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Fruits and Seeds of Genera in the Subfamily Iviimosoideae (Fabaceae) by Charles R

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Fruits and Seeds of Genera in the Subfamily Iviimosoideae (Fabaceae) by Charles R ^■SïïîriX United States :ÍAJ|] Department of '<^3^ Agriculture Fruits and Seeds Agricultural Research Service of Genera in the Technical Bulletin Number 1681 Subfamily IVIimosoideae (Fabaceae) Abstract Gunn, Charles R. 1984. Fruits and seeds of genera in An updated explanation and discussion of fruit and the subfamily Mimosoideae (Fabaceae). U.S. Depart- seed characters precede the generic descriptions. The in- ment of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No. 1681,194 pp. formation on fruit characters extends and corrects that presently in the literature. Nearly all descriptive data on Technical identification of fruits and seeds of the eco- seeds are new. nomically important legume plant family (Fabaceae or Leguminosae) is often required of U.S. Department of The lens, a seed topographic feature adjacent to the hi- Agriculture personnel and other agricultural scientists. lum, previously thought to be diagnostic of the faboid This bulletin provides relevant information on the legumes, occurs also among the mimosoids. The pres- mimosoid legumes. New data presented also increase ence or absence of endosperm, previously misunder- our knowledge of relationships of concern in germplasm stood, is documented; numerous mimosoid legumes search. have endosperm. An unrecorded character relating to the positional relationship of the cotyledons and the Data are derived from extensive sampling of the species embryonic axis has been found useful in the generic of all 64 genera of mimosoid legumes. Three keys pro- identification of seeds. vide for (1) the differentiation of mimosoid from other legume seeds, (2) the identification of mimosoid genera KEYWORDS: Antiraphe, areola, aril, article, Caesalpi- based on fruit and seed characters, and (3) the identifi- nioideae, chalaza, cotyledon, cuticle, dehiscence, em- cation of mimosoid genera based on seeds alone. bryo, embryonic axis, endocarp, endosperm, epicarp, epicotyl, eye, Fabaceae, Faboideae, fracture line, fruit, funiculus, gynophore, halo, hilar groove, hilar groove Hps, hilum, hypocotyl, interactive computer, legume, Leguminosae, lens, mesocarp, micropyle, Mimosoideae, pleurogram, plumule, radicle, radicle lobe, raphe, rep- lum, rim-aril, seed, spermoderm, stipe, suture, testa, valve, wing. Depi^tmenîof Fruíts aHcl Ssods Agriculture ^^ , Agricultural of Genera m the Research Service Subfamily Mimosoideae Technical Bulletin Nunnber1681 (Fabaceae) By Charles R. Gunn Acknowledgments I express my appreciation to the following associates Pires Morim de Lima, Jardim Botánico do Rio de Janier, and correspondents who supplied fruits, seeds, or in- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Alicia Lourteig, Laboratoire formation: Rupert C. Barneby, New York Botanical de Phanerogamic, Muséum National d'Histoire Natu- Garden, Bronx; Frank A. Bisby, Biology Department, relle, Paris, France; Bruce R. Mashn, Western Austra- The University, Southampton, England; Gilbert Bocquet, lian Herbarium, South Perth, Australia; Ivan Nielsen, Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques, Geneva, Switzerland; Herbarium, Botanical Institute, Risskov, Denmark; Les W. C. Burger, Department of Botany, Field Museum Pedley, Queensland Herbarium, Brisbane, Australia; of Natural History, Chicago, 111.; J. F. M. Cannon, Magdalena Peña, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Herbarium, British Museum (Natural History), London, Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City; Roger M. England; Pan Chih-kang, Arboretum of the Chinese Polhill, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England; Peter H. Academy of Forestry, Bejing, China; R. S. Cowan, De- Raven, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo.; partment of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, Washing- Thekla Reichstein, Botanic Garden, Adelaide, Australia; ton, D.C.; B. de Winter, National Herbarium, Botanical Bernice Schubert, Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa; Hartmut Cambridge, Mass.; and J. E. Vidal, Laboratoire de Ern, Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Phanérogamie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Berlin-Dahlem, Berhn, Germany; Robert Geesink, Paris, France. Rijksherbarium, Leiden, Netherlands; Philippe Guinet, Laboratoire de Palynologie, Université des Sciences et I also express my appreciation to Lynda E. Chandler, Techniques du Languedoc, Montpellier, France; Walter who designed and assembled the illustrations and drew Hando, Department of Botany, University of Sao some of the fruits and seeds. She prepared seed samples Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; I. C. Hedge, Royal Botanic for photography and scanning electron microscopy and Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland; Peter Hiepko, Bo- printed photographs from light photography and scan- tanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin- ning electron microscopy. She also operated the scanning Dahlem, Berhn, Germany; Helen C. Hopkins, New electron microscope (SEM). Lisa M. Bell of Suitland, York Botanical Garden, Bronx; J. H. Hunziker, De- Md., and Peter Alsberg, formerly of the Department of partmento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Housing and Applied Design, University of Maryland, Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Duane Isely, did some of the fruit and seed drawings and assisted in Department of Botany, Iowa State University, Ames; preparing and printing the photographs and in operating John M. Kingsolver, Systematic Entomology Laboratory the SEM. (USDA), Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.; F. Krendl, Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria; James A. Lackey, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Hyattsville, Md.; M. Leppard, National Herbarium and National Botanic Garden, SaHsbury, Zimbabwe; Neis Lersten, Depart- ment of Botany, Iowa State University, Ames; G. P. Lewis, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England; Marli ni Contents Page Page Procedures 2 Fruit and seed key to genera of subfamily Fruit morphology 4 Mimosoideae 19 Fruit 4 Seed key to three subfamiUes of Fabaceae 25 Valves 6 Seed key to genera of subfamily Epicarp 6 Mimosoideae 26 Mesocarp 7 Synopses of fruit and seed characters— 30 Endocarp 7 Parkieae (1.01-1.02) 30 Seed number and position in fruit 7 Mimozygantheae (2.01) 34 Funiculus and aril 7 Mimoseae (3.01-3.37) 36 Seed morphology 8 Acacieae (4.01-4.02) 122 Seed 10 Ingeae (5.01-5.20, unassigned genus and Testa 12 species) 130 Pleurogram 14 Literature cited 186 Fracture lines 14 Scientific name index 190 Wing 16 Aril 16 Hilum 16 Lens 17 Endosperm 17 Cotyledons 18 Embryonic axis 18 Plumule 18 Trade names are used in this publication solely for the purpose of providing specific information. Mention of a trade name does not constitute a guarantee or war- ranty of the product by the U.S. Department of Agri- culture or an endorsement by the Department over other products not mentioned. Copies of this publication may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Va. 22161. ARS has no additional copies for free distribution. Issued December 1984 Fruits and Seeds of Genera in the Subfamily IVIimosoideae (Fabaceae) by Charles R. Gunn' The Fabaceae (Leguminosae of authors including Isely The purpose of this bulletin is threefold: (1) Expand and Polhill, 1980y traditionally is divided into three the morphological data base of Polhill and Raven by subfamiUes: Mimosoideae, Caesalpinioideae, and Fa- presenting for the first time a comprehensive overview boideae (Faboideae is PapiHonoideae in Polhill et al., of mimosoid fruit-seed characters, (2) include keys, il- 1981). The family comprises 650 genera, has 18,000 lustrations, and descriptions for accurate and rapid species, and is the largest flowering plant family after identification to genus of either isolated fruits and the Asteraceae and Orchidaceae. However, only the seeds or herbarium specimens bearing fruits and seeds Poaceae rivals the Fabaceae in agricultural importance. but not flowers, and (3) provide accurate fruit and seed The past, present, and future value of the Fabaceae data for phylogenetic considerations. (the legume family) has been documented recently by Duke (1981), Isely (1982), the National Academy of In addition to the pertinent chapters in Polhill and Ra- Sciences (1979), Skerman (1977), and Summerfield and ven (1981) and the generic studies cited elsewhere, the Bunting (1980), following references, usually of regional floras, were consulted: Aubréville (1959), Bentham (1842), Brenan Elias (1981), in an overview of the subfamily Mimosoi- (1963, 1970, 1977), Britton and KiUip (1936), Gilbert deae, noted that it comprises 64 genera, including 5 and Boutique (1952), Isely (1958, 1970a, 1970b, 1971a, unnamed at that time, an unassigned genus, and an un- 1971b, 1973), Kostermans (1954), Lima (1982), Nielsen assigned species, and approximately 3,000 species, dis- (1981b), and Ross (1975). tributed throughout tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate zones. Nearly two-thirds of the species are Unpublished data (pers. commun.) were suppUed by re- found in the genera Acacia^ with 1,200, Mimosa with viewers of the tribes Parkieae (Hopkins, 1982), Mimo- 400-500, and Inga with 350-400 species. Over one-half seae (Lewis, 1981, 1982), Acacieae (Pedley, 1982), and of the mimosoid genera recognized in Polhill and Raven Ingeae (Nielsen, 1981, 1982). (1981) have 10 species or less; 11 of the genera, mostly African, are monotypic. The distributions and generic names and parameters in the section on Synopses of Fruit and Seed Characters are based on data from Pol- hill and Raven, except as noted. 'Botanist, Plant Exploration and Taxonomy Laboratory, Agricultural
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