Erowid Extracts — Number 13 / November 2007 Erowid Extracts Table of Contents Number 13, November 2007
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Psychoactive Plants Used in Designer Drugs As a Threat to Public Health
From Botanical to Medical Research Vol. 61 No. 2 2015 DOI: 10.1515/hepo-2015-0017 REVIEW PAPER Psychoactive plants used in designer drugs as a threat to public health AGNIESZKA RONDZISTy1, KAROLINA DZIEKAN2*, ALEKSANDRA KOWALSKA2 1Department of Humanities in Medicine Pomeranian Medical University Chłapowskiego 11 70-103 Szczecin, Poland 2Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Institute of Natural Fibers and Medicinal Plants Kolejowa 2 62-064 Plewiska, Poland *corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] Summary Based on epidemiologic surveys conducted in 2007–2013, an increase in the consumption of psychoactive substances has been observed. This growth is noticeable in Europe and in Poland. With the ‘designer drugs’ launch on the market, which ingredients were not placed on the list of controlled substances in the Misuse of Drugs Act, a rise in the number and diversity of psychoactive agents and mixtures was noticed, used to achieve a different state of mind. Thus, the threat to the health and lives of people who use them has grown. In this paper, the authors describe the phenomenon of the use of plant psychoactive sub- stances, paying attention to young people who experiment with new narcotics. This article also discusses the mode of action and side effects of plant materials proscribed under the Misuse of Drugs Act in Poland. key words: designer drugs, plant materials, drugs, adolescents INTRODUCTION Anthropological studies concerning preliterate societies have shown that psy- choactive substances have been used for ages. On the individual level, they help to Herba Pol 2015; 61(2): 73-86 A. Rondzisty, K. -
Retention Indices for Frequently Reported Compounds of Plant Essential Oils
Retention Indices for Frequently Reported Compounds of Plant Essential Oils V. I. Babushok,a) P. J. Linstrom, and I. G. Zenkevichb) National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA (Received 1 August 2011; accepted 27 September 2011; published online 29 November 2011) Gas chromatographic retention indices were evaluated for 505 frequently reported plant essential oil components using a large retention index database. Retention data are presented for three types of commonly used stationary phases: dimethyl silicone (nonpolar), dimethyl sili- cone with 5% phenyl groups (slightly polar), and polyethylene glycol (polar) stationary phases. The evaluations are based on the treatment of multiple measurements with the number of data records ranging from about 5 to 800 per compound. Data analysis was limited to temperature programmed conditions. The data reported include the average and median values of retention index with standard deviations and confidence intervals. VC 2011 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. [doi:10.1063/1.3653552] Key words: essential oils; gas chromatography; Kova´ts indices; linear indices; retention indices; identification; flavor; olfaction. CONTENTS 1. Introduction The practical applications of plant essential oils are very 1. Introduction................................ 1 diverse. They are used for the production of food, drugs, per- fumes, aromatherapy, and many other applications.1–4 The 2. Retention Indices ........................... 2 need for identification of essential oil components ranges 3. Retention Data Presentation and Discussion . 2 from product quality control to basic research. The identifi- 4. Summary.................................. 45 cation of unknown compounds remains a complex problem, in spite of great progress made in analytical techniques over 5. -
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Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (2014),13 (supplement): 195-198 Copyright © 2014 by School of Pharmacy Received: December 2013 Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Accepted: December 2013 Original Article Screening of 20 Commonly Used Iranian Traditional Medicinal Plants Against Urease Mahmood Biglara, Hessameddin Sufia, Kowsar Bagherzadeha, Massoud Amanloua and Faraz Mojabb* aDepartment of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. bDepartment of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Abstract Infection with Helicobacter pyloriis the most common cause of stomach and duodenal ulcers. About more than 80 % of people are infected with H. pylori in developing countries. H. pylori uses urease enzyme product “ammonia” in order to neutralize and protect itself from the stomach acidic condition and urease enzyme activity has been shown to be essential to the colonization of H. pylori. Inhibitory activity of 20 traditional medicinal plants were examined and evaluated against Jack bean urease activity by Berthelot reaction to obtains natural sources of urease inhibitors. Each herb was extracted using 80% aqueous methanol, then tested its IC50 value was determined. Eight of the whole 20 studied plants crude extracts were found the most effective with IC50 values of less than 100 µg/mL including Laurus nobilis, Zingiber officinale, Nigella sativa, Angelica archangelica, Acorus calamus, Allium sativum,Curcuma longa, and Citrus aurantium extracts, from which most potent urease inhibitory was observed for Zingiber officinale, Laurus nobilis, and Nigella sativa with IC50 values of 48.54, 48.69 and 59.10 µg/mL, respectively. -
Picrotoxin-Like Channel Blockers of GABAA Receptors
COMMENTARY Picrotoxin-like channel blockers of GABAA receptors Richard W. Olsen* Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1735 icrotoxin (PTX) is the prototypic vous system. Instead of an acetylcholine antagonist of GABAA receptors (ACh) target, the cage convulsants are (GABARs), the primary media- noncompetitive GABAR antagonists act- tors of inhibitory neurotransmis- ing at the PTX site: they inhibit GABAR Psion (rapid and tonic) in the nervous currents and synapses in mammalian neu- system. Picrotoxinin (Fig. 1A), the active rons and inhibit [3H]dihydropicrotoxinin ingredient in this plant convulsant, struc- binding to GABAR sites in brain mem- turally does not resemble GABA, a sim- branes (7, 9). A potent example, t-butyl ple, small amino acid, but it is a polycylic bicyclophosphorothionate, is a major re- compound with no nitrogen atom. The search tool used to assay GABARs by compound somehow prevents ion flow radio-ligand binding (10). through the chloride channel activated by This drug target appears to be the site GABA in the GABAR, a member of the of action of the experimental convulsant cys-loop, ligand-gated ion channel super- pentylenetetrazol (1, 4) and numerous family. Unlike the competitive GABAR polychlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, antagonist bicuculline, PTX is clearly a including dieldrin, lindane, and fipronil, noncompetitive antagonist (NCA), acting compounds that have been applied in not at the GABA recognition site but per- huge amounts to the environment with haps within the ion channel. Thus PTX major agricultural economic impact (2). ͞ appears to be an excellent example of al- Some of the other potent toxicants insec- losteric modulation, which is extremely ticides were also radiolabeled and used to important in protein function in general characterize receptor action, allowing and especially for GABAR (1). -
NTP Annual Report 2012
National Toxicology Program U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Annual Report 2012 National Toxicology Program ANNUAL REPORT for Fiscal Year 2012 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institutes of Health National Center for Toxicological Research Food and Drug Administration National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention September 2013 Department of Health and Human Services National Toxicology Program NIH Publication No. 13-5970 Table of Contents Letter from the NIEHS/NTP Director ...................................................................................................... 1 1. National Toxicology Program: Mission And Goals ....................................................................... 3 A. Organizational Structure and Oversight ...................................................................................... 4 B. Training Programs ....................................................................................................................... 6 C. Advisory Boards and Committees ............................................................................................... 6 i. NTP Executive Committee .................................................................................................6 ii. NTP Board of Scientific Counselors ...................................................................................7 iii. Scientific Advisory Committee on Alternative Toxicological Methods .................................9 -
JONATHAN OTT SPEAKS… PART TWO Interviewed by Will Beifuss and Jon Hanna at the 1998 BPC Salvia Divinorum Conference
VOLUME VIII, NUMBER 2 SUMMER SOLSTICE 1999 JONATHAN OTT SPEAKS… PART TWO Interviewed by Will Beifuss and Jon Hanna at the 1998 BPC Salvia divinorum Conference Jon: Living in México, what do you think that the interest in at home and make tea.” But if I do that in the U.S. I know for entheogens is there, given in a sort of comparative percent- a fact that there are going to be at least a dozen people there age? that have done it more than I have, and perhaps can teach me a thing or two if I can just connect with them afterwards Jonathan: Of course we have, at best, only soft figures in any and share information. And so the U.S. is a real leader there, case. But I would say that it’s less than it is in the U.S., in and I would say in México it’s a great deal less. But on the terms of the kind of interest that we know about—basement other hand, there’s this schizophrenic thing; on the one hand shaman. In the U.S. there’s a great deal of sophistication in there’s racism against Indians and there’s this whole socio- the so-called amateur sector. And that doesn’t exist any- economic one-upmanship, but on the other hand, all of where else, not even in Europe. In Europe, the only people México’s glory lies in the pre-Colombian past, and it’s been that are at that level of sophistication are in the business as all downhill—and very steeply—politically and economi- shamanic-plant dealers, and they’re very few. -
Mimosa Tenuiflora (Willd.) Poiret Under Water Deficit and Rewatering
Journal of Agricultural Studies ISSN 2166-0379 2019, Vol. 7, No. 4 Gas Exchange of Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poiret Under Water Deficit and Rewatering Francisco Jose Basilio Alves, Antonio Lucineudo Oliveira Freire (Corresponding Author) Dept. of Forest Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil Received: Aug. 26, 2019 Accepted: Oct. 29, 2019 Published: Oct. 30, 2019 doi:10.5296/jas.v7i4.15338 URL: https://doi.org/10.5296/jas.v7i4.15338 Abstract This research aimed to evaluate the physiological responses of Mimosa tenuiflora plants submitted to variable water availability conditions during the nursery stage. Twelve-month-old plants kept in plastic pots containing 5 kg of the substrate composed of the subsoil soil mixture and bovine manure (2:1) were submitted to two treatments: irrigated (control) and water stress, which was imposed through the suspension of irrigation, rewatering after seven days of stress. The relative water content (RWC) and stomatal parameters were evaluated. The M. tenuiflora plants responded quickly to the irrigation suspension, promoting the closure of the stomata, occurring reduction in stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and photosynthesis. The instantaneous efficiency in water use of plants under water deficit remained high only until the middle of the period when irrigation was suspended, and then declined until the last day of the water deficit. After rehydration, the plants showed recovery in all evaluated parameters, indicating that the level of stress imposed did not cause irreversible damages in the cells and tissues. Keywords: water stress, drought tolerance, water relations 1. Introduction Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poiret.), popularly named ‘jurema-preta’, is one of the most commonly woody species in the Brazilian semiarid, belonging to the Mimosaceae family. -
Shichangpu the Perfume Industry and As a Flavoring for Pipe Tobacco
Medicinal Quality The Acorus plant family represents the source of one of the world’s most widely used medicinals. In Egypt, the Chester Beatty Papyrus VI mentioned Acorus as an ingredient for a digestive plaster around 1,300 BC. In ancient Europe, Acorus was a symbol of love, lust and affection. The calamus variety, often referred to as Sweet Flag, was added to absinthe and digestive bitters, used in Shichangpu the perfume industry and as a flavoring for pipe tobacco. In Ayurvedic medicine, Acorus calamus is called Vacha, Acorus gramineus and revered for its ability to transmute Kundalini energy, rejuvenate the brain and stimulate self-expression. In Sanskrit, the term Vacha literally means “speaking,” mirroring a quality that is also expressed in the herb’s Chinese name: the ancient word chang in Shichangpu Heiner Fruehauf originally signifies “splendid expression.” In North America, moreover, Dakota warriors used to apply the root paste to their faces in order to calm the senses and conquer fear when facing an enemy. In ancient China, the herbal classic Shen Nong bencao jing lists Shichangpu as a top grade medicinal, a classification generally reserved for materials that promote spiritual enlightenment and longevity, and are considered safe to consume on a daily basis. The Daozang, China’s collection of esoteric Daoist texts, contains a piece of writing entitled “Changpu zhuan” (A Biography of Acorus), which classicalchinesemedicine.org © 2014 heiner fruehauf classicalpearls.org page 1 shichangpu: acorus gramineus points out that the plant synthesizes the powers of all five Traditional Terroir Considerations elements—exhibiting green leaves, red flowers, white (didao yaocai) joints, yellow core, and black root—and thus represents “a magic elixir for practitioners of immortality rituals.” In India and Europe, it is the calamus variety that is used almost exclusively in herbal remedies and food flavorings. -
Herb Other Names Re Co Rde D Me Dicinal Us E Re
RECORDED USE RECORDED USE MEDICINAL US AROMATHERA IN COSMETICS IN RECORDED RECORDED FOOD USE FOOD IN Y E P HERB OTHER NAMES COMMENTS Parts Used Medicinally Abelmoschus moschatus Hibiscus abelmoschus, Ambrette, Musk mallow, Muskseed No No Yes Yes Abies alba European silver fir, silver fir, Abies pectinata Yes No Yes Yes Leaves & resin Abies balsamea Balm of Gilead, balsam fir Yes No Yes Yes Leaves, bark resin & oil Abies canadensis Hemlock spruce, Tsuga, Pinus bark Yes No No No Bark Abies sibirica Fir needle, Siberian fir Yes No Yes Yes Young shoots This species not used in aromatherapy but Abies Sibirica, Abies alba Miller, Siberian Silver Fir Abies spectabilis Abies webbiana, Himalayan silver fir Yes No No No Essential Oil are. Leaves Aqueous bark extract which is often concentrated and dried to produce a flavouring. Distilled with Extract, bark, wood, Acacia catechu Black wattle, Black catechu Yes Yes No No vodka to make Blavod (black vodka). flowering tops and gum Acacia farnesiana Cassie, Prickly Moses Yes Yes Yes Yes Ripe seeds pressed for cooking oil Bark, flowers Source of Gum Arabic (E414) and Guar Gum (E412), controlled miscellaneous food additive. Used Acacia senegal Guar gum, Gum arabic No Yes No Yes in foods as suspending and emulsifying agent. Acanthopanax senticosus Kan jang Yes No No No Kan Jang is a combination of Andrographis Paniculata and Acanthopanax Senticosus. Flavouring source including essential oil. Contains natural toxin thujone/thuyone whose levels in flavourings are limited by EU (Council Directive 88/388/EEC) and GB (SI 1992 No.1971) legislation. There are several chemotypes of Yarrow Essential Oil, which is steam distilled from the dried herb. -
Assessment Report on Salvia Officinalis L., Folium and Salvia Officinalis L., Aetheroleum Final
20 September 2016 EMA/HMPC/150801/2015 Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) Assessment report on Salvia officinalis L., folium and Salvia officinalis L., aetheroleum Final Based on Article 16d(1), Article 16f and Article 16h of Directive 2001/83/EC (traditional use) Herbal substance(s) (binomial scientific name of Salvia officinalis L., folium and the plant, including plant part) Salvia officinalis L., aetheroleum Herbal preparation(s) a) Comminuted herbal substance b) Liquid extract (DER 1:1), extraction solvent ethanol 70% V/V c) Dry extract (DER 4-7:1), extraction solvent water d) Liquid extract (DER 1:3.5-5), extraction solvent ethanol 31.5% V/V e) Liquid extract (DER 1:4-5) extraction solvent ethanol 50% V/V f) Liquid extract (DER 1:4-6), extraction solvent liquor wine:ethanol 96% V/V (38.25:61.75 m/m) g) Tincture (ratio of herbal substance to extraction solvent 1:10) extraction solvent ethanol 70% V/V Pharmaceutical form(s) Comminuted herbal substance as herbal tea for oral use. Comminuted herbal substance for infusion preparation for oromucosal or cutaneous use. Herbal preparations in solid or liquid dosage forms for oral use. Herbal preparations in liquid or semi-solid dosage forms for cutaneous use or for oromucosal use. 30 Churchill Place ● Canary Wharf ● London E14 5EU ● United Kingdom Telephone +44 (0)20 3660 6000 Facsimile +44 (0)20 3660 5555 Send a question via our website www.ema.europa.eu/contact An agency of the European Union © European Medicines Agency, 2017. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. -
Acorus Calamus : an Overview
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 4(25), pp. 2740-2745, December Special Review, 2010 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR ISSN 1996-0875 ©2010 Academic Journals Review Acorus calamus : An overview R. Balakumbahan*, K. Rajamani and K. Kumanan Horticultural Research Station, TamilNadu Agricultural University, Pechiparai, 629161. Tamilnadu, India. Accepted 8 July, 2010 Acorus calamus (Sweet flag) is a wetland perennial monocot plant, in which the scented leaves and rhizomes have been traditionally used medicinally against different ailments like, fever, asthma, bronchitis, cough and mainly for digestive problems such as gas, bloating, colic, and poor digestive function. Number of active constituents and essential oil were identified and characterized from the leaves and rhizomes of sweet flag. An over view of the pharmacological activities and insecticidal activities are summarized here. Key words: Acorus calamus, Acorus gramineus , Acoraceae, active constituents, pharmacology. INTRODUCTION Mother earth has bestowed to the mankind and various Estimate reveals that the world trade in medicinal plants plants with healing ability for curing the ailments of and extracts industry was growing at a rate of 12 to 15% human being. This unique feature has been identified per annum. The export from India is to the tune of Rs 446 since pre historic times. The WHO has also estimated crores with the present growth rate of 7%. Acorus that 80% of the world population meets their primary calamus is a tall perennial wetland monocot plant from health care needs through traditional medicine only. the Acoraceae family. The scented leaves and rhizomes Medicinal plants are those plants possessing secondary of sweet flag have been traditionally used as a medicine metabolites and are potential sources of curative drugs and the dried and powdered rhizome has a spicy flavour with the very long list of chemicals and its curative nature. -
Mimosa Tenuiflora) (Willd.) Poir
ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES ON THE USE OF JUREM A (MIMOSA TENUIFLORA) (WILLD.) POIR. BY THE PANKARARE INDIANS (NORTHEAST BRAZIL). Submetido em: 02/11/2014. Aprovado em: 10/12/2014. Edilson Alves dos Santos1, Juracy Marques dos Santos1, Antônio Euzébio Goulart Santana2 1 Universidade do Estado da Bahia Campus VIII, Rua do Bom Conselho, 179, CEP 48.600-000 Paulo Afonso-BA Brazil. 2 Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Produtos Naturais – 57.0720970, Maceió-AL - Brazil. Corresponding author: Edilson Alves dos Santos, Departamento de Educação, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus VIII, Rua do Bom Conselho, 179, CEP: 48.600-000 Paulo Afonso, BA Brazil. The Pankarare Indians are located in one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the northeastern state of Bahia in Brazi, located within the region known as the Raso da Catarina, in a quadrilateral bounded by the cities of Paulo Afonso, Jeremoabo, Canudos and Macururé. This is one of the driest regions of the state, where the caatinga (savanna) and the basins of the San Francisco and Vaza-Barris rivers served as the stage for the Cangaço (social banditry in northeast Brazil), the Canudos Revolt and the development of the hydro-based energy industry. The climate is semi-arid and the vegetation predominantly caatinga (savanna), with deciduous woody vegetation dominated by prickly seagrass, especially cacti and bromeliads (Costa Neto, 1999). More precisely, this indigenous group is found concentrated in Brejo do Burgo, 40 km from Paulo Afonso, on the northern border of Raso. A small portion of the indigenous people inhabit the Serrota (6 km south of Brejo), below Chico (Bandeira, 2003).