percent of all hurricane related deaths Effects of a Hurricane

Heavy rain and flooding This is the effect of a hurricane that is completely taken for granted. After a hurricane makes landfall, and their winds abate, the tremendous amount of rainfall becomes a major factor, and can cause significant flooding as with Hurricane Harvey last year. Effects of a Hurricane

Tornadoes This is probably the least thought of effect of a hurricane, but they do occur. These tornadoes occur in a hurricane as a result of the tremendous energy and instability created when a hurricane makes landfall. Five Tropical cyclones were responsible for 119 reports of tornadoes in a dozen states. This includes tropical storms Cindy and Philippe and hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Nate. Hurricane Andrew

Massive Impacts

• 40 deaths

• 160,000 residents temporarily homeless

• $25 billion in damage Hurricane Andrew

Buildings Damaged or Destroyed

• Homes – 101,000

• Businesses – 82,000

• Public Schools – 31 Hurricane Andrew

Dade County Grand Jury Report

• Inadequate building code • Inadequate building inspections by building officials • Lack of adequate preparation, coordination and disaster relief Source: Wall Street Journal Hurricane Andrew

Dade County Grand Jury Report December 1992

• Through the devastation, Miami Dade officials displayed phenomenal leadership and drove sweeping changes to create the strongest and most enforced code in the country

• “We have chosen to use the remainder of our term to focus on the necessary reforms (to the building code) that must occur NOW.” 2017 Hurricane Season

11 of the 14 Most Costly Hurricane Andrew Disasters in US History were Category 5 -1992 Hurricanes. • Hurricane Andrew Changed The Industry (Damages: $25B) • 1992: Origin of Impact- Resistant Codes • 2017 Hurricane Season (Estimated Damages: $155B- $390B) • 2018+: Expected Changes in Regulatory Environment Hurricane Irma Category 5 - 2017 2017 Hurricane Season 2017 Hurricane Season 2017 Hurricane Season

Maria’s Toll on Puerto Rico Maria’s Category 4 landfall on the island territory knocked out power to more than 90 percent of the island, Largely disrupting cell and water service. The official death toll is 65, although the actual number is likely much higher.

Maria and Irma’s Impact on the Virgin Islands Hurricane Irma made two direct landfalls in the BVI, both at peak intensity on Tortola and Ginger Island Hurricane Maria’s eyewall passed near St Croix (USVI) and damaged most structures on the island.

Irma Depopulated and Entire Island Irma’s direct hit on Barbuda in the eastern Caribbean brought sustained winds of 185 mph with higher gusts, torrential rains and destructive waves. At least 95 percent of the island’s structures were damaged or destroyed. 2017 Hurricane Season 2017 Hurricane Season

Rapid Intensification Keeps Us on Edge Rapid intensification is noted by the National Hurricane Center as being one of the most difficult processes to forecast and understand in tropical forecasting. The highest errors in forecasting are often associated with phases of rapid changes in hurricanes. The 2017 hurricane season produced six tropical cyclones that developed in ideal environmental conditions allowing rapid intensification to occur. This is defined as an increase of wind speeds by 35 mph in 24 hours.

•Harvey: 35 mph to 130 mph; Late Aug. 23 - Aug. 25 •Irma: • Round 1: 50 mph to 115 mph; Midday Aug. 30 - early evening Aug. 31 • Round 2: 120 mph to 185 mph; Midday Sep. 4 - mid-afternoon Sep. 5 •Jose: 90 mph to 150 mph; Midday Sep. 7 - midday Sep. 8 [Explosive intensification] •Katia: 35 mph to 80 mph; Late Sep. 5 - late Sep. 6 •Lee: 50 mph to 90 mph; Late Sep. 23 - late Sep. 24 •Maria: 50 mph - 160 mph; Early Sep. 17 - evening Sep. 18 [Explosive intensification] 2017 Hurricane Irma

Massive Impacts

• 134 deaths

• $65 Billion in Damage (est.)

• 6.3 Million ordered to evacuate FL 2017 Hurricane Irma

Hurricane Irma held on to Category 5 status for three consecutive days in the Atlantic, holding on to its peak intensity-185 MPH- for 37 hours. Hurricane Irma Industry Engineers Assess Damages

Through these devastating events, we learned as much as we can, visiting the hardest hit areas. We partnered with Universities and FEMA, spoke to homeowners, contractors, and first responders seeking to find A. Lynn Miller, P.E. Dean Ruark, P.E. firsthand where opportunities exist to make our products and the industry even stronger.

Robert Beaird, P.E. Erin Koss Hurricane Irma

Initial Findings • Excellent Communication, Evacuation Orders, and Response from Governor Scott, First Responders, and FPL • Strict Building Codes, Product Approvals, and Enforcement saved buildings and lives during Irma • We have learned from Hurricane Andrew and implemented code changes Effects of Hurricane Irma

Before Effects of Hurricane Irma After Effects of Hurricane Irma

Big Pine Key

• Concrete structure on concrete piers

• Sound structure after washout and surge

• Surge breakage of south elevation (blew walls out) Effects of Hurricane Irma

• Surge and Wave action • Wind pressure blew roof • Impact windows stayed intact Effects of Hurricane Irma Effects of Hurricane Irma

• House built in 1985 • Complete wood frame – total failure (half the house gone) • Gable roofing • Shutters for non-impact windows • Homeowner thinks Tornado hit • Gasket glazed door facing east – glass failure (shutter failure) Effects of Hurricane Irma

Complete “envelope” failure likely caused by a breach to a window or door opening due to shutter and /or product failure Effects of Hurricane Irma

Before Effects of Hurricane Irma

After Effects of Hurricane Irma Lessons Learned

Wind-borne Debris strikes glass multiple times

Miami Dade County Hurricane Irma Damage Criteria ASTM E 1996 Requirement Requirement Assessment

Multiple Impacts to Glazing Glazing Impact 1 Strike to Glazing Multiple Impacts to Glazing Occurred Lessons Learned

WINDBORNE DEBRIS STRIKES AND PENETRATES FRAMING

Miami Dade County Hurricane Irma Damage Criteria ASTM E 1996 Requirement Requirement Assessment Substantial Impacts to Framing Frame Impact Not Required Required Members Lessons Learned

Wind-borne Debris larger and faster than any criteria

40 lb. 2 x 10

ASTM E 1996 Miami Dade County Hurricane Irma Damage Criteria Requirement Requirement Assessment Missile Size 9 lb. 2x4 9 lb. 2x4 Up to 40 lb. 2x10

Missile Speed 34 mph 34 mph 60+ mph Key Takeaways

• We’ve made great progress since Hurricane Andrew • Miami Dade County continues to lead the way in impact testing criteria, stringency, and enforcement – Not all impact-resistant products are created or tested equally • Missile Speed, Size, Location and Frequency should be reviewed with collective findings from Universities, FEMA, ASCE, Insurers and Industry Stakeholders Key Takeaways

• Florida Product Approvals and Miami Dade Notice of Acceptances (NOA) have created stricter guidelines for product manufacturing and installation. • Stricter Code Enforcement, and Inspections reassures compliance with code requirements • Strictly following installation methods and instructions are paramount for achieving maximum performance • Remember that all products are not created equal and the weakest “component” is the weakest part of any product. Codes objective

The building codes for hurricane winds and wind-borne debris were created to prevent the penetration of the building envelope thus minimizing damage to the structure Codes objective

Building Envelope

• Roofs • Walls • Louvers • Solid/Glazed Curtain Wall • Windows & Doors

❖ When an opening is breached wind pressure on the roof and the walls is significantly increased, potentially resulting in considerable structural damage Codes objective

• The Product Approval System (Section 553.842, F.S.) provides an optional statewide approval for seven identified building envelop and structural frame products (panel walls, exterior doors, roofing products, skylights, windows, shutters, structural components) that are intended to be replicated during the manufacturing process. Exceeding the Requirements

• Building codes continue evolving

• New Design challenges require better performing products

• Exceeding the minimum design pressures

• Insurance companies and lenders/banks are influencing the process THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION ANY QUESTIONS?