DOCSLIB.ORG

Mini Review on Psychedelic Drugs: Illumination on the Hidden Aspects of Mind

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mini Review on Psychedelic Drugs: Illumination on the Hidden Aspects of Mind Review Article Mini Review on Psychedelic Drugs: Illumination on the Hidden Aspects of Mind Lemlem Hussien Salih and Atul Kaushik* Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Asmara College of Health Sciences, Asmara, Eritrea ABSTRACT Psychedelics constitute a class of psychoactive drugs with unique effects on consciousness. Psychedelic means mind/soul "revealing" and refers to the ability of these drugs to illuminate normally hidden aspects of mind or psyche. Many psychedelic agents occur in nature; others are synthetically produced. Naturally occurring psychedelic drugs have been inhaled, ingested, worshiped, and reviled since Address for prehistory. The phenomenology of the hallucinogenic experience is Correspondence extremely complex, sensory, emotional, cognitive, and spiritual, levels. Most psychedelic drugs structurally resemble with Department of neurotransmitters: acetylcholine, two catecholamines (nor Medicinal Chemistry, epinephrine and dopamine), and serotonin. These structural School of Pharmacy, similarities lead to three classes for categorizing psychedelic drugs: Asmara College of anticholinergic, catecholamine-like, and serotonin-like. And also a Health Sciences, fourth class of psychedelic drugs can be included, the psychedelic Asmara, Eritrea anesthetics. This mini review focuses on pharmacological and Tel.- +291-1-186041 medicinal aspects of this class. E-mail: atul_kaushik29 Keywords: Psychedelic drugs, Pharmacological features of @rediffmail.com psychedelic drugs, SAR of psychedelic drugs. INTRODUCTION "Rational consciousness...is but one produced. Naturally occurring psychedelic special type of consciousness, whilst all drugs have been inhaled, ingested, about it, parted from it by the filmiest of worshiped, and reviled since prehistory. screens; there lie potential forms of Native American shamans consumed consciousness entirely different."-William psychedelic plants such as the peyote cactus James. Psychedelics constitute a class of (contains mescaline), psilocybe "magic" psychoactive drugs with unique effects on mushrooms (contains psilocybin), or the consciousness. Psychedelic means mind/soul brew called ayahuasca (contains DMT and "revealing" and refers to the ability of these harmaline) in order to communicate with drugs to illuminate normally hidden aspects God or the spirit realm. By supplying that of mind or psyche. Many psychedelic agents stimulus, psychedelic drugs provide an occur in nature; others are synthetically instrument for experimental investigation of American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics www.ajpct.org Kaushik et al________________________________________________ ISSN 2321 – 2748 what have come to be called altered states of The psychedelic experience is consciousness (ASC). And shall examine relatively new to industrial cultures, and has what they have to teach us about brain historically been at odds with centralized physiology, schizophrenia, dreams, birth and forms of government. Except for the death, artistic and scientific creation, and the accidental discovery of LSD in 1943, roots of religious belief (Photograph). knowledge of psychedelic agents have come as legacies of ancient American religions, Historical Background where these psychic effects are considered These drugs can induce to be of a divine or holy in nature3-6. hallucinations, separating people who use Just over 110 years ago, the German them from reality. Because of the wide pharmacologist Arthur Heffter began a range of psychological effect they produce, systematic investigation into the isolated the single term that might best be used to components of 'peyote' (Lophophora classify these agents has long been debated. williamsii) by ingesting a series of these The term hallucinogen is used because these alkaloids himself. Subsequently, mescaline agents can, in high enough doses, induce was identified as the active component of hallucinations. However, the term is this North American cactus, which had been somewhat inappropriate because illusory used since pre-Columbian times as a phenomena and perceptual distortions are psychoactive sacrament. Peyote persists as more common than are true hallucinations. the central sacrament of several native The term psychotomimetic has also been religions in Mexico and the U.S. used because of the alleged ability of these Following the discovery of LSD, drugs to mimic psychoses or induce psilocin and its phosphate ester (psilocybin) psychotic states. However, most of these were both isolated from the fungi Psilocybe drugs do not produce the same behavioral mexicana and synthesized in the late 1950s7. patterns that are observed in people who Again, the active components were only experience psychotic episodes. Others have identified by human experimentation, after used a descriptive term, such as animal testing gave ambiguous results. To phantasticum or psychedelic to imply that complete the study, synthetic psilocybin was these agents all have the ability to alter returned to the village of Huatla de Jimenez sensory perceptions. In this article the term in Oaxaca, Mexico, its place of botanical psychedelic is used because it allows for origin, and given to the Mazatec shaman more flexibility in grouping together a María Sabina who confirmed the synthetic disparate array of effects into a quantifiable substance to be "the same God" she had and recognizable syndrome1. Abraham, previously known only through the Aldridge, and Gogia2 define a psychedelic mushroom8. drug as “any agent that causes alterations in Throughout the 1950s psychedelics perception, cognition, and mood as its became an obvious and powerful influence primary psychobiological actions in the on the growing field of molecular presence of an otherwise clear sensorium.” psychiatry, initially as models for psychosis This definition separates the pure and eventually as adjuncts to psychotherapy. psychedelic drugs from other substances that At the same time, chemical warfare can cause altered states of thinking and researchers explored these compounds for perception, such as poisons that affect the their potential as "truth serums" and adjuncts mind and deliriants that produce clouding of to "brain washing"6,9. Through both military consciousness and amnesia. and medical channels, these substances then AJPCT[1][5][2013]432-444 Kaushik et al________________________________________________ ISSN 2321 – 2748 began to surface in artistic and intellectual normal alterations in sensory, emotional and circles throughout the world. And in spite of cognitive effects. The most positive proscription of some psychedelic drugs, accounts describes mystical revelations such popular experimentations have still as gaining direct knowledge of God or an continued. all- encompassing cosmic unity. More commonly reported is a kaleidoscopic CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES display of intensely colorful visions, ranging from continuously unfolding abstract The phenomenology of the designs to fully formed images of animals, hallucinogenic experience is extremely plants, landscapes or more bizarre scenes. complex, operating, again, at physiological, They also enhance creativity; enhance the sensory, emotional, cognitive, and we could operation of the mind and emotions, and say, spiritual, levels. Psychedelics induced produce effects highly therapeutic for the alterations are so drastic from our normal psychological growth of the individual10. states of consciousness, that, again, we may Psychedelic drugs are not addictive. call the state induced by hallucinogens an Even enthusiastic proponents of Altered State Conciousness (ASC). psychedelics take them infrequently due to The physiological effects of the intensity of the “trip.” Animal research hallucinogenic induced ASC are reasonably indicates that Homo sapiens are the only straight-forward: pupils dilate, heart rate species that will voluntarily take a increases, breathing patterns are altered, psychedelic drug again after having chills and tremors are experienced, experienced the effects. Although laboratory spontaneous motor motions such as dance animals such as rats or monkeys will readily and gestures may result, and sleeping is self-administer most other drugs abused by significantly impaired. The controversy humans, including cocaine, heroin, begins when we go beyond the obvious amphetamine, nicotine and alcohol, they physiological symptoms of these drugs. At find psychedelic drugs highly aversive sensory, emotional and cognitive levels a (Yokel, 1987). wide variety of conflicting reports exist. Perhaps the easiest way to conceptualize the PHARMACOLOGICAL FEATURES variety of views of the effects of psychedelic drugs is to realize that they lie along a Mounting evidence continues to spectrum. show strong correlations between receptor At one extreme of this spectrum, the activity and behavior; however, the psychic effects of psychedelics are viewed in a effects are not contained within the negative light and thought of as a chemistry of these or any other, neuropathology; sensory alterations; psychoactive drugs. Instead, neurochemical 'hallucinations', emotional changes are seen interactions are thought to affect neuronal to be related to paranoia and the disjointed activity, and receptor sites for neuroactive behavior of schizophrenics, and cognitive compounds are one substrata of the neural alterations are considered to be delusions. circuitry which leads to mental activity. As Thus, to some, all alterations caused by with other drugs, the psychedelics
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Molecular Signatures of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors A
    REVIEW doi:10.1038/nature11896 Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors A. J. Venkatakrishnan1, Xavier Deupi2, Guillaume Lebon1,3,4,5, Christopher G. Tate1, Gebhard F. Schertler2,6 & M. Madan Babu1 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are physiologically important membrane proteins that sense signalling molecules such as hormones and neurotransmitters, and are the targets of several prescribed drugs. Recent exciting developments are providing unprecedented insights into the structure and function of several medically important GPCRs. Here, through a systematic analysis of high-resolution GPCR structures, we uncover a conserved network of non-covalent contacts that defines the GPCR fold. Furthermore, our comparative analysis reveals characteristic features of ligand binding and conformational changes during receptor activation. A holistic understanding that integrates molecular and systems biology of GPCRs holds promise for new therapeutics and personalized medicine. ignal transduction is a fundamental biological process that is comprehensively, and in the process expand the current frontiers of required to maintain cellular homeostasis and to ensure coordi- GPCR biology. S nated cellular activity in all organisms. Membrane proteins at the In this analysis, we objectively compare known structures and reveal cell surface serve as the communication interface between the cell’s key similarities and differences among diverse GPCRs. We identify a external and internal environments. One of the largest and most diverse consensus structural scaffold of GPCRs that is constituted by a network membrane protein families is the GPCRs, which are encoded by more of non-covalent contacts between residues on the transmembrane (TM) than 800 genes in the human genome1. GPCRs function by detecting a helices.
    [Show full text]
  • Erowid Extracts — Number 13 / November 2007 Erowid Extracts Table of Contents Number 13, November 2007
    Erowid® Extracts D OCUMENTING THE C OMPLEX R ELATIONSHIP B ETWEEN H UMANS AN D P SYCHOACTIVES November 2007 Number 13 “The problem to be faced is: how to combine loyalty to one’s own tradition with reverence for different traditions.” — Abraham J. Heschel The Absinthe Enigma • Wormwood and Thujone • P. viridis vs. M. tenuiflora Varieties of Nicotine Experience • Khat Legal Challenges LETTERS & FEEDBACK Hi there Erowid staff, First of all, thank you for such Awesome website! A more thoughtfully a wonderful site. I’m not a serious compiled compendium of information I’m just writing to say how much I recreational user, but having some on the topic of psychoactives does appreciate your website. My father chronic pain issues, I tend to experiment not exist—at least not for the public showed it to me several years ago a little to find ways to alleviate the at large. Bravo. and it’s been fun to watch it grow pain (aside from standard Rx’s from in quality and content over the — ANOnymOus doctors). […] years. My dad adjunctly teaches a Letter to Erowid psychopharmacology class in town and Keep up the good work. Although always lists Erowid on his syllabus of some might look at Erowid negatively, recommended readings. I’m a college I look at it positively, in the sense that After looking up information on the student and am surprised, once I I’m smart enough to research things antitussive properties of DXM, how start talking to other kids, how many before I try them, and hopefully keep shocked I was to find your website, of them know about the information myself from an early demise.
    [Show full text]
  • JONATHAN OTT SPEAKS… PART TWO Interviewed by Will Beifuss and Jon Hanna at the 1998 BPC Salvia Divinorum Conference
    VOLUME VIII, NUMBER 2 SUMMER SOLSTICE 1999 JONATHAN OTT SPEAKS… PART TWO Interviewed by Will Beifuss and Jon Hanna at the 1998 BPC Salvia divinorum Conference Jon: Living in México, what do you think that the interest in at home and make tea.” But if I do that in the U.S. I know for entheogens is there, given in a sort of comparative percent- a fact that there are going to be at least a dozen people there age? that have done it more than I have, and perhaps can teach me a thing or two if I can just connect with them afterwards Jonathan: Of course we have, at best, only soft figures in any and share information. And so the U.S. is a real leader there, case. But I would say that it’s less than it is in the U.S., in and I would say in México it’s a great deal less. But on the terms of the kind of interest that we know about—basement other hand, there’s this schizophrenic thing; on the one hand shaman. In the U.S. there’s a great deal of sophistication in there’s racism against Indians and there’s this whole socio- the so-called amateur sector. And that doesn’t exist any- economic one-upmanship, but on the other hand, all of where else, not even in Europe. In Europe, the only people México’s glory lies in the pre-Colombian past, and it’s been that are at that level of sophistication are in the business as all downhill—and very steeply—politically and economi- shamanic-plant dealers, and they’re very few.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genus Anadenanthera in Amerindian Cultures
    THE GENUS ANADENANTHERA IN AMERINDIAN CULTURES BY SIRI VON REIS ALTSCHUL, PH .D. RESEARCH FELLOW BOTANICAL MUSEUM HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 1972 This monograph is dedicated in affectionate memory to the late DANIEL HERBERT EFRON, PH.D., M.D. 1913-1972 cherished friend of the author and of the Botanical Museum, a true scientist devoted to the interdisciplinary approach in the advancement of knowledge. A/""'f""'<J liz {i>U<// t~ },~u 0<<J4 ~ If;. r:J~ ~ //"'~uI ~ ()< d~ ~ !dtd't;:..1 "./.u.L .A Vdl0 If;;: ~ '" OU'''-k4 :/"­ tu-d ''''''"-''t2.. ?,,".jd,~ jft I;ft'- ?_rl; A~~ ~r'4tft,t -5 " q,.,<,4 ~~ l' #- /""/) -/~ "1'Ii;. ,1""", "/'/1'1",, I X C"'-r'fttt. #) (../..d ~;, . W,( ~ ~ f;r"'" y it;.,,J 11/" Y 4J.. %~~ l{jr~ t> ~~ ~txh '1'ix r 4 6~" c/<'T'''(''-;{' rn« ?.d ~;;1';;/ a-.d txZ-~ ~ ;o/~ <A.H-iz "" ~".,/( 1-/X< "..< ,:" -.... ~ ~ . JJlr-0? on .­ .it-(,0.1' r 4 -11<.1.- aw./{') -:JL. P7t;;"j~;1 S .d-At ;0~/lAQ<..t ,ti~?,f,.... vj "7rU<-'- ~I""" =iiR-I1;M~ a....k«<-l, ¢- f!!) d..;.:~ M ~ ~y£/1 ~/.u..-... It'--, "" # :Z:-,k. "i ~ "d/~ efL<.<~/ ,w 1'#,') /';~~;d-t a;.. tlArl-<7'" I .Ii;'~.1 (1(-;.,} >Lc -(l"7C),.,..,;.. :.... ,,:/ ~ /-V,~ , ,1" # (i F'"' l' fJ~~A- (.tG- ~/~ Z:--7Co- ,,:. ,L7r= f,-, , ~t) ahd-p;: fJ~ / tr>d .4 ~f- $. b".,,1 ~/. ~ pd. 1'7'-· X ~-t;;;;.,~;z jM ~0Y:tJ;; ~ """.,4? br;K,' ./.n.u" ~ 7r .".,.~,j~ ;;f;tT ~ ..4'./ ;pf,., tJd~ M_~ (./I<'/~.'. IU. et. c./,. ~L.y !f-t.<H>:t;.tu ~ ~,:,-,p., .....:.
    [Show full text]
  • 5-Meo-DMT) in a Journal of Psychedelic Studies Naturalistic Setting
    A comparison of reactivation experiences following vaporization and intramuscular injection (IM) of synthetic 5-methoxy-N,N- dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) in a Journal of Psychedelic Studies naturalistic setting 4 (2020) 2, 104–113 1p 2 DOI: MALIN V. UTHAUG , R. LANCELOTTA , 3 4,5 10.1556/2054.2020.00123 A. M. ORTIZ BERNAL , A. K. DAVIS and p © 2020 The Author(s) JOHANNES G. RAMAEKERS1 1 Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands 2 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Innate Path, Lakewood, CO, USA 3 School of Human Ecology, Human Development and Family Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA 4 College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA 5 Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21224, MD, USA Received: November 18, 2019 • Accepted: December 22, 2019 Published online: March 26, 2020 ABSTRACT Background: Previous research suggests a therapeutic potential of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT). However, online anecdotal reports have described a phenomenon following cessation of the acute effects of 5-MeO-DMT use which has been termed reactivation (i.e., re-experiencing [“flashback”]). To date, no research has investigated whether different routes of administration may confer different reactivation rates, effects and experiences. Aims: We aimed to assess whether intramuscular injection (IM) and vaporization of 5-MeO-DMT conferred different reactivation rates, changes in satisfaction with life as well as ratings of the experience with ego dissolution and the mystical. Methods: Using internet-based advertisements, 27 respondents (Mage = 32.
    [Show full text]
  • Long-Lasting Analgesic Effect of the Psychedelic Drug Changa: a Case Report
    CASE REPORT Journal of Psychedelic Studies 3(1), pp. 7–13 (2019) DOI: 10.1556/2054.2019.001 First published online February 12, 2019 Long-lasting analgesic effect of the psychedelic drug changa: A case report GENÍS ONA1* and SEBASTIÁN TRONCOSO2 1Department of Anthropology, Philosophy and Social Work, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain 2Independent Researcher (Received: August 23, 2018; accepted: January 8, 2019) Background and aims: Pain is the most prevalent symptom of a health condition, and it is inappropriately treated in many cases. Here, we present a case report in which we observe a long-lasting analgesic effect produced by changa,a psychedelic drug that contains the psychoactive N,N-dimethyltryptamine and ground seeds of Peganum harmala, which are rich in β-carbolines. Methods: We describe the case and offer a brief review of supportive findings. Results: A long-lasting analgesic effect after the use of changa was reported. Possible analgesic mechanisms are discussed. We suggest that both pharmacological and non-pharmacological factors could be involved. Conclusion: These findings offer preliminary evidence of the analgesic effect of changa, but due to its complex pharmacological actions, involving many neurotransmitter systems, further research is needed in order to establish the specific mechanisms at work. Keywords: analgesic, pain, psychedelic, psychoactive, DMT, β-carboline alkaloids INTRODUCTION effects of ayahuasca usually last between 3 and 5 hr (McKenna & Riba, 2015), but the effects of smoked changa – The treatment of pain is one of the most significant chal- last about 15 30 min (Ott, 1994). lenges in the history of medicine. At present, there are still many challenges that hamper pain’s appropriate treatment, as recently stated by American Pain Society (Gereau et al., CASE DESCRIPTION 2014).
    [Show full text]
  • Psychoactive Substances and Transpersonal States
    TRANSPERSONAL PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH REVIEW: PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES AND TRANSPERSONAL STATES David Lukoff San Francisco, California Robert Zanger Los Angeles, California Francis Lu San Francisco, California This "Research Review" covers recent trends in researching psychoactive substances and trans personal states of conscious­ ness during the past ten years. In keeping with the stated goals of this section of the Journal to promote research in transpersonal psychology, the focus is on the methods and trends designs which are being employed in investigations rather than during the findings on this topic. However, some recently published the books and monographs provide good summaries of the recent last findings relevant to understanding psychoactive substances ten (Cohen & Krippner, 1985b; Dobkin de Rios, 1984;Dobkin de years Rios & Winkelman, 1989b; Ratsch, 1990; Reidlinger, 1990). Because researching psychoactive substances is most broadly a cross-disciplinary venture, only a small portion of the research reviewed below was conducted by persons who consider The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of Bruce Flath, head librarian at the California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco in conducting the computer bibliographic searches used in preparation of this article. The authors also wish to thank Marlene Dobkin de Rios, Stanley Krippner, Christel Lukoff, Dennis McKenna, Terence McKenna, Ralph Metzner, Donald Rothberg and Ilene Serlin for their valuable comments on earlier drafts of this article. Copyright © 1990 Transpersonal Institute The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology. 1990, Vol. 22, No.2 107 themselves transpersonal psychologists. As Vaughan (1984) has noted, "The transpersonal perspective is a meta-perspec­ tive, an attempt to learn from all different disciplines . emerging from the needed integration of ancient wisdom and modern science.
    [Show full text]
  • Endophytic Fungi: Treasure for Anti-Cancerous Compounds
    International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ISSN- 0975-1491 Vol 8, Issue 8, 2016 Review Article ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI: TREASURE FOR ANTI-CANCEROUS COMPOUNDS ANAND DILIP FIRODIYAa*, RAJESH KUMAR TENGURIAb aCSRD, Peoples University, Bhopal 462037, Madhya Pradesh, India, bDepartment of Botany, Govt. PG College, Rajgarh 496551, Madhya Pradesh, India Email: [email protected] Received: 22 Apr 2016 Revised and Accepted: 20 June 2016 ABSTRACT Endophytic fungi that live asymptomatically inside the plant tissues have novel bioactive metabolites exhibiting a variety of biological activities, especially against cancer. This review highlights the research progress on the production of anticancer compounds by endophytic fungi from 1990- 2015. Anticancer activity is generally associated with the cytotoxicity of the compounds present in the endophytic fungi. The ubiquitous nature of endophytic fungi synthesise diverse chemicals with promising anticancer activity from either their original host or related species. Modification in fermentation parameters and genetic insight of endophytes may produce novel anti-cancerous compounds. Keywords: Cancer, Medicinal plants, Secondary metabolites © 2016 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) INTRODUCTION endophytic fungi detectable by high-performance liquid chromate- graphy, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrophotometer and The interest in the biogenic medicines has revived throughout the X-ray crystallography and its cytotoxicity of the bioactive world, as the increase in awareness of the health hazards and compounds against cancer cell lines. The compounds with potential toxicity associated with the random use of synthetic drugs and application were also considered in the selection of antitumor antibiotics [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Human Pharmacology of Ayahuasca: Subjective and Cardiovascular Effects, Monoamine Metabolite Excretion and Pharmacokinetics
    TESI DOCTORAL HUMAN PHARMACOLOGY OF AYAHUASCA JORDI RIBA Barcelona, 2003 Director de la Tesi: DR. MANEL JOSEP BARBANOJ RODRÍGUEZ A la Núria, el Marc i l’Emma. No pasaremos en silencio una de las cosas que á nuestro modo de ver llamará la atención... toman un bejuco llamado Ayahuasca (bejuco de muerto ó almas) del cual hacen un lijero cocimiento...esta bebida es narcótica, como debe suponerse, i á pocos momentos empieza a producir los mas raros fenómenos...Yo, por mí, sé decir que cuando he tomado el Ayahuasca he sentido rodeos de cabeza, luego un viaje aéreo en el que recuerdo percibia las prespectivas mas deliciosas, grandes ciudades, elevadas torres, hermosos parques i otros objetos bellísimos; luego me figuraba abandonado en un bosque i acometido de algunas fieras, de las que me defendia; en seguida tenia sensación fuerte de sueño del cual recordaba con dolor i pesadez de cabeza, i algunas veces mal estar general. Manuel Villavicencio Geografía de la República del Ecuador (1858) Das, was den Indianer den “Aya-huasca-Trank” lieben macht, sind, abgesehen von den Traumgesichten, die auf sein persönliches Glück Bezug habenden Bilder, die sein inneres Auge während des narkotischen Zustandes schaut. Louis Lewin Phantastica (1927) Agraïments La present tesi doctoral constitueix la fase final d’una idea nascuda ara fa gairebé nou anys. El fet que aquest treball sobre la farmacologia humana de l’ayahuasca hagi estat una realitat es deu fonamentalment al suport constant del seu director, el Manel Barbanoj. Voldria expressar-li la meva gratitud pel seu recolzament entusiàstic d’aquest projecte, molt allunyat, per la natura del fàrmac objecte d’estudi, dels que fins al moment s’havien dut a terme a l’Àrea d’Investigació Farmacològica de l’Hospital de Sant Pau.
    [Show full text]
  • Hallucinogens: a Cause of Convulsive Ergot Psychoses
    Loma Linda University TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects 6-1976 Hallucinogens: a Cause of Convulsive Ergot Psychoses Sylvia Dahl Winters Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd Part of the Psychiatry Commons Recommended Citation Winters, Sylvia Dahl, "Hallucinogens: a Cause of Convulsive Ergot Psychoses" (1976). Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects. 976. https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/976 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects by an authorized administrator of TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT HALLUCINOGENS: A CAUSE OF CONVULSIVE ERGOT PSYCHOSES By Sylvia Dahl Winters Ergotism with vasoconstriction and gangrene has been reported through the centuries. Less well publicized are the cases of psychoses associated with convulsive ergotism. Lysergic acid amide a powerful hallucinogen having one.-tenth the hallucinogenic activity of LSD-25 is produced by natural sources. This article attempts to show that convulsive ergot psychoses are mixed psychoses caused by lysergic acid amide or similar hallucinogens combined with nervous system
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,264,917 B1 Klaveness Et Al
    USOO6264,917B1 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,264,917 B1 Klaveness et al. (45) Date of Patent: Jul. 24, 2001 (54) TARGETED ULTRASOUND CONTRAST 5,733,572 3/1998 Unger et al.. AGENTS 5,780,010 7/1998 Lanza et al. 5,846,517 12/1998 Unger .................................. 424/9.52 (75) Inventors: Jo Klaveness; Pál Rongved; Dagfinn 5,849,727 12/1998 Porter et al. ......................... 514/156 Lovhaug, all of Oslo (NO) 5,910,300 6/1999 Tournier et al. .................... 424/9.34 FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS (73) Assignee: Nycomed Imaging AS, Oslo (NO) 2 145 SOS 4/1994 (CA). (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 19 626 530 1/1998 (DE). patent is extended or adjusted under 35 O 727 225 8/1996 (EP). U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. WO91/15244 10/1991 (WO). WO 93/20802 10/1993 (WO). WO 94/07539 4/1994 (WO). (21) Appl. No.: 08/958,993 WO 94/28873 12/1994 (WO). WO 94/28874 12/1994 (WO). (22) Filed: Oct. 28, 1997 WO95/03356 2/1995 (WO). WO95/03357 2/1995 (WO). Related U.S. Application Data WO95/07072 3/1995 (WO). (60) Provisional application No. 60/049.264, filed on Jun. 7, WO95/15118 6/1995 (WO). 1997, provisional application No. 60/049,265, filed on Jun. WO 96/39149 12/1996 (WO). 7, 1997, and provisional application No. 60/049.268, filed WO 96/40277 12/1996 (WO). on Jun. 7, 1997. WO 96/40285 12/1996 (WO). (30) Foreign Application Priority Data WO 96/41647 12/1996 (WO).
    [Show full text]
  • Ayahuasca Characterization, Metabolism in Humans, And
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2012 Ayahuasca characterization, metabolism in humans, and relevance to endogenous N,N- dimethyltryptamines Ethan Hamilton McIlhenny Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons Recommended Citation McIlhenny, Ethan Hamilton, "Ayahuasca characterization, metabolism in humans, and relevance to endogenous N,N- dimethyltryptamines" (2012). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 2049. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/2049 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. AYAHUASCA CHARACTERIZATION, METABOLISM IN HUMANS, AND RELEVANCE TO ENDOGENOUS N,N-DIMETHYLTRYPTAMINES A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and School of Veterinary Medicine in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Interdepartmental Program in Veterinary Medical Sciences through the Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences by Ethan Hamilton McIlhenny B.A., Skidmore College, 2006 M.S., Tulane University, 2008 August 2012 Acknowledgments Infinite thanks, appreciation, and gratitude to my mother Bonnie, father Chaffe, brother Matthew, grandmothers Virginia and Beverly, and to all my extended family, friends, and loved ones. Without your support and the visionary guidance of my friend and advisor Dr. Steven Barker, none of this work would have been possible. Special thanks to Dr.
    [Show full text]