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Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges

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Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges Bogumil Terminski DEVELOPMENT-INDUCED DISPLACEMENT AND RESETTLEMENT: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS AND CURRENT CHALLENGES Geneva, May 2013. 1 Table of Contents List of Acronyms (3) Introduction- a brief overview of contemporary involuntary migrations (5) 1. An overview of development-induced displacement (26) 2. Historical considerations regarding development-induced population displacement and resettlement (39) 3. Theoretical conceptualization of development-induced displacement and resettlement (43) 4. The most important causes of development-induced displacement (47) 4.1 Construction of Dams and Irrigation Projects (47) 4.2 Development of transportation infrastructure (57) 4.3Urbanization, re-urbanization, transformation of urban space and population redistribution schemes in urban areas (58) 4.4 Deforestation and the expansion of agriculture (59) 4.5 Mining and transportation of resources (60) 4.6 Population redistribution schemes (64) 4.7 Conservation of nature (67) 4.8 Other causes of development-induced population displacement (68) 5. Applying the concept of human security to research on development-induced displacement and resettlement (68) 6. Activities of international institutions (88) a) World Bank Group (89) b) Regional Development Banks (90) c) Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (92) 7. Development-Induced Displacement and Human Rights (93) 8. Concluding Remarks (98) 9. Selected Bibliography (100) 10. Abstract (101) 11. Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: An International Bibliography (102) a) Books (103) b) Chapters in edited volumes (108) c) Articles in Scientific Journals (126) d) Working Papers/Conference presentations/Reports (146) 12. Annexes (155) 13. Development-Induced Displacement and Human Security: A very short introduction (159) 14. Mining-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Social Problem and Human Rights Issue (179) 2 List of Acronyms ADB – Asian Development Bank AFDB – African Development Bank CABEI – Central American Bank for Economic Integration CIDPs - Conflict Induced Internally Displaced People CIDR – Conflict Induced Displacement and Resettlement COHRE- Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions CRAB - Regional Commission Against Large Dams in Brazil, (Comissão Regional de Atingidos por Barragens) DAC - Development Assistance Committee (OECD) DCD - Development Cooperation Directorate (OECD) DIDR – Development Induced Displacement and Resettlement DIDPs – Development Induced Desplaced People DIDS – Dam Induced Displacements DIDR – Development Induced Displacement and Resettlement (pol. przesiedlania inwestycyjne, przesiedlenia industrialne) DPs – Displaced Persons ECOSOC - Economic and Social Council of The United Nations ECHO- Humanitarian Aid Department of the European Commission EDP -Environmentally Displaced Persons ENGOs- Environmental Non Governmental Organization ESCAP- Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific FMR – Forced Migration Review GTRP- Gwembe Tonga Research Project HWR- Human Rights Watch IAP – International Accountability Project IBRD- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICESCR - International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ICJ – International Court of Justice ICOLD- The International Commission of Large Dams IDA- International Development Association IDB – Inter-American Development Bank IDMC – Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre IDPs – Internally Displaced Persons IFC – International Finance Corporation IMF – International Monetary Fund INDR - International Network on Displacement and Resettlement IOM – International Organization for Migration IR – Involuntary Resettlement 3 IRN – International Rivers Network IRR- Impoverishment Risks and. Reconstruction Model ISS- Indian Social Institute IUCN- International Union for Conservation of Nature MAB–Sul - Movement of People Affected by Dams–Southern Region in Brasil MDB – Multilateral Development Banks MIDR – Mining Induced Displacement and Resettlement MIGA- Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency NBA- Narmada Bachao Andolan NESRC - North Eastern Social Research Centre NGO – Non Governmental Organization NPRR - National Policy on Rehabilitation and Resettlement NVDA – Narmada Valley Development Authority OD4.30 - Operational Directive 4.30 on Involuntary Resettlement OECD – Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development OHCHR- Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights PAPs Project-Affected Peoples SOPEMI- Systéme D'Observation Permanente des Migration UDHR – Universal Declaration of Human Rights UNDP – United Nations Development UNEP - United Nations Environmental Programme UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UN – United Nations UNCESCR - United Nations Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights UN DESA - United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs UNHCR – United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR PDES- UNHCR's Policy Development and Evaluation Service UN-Habitat – United Nations Human Settlements Programme UNRISD – United Nations Research Institute for Social Development UNU- United Nations University WBG – World Bank Group WCD – World Commission on Dams WCPA - IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas WFP- World Food Programme WHO- World Health Organization WTO – World Trade Organization WWF- World Wide Fund for Nature 4 VRA- Volta River Authority VRW – Village Resettlement Worker Introduction- a brief overview of contemporary involuntary migrations Contemporary studies on forced human mobility are based on three distinct and very different systems of analysis1. They are distinguished not only by different conceptual grids but also by their origins and objectives. Traditionally understood, migration studies are the oldest system of analysis of human spatial mobility. They were created in the late nineteenth century on the basis of economy, geography and historical demography. Research into evolution, investigations of the decline of ancient empires, and geographical determinism had a large impact on the foundations of migration studies. In later decades, migration studies, however, developed primarily on the basis of economics, with their main area of research being the analysis of the determinants of voluntary human mobility. A German-English geographer, Ernst Georg Ravenstein (1834-1913), is considered the founder of contemporary migration studies. Already in the classic publication entitled The Laws of Migration, published in two volumes in 1885 and 1889, Ravenstein wrote that "bad or oppressive laws, heavy taxation and unattractive climate, uncongenial social surroundings, and even compulsion (slave trade, transportation) produce flows of migrants, but none of these flows can be compared in volume with that which arises from the desire inherent in the most men to ‘better’ themselves in material aspects". The primacy of economic categories established by Ravenstein strongly dominated the study of migration throughout the twentieth century and persists to this day. Almost all influential migration theories, such as neoclassical theories, the Hicks model (1932), the Harris-Todaro model (1970), Wilbur Zelinsky`s mobility transition model, or the push-pull theory of Everett Lee, are based on economic categories. Unfortunately, narrowing human migration to economic motivations alone omits many relevant and immeasurable social aspects, not to mention environmental and climate determinants which were completely marginalized by migration theorists for almost the whole of the twentieth century. According to some specialists, the marginalization of environmental factors within migration theories was associated with Marxist dialectical materialism, which strongly influences social sciences in democratic as well as communist countries. The impact of labour migrations on population growth was one of the fundamental themes of migration studies. However, this discipline through most of the last century completely marginalized the factor of development policy as it shaped forced migrations. Given the crucial importance of economic factors, contemporary migration studies can play only a limited and subsidiary role in the more advanced research on involuntary mobility. In recent years we have observed attempts to conceptualize forced migration studies as an autonomous part of migration studies. However, it seems that the scope of these studies, proposed inter alia in the IASFM definition, is too broad in nature and does not produce good conditions for detailed research. The International Association for the Study of Forced Migration (IASFM) 1 This text was originally written in French and later translated into English by Virginie Richard. 5 describes its subject as a "term that refers to the movements of refugees and internally displaced people (those displaced by conflicts) as well as people displaced by natural or environmental disasters, chemical or nuclear disasters, famine, or development projects". The attempt to connect analysis of issues very different from each other, such as internal displacement and involuntary reseettlement, human trafficking, and forced international migration, within a single concept of forced migration seems unpromising. Because of its relatively short history and theoretical weakness, the study of forced migrations does not seem to be a valuable complement to studies of voluntary economic migrations. It seems that better conditions for detailed research have created the displacement studies developed in recent years. The second regime
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