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Ekoloji 28(107): 4685-4696 (2019)

Environmental Study on Differentiation and Influencing Factors of Traditional Lands based on GIS Chengjun Tang 1*, Shaoyao He 1, Wenjuan Liu 2, Wei Zhang 1, Mengmiao Zhang 1 1 School of Architecture, University, 410082, 2 Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, College of Civil Engineering & Architecture, 414000, CHINA * Corresponding author: Chengjun Tang Abstract Traditional are important carriers of Chinese traditional cultural heritage. In order to develop and protect traditional villages in a reasonable manner, this dissertation, with altogether 257 traditional villages in Hunan Province announced by Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development in four batches ever since 2012 as research subject, explores and analyzes the regional characteristics and their influencing factors of traditional villages’ spatial distribution of Hunan province based on GIS technology and method as well as with multiple data sources integrated. The research result indicates that the type of traditional villages’ spatial distribution of Hunan Province is concentration, which is mainly on such six cities and prefecture as Xiangxi Tujia & Miao Autonomous Prefeture, , , , and . Relatively blocked regional environment, site that is strategically located and difficult access to, site selection concept of facing water with mountains behind, relatively backward society and economy as well as other factors influence the regional distribution of Hunan’s traditional villages, and provide significant conditions to protect them. At the same time, several pieces of suggestions are proposed to promote the holistic and systemic protection for traditional villages in combination with their current situation in Hunan region. Keywords: traditional village, spatial distribution, regional differentiations, GIS, Hunan Province

Tang C, He S, Liu W, Zhang W, Zhang M (2019) Environmental Study on Differentiation and Influencing Factors of Traditional Village Lands based on GIS. Ekoloji 28(107): 4685-4696.

INTRODUCTION theoretical and practical significance for their Crystallized by thousands of years’ agrarian culture protection. in China, accumulated with the quintessence of China’s As for the research into traditional villages, foreign traditional architecture, contained with abundant scholars mainly unfold their research around the intangible cultural heritage, as well as possessed with culture (Crouch 1992), sustainable development relatively higher historical, cultural, artistic as well as (Marschalek 2008), landscape (Chen 2010, Cheng 2015, economic values, traditional villages are important Yu 2013) and tourism development (Kastenholz 2012, carriers of Chinese traditional culture and also the Lepp 2007), as well as other aspects of traditional spiritual homelands of Chinese nation. The distribution villages; while domestic experts, the spatial of Hunan Province’s traditional villages is relatively configuration (Delmastro et al. 2016), value appraisal concentrated in southern area of China, and is able to (Stefanizzi et al. 2016), integrity protection, and tourism fully embody the culture local to ancient times, of the promotion (Tao et al. 2013), etc. With emphasis on State of , as well as of the migration in central specific villages, these research fruits lack systemic plains. However, with the continuous depth of research from the perspective of Geography, urbanization and the acceleration of industrialization, particularly, the research into the characteristics of such phenomenon as “hollowness”, “empty nest”, etc traditional villages’ regional distribution as well as their become increasingly worse among Hunan Province’s rules in macro dimension. Meanwhile, speaking of the traditional villages, which has been attached high degree research methods, qualitative description, case analysis of importance and attention to by government and comparative research are mainly adopted (Ti et al. departments at all levels and scholars in all fields. 2011, Zhang et al. 2010), while quantitative Therefore, research into the regional distribution of interpretation of the large sample with GIS technology existent traditional villages in this region offers both is less. For that matter, with traditional villages in Hunan enlisted into China’s traditional villages in four

© Foundation Environmental Protection & Research-FEPR Received: 19 Jun 2018 / Accepted: 11 Nov 2018

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Fig. 1. Geographical location and typical villages of Hunan Province batches as research subject, this research studies their Dayuan, Tantian, and Longxi, etc. are evaluated as regional distribution characteristics as well as their historically and culturally known villages at provincial influencing factors in the way of spatial analysis, to level. The value of Hunan traditional villages cannot be provide reference for the protection and development neglected, and their well-preserved traditional of traditional villages, as well as the improvement of architecture is an important piece of cultural heritage. human settlement (Jia et al. 2014, Yang et al. 2011). The everlasting folk customs formed from need to breed for generations is also another important AN OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH REGION intangible cultural heritage. Their unique geographical Located in the southern part of central China, environment and long-standing history and culture lay Hunan Province is 108°47′~114°15′ of east longitude, a sound foundation for the protection and development and 24°39′~30°08′ of north attitude. With of traditional villages. Province in the east, Municipality, Province in the west, and RESEARCH METHOD AND DATA SOURCES Provinces in the south, and Province in the Data Sources north, Hunan Province covers a land area of 211,800 Relevant materials and data researched by this 2 km , which accounts for 2.2% of the nation’s total (Fig. dissertation mainly come from PRC’s Ministry of 1). By the end of 2015, there has been a total permanent Housing and Urban-Rural Development Website, population of 67,830,000 of the whole province with 14 Hunan Provincial Housing and Urban-Rural cities and , 122 counties (cities, Development Website, 2015 Statistical Annals of regions) under jurisdiction. Mainly featured by Hunan Province, etc (Dach et al. 2006, Steigenberger et mountains and hills, it has 51.22% mountainous areas, al. 2012, Uhlemann et al. 2012). The geographical 29.27% hills and low lands, 13.12% plains, and 6.39% coordinates and altitudes above sea level of village sites waters as a whole. Ringed on three sides by mountains, of Hunan traditional villages are determined by utilizing the whole province is in the shape of a horseshoe Google geographical information system in leaning from the east, south and west open to the north. coordination with the searching of geographical names Densely covered by water networks inside the province, in Baidu Map (Melgard et al. 2009). The geographical it has a thriving water system with Xiang, Zi, Yuan, and locations, regional differentiations and other data are Li four rivers, which flow into from the analyzed and expressed in visualization with Arcgis10.2 southwest to the northeast respectively, and to and GeoDa as technological platform, also by selecting River through Cheng Lingji. the geographical information of each and every city in the province (Cai and Gao 2013). Hunan has a long history, with a large number of traditional villages. At present, the province has Research Methods altogether 257 villages enlisted into the Directory of Superimposition analysis method Chinese Traditional Village; while 15 Villages of Zhang Superimposition Analysis method refers to the Guying, Shang Gantang, Gao Yi, Ban Liang, Wu generation of a new feature layer after superimposing Baotian, Lao Sicheng and Lanxi in Lanxi Yao Ethnic and integrating 2 or multiple feature layers (Kang et al. Group Township, etc. are selected as historically and 2016), and an analysis containing previous feature culturally known villages of China; and 38 Villages of layers. This dissertation analyzes the relationship

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Environmental Study on Differentiation and Influencing Factors of Traditional Village Lands based on GIS between spatial distribution and geography, water distance, the density of the range’s margin is 0. The system and economy, as well as other factors of factors’ distribution density of the entire area is obtained traditional villages and illustrates their regional after calculating each and every sample point within the distribution characteristics by superimposing the area with the same method, and superimposing the location information of traditional villages and such density of the same location (Feng et al. 2017). maps as digital elevation map (DEM), farmland, river Supposing xi ，…，xn are independent and identical system, and GDP, etc. Together (Li et al. 2015, Kouba distribution samples selected from the total whose and He´roux 2001). distribution density function is f (Tong 2014) value is estimated when f is at a certain point of x: The nearest neighbor index method The Nearest Neighbor Index (NNI) method refers 1 ( ) = 𝑛𝑛 (3) to the measurement of point features’ spatial ∧ distribution with random pattern’s distribution as 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓ℎ 𝑥𝑥 � 𝐾𝐾 � � standard. The principle is measuring the distance r1 Formula composition:𝑛𝑛ℎ 𝑖𝑖=1 k（）isℎ referred to as kernel between each and every point and its nearest neighbor function; h, bandwidth, and h＞0;（x~xi） indicates point, and choosing the average of these distances. the distance between estimated point and the sample This is the statement of neighboring degree’s average 1 point xi. nearest neighbor distance, which is𝑟𝑟 ̅ short for the nearest neighbor distance (Sun et al. 2016). Theoretically, it can RESULTS be expressed as formula: Spatial Distribution Types and Temporal _ 1 1 Evolution Characteristics = = (1) 2 / 2 Spatial distribution types 𝐸𝐸 𝑟𝑟 _ Calculating with the Average Nearest Neighbor of Formula composition:�𝑛𝑛 𝐴𝐴 is√ 𝐷𝐷the nearest neighbor ArcGIS10.2’s Spatial Statistics Tools, the results are as distance theoretically; n is the number of point units; A ______𝑟𝑟𝐸𝐸 follows: 1 =0.176, =0.235; R= 1 ∕ =0.749, that is the area researched; D is the density of point units. is, the ratio between the mean value of the nearest Among the three types of point distribution of random, neighbor𝑟𝑟 distance in𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 practice and the𝑟𝑟 one𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 in theory is even and concentration, even distribution has the R=0.749＜1. It can be told that the traditional villages largest nearest neighbor distance, random one the next, in Hunan Province tend to be the concentrated and concentration one the smallest. The ratio between distribution. the nearest neighbor distance in practice and the one in theory is the nearest neighbor point index. The Temporal evolution characteristics calculation formula is (Folk et al. 1970): As a homeland to Miao, Yao and other ethnic ___ groups, Hunan Province has been a vast territory with a 1 = = 2 (2) sparse population ever since ancient times. Influenced 𝑟𝑟 by factors such as chaotic warfare, heavy taxation, and 𝑅𝑅 √𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 population expansion, etc, populations outside the Including, R indicates𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 the nearest neighbor point index, r1, the nearest neighbor distance practically. province have sporadically immigrated into Hunan ever ______from Tang Dynasty, peaking in Ming Dynasty, and all When R=1, 1= the distribution of point units belongs to the random type; R＞1, the even; R＜1, the way to later Qing Dynasty, which is the so-called concentration 𝑟𝑟with𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 tendency. “people from Jiangxi filling in ”. Ming Dynasty is an important period when Hunan Kernel density estimation method population grew fast, thus giving birth to many villages Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) method is a non- in Hunan region. For this reason, we divide the parametric estimation method mostly applied among formation ages of traditional villages in Hunan Province the analytic methods of spatial point pattern. Centered into such three periods as Yuan Dynasty and before, on the location of every sample point I(x,y), KDE Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty (Fig. 2). From Fig. 2, calculates the density contribution values of all the grid it is acquired that the number of traditional villages units of every sample point within designated range (the formed during Yuan Dynasty and before is 42, Ming radius of circle is h). The closer the distance to the Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, 110 and 105 in respective. central sample point is, the greater the density is (Amorosi and Milli 2001). With the declining of the

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Fig. 2. Geographical location and typical villages of Hunan Province

There are four situations as follows to bring Village is an important trade transit in the middle traditional villages in Hunan Province into shape. First reaches of in history. is immigration, which serves as the main reason to form traditional villages, such as Villages of Shang Gantang, Equilibrium of Spatial Distribution Zhang Guying, Banliang, and Wu Baotian, etc. This Concentration degree analysis type of villages dominates. Second is living for Geographical Concentration Index is an important generations, such as Villages of Gaoyi, Gan Yantou, index to study the concentration degree of traditional Tantian, and Longxi, etc. This type of traditional villages villages, and its formula is (Song et al. 2015): forms as local residents have been expanding to peripheral areas continuously instead of mainlanders’ ( ) = 100 × 𝑛𝑛 (4) immigration. Third is military reason. Most of the 2 formation reason of this type of villages is concerned 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 �� � � with ancient military activities. For instance, Lao Siyan 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑇𝑇 Village forms as a result of the development of Formula composition: G refers to sightseeing’s watchtower during Ming and Qing Dynasties; and geographical concentration index; xi refers to the Zhongtina Village in Miaoqian Town, wasteland by amount of the i’s sightseeing; T is the total amount of having garrison troops or peasants open up and grow sightseeing; n is the total number of cities. The larger food grain. And the fourth is traffic location and trade the G value is, the more concentrated the distribution activity. Special in traffic location, these ancient villages of sightseeing is; while the smaller, the more dispersed. were oftentimes the center for collecting and The total amount of traditional villages in Hunan distributing ancient goods, where various merchants Province is T=257 (Fig. 3), and the total number of gathered to form traditional villages characterized by cities (prefecture) is n=14. With Excel, the geographical feudal time’s trade culture. For instance, Tang Jiaguan concentration index of traditional villages in Hunan

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Environmental Study on Differentiation and Influencing Factors of Traditional Village Lands based on GIS

Fig. 3. Distribution Pic of Hunan’s Traditional Villages in All Cities and Prefecture

Table 1. Quantity Statistic of Traditional Villages in All Areas of Hunan Province Area West Hunan South Hunan Central Hunan East Hunan North Hunan number 142 74 34 3 4 proportion 55.3% 28.8% 13.2% 1.1% 1.56%

Province is calculated as G=111.88. Supposing 257 Unbalanced index reflects the distributing traditional villages are evenly distributed within all the equilibrium degree of the subject studied within cities and prefecture, that is, the amount of traditional different areas, and its formula is: villages in each and every city and prefecture is 50( + 1) 257/14=18.36, the geographical concentration index is = (5) 100𝑛𝑛 50( + 1) 18.36, which is far less than 111.88. To illustrate that in ∑𝑘𝑘=0 𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖 − 𝑛𝑛 city and prefecture dimension, the distribution of this 𝑆𝑆 Formula composition:𝑛𝑛 − n stands𝑛𝑛 for the number of province’s traditional villages is relatively concentrated. areas; Y i is, after being sequenced from the most to the least, the i ‘s cumulative percentage of the proportion of Equilibrium degree analysis every area’s certain subject studied taken up within the According to 14 cities and prefecture’s current entire region. Unbalanced index S is between 0 and 1. situation of geographical location in Hunan Province, If the subjects studied are evenly distributed among all this region is divided into such 5 main geographical the areas (Song et al. 2015), then S=0; if all areas as North Hunan, South Hunan, Central Hunan, concentrated in one region, S=1. Calculating East Hunan, and West Hunan. North Hunan area unbalanced index with Excel to measure the includes Yueyang City and City; South distributing equilibrium degree of traditional villages in Hunan area, Hengyang City, Chenzhou City, and all the cities and prefecture of Hunan Province, the Yongzhou City; Central Hunan area, City, unbalanced index is S=0.67, which indicates the Shaoyang City, and City; East Hunan area, unbalanced distribution of traditional villages in the Changsha City, Zhouzhou City ,and City; as whole province. well as West Hunan are, Xiangxi Tujia&Miao Autonomous Prefeture, Huaihua City and Zhang Jiajie By integrating the above data, the distribution of City. The quantity statistic of Hunan Province’s traditional villages can be told to present the following traditional villages among 5 main geographical areas is characteristics: the most concentrated area of traditional shown as Table 1. The statistic result demonstrates: the villages is West Hunan area, which accounts for 55.26% spatial distribution differentiation of Hunan traditional of the total; the amounts of traditional villages in the villages is obvious, which are mainly distributed in South and Central Hunan areas take up 28% and South and West Hunan areas. 13.21% of the total in respective; while the numbers of

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Fig. 4. Regional Distribution Kernel Density Pic of Traditional Villages in Hunan Province traditional villages in the North and East Hunan areas Province and digital elevation map together with have less proportion, 1.56% and 1.17% respectively. ArcGIS10.2. From Fig. 6, it can be known that traditional villages of Hunan Province mainly distribute Spatial Concentration Analysis in the mountainous areas of West and South Hunan. In Spatial concentration area analysis mainly adopts the area of West Hunan, there are magnificent Wuling distributing density for measurement. This dissertation Mountain and Xuefeng Mountain standing 1000 conducts kernel density analysis into 257 traditional meters~1500 meters above the sea level. Vast in land villages with integrated Kernel Density tool of areas and grand in mountainous areas, they are ArcGIS10.2 software’s Spatial Analyst, and generates the protective screens of east-west transportation and kernel density distribution pattern (Fig. 4) of traditional dividing lines of east-west natural landscapes in Hunan villages in Hunan Province. Viewing from Fig. 5, there Province. In the area of South Hunan, Dayu, Qitian, are three highly-dense areas that traditional villages in Mengzhu, Dupang, Yuecheng and other ranges Hunan Province distribute, and they are, Xiangxi constitute the mountain chains of Nan Range. Peaking Tujia&Miao Autonomous Prefeture, Huaihua and over 1000 meters of altitude and extending from east to Chenzhou. In addition to the above three highly-dense west, they are the watersheds of Yangtze River and Pearl areas, there are Yongzhou, Shaoyang, and Hengyang, River’s water systems. These remote and dangerous secondary core zones with relatively higher density. . regional environments bring less influences and disturbances from outside to traditional villages, which DISCUSSION provide a significant foundation for the formation and Topographical Factors development of traditional villages. Under such (1) Fig. 5 is generated by superimposing spatial topographical conditions, traditional villages form their distribution map of traditional villages in Hunan respective advantages, giving birth to folk customs with

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Environmental Study on Differentiation and Influencing Factors of Traditional Village Lands based on GIS

Fig. 5. Regional Distribution Kernel Density Pic of Traditional Villages in Hunan Province local culture in particular, which can be relatively well areas are not only suitable to grow forest trees, and preserved in the long course of history. satisfy traditional villages’ demands of charcoal, building material, wind and coldness proof, etc. for (2) Two types of farmland, paddy field and dry land, survival, but also have abundant environmental layers, which are for land utilization in Hunan Province are various species types, pluralistic economic selected, as farmland is a main agricultural resource of development, higher risk-resistant ability as the traditional villages, to generate the farmland interlocked areas of mountainous forest areas and plains distribution map of Hunan Province, which is analyzed growing grains, which is advantageous for the after being superimposed with the distribution of sustainable development of the villages. traditional villages (Fig. 6). From Fig. 7, it is known that most traditional villages distribute among the western River System Factor and southern parts of the province, where the per capita River systems are one of the main channels for the farmland area is lower than that of the whole province’s villages to connect with the outside in early times, so the average (per capita farmland area of Hunan Province in site selection of traditional villages is mainly close to 2015 was 0.06 hm2 ). And the number is 216, accounting river systems (Bondwoman et al. 2002). Viewing from for 84.05% of the total; the areas with per capita the perspective of spatial distribution, there are more farmland area higher than that of the whole province’s traditional villages in the upstream area of river system, average concentrate on the central, eastern and northern mainly centered alongside the ’s tributaries, parts, which have 41 traditional villages, taking up You River, Wu River, Wu River, Qu River, and 15.95% of the total. Highly concerned with the XiangJiang River’s tributaries, Chunling River, and Lei distribution of forest land and grassland, traditional River. However, the amount is less in the downstream villages are basically located in the ecotone of forest area of the developed river systems; for instance, there areas, grassland and farmland. The reason is that these is almost no traditional village in the downstream of Li

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Fig. 6. Regional Distribution Kernel Density Pic of Traditional Villages in Hunan Province

River, XiangJiang River, and Yuan River (Fig. 7). At the The areas with higher per capita GDP are mainly same time, the number of traditional villages within 20 concentrated on the eastern and northern parts of km alongside the main river route is 156; accounting for Hunan Province, among which, the number of 60.7% of the total; and the number beyond is 101, traditional villages with lower per capita GDP than that 39.3%. As one of the essential material resources for of the whole province’s average is 230, accounting for human survival, water is an evitable and important 89.5% of the total; the areas with higher per capita GDP element to be weighed when the ancestors select the site than that of the whole province’s average mainly of villages. Furthermore, Chinese nation has belief in concentrate on the northern part of Hunan Province, the concept of Fengshui ever since ancient times, which parts of the areas of Chenzhou City in southern part, becomes even more prominent in primitive clusters and City in the western part, whose traditional selection (Dai et al. 2014). It can be told from the villages are 27, taking up 10.5% of the total. Among distance between traditional villages and river systems them, Yueyang City is more advanced in economy with that water places great significance on the images of higher per capita GDP as is Hunan’s only port city for villages’ site selection and environment. international trade, and also is famous in China. In recent years, Jishou City, while enhancing economic Social and Economic Factor income, also strengthens the protection for traditional The standard for the measurement of regional villages by greatly driving the tourism industry with economic level often adopts Gross Domestic advantageous natural resources. Chenzhou City, Production GDP or per capita GDP. Relevant analysis though with per capita GDP approaching to the per Figure (Fig. 8) is obtained by combining per capita capita level of Hunan Province, still has more traditional statistics data of Hunan Province in 2015, utilizing villages, and the reasons are: on the one hand, belonging ArcGIS 10.2 to visualize its space and superimposing to the typical topographical characteristics of South the spatial distribution of traditional villages for analysis.

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Environmental Study on Differentiation and Influencing Factors of Traditional Village Lands based on GIS

Fig. 7. Regional Distribution Kernel Density Pic of Traditional Villages in Hunan Province

Hunan Mountains, this area is beneficial to protect of the administrative region of a city, traditional villages traditional villages; on the other hand, this city, in in Hunan Province are relatively concentrated, which immediate vicinity of economic circle, mainly distribute among Xiangxi Tujia&Miao and with such state-level important traffic arteries as Autonomous Prefeture, Huaihua, Chenzhou, -Hongkong-Macao Expressway, Beijing- Yongzhou, Shaoyang and Hengyang, six cities and High Speed Railway, etc. through, is prefecture; the equilibrium of concentrated distribution convenient to undertake the transferring of Pearl River of traditional villages among 5 main geographical Delta’s industries (Xiao 2016). The economic demarcations is relatively low, and the concentration is development is fast, with per capita GDP higher than on South Hunan area, second to West Hunan area that of the rest South Hunan parts. (Alfonsi et al. 2013). (3) Relatively enclosed regional environment, dangerous topography, inconvenient traffic and relatively backward society and economy, as CONCLUSIONS AND CONTEMPLATION well as other factors provide important conditions to Limited by topography, river systems, economy and protect traditional villages, thus being significant factors other factors, the differentiation for traditional villages influencing the distribution of Hunan’s traditional in space is unbalanced. Having analyzed the regional villages. distribution characteristics and influencing factors of 257 traditional villages in Hunan Province, the results As the living symbol of history and culture and living indicate: (1) the regional distribution type of traditional carrier of cultural heritage, traditional villages in Hunan villages in Hunan Province is concentration; most Province are also vulnerable cultural relics, which are traditional villages take shape during Ming and Qing prone to the influences of exterior factors, and changes Dynasties, mainly caused by immigration. (2) From the in the process of fast urbanization (Li et al. 2013). perspective of spatial equilibrium and the distribution Therefore, is appears to be of particular importance to

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Fig. 8. Regional Distribution Kernel Density Pic of Traditional Villages in Hunan Province explore the effective model for the protection and formation mechanism and principle of traditional development of traditional villages. What is sure is that villages. This research only reflects the spatial only by taking 257 traditional villages as distribution characteristics, structural types and demonstrations; the inner structure, structural influencing factors of traditional villages in Hunan characteristics, specific cultural connotations and their Province. Research into digitalized protection and values, as well as other micro contents haven’t been modernized transformation of traditional villages may touched yet. As a macro scale demonstration analysis, be the focus of next-step research. attribute information such as village type, agricultural production and rural living condition, traditional ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS villages’ architectural features, villages’ intangible This work was supported by research project of cultural relics, etc. are still in need of collection; villages’ graduate students in Hunan in 2017：CX2017B092, cultural properties and the research into their differentiation factors are in dire need of combination Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province: to further improve the ability in explaining the 2016JJ4017.

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