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The Winter War: a Study of Russo-Finnish Diplomacy 1938-1940 Richard William Condon University of Nebraska at Omaha

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The Winter War: a Study of Russo-Finnish Diplomacy 1938-1940 Richard William Condon University of Nebraska at Omaha University of Nebraska at Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Student Work 8-1-1960 The winter war: A study of Russo-Finnish diplomacy 1938-1940 Richard William Condon University of Nebraska at Omaha Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork Recommended Citation Condon, Richard William, "The winter war: A study of Russo-Finnish diplomacy 1938-1940" (1960). Student Work. 415. https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork/415 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Work by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. t m m w m war« 4 Bfwt or nmaompmrnn diplomacy i 93®*%9bo A flis s ls to 4110 fa o u liy o f 1&e OafNHrtNMt o f History Municipal tJnireratty of Omaha Jjo Partial Fulfillia#nt of the !ta|tt transit ta for tho Dagrsa Ho® tor of Art* t r Rleharti William Condon August I960 UMI Number: EP73053 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI EP73053 Published by ProQuest LLC (2015). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 It i s the purpose of th is study to shod soise ligh t on tho diplomacy Which took place between Finland and the Soviet >Mon from 193$ to 1940* That the Finn# successfully mot end blocked Russian efforts to make Finland # part of the !!*$*S*fL I# ® fact* Stow i t is for tho historian to seek out and evaluate h m and why this vu# p o ssib le. Because o f th® propinquity of Finland to Russia and her century o f axl&tfmoi as a Grand Duchy of Cserlet Russia, th® Flm s h#va coasc to know and understand th® Russian mind and thought* Herein lies th# validity of a study of this nature for in th® present world situation there is & need on the m rt of th# West to understand and evaluate &i#olan Foreign policy* through the study o f the manner In which t'm Finnish government conducted and s t i l l conduct# it# relations with the Soviet Union the Western Fewer# ®ay wall .find a clue to a means of meeting an Aggressive and dynamic Busman policy* Tki® author wishes to thank the staff of the Gene Employ library for their valuable assistance rendered during th# mo?'the required to complete this project. Appreciation is also oxtresaed to Mrs. #uth KonttSnon of Suomi College and thm Firc:i#h-^»erlc&n library, Hancock, Michigan, for the invaluable aid rendered in securing many of the sources used in thi s study* T'fepeclal thanks ere due Dr* A. Stanley Trieketi, Qmirmn of tin® frpartHiert of History of the University of Omaha, for the continual interest, patience, and lnruner*ble constructive criticisms extended during he preparation of this study* Without the assistance of above- mentioned persons, the completion o f this work would have beer lnflnietely more difficult* R*W.C. c m p t m fa c e x* mjmmcfm •*«#«•**«**••*••*«»••• 1 Finland before 1X55 ««»«»«®«o*®®»«*«oo 1 Grand Bushy of Finland* Swedish Rule oo««»e9®o 3 Grand Dueby of Finland* R ussian Mt« 3 Independence and C iv il lawr • *»•*•«*•««•*•• 1? Chapter Conclusion 29 II* fUCISC TFT-: STOHH H Eusso-Fiitnlsh Non-aggression Treaty® »®«®e®®®®© Mi ftilltaxy Appropriation# c,®®®®*®®*# *««»«* A Reorganisation of the Art^r 36 Scandinavian Orientation »••••••♦***•*••« 33 Coaler A ttitu d e Toward# Germany 1*1 Finnish neutrality Policy e®**®®*®®®**®®* Ms Aaland Island Question **««**•*#* 1*5 Chapter Conclusion «»**•••»«*•»•»••*«* h? m . m t ctoow gather **********.*.*** 0 ®* 1*9 Conversations with Yartaev «••««**« »9ft*«9« 1*9 Cottvaraaiiotta in Moscow (Deeesher 1933) ••«*«•«» 61 f^oeeoi? C larifies Its Demands (Hereto 1939) ® * » • « ® ® 63 Boris Stein Presses Russia1• Case *»«»«»•<.*«« 65 Aagl ©*Freneh<*Rttesi*n Kegotlatlone • •*«•»«*••<> 70 fttteso^Gersaan n egotiations and Treaty 71 Russo-Gemm Attack m Poland 73 C h ap ter Conclusion ««»#»« «««»#*« 71* i v CHAPTER PAG® IV* MOSCOW WSOOTIATOTS . * * ................... 77 Russian Demands cm the Baltic States • • + 77 Moscow Turns to Finland • »•*•**««*••»* + • ?? Instructions to Finnish fte&otiators •••••««»«» 79 First Trio to Moscow (October 9# 1939) • ••••***« SI Ha turn to Helsinki and New 'Instructions «•««*«. • 39 Second Trip to Moscow (O cto b er 23? 1939) «•*«««« 90 Appeal to Sweden 0 . <»..«.».»»«................... 92 He*»examina tion of th e Finnish Position »*««.««* 9h Third Trip to Moscow (October 31$ 1939) •««««*•• 96 Breakdown o f the Moscow negotiations •••««••«» lOli Chapter Conclusion *«.•*•».»*•«»»»«•« 106 V* UST BATS 0? PEACE ABB UNSECURED WAR * * * ................ 108 "Hainila Incident** , ................... t o 108 Russian and Finnish Proposals for Settlement of Border Incident • *»•*»****««•#•«»«• 109 Moscow Severs Relations with Finland 110 Attack Without ^ami.ng *»**#■•**■###*«*«* H I Outside Offers to Mediate »*»*•«*•**••«» 112 The Dispute Taken to the Xeagus of Nations * » • * « 113 Aid from Various Rations *•*«««*•**»«•»• 113 Chapter Conclusion »•»«.*««• »»•«»»«•»« H 5 VI. THE TOtTOBf PDA I) TO PPACK......................................... 116 Finland’s Bisadrsvttages and Advantages in War » « « » * 116 Various Offer® of Mediation »»«.»«« ««»»««» 117 chapter H&3R Qemm ifferts 3l2.^ Mrs, Wsoli^oki Offers to Contact, '%n>, Kollcmtal * * * » 122 The Soviet Qomrmmnx Agrees to ?$e®otiate s i t h the Ckwmsaewt • *«*«**««•• X2li Termer*s First f t e it to Stockholm (February li# 19h0) Q « 126 .Mltain and franc® Consider Aid to Finland » « « » • « ® 12? Kaanerhetw and ffts Staff Consulted m Possible Territorial Concessions • •••*«••••« 1 3 0 Divided Opinions in the Cabinet 1 3 1 Termer fs Second V isit to Stockholm {February 12* 19b£) » 133 Gar*ftanry Suggests a Mediation Plan 13k Finland 4sks Sweden to Mediate *••»•••»•«#••136 the B,S»S«R» Clarifies Its Position * # • * ...........#1 3 ? Tanner *e Third H a lt to Sfockholn (February 2?, I9k0) » liil Finland Beeides to Hafee Peace (February 29$ X9h0 ) « • « Hi3 Benewed Offers of Aid from Britain and franco , « » « « lilt Finland Subnlta to Russian feme *•»••»«#•*•* 1UB 4 Final Anglo-French Offer of Aid (March ?f 19l*€> « • • 11*9 Moscow f;fak®s Additional Beeeads »«#*«»»«#«« # 11*9 The Peace Treaty Is Signed ,«»«•«*••»« «*«« 151 Finnish Territorial losses •«»*««»*<>»«»««<» 151 Ratification of the Peace #•»«•,# 152 m u m m ' j s r m ......................... 1 5 3 APPfFMlI A • • « • ....................... 159 kPWM^lt B,#,***,#**.**#*******#**** 161* n w i.w m h ^ n # -, 168 ■mFTBR I Somewhere about the beginning of the Christian era there appeared in a land of lakes and forests, borderso by the Baltic Sea m the south an" southwest, Sweden and Morway m the west and northwest, and Russia on- th e e a s t, a p e o p le idiom T a c itu s c a lle d th e Ferns 1. T hese w ere th e ancestors of the presmt-day Finns, the inhabitants of Finland or in Finnish, 3y<^i« Many conjectures have been made concerning tlu origin of these people, but it is generally conceded by contemporary scholars that they originally aade their home in the vicinity of the Oral mour** tains and along the Volga Elver* This does not mean, however, that they arc related to the Teutons, Slavs, or .Mongols. They are ethnologically relate,; to the VotjakS, Oherais, and Ostjak® in Central 'Russia while linguistically, Finnish belongs to the Finno-Uric language group ana is relate, to hstoniau ana, sore distantly, to Hungarian, “This liagistie affinity, however, has had no influence on the development of Finnish institutions. More recent ami prolonged contacts with In-o-r.uropean peoples, notably Seanaanaviana, arc today dominant in Finnish culture.**2 For the first mSHenium >* of their occupation of the present *The following chapter is based mainly on Mantere am.! sarva, K^Sfcikoulua Suooea ^l^tprla. (Porvoq, Finland: Berner Soderstrom Gsakcyhtib, 1951), pp. 1-344, and Aaatole Mazour, bstw.gfn hast g|^ l£l£« (Princeton: c. Van Nostrum Co.., Inc,, 1956), pp. 1-93, unless otherwise n o te d . 2 Hcikki Baris, institutions is PiTlftflti- (Minneapolis, Minn, s University of Minnesota Press, 1958), p. 196. 2 area called Finland, the Pin m lived a primitive life. The Roman historian Tacitus described then as . squalidly poor; neither arms nor homes have they; their food is herbs, their clothing skins, their bed th e ea rth . * *"3 But in one sense they could not be blamed for this, for the land they came to settle ms far from salubrious; w ith a harsh climate, poor soil, and a su m er season too short for much serious farming.4 The rigorous climate and their precarious e x iste n c e se rv ed to harden the n ature of the Finns and did much to mold th e ir character to what it is today. This ch aracter m s well summarised by the nineteenth century Finnish historian and n o v e l i s t , Zachris Topclius, in th e fo llo w * ing m anner i The general traits of their character are: hardened, patient strength; resignations parscrvaraacs allied to a certain obstinacy; a slow, eoKitesaplative way of thinkingt unwillingness to become aa$ry, but a tendency wh m anger has been aroused, to indulge' in unmeasured wrath; coolness in deadly peril, but caution afterwards; inclination for waiting, deferring, living for the day, interrupted sometimes by unseasonable haste; adherence to the old and well-known, an aversion to anything new; attention to duty; law-abiding habit of mind) love of liberty* hospitality; honesty; a predeliction for religious meditation revealing itself in true piety, which, however, is apt to have too much respect for the mere letter.
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