MIGRATION, DISPLACEMENT AND GLOBALIZATION New York University Graduate School of Arts and Science Department of Politics POL-GA.3501.002 Spring 2017

Professor Laurie P. Salitan Office Hours: By appointment Time: Monday, 4-5:50pm Room 304 Location: Room 432, 19 West 4th St. Email: [email protected]

Course Description:

Worldwide forced displacement is at an all time high. At the end of 2015, the UN reported that there were over 65 million displaced people; half the world’s refugees in 2015 were children. In 2015, a little over 0.65% of those refugees were approved for resettlement in another country. In the words of former UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon, “We are facing the biggest refugee and displacement crisis of our time. Above all, this is not just a crisis of numbers; it is also a crisis of solidarity.” Yet increasingly, international migration is viewed through the lens of public insecurity and concerns that migrants pose a threat to cultural identity. This course is designed to give students an understanding of the major causes of contemporary migration and population displacement. Global, regional, and national processes contributing to and driving refugee and migration flows will be examined. Students will consider a range of critical issues and factors contributing to displacement, particularly under conditions of poverty, uneven development, competition for resources, political instability, weak governance, violence, environmental degradation and natural disasters. International challenges including human rights, human trafficking, citizenship and statelessness will be addressed as well. Finally, the Brexit vote in the UK and the election of Donald Trump in the US will be discussed because the global context of migration and refugee flows cannot be considered in isolation from those recent international developments.

Course Requirements:

1. This seminar requires substantial weekly reading and places significant emphasis on preparation, class participation and discussion. Attendance and active participation are essential components of this course.

2.Oral presentations: Our organizing structure will be PERSPECTIVES ON HUMAN INSECURITY. Each week one or two students will take responsibility for synthesizing the week’s materials by highlighting the key issues, concepts and debates. Presentations should be no more than 5-10 minutes and should be designed to initiate focused and critical discussion of the readings. The presentations must be accompanied by a 2-3-page

1 analysis of the readings that identifies the major substantive issues and poses questions for class discussion. Both the oral and the written components of this assignment must highlight the key analytical issues discussed in the readings. The written portion of this assignment must be distributed to all members of the seminar via email attachment by noon (12pm) each Sunday preceding our seminar.

In-depth assignment. On the final class session, we will hold a colloquium entitled “Backlash.” This will be a student generated multi-media presentation analyzing the Brexit vote, the election of Donald Trump, right-wing nationalist backlashes in Europe and Australia and other related developments as they impact migration and displacement. Students will make audio-visual presentations, accompanied by written papers submitted in conjunction with their presentation, on May 8.

***For background information: Please view the following: Betts, Alexander, “Why Brexit Happened-and What to do Next.’,” TED Talk June 2016. https://www.ted.com/talks/alexander_betts_why_brexit_happened_and_what_to_do_next ?language=en

***Materials can be accessed, online if available (paste links into browser if they do not work), through the library reserve desk, and at the NYU bookstore.

PART I: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

Week One (January 23): Introduction

UNHCR Global Trends: Forced Displacement 2015 http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/statistics/unhcrstats/576408cd7/unhcr-global-trends- 2015.html

“Migrant crisis: Migration to Europe explained in seven charts,” BBC 4 March 2016 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34131911

Romano, Ilaria, “One Million Refugees in Lebanon, A Quarter of the Population,” 26 September 2016. ResetDOC http://www.resetdoc.org/story/00000022694

Supplementary:

“In 2016, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon traveled to more than ten countries in five months to draw global attention to the urgent needs of some 130 million people severely impacted by armed conflicts and natural disasters. A VR crew captured the journey and offers viewers a rare behind-the-scenes look at Ban’s visits to communities where people are suffering in some of the world’s worst humanitarian crises. This is the first and only time the UN Secretary-General has been featured in a virtual reality film.” (UN OCHA) \https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uoj2XVOzJm0&feature=youtu.be&utm_source=Wo rld+Humanitarian+Summit&utm_campaign=55aa0c49cc-

2 EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2016_12_09&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_02ea87b807- 55aa0c49cc-320263245

Week Two (January 30): Historical Background, Terminology and Theories

Douglas S. Massey, Joaquin Arango, Graeme Hugo, Ali Kouaouci, Adela Pellegrino and J. Edward, “Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal,” Population and Development Review, Vol. 19, No. 3 (September 1993), pp. 431-466.

Chimni, B.S., “The Birth of a ‘Discipline’: From Refugee to Forced Migration Studies,” Journal of Refugee Studies, Vol. 22, No. 1 (2009), pp. 11-29.

Gatrell, Peter, The Making of the Modern Refugee, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013, Introduction, pp. 1-20.

Li, Peter S., “World Migration in the Age of Globalization: Policy Implications and Challenges,” New Zealand Population Review, 33/34 (2008), pp. 1-22.

Part II: BROAD THEMES AND ROOT CAUSES OF MIGRATION AND DISPLACEMENT

Week Three (February 6): Inequality

Clemens, Michael, “Why Today’s Migration Crisis is an Issue of Global Economic Inequality” https://www.fordfoundation.org/ideas/equals-change-blog/posts/why-today-s- migration-crisis-is-an-issue-of-global-economic- inequality/?utm_source=Ford+Foundation&utm_campaign=3fa07f9a08- TheLatestNo20&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_4b4b67ddba-3fa07f9a08- 125733177&goal=0_4b4b67ddba-3fa07f9a08- 125733177&mc_cid=3fa07f9a08&mc_eid=8f164722d9

Bakewell, Oliver, “Keeping Them in Their Place: The Ambivalent Relationship Between Development and Migration in Africa” Working Paper 8 (2007), International Migration Institute, University of Oxford. https://afrique-europe-interact.net/files/engl._migration_and_development_-_ob.pdf

Tacoli, Ceciliia and Mabala, Richard, “Exploring Mobility and Migration in the Context of Rural–Urban Linkages: Why Gender and Generation Matter,” Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 22, No. 2 (October 2010), pp. 389-385.

3 Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Elena; Loescher, Gil; Long, Katy; Sigona, Nando, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014, Chapter 8, Karen Jacobsen, “Livelihoods and Economics in Forced Migration”.

Van Hear, Nicholas; Bakewell, Oliver; and Long, Katy, “Drivers of Migration,” Migrating Out of Poverty Research Programme Consortium Working Paper 1 (March 2012). http://migratingoutofpoverty.dfid.gov.uk/files/file.php?name=wp1-drivers-of- migration.pdf&site=354

Podcast: “Inequality, Immigration and Refugee Protection, ” Dr. Katy Long, Lecturer in International Development at the University of Edinburgh, Public Seminar Series of the Oxford Refugee Studies Centre. November 27, 2014.

Supplementary:

Korzeniewicz, Roberto Patricio and Albrecht, Scott, “Income Differentials and Global Migration in the Contemporary World-Economy,” Current Sociology, Vol. 64, No. 2 (2015), pp. 259-276.

Black, Richard; Natali, Claudia; and Skinner, Jessica, “Migration and Inequality,” Equity and Development, World Development Report 2008, Background Papers. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2006/Resources/477383- 1118673432908/Migration_and_Inequality.pdf

Week Four (February 13): Political Instability

“What’s Driving the Global Refugee Crisis? A look at the top 10 countries driving the Exodus,” International Crisis Group (September 15, 2016). https://www.crisisgroup.org/global/what-s-driving-global-refugee-crisis

Castles, Stephen, “Global Perspectives on Forced Migration,” Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, Vol. 15, No. 1 (2006), pp. 7-28.

Salehyan, Idea, “Forced Migration as a Cause and Consequence of Civil War,” pp. 267- 278 in Newman, Edward and DeRouen, Karl, eds., Routledge Handbook of Civil Wars, London: Routledge, 2014. This chapter can be downloaded from: https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203105962.ch21

Schmeidl, Susanne, “Conflict and Forced Migration: A Quantitative Review 1964-1995,” in Zolberg, Aristide, and Benda, Peter, eds., Global Migrants, Global Refugees: Problems and Solutions, NY: Berghahan Books, 2001.

4 Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Elena; Loescher, Gil; Long, Katy; Sigona, Nando, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Chapter 5, Alexander Betts, “International Relations and Forced Migration,” Chapter 25, Sarah Lischer, “Conflict and Crisis-Induced Displacement”.

Supplementary:

UNHCR Global Trends 2015 Video (June 20, 2016) http://www.unhcr.org/en- us/news/videos/2016/6/5763b73c4/global-trends-2015-video.html

UNHCR News Report, “Worldwide displacement hits all-time high as war and persecution increase. One in every 122 humans is now either a refugee, internally displaced, or seeking asylum,” (June 18, 2015), http://www.unhcr.org/en- us/news/latest/2015/6/558193896/worldwide-displacement-hits-all-time-high-war- persecution-increase.html

***February 20—NO CLASS (Presidents’ Day)

Week Five (February 27): Environmental Change and Natural Disasters

Boano, Camillo; Zetter, Roger; and Morris, Tim, “Environmentally Displaced People: Understanding the Linkages Between Environmental Change, Livelihoods and Forced Migration,” Forced Migration Policy Briefing No. 1 (November 2008), Refugee Studies Center RSC) https://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/files/publications/policy-briefing-series/pb1- environmentally-displaced-people-2008.pdf

Wood, William B., “Ecomigration: Linkages between Environmental Change and Migration,” pp. 42-61, in Zolberg, Aristide, and Benda, Peter, eds., Global Migrants, Global Refugees: Problems and Solutions, NY: Berghahan Books, 2001.

Rabbani, Golam; Shafeeqaa, Fathimath; Sharma, Sanjay, “Assessing the Climate Change Environmental Degradation and Migration Nexus in South Asia,” International Organization for Migration (IOM) Bangladesh, December 2016. http://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/environmental_degradation_nexus_in_south_ asia.pdf

5 Supplementary:

Patrick Kingsley reporting for The Guardian newspaper: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/26/boko-haram-nigeria-famine-hunger- displacement-refugees-climate-change-lake-chad

Afifi,Tamer and Jäger, Jill, eds., Environment, Forced Migration and Social Vulnerability, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2010. (Online access available through Springer Link via NYU Bobst Library.)

Gemenne, François. “Climate-Induced Population Displacements in a 4°C World.” Philosophical Transactions: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 369, No. 1934 (2011), pp. 182–195.

Myers, Norman. “Environmental Refugees: A Growing Phenomenon of the 21st Century.” Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 357, No. 1420 (2002), pp. 609–613.

Entzinger, Han and Scholten, Peter, “Adapting to Climate Change Through Migration: A Case Study of the Vietnamese Mekong River Delta,” International Organization for Migration, (October 2016). NB: “Migration, Environment and Climate Change: Evidence for Policy (MECLEP) is a three-year project funded by the European Union, implemented by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) through a consortium with six research partners….The six project countries are the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Kenya, Mauritius, Papua New Guinea and Viet Nam. http://publications.iom.int/system/files/vietnam_survey_report_0.pdf

Luft, Rachel E. and Finger, Davida, “No Shelter: Disaster Politics in Louisiana and the Struggle for Human Rights.” In Hertel, Shareen, and Libal, Kathryn, eds., Human Rights in the United States: Beyond Exceptionalism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Ferris, Elizabeth, “Recurrent Acute Disasters, Crisis Migration: Haiti Has Had It All,” pp. 77-97 in Martin, Susan F.; Weerasinghe, Sanjula; and Taylor, Abbie, eds., Humanitarian Crises and Migration: Causes, Consequences and Responses, New York: Routledge, 2014.

Week Six (March 6): Globalization

Appadurai, Arjun, Modernity at Large: The Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996. Introduction, Chapters 1-3, pp. 1-65 and Chapters 7-9, pp. 139-199.

Ong, Aihwa, Flexible Citizenship: The Cultural Logics of Transnationality, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999, Chapter 8, “Zones of New Sovereignty,” pp. 214-239.

6 Sassen, Saskia, Expulsions: Brutality and Complexity in the Global Economy, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014.

Supplementary:

Kingsley, Patrick, The New Odyssey: The Story of the Twenty-First-Century Refugee Crisis, New York: W.W. Norton, 2017.

“Globalization’s Glass House Must Remain Open,” speech by Kofi Annan, Secretary General UN, (October 1, 2002) delivered at the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization. http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/globalizations-glass-house-must-remain-open

***March 13-NO CLASS (NYU Spring Break)

Week Seven (March 20): Migration Risk: Safe and Unsafe Migration/Irregular Migration/Smuggling

Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Elena; Loescher, Gil; Long, Katy; Sigona, Nando, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014, Chapter 28, Bridget Anderson, “Trafficking and Smuggling”.

Laczko, Frank, et al., “Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A Global Review of the Emerging Evidence Base,” IOM Migration Research Series. Geneva: International Organisation for Migration (2016). http://publications.iom.int/system/files/smuggling_report.pdf

Malakooti, Arezo, et al., “Assessing the Risks of Migration along the Central and Eastern Mediterranean Routes: Iraq and Nigeria as Case Study Countries,” IOM Global Data Analysis Centre, Geneva: International Organisation for Migration (November 2016). https://publications.iom.int/system/files/dfid_report_2016_final_sml.pdf

Safe Migration, Special 5th Anniversary Issue of Migration Policy Practice. Vol. VI, Number 4, IOM and Eurasylum (October–December 2016). http://www.eurasylum.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/MPP-28.pdf

Part III: IDENTITY AND BORDERS

Week Eight (March 27): Culture/Identity/Othering/Who are “We”, “Who are They”

Boym, Svetlana, “Nostalgia and Its Discontents,” The Hedgehog Review (Summer 2007), pp. 7-18. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/cfcb/eba8cb80315ffebfcf16fe4d17fa6f31286e.pdf

7 Taras, Ray, Europe Old and New: Transnationalism, Belonging, Xenophobia, NY: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009, Introduction, Chapters 3-6, 9.

Göle, Nilüfer, “Islam in European Publics: Secularism and Religious Difference, The Hedgehog Review, “After Secularization (Special Double Issue), Vol. 8, Nos. 1-2 (Spring/Summer 2006), pp. 140-145.

Žižek, Slavoj, Refugees, Terror and Other Troubles with the Neighbors: Against the Double Blackmail, NY: Melville Press, 2016.

Supplementary:

Migration, Gender and Social Justice: Perspectives on Human Insecurit, Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace, Vol. 9, Open Access. Springer.com, 2014. Editors, Thanh-Dam Truong, Des Gasper, Jeff Handmaker, Sylvia I. Bergh. http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/468/bok%3A978-3-642-28012- 2.pdf?originUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3- 642-28012- 2&token2=exp=1484955988~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F468%2Fbok%3A978-3-642- 28012- 2.pdf%3ForiginUrl%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F9 78-3-642-28012- 2*~hmac=81fc2ace0f7fb2690ea419f31b75ba665a23979eabb26b9d23a98ca63f48f612

Week Nine (April 3): Borders/Identity

Shamir, Ronen, “Without Borders? Notes on Globalization as a Mobility Regime,” Sociological Theory Vol. 23, No. 2 (June 2005), pp. 197-217.

Vallet, Elisabeth, ed., Borders, Fences and Walls, NY: Routledge, 2014, Chapter 1, Maria Chiara Locchi, “The Mediterranean Sea as a European Border: Trans- Mediterranean Migration, Forced Return and Violation of Fundamental Rights”; Chapter 6, Jean-Jacques Roche. “Walls and Borders in a Globalized World: The Paradoxical Revenge of Territorialization, ”; Chapter 7, Sergei Gulanov, “Border Fences in the Globalizing World: Beyond Traditional Geopolitics and Post-Positivist Approaches”.

Van Reekum, Rogier and Schinkel, Willem, “Drawing Lines, Enacting Migration-Visual Prostheses of Bordering Europe,” Public Culture, Vol. 29, No. 1 (2016), pp.27-51.

Zapata-Barrero, Ricard, “Borders in Motion: Concept and Policy Nexus,” Refugee Survey Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 1 (2013), pp. 1-23.

Supplementary:

Donzelli, Stefania, Review Essay, “Migration, the Global South, and Migrant Women Workers in the Field of Border Studies: Theoretical Approaches, Themes of Inquiry, and

8 Suggestions for Future Work,” May 2013. (A study commissioned by the International Institute of Social Studies, The Hague (Erasuus University Rotterdam), within the project on ‘Migration, Gender and Social Justice’, funded by the International Development Research Centre (Canada). Literature review. DOWNLOAD. Revihttps://www.iss.nl/fileadmin/ASSETS/iss/Documents/Research_and_projects/IDRC- MGSJ/Donzelli_BorderStudies_review_essay___annotated_bibly_15July2013.pdf

***Class scheduled for April 10 will be held on FRIDAY April 7 instead (we will meet twice this week, on Monday, April 3 and on Friday, April 7)

Part IV: HUMAN RIGHTS, INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS, STATELESNESS

Week Ten (April 7): Human Rights

Kerber, Linda K., “The Stateless as the Citizen’s Other: The View from the United States,” pp. 76-123 in Benhabib, Seyla, and Resnik, Judith, eds., Migrations and Mobilities: Citizenship, Borders, and Gender, NY: NYU Press, 2009.

Benhabib, Seyla, The Rights of Others: Aliens, Residents and Citizens, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, Chapters 2-5 and Conclusion.

Long, Katy, “When Refugees Stopped Being Migrants: Movement, Labour and Humanitarian Protection,” Migration Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2013), pp. 4-26.

Milner, James, “Introduction: Understanding Global Refugee Policy,” Journal of Refugee Studies Vol. 27, No. 4 (2014), pp., 477-494.

Supplementary:

Hansen, Randall, “State Controls: Borders, Refugees and Citizenship,” in Fiddian- Qismeyeh, E., Loescher, G., Long, K. and Sigona, N. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

Loescher, Gil, “UNHCR and Forced Migration.” in Fiddian-Qismeyeh, E., Loescher, G., Long, K. and Sigona, N. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

Forsythe, David, “UNHCR's Mandate: the Politics of Being Non-political” UNHCR New Issues in Refugee Research Working Paper No. 33. (March 2001). http://www.unhcr.org/research/RESEARCH/3ae6a0d08.pdf.

Hammerstadt, Anne, The Rise and Decline of a Global Security Actor: UNHCR, Refugee Protection and Security, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Handbook and Guidelines on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and

9 the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, (Reissued December 2011), HCR/1P/4/ENG/REV. 3, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/4f33c8d92.html

UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Guidelines on the Applicable Criteria and Standards relating to the Detention of Asylum-Seekers and Alternatives to Detention, 2012, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/503489533b8.html

Bianca Benvenuti, “The European Safe Country of Origin List: Challenging the Geneva Convention’s Definition of Refugee?” (March 14, 2016) http://www.resetdoc.org/story/00000022646.

Week Eleven (April 17): Statelessness: Camps/Detention Centers

Chkam, Hakim, “Aid and the Perpetuation of Refugee Camps: The Case of Dadaab in Kenya 1991-2011,” Refugee Survey Quarterly, Vol. 35, Issue 2 (June 2016), pp. 79-97.

Malkki, Liisa, Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory, and National Cosmology among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1995, Introduction, pp. 1-17 and Chapters 1-3, pp. 19-152.

Rawlence, Ben, City of Thorns: Nine Lives in the World's Largest Refugee Camp, NY: Picador, 2016.

Turner, Simon, “What Is a Refugee Camp? Explorations of the Limits and Effects of the Camp,” Journal of Refugee Studies, Vol. 29, No. 2 (2015), pp. 139-148.

Bradley, M. “Rethinking Refugeehood: Statelessness, Repatriation and Refugee Agency’, Review of International Studies Vol. 40, No. 1 (2014), pp. 101-123.

Part V: SPECIFIC CASES: SYRIA AND THE USA

Week Twelve (April 24): Syria

Anderson, Scott, “Fractured Lands: How the Arab World Came Apart,” New York Times Magazine, August 14, 2016. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/08/11/magazine/isis-middle-east-arab-spring- fractured-lands.html

“Fractured Lands”: Arab Writers on a Region in Crisis,” by Sayed Kashua, Yasmine el Rashidi and Kanan Makiya, New York Times Magazine, August 19, 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/20/opinion/fractured-lands-arab-writers-on-a-region- in-crisis.html http://www.3rpsyriacrisis.org/crisis/

10 http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional.php

Week Thirteen (May 1): USA What does it mean to be a nation of immigrants?

Vallet, Elisabeth, ed., Borders, Fences and Walls, NY: Routledge, 2014, Chapter 11, Said Saddiki, “Border Fences as an Anti-Immigration Device: A Comparative View of American and Spanish Policies”

Global Strategy Beyond Detention UNHRC Beyond Detention A Global Strategy to Support Governments to End the Detention of Asylum-Seekers and Refugees http://www.unhcr.org/53aa929f6

UNHCR-USA Progress Under the Global Strategy Beyond Detention, 2014-2019 (Report, mid-2016) http://www.unhcr.org/57b584153

Week Fourteen (May 8): Backlash

STUDENT COLLOQUIUM

Materials to be drawn from recent primary sources

Please submit an electronic version of your paper by email attachment as well as providing a hard copy.

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