Index

A Africa (Contd.) Abacus, 1–2, 111, 636, 716, 950, 1341–1342, 1371, 1375, 1397, bone technology, 406–411 1401, 1429, 1960, 2045, 2240 bread as food, 413–417 Abd ar-Rah.mān II, 1403 bread baking process in, 414 Abassi, 1362 bronze production and usages in, 1598–1599 Abe Motoaki, 1260 ceramics Abe Rakuho, 1260, 1262 clay extraction, 465 al-Istakhrī, Muh.ammad Ibrāhīm ibn (Abū Ishāq), 389 clay processing, 466 ˓ Ibn Firnās, Abbās, 594 decoration, 470–471 ˓ Ibn Mah. Fūf, Abdallāh, 999 drying, 471 ˓ Ibn Muh.ammad, Abd al-Rah. īm, 1307 firing of, 471–474 ˓ al-Yāqūtī, Abd al-Rashīd, 1785 firing structures, 472 Abdul-Hameed, 226 organic coating, 474 Abelmoschus diversifolius, 3 postfiring, 474–475 al-Abharī, Athīr al-Dīn, 157, 1333 pounding sherds in wooden mortars, 466 Aboriginal health workers (AHWs), 1526–1527 pounding technique, 468 Abortifacients, 3 resin application, 474 Abortion, 3–4, 540, 1453–1454, 1459, 1502, 1534, 1582, 1887 roughing out, 467–468 Ibn Ezra, Abraham, 5, 1336, 1388 shaping, 467 Abu’l Abbas al-Ma’mūn ibn Muh.ammad II, 92 social background, 464–465 ˒ Abū ’l-Fidā ,9 symbolic or religious concerns, 467 ˒ al-Khayyām, Abū’l-Fath Umar Ibn, 133, 241, 639, 2122 colonialism and science in, 608 ˓ al-Khāzin, Abū Ja far Muh.ammad Ibn al-H. usay, 6–7, 115–116, 122, colonial capitalism, 609 247, 275, 639 Khaya senegalensis, 610 Abū’l-S.alt al-Dānī,9–10 scrap iron policy, 610 ˒ Abū l-Wafā ,10–11, 630, 2173 copper production in, 1596–1597 Abū Kāmil, 7–8, 1354 dwelling and settlement patterns in, 753 ˓ Abū Ma shar, 12, 1335 Egyptian culture, 710 Abū-l-Qāsim As.bagh, 142 environmental challenges in, 755 Abu Qoreh, 2190 environmental factors, impact of, 753 ˓ Abū Sa īd, al-Sijzī, 159–160, 1017 European colonization, influence of, 754–755 Abū S.ālih Mans.ūr II, 92 food processing in, 940 Ācārasangraha, 1805 food productivity of, 754 Ācārya Jayadeva, 1153 food technology in, 940–943 Acheulian stone beads from Bedford, England, 396 gender relations in, 753 Acupuncture, 15–18, 404, 532, 708, 715, 787, 917–918, 920, 1081, geographical and astronomical works, 710 1250, 1464–1466, 1530, 1532–1533, 1548, 1551–1553, geometry, 1003–1005 1556, 1590, 1710–1711, 1719, 1851, 2002, 2048, gesture counting, 1762 2157–2158, 2192, 2344, 2352–2353, 2357–2358 gold production, 1596–1598 acupoints, discovery, 16 iron production, 1596–1597 definition, 15 Islamic science, 710 limitation of, 18 Kalahari desert, 751 and Moxibustion, 17 Maghreb (North Africa) mathematics, 1403–1406 for pain management, an integrative approach, 18 maps and mapmaking, 1270–1272 sociohistorical evolution of, 15–16 metallurgy technique of, 1533 archaeological excavations, 1597 Acyuta Pis.ārat.i, 19, 1161–1162, 1245, 1392, 1871 fabrication techniques, 1599 Adab, 1461 gender differentiations, 1599–1600 Adhatoda vasica Nees, 1809 production, 1596 Ādi Śankarācārya, 539 rituals in, 1600 Ādityadāsa, 2185 technologies, 1600 Adler, B. F., 1270 women in, 1600 ˓ Ad. ud al-Dawla, 153, 1087, 1102 mathematics, Africa South of the Sahara ˒ al-Kawākib, Ad. wā , 1091 games, 1357 Africa hexagonal weaving pattern, 1357 agricultural diversification in, 754–755 riddles and puzzles, 1357–1358 agriculture in, 26–28, 751–752 symmetries in African art, 1356–1357 agroforestry in, 67–68 woven strip patterns on baskets (Mozambique), 1357 architectural traditions of, 437 mathematics, West African games architecture, indigenous Akan building construction and, 199–203 cumulative chants, 1360–1361 ASIAN Green Revolution in, 27 exhibition games, 1359–1360 beer, 418–420 games of chance, 1360 2366 Index

Africa (Contd.) Agriculture (Contd.) magic squares, 1361 rainwater harvesting, 1867 riddle problems, 1361 South and Central America, 56–67 word games and traditional learning, 1360 upland agriculture and terrace systems, 30–31 nature rituals of, 752 Agri-silviculture, 69–73 navigation casuarina trees and, 69–70 documentary records, 1724–1727 swidden and, 69–70 history, 1724–1725 Agri-silvipasture, 86 Red Sea navigation, 1734–1738 Agroforestry, 2082, 2086, 2094 number theory in Africa, 67–68 gesture counting, 1762 api-silviculture, 85 tally devices, 1762 aqua-silviculture, 84–85 verbal numeration, 1761–1762 field-and-grove systems, 73–77 rainfall thresholds and agriculture, 752 field-and-interstitial support trees, 78–80 rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud.), 23 Pacific Islands, 87–88 role in knowledge transmission, 708–711 silvipasture, 86 Sub-Saharan swiddens, 80–84 human evolution and, 26 Agroforestry rotation, 78–80 origins of metallurgy, 1597 Aguardiente, 57, 947 tally devices, 1762 Agustín, Codazzi, 620 textiles in Ahim. sā, 1453 development of cloth making techniques, 2107 Ahl al-kitāb, 45 range of fabrics, 2108 Ahur Hamar Dafira, for accounts of stables and horses, 2189 teaching and training of spinners, weavers, and dyers, 2109 Aida Yasuaki, 89 time, 2128–2130 Ain-i-Akbari, 1732. See also Indian navigation, sea and inland tin production, 1597 waterways verbal numeration, 1761–1762 Air-blast apparatus, 1451–1452 weights and measures, 2237–2239 Aïr Region of Niger (West Africa), 464 Western dominance, 2275–2278 Aitareya Brāhmana, 317, 982 Yoruba harvest festivals, 753, 1923 Ajima Naonobu, 90, 1261, 1398 Against Method (Paul Feyerabend), 1875 Ajima Sensei Bimmo no Jutsu, 90 Agan.ita-grahacāra, 1245 Akan gold weights, 1763 Aganthuka in Āyurveda, 1580 Ahindr-yôbwê, 2237 Aggabodhi I, 2211 Dja-yôbwê, 2237 Agha Khan rural support program, 884 with figurative elements, 2238 al-Aghdiyyah, 1126 with geometric elements, 2238 Agniveśatantra (Agniveśa), 165, 381, 461 with graphic design, 2238 Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India, 623 multiples and submultiples, 2239 Agricultural encyclopedia. See Nōgyō zensho Ngwa-yôbwê, 2237 Agricultural revolution, 21 Nsangan-yôbwê, 2237 Agriculture Sika-yôbwê, 2237 Africa, 26–28, 751–752 Akan timber framework construction elements, 437 ancient methods, 19 Akhmim wooden tablets, 1386 construction of cities and secondary products revolution, 21–22 Akira Yoshizawa, 1798 crops, continental transfer of, 23 al-Akhd. arī, 1406 dams and irrigation in, 677–678 Alaskan ethnobotany evidence for, 20 harvesting, preparation and storage, 819–820 flash-floodwater irrigation, 678 indigenous food plants usage, 816–818, 822 food production terminology, 20 medical plants, 819–820 genetic modification, crop development and, 25 Nunivak Island and St. Lawrence Island, 816 Islamic world, 44–46 terminology, 819 mechanization and, 24 Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, 815 origins, theories for, 20–21 Yup’ik Eskimo, 813, 816 soil fertility management, 24 Alavī Idrīsīs, 128 Southwest Asia, 21–23 Alchemy terracing, 24 in China, 98–100 water management, 23–24 in Islam, 101–102 China, 33–41 sciences, 715 India, 43–44 al-Dīnwā’l-Dawlah (Religion and the State) (Al-T. abarī), 162 Japan, 47–53 Alfonsine Tables, Latin version of, 91, 105 Maya, 28 Algebra, 7–8, 131–132, 137, 152, 239–242, 320, 639, 741, 1018, lowland intensive agriculture, 31–32 1020, 1099, 1342–1343, 1766. See also Abū Kāmil technologies, 29–30 Alexandrian mathematicians, 1930 Pacific Islands, 53–56 with arithmetic and mensuration, 440 Index 2367

Algebra (Contd.) America arithmeticians work on known quantities, 1930 archaeoastronomy, 180–186 calculation, 1930 calendars in South America Cardan formula, 1931 Inca calendar, 458 China, 109–111 Polo version, 458, 1585 decimal fractions, 1930 solar and lunar rituals in Peru, 458 Dieudonné, Jean, 1929 system of 12 months, 458 discriminant of cubic equation, 1931 colonialism and science expressions in, 1930 Brazil, research on comets, 617 geometric theory of equations, 1930 categories of scientific knowledge, 613 India, 112–113, 1391 Costa Rica, colonial authorities role, 620 Islamic mathematics, 113–116, 1394 cycle of knowledge, 613 al-Khwārizmī, definition of algebra, 1929 Goicoechea, experimental physics and modern mathematics, 618 Malay World, 117–120 historiography, remarks on 614–615 numerical equations resolution, 1930 Mexico, in colonial history, 616 polynomials concept, 1930 copper minning technology, 1684 real algebraic numbers structure, 1930 crops variety in Pre-Columbian America, 671–672 surveyors’ technique, 105–108 early crops in, 22 tradition, 1930 eclipses in, 740 Algorithms, 1154–1156 ecosystems, 992 ˓ Ibn Khalaf, Alī, 105, 247, 1855 ethnobotany, 865–867 Aligarh Scientific Society, 624 botanical knowledge transmission, 888 al-Kūhī. See al-Qūhī cacao, 889 al-Kulliyyāt fi al farā’id. (Collection on Successional Division) cocaine, 889 (al-Qalas.ādī), 152 herbal drugs, 891, 893 Allium cepa L., 1809 Indian plant names, 888 Almagest, 71, 91, 104, 140–141, 334, 463, 1043, 2019 medicinal plants, 886 Almonds (Prunus dulcis), 173 food technology in Latin America, 946–947 ˓ al-Mudkhal ilā ilm al-handasa (Introduction to indigenous knowledge systems in, 1185–1186 Geometry), 159 knowledge politics, 1188–1192 Alnus nepalensis, 70 knowledge systems Alphabets, 147–151 construction and maintenance of, 1142 in Middle East writing cosmological panel petroglyph on sandstone, 1192 Aramaic, 2336–2337 irrigation systems in Andean highlands, 1142 Canaanite linear, 2336 Peru, 1142 Egyptian, 2335 sunken gardens on desert coast, 1142 Ethiopic, 2336 Yichnal sign, 2330 Hebrew alphabets, 2337 language transmission, 1189 “Proto-Sinaitic” inscription, 2336 mathematics, 1414–1419 Semitic languages, 2335 medicine, Native North and South America Syriac script, 2336 ayahuasca, 1569 Ugaritic writing, 2336 cure of soul loss, 1569 Al-Risāla fīah. Dāth al-jaww (Treatise on Meteorological healing procedures, 1567, 1569 Phenomena), 146 herbal medicine for internal/external usage, 1568 Alstonia constricta, 1524 herbs and roots usage, 1567 Al-Tabs.ira (The Book which Makes Things intrusion diseases, 1570 Intelligible), 12 Mexican doctors, 1567 Alternative Forestlike Structures (AFS), 69, 76–77, 80–82 Peyote, hallucinogenic, 1568 Alun-alun (town square), 210. See also Architecture; Java roots of sassafras (Sassafras officinalis), 1567 Amarakośa, 1026 supernatural intervention and, 1567 Amaranthus sp., 829, 848 tobacco and ayahuasca effect, 1570 Amazon metallurgy, 1636–1639 ecosystems dynamics of, 757 natural environment in, 798–809 environmental destruction, 759 nature ideas human antiquity, farming and environment, 758 Alaskan Koyukon, 804–805 indigenous cultures of, 758–759 ecological integrity, 799 plant and animal species, 757–758 European invaders influence on, 801–802 rainfall variation and season, 757 Menominee people, 806 tropical rain forest, 757, 811 Navajo chant, 801 types of water in, 757 Nuu-chah-nulth hunters, 804 Ambrosia, 1075, 2203–2204, 2207 rituals, 800 Amenemhet I, 2314–2315 Standing Bear and Lakota, 799, 802 Amenhotep III, 1045, 1048, 1674, 2155, 2296 number words, 1415 Amennakhte, 1275, 1298–1301 rainwater harvesting, 1867 2368 Index

America (Contd.) Appolonius of Perga, 246 religion and science Approximation formulae, in Chinese mathematics, 178–179 astrology, 1891–1892 Aqua-silviculture, 84–85 medicine and medical practice, 1891 Arabesque, 188–190, 196, 198, 493, 2287–2288, 2291–2292 ˓ ˓ mythology, 1890–1891 al- Arabī, Muh.yī al-Dīn ibn. See ibn al- Arabī religion and science, in Native America, 1890–1892 Arabia road networks dams, 677 Mesoamerican road networks, 1895–1897 floodwater system in, 677 Mississippian complex road networks, 1894 honey usage in, 1075 Peru road networks, 1897–1898 irrigation system in, 677–678 pre-Columbian road networks, 1894 lunisolar calendar of, 2133 science, 1959–1963 metallurgy in, 1613–1620 agriculture, 1962–1963 numerical systems of, 1363 arithmetic of Spaniards, 1961 paper making in, 1804 Aztec calendar, 1962 prophetic medicine, 1493 Chilam Balam, 1962 scientists and philosopher writings of, 713 Cipango, 1959 Taghlib tribe of, 1911 coastal commerce, 1963 Arabic alchemical writings. See Islam, alchemy in cultural forms, 1963 Arabic script, 2323 ethnochemistry, 1960 Aramaic alphabet use in Middle East, 2336–2337 ethnography, 1960 Aramaic script in Indian writing, 2321 ethnomethodology, 1960 Arata Sakai, 1262 ˒ Incas, 1962 al-Ārā wa’l-mushāwarāt, 1104 Maya, 1962 Archaeoastronomy quipu, 1960 archaeoastronomical sites, 1717 theory of culture, 1961 definition, 1717 yupana, 1963 Jarigole site, 1717–1719 Amazonians, 758–759 North Africa, 180–186 American Mathematical Society, 1351 Namoratunga I and II sites, 1717–1719 Amerigo Vespucci, 611, 1960 Archaeometry, 1659 Ammei, Aida. See Aida Yasuaki Archaic Sumerian, 2320 Ammisaduqa, 251 Archimedes, 24, 639, 1389, 2011, 2105 Amoghavars.a, 1267 and mechanics in physics, 1824 Amphora, 2281 sphere and cylinder, 153 Amr.t, as elixir of life, 2207 Archimedes’ De Sphaera et Cylindro, 141 Amun-Ra, great temple of, 1773 Architectural decoration in Islam, history and techniques used, 187 Analects, 796, 1008, 1851, 1879 ablaq, 192 Analemma method, for spherical astronomical problems, 10 bricks, 193 Analemma, graphical method for finding azimuth to Mecca, 1043 calligraphy in, 188–189 Ānandapura (Gujarat) center for learning, 2185 glazed bricks, 194 Anatoli, Jacob, 104 glazed tiles, 195–197 Anatomy, in India, 164–168 hazārbāf and bannā’ī, 193–194 Andalus mathematics, 1403 meaning, purpose and transmission of, 190–191 Andalusian School of Aristotelian philosophers, 98 stone and, 191–192 Andean civilization, 457, 762, 1178, 1181 sculpture, 193 Andes stucco, 197–198 bronze based metallurgy, 1661 Architecture copper and arsenic alloys, 1660 Africa, 199–203, 434, 436, 552 Andrés de Olmos, Fray, 616 Arab, 2093 Angami Naga shifting cultivators, 70 Asante, 434 An.gavastra, 2114 Aztec city planning and, 578–580 Anguli as Āyurvedic measure, 1580 Egyptian, 392 Animal domestication, 21 Gothic, 2102 Animal mummies, 176–177. See also Mummies in India, 211–214 Anjali as Āyurvedic measure, 1580 Incas, 1962 Ankor Wat temple, 3 Islamic, 187–190 Anshi Seiyoreki Koso, 90 Java, 203–210 Antitoxins, 876, 2300 Malay, 2286–2294 Anūshirwān, 127 Maori, 215–217 ˒ Anwā , 2019 Maya, 590–592 Apis Bull, 176 Mesoamerica, 218–223 Api-silviculture, 85 Mexican, 1845 Apollonius’s theory, 114, 154, 638–639, 1017, 1091 Monumental, 194, 1840–1841 Appliqué, 470, 500, 519, 1216, 1218 Palestine, 225–238 Index 2369

Architecture (Contd.) Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, 195, 1057 climatic zones and, 227–229 Ashmore, Wendy, 591–592 court house, 233–234 Asht.ādhyāyi, on rainfall measurement and droughts, 2205 gallery house, 234 Ashurbanipal, 251–252 geography, 227 “Asian disease”, 1515 house plan, 230 Aśoka, 446, 461, 539, 791, 952, 984, 1234, 1458, 2186, 2321–2323 natural building materials and, 227 As.t.ān.gahr.dayasam. hitā, and tradition of Āyurveda, 2179 new forms of, 232–233 Astrolabe, 246–248, 1855 socioeconomic factors, 229 Astrology traditional house, initial forms of, 231–232 Al-jawharī’s works on, 129 Puuc, 1846 in Aztec science, 383–384 stone, 393 in Babylonia, 248–257 Ardha Kumbha, 2207 birth charts development, 255–257 Ārdharātrika school of Classical Hindu Astronomy, 323 calendars, 253 Ārdharātrika Tantra, 244 in China, 262–264 Aretas IV, 2220, 2223, 2227 in India, 264–266 Argentina in Islam, 267–269 Inca empire conquests, 1179 judicial, 1212 intellectual development, 621 Kūshyār’s book on, 1212 pampas of, 672 Lalla’s work on, 1215 wheat production, 58 Mesopotamian cosmology, 258–259 Aristophanes, 2105 Parameśvara, 1805 Aristotle, 45, 94, 168, 1233–1234, 1812, 2105 Persian, 1213 Aristotelian theory of motion and Islamic physicists, 123, Ibn T. āwūs works, 1121 723–724, 1824–1825 Varāhamihira’s works on, 2184–2185 Metaphysics, 724 zodiac, development of, 257–258 Arithmetica, 7, 114, 723, 1394, 1766, 1866. See also Diophantus’s Astronomical clocks in China, 595–596 Arithmetic (rāśigan.ita), 401, 1354 Astronomical clock tower, water-driven, 1450–1451, 2134 in China, 109. See also Algebra Astronomical instruments in India. See Pāt.īgan.ita brass built instruments, 1150 in Islamic mathematics, 240–242, 1393–1394 instrument designing, 1150 Kitābal-Fus.ūlfi’l-h.isāb al-hindī, 162 masonry and stone, 1150 Arka, 2203 Pan.d. ita Jagannātha, 1149 Arkaprakāśa in Sri Lanka, 1578 Yantraprakāra, 1149 Armenia, 1103, 1325–1327, 1865, 2100, 2284 Astronomy Armillary spheres Arabic-Islamic, stars, 160 ˓ China, 242 anwā system, 2019 India, 243 and Greek science, 2019–2020 Li Chunfeng, 1222 Islamic astronomer’s role, 2019 Arogyapacha, 850 and Ptolemy, 2019 Arte de la Lengua Mexicana, 616 Australian aboriginal people, 299–303 Arteriosclerosis, 1510 constellations of Orion and the Pleiades, 302 Arthaśāstra (Kaut.ilya), 447, 952, 984, 1917, 2187, 2205 myths and the materialistic philosophy, 303 Artocarpus heterophyllus, 2293 Central and Southern Africa, 372–374 al-Arwani, 1358 China, 303–306 Āryabhat.a, 239, 244–245, 441, 448, 476, 1160, 1183, 1215, 1280, calculations of period of Halley’s comet, 304 1391, 1438, 1765 lunisolar calendar, 304–305 Āryabhat.īya, 113, 239, 243–244, 318, 439, 683, 1035, 1160, 1183, positions of heavenly bodies, 305 1215, 1246, 1350, 1765, 1805, 1827 contribution of Jai Singh Sawai, 1149 Āryabhat.īya bhās.ya, 400, 1162 (see also Nīlakan.t.ha, Somayāji) East Africa and Madagascar, 371–372 Mahāsiddhānta, 112–113 Egypt, 307–308 siddhānta, 319, 683 (see also Ārdharātrika Tantra) Hawai’i, 308–315 Āryabhatian school, 448 Hebrews, 315–317 Aryan invasion, myth of, 2201–2202 India, 317–320 Aryans, 164, 446, 850, 951, 978, 980–982, 984, 1302, 1608, Indian Astronomy in China, 321 1730–1731, 1929, 2202 in Indo-Malay Archipelago, 324–332 As.t.ādhyāyī, 1801. See also Pān.ini agricultural time keeping, 324 As.t.ān.gahr. dayasam. hitā medical text of Indian Āyurveda, 1535 Islamic world, 333–334 ˓ al-Ast.urlābī,Alī ibn Isā, 966 Japan, 342 Asada Goryu, 245–246 Lunar calendars, 324 Asanna, 1350 and mathematics in Indian knowledge systems, 1183 Asante architecture, 200, 434 Mesoamerica, 360–364 Ash’arite Sunni theology, 190 Milky Way, 302 Ashé, 1924–1925 Native North America, 364–368 2370 Index

Astronomy (Contd.) Āyurveda (Contd.) Pyramid construction, 1839 diagnosis and prognosis, 1538–1539 Sahara region, 369 disease and pathology, 1538 Southeast Asia, 354 Mādhavanidāna medical text, 1535 Sub-Saharan Africa, 368 medicines, 1539 Tibet, Sino-Tibetan Astronomical Science, 378 natural origin drugs, 1540–1541 Vietnam, 356 Pañcakarma therapy, 1539–1540 West Africa, 369–371 Philosophical foundation, 1536 Asunción, 612 psychological conceptions, 1537–1538 Aśvāyurvedasiddhānta, 2186 role in Indian knowledge systems, 1184 Atahuallpa Inca, 611, 1177 Śārn.gadharasam. hitā medical text, 1535–1536 Atharvaveda, 164, 394, 640, 982, 1458, 1535, 2201, 2204 six basic savours, 1540 Ātman, 651, 654, 1065, 1802, 1821, 1972, 2145 source texts, 1535–1536 Atomism in Islamic thought, 379–381 Suśrutasam. hitā medical text, 1535 Ātreya, 165, 381–382, 461 Suśrutasam. hitā operating techniques, 1536–1537 Ātreyasam. hitā, 382 Azadirachta indica A., 851, 1809 Australian Academy of Sciences, 1346 al-Aziz, Umar ibn, 117 Australian aboriginal people, 1526–1528 Aztec cultures and lifestyle of, 766 city planning, 577–586 development of traditional practices, 1526 ballcourts and palaces, 581–582 environmental philosophy of, 765, 767–768 Aztec codices, 582 firestick farming, 766–767 Coatetelco, 583 herbal medicines, 1524–1525 palace at Calixtlahuaca, 583 indigenous health systems, 1522–1523 royal palace of Yautepec, 583 knowledge systems city-state capitals, 583–584 aboriginal accounts and technoscience difference, 1174–1175 epicenter of Coatlan Viejo, 585 databasing project, 1171–1172, 1175–1176 reconstruction of plaza at Coatetelco, 585 epistemic differences, 1172–1173 urban epicenters of Cuexcomate and Teopanzolco, 584 intellectual property, 1176–1177 commoner housing, 582–584 ontic differences, 1173–1174 ethnobotany principles for knowledge traditions, 1177 botanical gardens, 827–828 re-framing of traditional knowledge, 1172 maize and medicinal action, 830 ritual and ceremony, 1175–1176 plant nomenclature, 828 land management, 767 historical sources of planning principles, 578 mapanpa, 1524 Calixtlahuaca, 582 power and healing techniques, 1523 pyramids, 580–581 rituals of, 767 temple at Tlatelolco, 582 sociomedical system, 1522 mathematics, 1368–1371 technological innovations, impact of, 765–766 numerals, 1368 Totemism, 767 Nahuatl number sequence, 1368 traditional health beliefs, 1522–1523 quahuitl, and milcocoli, 1370 Warlpiri aborigines health system, 1523–1525 science, 383–386 yawulyu ceremonies, 1524 cosmology, astronomy, and astrology, 383–384 Yolngu (aboriginal Australians) mathematics medicine and health, 385 base use, 10, 1436 natural history and ecology, 384–385 genealogy, 1435 Tenochtitlan, 584–586 gurrutu, 1433 Teotihuacan innovations, 578–579 modern system of abstracting, 1432 Street of Dead, 579 Yirritja and Dhuwa, 1433 Triple Alliance/Aztec Empire, 577 Avenezra. See Ibn Ezra, Abraham Tula innovations, 579 Avyaktagan.ita, 112, 239 reconstruction of epicenter, 580 Avyaktagan.itādhyāya, 2018 Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan, 581 Awaine Boshi (Millet and Rice Stars), 346 urban architecture, 580 Axis mundi, 571–572, 651, 655, 659, 669, 1326, 1329, 1840 Axixpatli, 828. See also Ethnobotany, Aztec B Ayanacalana, in Indian astronomy, 1830 Babalao, 1924–1925 Aymara, 5, 764, 905, 1179, 1830, 2120 Babesakundiba, 1418 Ayongyi, 1457. See also Medical ethics in China Babylonian. See also Mesopotamia Ayubia Ethnobotany Project, 884–885 algebra, 107–108, 1414 Āyurveda, 791, 1453, 1458–1460, 1578–1581 astrology As.t.ān.gahr.dayasam. hitā medical text, 1535 birth charts, 255–257 Bhāvaprakaśa medical text, 1535 calendars, 253, 731 branches, 1535 cosmology, 258–259 Carakasam. hitā medical text, 1535 zodiac, 257–258 Index 2371

Babylonian (Contd.) Bedja conical molds, 414 astronomical diaries, 736 Beer, in Africa, 418–420 Code of Hammurabi, 1454 Bei Fen Quan Shu (The Bei Wind and Spring Water), 2168 eclipses, 731 Bei ji qian jin yao fang, 1530 geometry, 1000–1001 Beke, Charles, 1271 mean motions, 1439 Bekhen-stone, 1293 Bacairi, number sequence in Brazil, 1414, 1416 Bell, Dà-līn, 13 Bacillus thuringiensis var kenyae, 1810–1811 Benben, 1774 Bacon, Francis, 2182 Bencao Gangmu, 399–400, 835, 1226–1227, 1466. See also Medical Bacon, Roger, 2105 texts, in China Bādarāyan.a, 2016 Bencao jing jizhu, 1958, 2080 Baidurya dkar po, 1976. See also Sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho Bengal Iron Company, 1612 (Sde pa) Beni Hassan, Middle Egypt, tomb of Khety, 393 Baidurya sngon po, 1462–1463. See also Sde srid sangs rgyas rgya Benneh, George, 28 mtsho Bent Pyramid of Egypt, 1838–1839 Bai Hu Tong, 940 Benu-bird, 1774 Bakab spellings in Maya writing, 2327–2328 Berggren, J. L., 241 Bakhshālī manuscript, 387–388, 1391, 1764, 2350 Bernardino de Sahagún, Fray, 615 Bakufu Temmongata. See Observatories Beta Delphini, 446–447 Bālabodha, 1267–1268 Betanzos, Cieza, 1178 BALAM sign in Maya writing, 2329, 2331 Betel nuts (Piper betel), 173 ˓ Balance of Wisdom. . See Kitābmīzān al-h.ikma Bezels of Wisdom, 1086. See also Ibn al- Arabī Balkhī School of Arab Geographers, 389–390 Bezout Étienne, 111 Bamboo (Arundinaria), 14–15, 69, 75, 81, 202, 205–206, 243, 328, Bhādīpikā, 1805 390–391, 708, 834, 959, 1007 Bhagavad Gītā, 166, 1973 Banana (Musa spp.), 87, 173 Bhagwat.gīt.a, 952 Bannā’ī technique, 193–194 Bhangãu or Bhangãlu. See Cannabis sativa Banting, Frederick, 606 Bhan.gī-vibhan.gī, 1159. Bantu Bharata, 629, 983 and agricultural works, 372 Bhāratvarsha, 980, 982–983 calendar, 753 Bhartr.hari, 1804 civilizations, 1494 Bhās.ya, 1832. See also Govindasvāmin language, 550 Bhāskara societies, 1502 Bījagan.ita, 112–113 Baopuzi waipian, 965 Līlāvatī, 239 Bao Qishou, 1252 Bhāskara I, 387, 1012, 1215, 2180 Barley (Hordeum vulgare), 172 Laghu-bhāskārīya, 1153 Barth, Heinrich, 1271 Mahābhāskarīya, 244, 1805 Bartolache, José Ignacio, 618 role in Indian astronomy, 320 Basalt, 2026 works of, 400–402 Basin of Mexico sites, 510 Bhāskara II, 239, 244, 269–270, 401–403, 412, 1765, 2171 Basketry Bījagan.ita, 721 Africa, 1357 construction of phalaka yantra, 247 Ancient Egypt, 392–394 Līlāvatī, 1001, 1228, 1805 Hawaii, 314 phalaka-yantra invented by, 272 Mesoamerica, 2115 role in Indian linguistics, 1183 technology, 392–393 role in Indian mathematics, 629 weaving evolution, 2109 role in astronomy and mathematics, 1160 Battle of Sekigahara, 49 Siddhāntairoman.i, 243, 320 Baudhayana Srauta Sūtra, 394, 1025 Bhāskarācārya, 441 Baudhāyana Śulbasūtra, 1827 Bhāskarācārya II, 1832 Bā-yīn, tone qualities, 14 Bhāsvatī, 1926 Ba Yuan Shu, 1230 Bhavana, 411, 440 Bead(s), 395–399, 915, 1024, 1051, 1058, 1272, 1348, 1366, 1855 Bhāvaprakaśa medical text of Indian Āyurveda, 1535 and abacus, 1 Bhāvitakasamīkaran.a, 112 arikamedu glass, 1025 Bhimbetka (Madhya Pradesh, India), 1325 carnelian, 2060 Bhishagratna, K. K., 643 coral, 2089 Bhūta-samkhyās, 1245 Egyptian, 1636 Bian Que Nei Jing, 404 glass, 1025–1029 Biface technology in flaking techniques in Mesoamerica, gulikā,113 2029–2030, 2035–2036 lower Palaeolithic, 397 Bighorn Medicine Wheel, 1595–1596 ostrich shell, 408–409 Bihar Scientific Society, 624 use of, 396 Bījagan.ita, 112–113, 1765, 1831–1832, 2017 2372 Index

Bījagan.itāvatam. sa, 1720 Brazil (Contd.) Bījapallava, 1832 mathematics in, 620 Billard, Roger, 244, 1438–1439 number sequence, 1414 Binaishanfang ji, 1252 sugar plantations, 57 Binh Nam Do, 1332 Breadfruit, 53, 55, 87–88, 870–871, 877, 948–949 Biographies of the Nobles, 2310 Br.had. ārun.yaka, 951 Bioluminescence, 1740 Br.hadvivāha-pat.ala, 2185 “Bird’s script”, 1782 Br.hajjātaka, 2016, 2185 Birth charts, 255–257. See also Astrology Br.hatsam. hitā, 1026, 1765, 1808, 2016, 2185 Bir Umm Fawakhir, 1293–1294 Brihaspati, 2205 Bitumen Brine, 929, 934, 946, 963–964, 1442, 1913–1916, 1918–1922 in China, 405–406 Bronowski, Jacob, 1248, 2090 felt layers, 431 Bronze, 1660–1661 mummiya, 1712 Africa, 1598–1599 Bixa orellana, 701, 891, 896, 2116 Buddhism Bodhāyana śulbamīmām. ām. sā, 394–395 Four Noble Truths, 770 Boethius, 1401 influence on Western ecologists, 772 Bojador Cape, 615 Jatakas, 770 Bone technology in Africa, 406–411 karma, 1586–1587 Bontok wet rice, 77 logic, 1231 Book of Chilam Balam, 667 Noble Eightfold Path, 770 Book of Coming Forth by Day, 2155 pilgrimage, 772 Book of Daniel, 251 relevance of, 773–774 Book of the Day, 2319 Sangha, 771 Book of Enoch, 371, 2312 and science, 421–422 Book of Funerals, 918–919 teachings, 770–771 Book of the Night, 2319 Thai traditional medicine, 1588–1589 Book of Nine Elixirs, 99, 1079 variants of, 768 Book of Perfection, 145–146 Buenos Aires, 612, 621 Book of Plates of the Seven Planets, 142 Building construction Book of Songs, 918 in Africa, 432–437 Book on Forms of Eclipses, 2122 Akan, 199–203 Book on Horary Instruments Called Sundials, 2052, 2172 major construction elements, 424 Book on Mensuration, 106, 1014 slabs and flat roofs used in, 425 Book on Music, 2122 timber used in, 202–203 Book on the Constellations, 160, 2019 traditional construction technologies used in, 422–423 Borana calendar, 1717 Building stones in ancient Egypt, 2024 Borobudur, 207–208 Buildings for worship, Javanese architecture and, 207–209 Borri, Christoforo, 1426 Buri Ram Province, 523 Bose, J. C., 624, 1822 Burial mound Bose, S. N., 624 of Chimus, 844 Bose-Einstein equation, 624 construction and structure, Japan, 1164 Bouea macrophylla, 2292–2293 Kitora, 1164–1168 Bourne, William, 2105 of Tongan commoners, 289 Bower manuscripts, 1458 Burma, animal-shaped weights and measures, 2239–2242 Bow field (dhanuh. ks.etra), 401 calendars, 355 Box-bellows, 1451–1452 maps and mapmaking, 1327 Br.hajjātaka, 2016 weights and measures, 2239–2242 Br.hat-Pāt.i. See Pāt.īgan.ita Burnet, Macfarlane, 606 Brahe, Tycho, 277, 1111, 1161–1162, 1789, 1967–1968, 2080–2081 C Brahmajāla Sutta logic, 1230–1231 Cacao, 22, 29, 57, 173, 668, 671–672, 831, 840, 888–891, 946, Brāhmanas, 640, 1453 1368, 1919 Brahmapaks.a, 412 Caesalpinia echinata, 700 Brāhmasphut.asiddhānta, 104, 112, 239, 243, 319, 334, 412, 1001, Caesar, Julius, 449, 457, 1778, 1782, 2106 1765, 1831, 2017, 2171 Caesareum, 1778, 1783 Brāhmi numeration systems, 1390 Cai Lun, 1804 Brāhmī script, 2321–2322 Cai Yuanding, 1251 Braudel, Fernand, 45 Cakravāla method, 439–441, 1765 Brazil Brahmagupta’s investigation, 440 abortions, 3 Indian cyclic method, 403, 1153 comets, 617 Pell’s equation, 441 gasohol production, 2047 Calculus, 135, 441–442, 638, 1366, 1405, 1510 Kayapo, 976 differential, 403, 2122 Index 2373

Calculus (Contd.) Capsicum frutescens L, 698, 861, 1809 ellipse rectification, 1268 Captain Bligh, 87 infinitesimal, 617, 1227, 1835 Captain Cook, 87 Calcutta Medical and Physical Society, 623 Caracas, 612 Caldas, Francisco José, 618 Caraka, 165–166, 461, 2179 Calendars Carakasam. hitā, 165, 168, 381, 461, 1066, 1453–1454, 1460 Calendar of Seville, 45 Cardano’s solution, of third-degree equation, 108 Dai, 355 Caribbean water procurement, 2229–2231 Datong, 358 Castello, obelisk-lifting machine, 1783 December solstice, 459 Casuarina trees (Casuarina equisetifolia), 55, 69–70 East Asia, 442–444 Catalog of Maya Hieroglyphs, 2327 Egypt, 445 Cataplasms, 887, 891 Hiep-ky calendar, 358 Catoptrics, 1091–1092, 1817, 2106 India Cats (Felis sylvestris catus), 173. See also Animal phases of, 446 domestication Siddhāntic calendar, 448 Caves, 231–232 solar zodiac introduction, 448 bhimbetaka paintings, 164 Islam, 449–451 blombos, 408–409 Medinan calendar, 450 in China, 693, 1957 Maya, 451 garbha-gr.ha, 651 Mesoamerica geomancy, 997, 1291 day-names and signs, 453 in Greece, 1978 Fejervary-Mayer Codex and Madrid Codex, 453 Indian paintings on, 1325 Initial Series date on Quirigua Stela I, 455 rock paintings on, 1074 long count places with glyphs, 452–453 in southwest Anatolia, 2281 South America Celestial Inca calendar, 458 map and Chinese astronomy, 1164–1165 Inti Raymi and Capac Raymi, 458–459 phenomena, 248, 252, 262, 297, 299, 324, 364, 444, 716, 731, Polo version, 458, 1585 1009, 1083, 1790, 2020 solar and lunar rituals in Peru, 458 vault and sphere, 463 Yunnan and Burma, 355 Celestial maps. See Maps and mapmaking Calendrical observatory in Namoratunga II pillars, 1717–1718 Celestino, Mutis José, 617 Calligraphy, 188–189 Celiang quanyi (Complete Treatise on Measurements), 1010 Calophyllum inophyllum, 78–79, 87, 876, 2293 Centismal system, 1926–1927 Camel (Camellus bactrianus), 173. See also Animal domestication Ceramics Camera obscura, 1221, 1813 Africa, 465–475 Cami hoca in medical practice in Turkey, 1594 Cambodia, 522 Campus Martius Celadon, 525–526 gnomon, 1779 China, 476–486 Psamtek obelisk, 1779 Kalong, 528 spina, 1779 Khmer 523 sundial obelisk, 1779, 1783 Korea, 488–495 Canaanite linear alphabet in West Semitic language, 2336 Laos, 523–524 Canal, 2215 Maya, 496–502 Canaries expedition in African navigation, 1725 Mimbres Pottery, 507–508 Canarium (nut-bearing tree), 54, 87 Myanmar (Burma), 524–525 Candlenut (Aleurites moluccana), 81 North America, 516–520 Candracchāyāgan.ita, 1750. See also Nīlakan.t.ha, Somayāji Olmec pottery, 510–514 Candra-ś.rn.gaunnati (Elevation of the horns of the moon), 319 San Lorenzo Horizon pottery sites, 510, 513 Candra-Vākyāni, 1245 Southeast Asia, 526 Cannabis sativa, 849–850 Thailand, 527–529 Canoes Vietnam, 529–530 in African navigation, 1725 Cerro Faclo mountain, 2219 Anutan, 1986 Ceyuan haijing, (Sea Mirror of the Circle Measurements, 1248), egg, 1987 1227, 2012 outrigger, 878, 1744 Ch’agunbop monggu, on European algebraic equations, 1402 Parabou, 1726 Ch’oe Han-gi, 1402 Te alolili, 1985 Chaco Canyon road networks in ancient Native America, 1895 Tepuke, 1985 Chalcopyrite, 1614, 1617, 1685, 1695 timber used in, 2123 Chandas (prosody and metrics), 394 voyaging, 1744, 1983, 1985, 1988–1989 Chāndogya, 951 Canon of Medicine, 1530. See also Ibn Sīnā Chang’s seismograph, 1447–1448 Cão, Diogo, 615 Chao Yuanfang, 532. Cao Yuanfang, 1530 Cheikh-‘Othmàn, 1271 2374 Index

Chemistry China (Contd.) alchemy role in, 718 food technology China, 532–534 alcoholic drinks, 944 compounds, 837 crop processing, 944 Chen Dawei, 1252, 1260 geomancy, 996–998 Chen Meidong, 179 soybean processing, 945 Chen Shaowei, 99 sugar, 945 Chen Zhuo, 2020 wheat flour, 945 Chen Ziming, 1457 forensic medicine, 1534–1535 Cherokee syllabary of writing, 2304, 2306 geography, 976–977 Chert/flint stones in ancient Egypt, 2025–2026 geomancy, 715 Chester Beatty X, 2317 gnomon, 1445–1446, 1449 Cheungbo Munheon Bigo, 2135 handicraft industry, 1445 Chilam Balam of Chumayel, 659 hydraulic power, 1446 Childbirth, 534–540 imports and influences into Arabic empires, 713 obstetrics, 538–540 incense burners, 1449 Childe, V. Gordon, 20–21 ironware, 1445 Chi-minh toanphap, 356 irrigation, 1137 China Jesuit missionaries, 714 agriculture, 33 knowledge systems, 1170 cotton cultivation, techniques of, 40 luni-solar calendar, 444 cotton yarn, spinning wheel for, 38 magnetic needle, 1450 farming regions, 33 mathematical astronomy (lifa) and astrology (tianwen), 715 irrigation channels, 38 mathematics (suanxue), 716 machines and implements, 1447–1448, 1450 approximation formulae in, 178–179 protective dyke, 39 Pi, Liu Hui works on, 1825–1826 revolution, 713 mechanical technologies, 1443 rice fields, 37 medical ethics, 1453 silk-reeling machines, 37 medicine, 1529–1533 sugar mill with vertical rollers, 39 meteorology, 1662–1664 tax system, 35 natural gas, 963–964 water-driven chain pump, 38 nature and environment, 787–788 alchemical sciences (fulian), 715 navigation, 1728–1729 alchemy, 98–100 Neolithic artifacts, 1444 algebra, 109–111 optics, 1790–1792 armillary spheres, 242 Paleolithic artifacts, 1443–1444 astronomy physics, 1812–1820 clock tower, 1450–1451 religion and science instruments, 1445–1446, 1449 Buddhism, 1877–1878 lunar lodges, 1237–1240 Confucianism, 1877, 1879–1880 stars, 2020–2021 cosmology, 1878–1879 box-bellows, 1451–1452 rockets, 1906 bronze vessel, 1444–1445 salt, 1914–1917 Buddhism, 1877–1878 science and technology development, 1169–1170 calendars, 442, 2175 seismograph, 1447 clockmaking, 1815 ships, 1729–1730 cold-forging and cold-drawing techniques, 1450, 1452 south-pointing carriage, 1446–1447 constellations and names, 2021–2022 sundials, 2050–2051 counting rods, 635–636 tools and instruments, 1444 cosmology water and hydraulic power, 1446–1447 Dao, 1878–1879 water clocks, 1445, 1449 Te, 1878 water power, 1446–1447 Daoism, 786 weapons, 1450 divination, technology and mantic arts, 684 weights and measures, 2242–2243 ethnobotany, 833–835 wheel wooden carriages, 1444, 1446 Celiang fayi, 2065 writing, 2307–2308 chong cha technique, 2064 Chinampa agriculture, 56 Haidao suanjing, 2065 Ch’ŏnsang Yŏlch’a Punya ji Do, 1166–1168 Jiuzhang suanshu, 2064 Cho Son Wang Cho Silok, 1898–1899 Shushu jiuzhang, 2065 Chronography, 2122 sighting boards and tubes, 2064 Chun Qiu Fan Lu, 940 surveying, 2065 Chǔ tomb (M21), 13 Zhoubi Suanjing, 2064 Chulikā, 951 Feng shui, 787 Chung-Sin-Gi-Jeon (medium magical machine arrow), 1901 Index 2375

Chunqiu, 684, 732–733, 1945 Computing science in Ancient India, 636–638 Ci Lei (porcelain drinking vessel), 479 Vedic books, 636 Cinci hoca/üfürükçü in medical practice in Turkey, 1594 Comte de Gobineau, 2192 Cities and towns Comte, Auguste, 621 East Africa, 548–553 Confucianism, 1402, 1453, 1814, 1951, 2015, 2199 India, 576–577 attitude for scientific knowledge, 1879–1880 Israel, 543–546 Chinese religion-philosophical tradition, 768, 1877 Maya, 572–574 doctrines, 1879 Olmec, 554–558 imperial ideology, 2199 West Africa, 565–569 medicine, 1457 Citlalicue and Citlaltonac, 661 Confucius, 787, 796 Citrabhānu, 1161, 2014 Conics, 638–640, 1002 Civil year, 307, 446, 1406, 2131, 2245 of Apollonius, 1091 Clapperton, Hugh, 1271 geometers in Arabic tradition, 639 Classic Maya (Mesoamerican civilization). See Maya Problem of Alhazen, 639 Classic of Changes, 690 in Syria, 639 Classic of Questioning, 1529. See also NanJing Conklin, Harold, 75, 80 Classic of Sphygmology, 1530 Consciousness Clavijero, 827–828 in ancient India, 640–642 Clepsydra, 246, 269–271, 279, 281, 304, 445, 594, 596, 1449–1450, ecological, 803 1814, 2050, 2134 historical, 2126–2127, 2129 Clerical script of Chinese writing, 2307 India, 640–642 Clocks and watches Islamic, 793 China, 594–595 Japanese, 344–345, 350–351 Islam, 593–594 Koyukon people and, 799 Coahuiltecan sequence, of number, 1415–1416 native American, 867 Coanenepilli principle of, 1064 as antidote, 831 psychic, 974 for fever and cutaneous eruptions, 832 sensory, 1482 Cobo, Bernabé, 458, 588 social, 344–345 Cocaine (Erythroxylum coca), 889 trance, 647 Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.), 22 universal, 1972–1973 Cocos nucifera, 596, 872, 874, 876–877 Constantius II, 1773, 1780 Codex Badianus, 827 Contractus, Hermannus, 247 Codex Borgia, 667 Cook Islands (central eastern Polynesia), 54 Codex Zouche-Nuttall, 667 Copán pyramid in Mesoamerica, 1844 Codice Florentino, 615 Copan, Stomper, 574 Coffee, 836–837 Copper mining Coggins, Clemency, 572 Africa, 1596–1597 Coir, 596–599 annealing, 1682–1683 Colegio Mayor de Nuestra, 616 cold-hammering, 1682–1684 Colocasia taro, 54, 87 Egypt, 1685–1687 Colocynth gourd, 171 Lake Superior basin, 1681–1684 Colonialism and medicine in Malay Peninsula, 600–603 native American technologies, 1684 Colonialism and science production sites, 1685 Africa, 608–610 Wadi Halfa, 1685 Americas, 610–622 Corregimiento system, 57 India, 622–624 Cortés, Hernán, 611 Malay World, 626–628 Corvée labor, 24 nonsettler areas of Africa, Asia, and Oceania, 606 Cosme Bueno, 617 Colorado River, 611, 1322 Cosmology, 1148 Combinatorics India in Indian mathematics, 629 chaos and equilibrium, 651 in Islam, 630–632 Sisupalgarh, Bhubaneswar and Vaisali, 651 Comets vāstu-man.d. ala, 650 Chinese observation of, 463 waters and fires of chaos, 653–655 definition of, 295 Maya, 658–661 in Islamic world, 632–634 Mesoamerica, 657–669 Japanese astronomy and, 342 Aztec/Nahua cosmology, 661–664 old world, 362 Tezcatlipoca, 666 research on, 617 Olmec, 667–668 Commentary on the Almagest, 1091. See also Ibn al-Haytham Cosmo vision, 615–616 Comparative technoscientific traditions, 1199 Côte d’Ivoire, 200, 433, 562, 566–567, 1357, 1761–1762 Compass, 634 Coursed clay construction technology, 200 2376 Index

Court house, 233–234 Decimal (Contd.) Cowgill, George, 219 numerals, 240–241 Crease pattern of origami model, 1799 system, 117, 241, 675, 1761, 1998, 2081, 2350 Cretan writing of Middle East, 2335 Deir el-Bahari, 1044–1045, 1049–1050, 1775, 2152 Crónica dos feitos de Guiné of Gomes Eanes de Zurara, 615 Delhi iron pillar, 1131–1135 Crops, in Pre-Columbian America, 671–672 Della Spina, Alexandro, 2105 Cuneiform, 675–676, 2320, 2333–2334 Deloria, Vine, 801–802, 804, 1185–1186 Cushitic calendar, 1717 De Mensura Astrolabii, 247 Cuyunon of Palawan Island, 70 Dengzhen yinjue, 2079 Cuzco, 1180 De numeris harmonicis, 1220 Cyperus papyrus, 393, 1908 Deśāntara, 318, 683 De Sousa, Martim Affonso, 611 D Devācārya, 683–684, 1831 Da-Dai Liji, 1251 De Utilitatibus Astrolabii, 247 Dad Dafira, for writing justice rules, 2189 Dhamma and Buddhism, 421, 769–770, 774, 777, 2148 Dae-Sin-Gi-Jeon (large magical machine arrow) in Korea, Dhanarāja, 1267 1900–1901 Dharmaśāstra, 790 al-Daffa, 241 Dhātusamya, 1459 Daigaku wakumon, 796 Dholavira. See Harappan Dai minority people, 75 Dhu’l-Hijjah, 450 Dai-Nam hoi-dien su-le, 359 Dhuwa, 1175, 1349, 1433–1434 Dai Nam Nhat Thong Chi, 1332 Dialogues on the Great Learning. See Daigaku wakumon Dai Nam Toan Do, 1332 Diamond Sūtra, 2085 Dai-Nihonkoku Zu, 1309 Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 1927 Dai-Viet su-ky toan-thu, 358 Dictionary of the Economic Products of Dalai Lama, 1462–1464, 1482. See also Medical paintings of Tibet India, 847. See also Watt, George Damar agroforest, 72 Diego de Landa, 573 Damascus Zīj, 336, 338 Digges, Thomas, 2105 al-Damīrı, 103 Dīgha Nikāya logic, 1230–1231 Dangdai Yixue yu shidai jingshen, 690 Digitaria millet in West Africa, 28 Dao al-Dīn Ghiyāth Abū’1-Fath.Umar ibn Ibrāhīm Khayyām, 2176 Chinese science and, 1878–1879 Ding shuo method, 443, 2200. See also Wang Xiaotong Jiao, 1880 Ding Yidong, 1252 ˓ knowledge of, 99 al-Dīn, al- Urd. i, Mu’ayyad, 1062, 1333, 1789 logic of, 2131 Diophantus’s Arithmetica, 7, 1766 Yuchanyan site, 477 Dioptrics, 1091–1092, 1817 Dao De Jing, 787 Dioscorea spp., 88, 173, 671, 848–849, 870 Daoism, 532, 786 Dioscorides, 45, 121, 125, 1077–1078, 1089, 1105, 1118, 1123 in China, 1818, 1878–1879 Dipterocarps, 853, 856, 2292 and Chinese religio-philosophical tradition, 1877, 1880–1881 “Disease demons”, 1510, 1512, 1567, 1569 philosophy, 17 Dog (Canis lupus familaris), 173. See also Animal domestication religion, 532 Dogon cosmology, 370 Daozang (Daoist Canon), 98, 1079 Dolerite-hand tool, 1777 Daphro hills, quarries of Harappa, 1860–1862 Domingos de S. Thomas, Fray, 616 Daroji reservoir (Karnataka), 2211–2213 Domingos, Choquechuanca José, 621 Dars´ana, 640–641, 1972, 2344–2345 Dominicus Gundisalvi, 726–727 Dà-Shī, Grand Music Masters, 14 Dong Qichang, 2308 Dasyu, 982, 2202 Dongjing lunar lodge, 1238–1239 Da-Tang Kaiyuan zhanjing, 305 Donkeys (Equus asinus), 173. See also Animal domestication Datong, 358, 444 Doryu, Rankei, 960 Datura spp., 536, 856, 862–863, 1567 Dr.d. habala, 461 Chamico (Datura stramonium), 842 Dreaming, The, 1432 Daud al-Fatani, 118 Dresden Codex, 361–364, 452, 456, 738–739, 1407 Dayaks, 1327 eclipse table, 1409 Dayan suoyin, 1252 Venus table, 1408 Dazhuan, 686, 2307 Dr.ggan.ita, 1805. See also Parameśvara De arte mensurandi, 108 Drug therapy, in ancient Egypt, 1513 Decimal Dujiang Yan irrigation project, 1221 in East Asia, 681–682 Dumarçay, Jacque, 207–208 fraction, 115, 132–133, 241, 1385–1386, 1930, 2081 Duveyrier, Henri, 1271 integers, 11 Duxing Zazhi, 2050 measurement in East Asia, 681–682 Dvārakānātha Yajva, 394 metric system, 2272 Dwellings and settlements, 692–697 notation, 680 Dyeing, 697–699. See also Textiles Index 2377

E Egypt (Contd.) Eanes, Gil, 615 knots and knotting, 1909–1910 East India Company building stones, 2024 in Bengal, 1934 chert/flint stones, 2025–2026 medical practices under, 1472–1474 gemstones, 2025 and navigation in India, 1732 hammers, 1688–1689 Penang possession, 600 ornamental stones, 2024–2025 William Petrie observatory, 273 plants used, 1908–1909 East and west, 703 rock varieties and sources, 2022–2024 Africa, 708–711 utilitarian stones, 2025–2026 China, 712–717 yarn or string production, 1908 India, 717–721 leather, 1215 Islam, 721–729 dying techniques, tools and objects, 1216 Ebers Medical Papyrus, 1045, 2318 importance of, 1217 Eclipses leather uses in Second and Third Intermediate Periods, 1217 Americas, 739–740 monetary economy, 1217 Assyria, 731 maps and mapmaking China, 736–737 Deir El-Medina, Egypt, House of Amennakhte, 1301 India, 736 Deir el-Medina, the Valley of Kings, and Wadi Hammamat Map, Japan, 734, 737 1292 Korea, 734 Netherworld, 1273 Neo-Assyrian period, 735 Nile mosaic and mosaic map by Cosmas, 1276 prediction and calculation, 735 Senmut in Deir al-Bahri, 1274 Saros, 736 temple of Pharaoh Mentuhotep, 1274 Economic botany, 626–627 Turin Papyrus Map, 1299 Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, 170, 2317 Wadi Hammamat, 1275 Egypt, 1516 walled city, Predynastic Narmer Palette, 1273–1274 alluvial (wadi and river sediments) sources, 1692–1693 malachite, 1688 basketry, 392–394 mathematics beekeeping, 1075 and African predecessors, 1381–1384 bread baking practices, 414 algorithm, 1379 bronze chisels, 1693 base 10 system, 1379 copper mining, 1685–1687 construction, 1380 copper production sites, 1685–1686 demotic papyri, 1338 diseases, 1512–1513, 1515 discrete system, 1379 drug therapy, 171, 2298 educational system, 1378 bandages, 2299 false position, 1380 fractures, 2299 fraction role, 1380 joints, 2299 hieratic texts, 1337 mythological background, 2302 historiography, 1338 skull repair, 2300 numbers, 1379 surgery, 2299–2302 Petrie, W.M.F, 1337 Eastern Desert, 1687–1690, 1693–1698 Rhind mathematical papyrus, 1337 Embalming, 743–746 medicine fishing, 922–927 anatomical and physiological background, 1510–1512 flour milling techniques, 1689 arteriosclerosis, 1510 gold mining, 1685, 1687–1697 Asian disease, 1515 gold-working sites, 1692–1693 complementary therapies, 1513 Kushitic Kingdom, 1696–1697 disease demons, 1512 hair disease treatment, 1512–1513 beeswax and resin to style, 1045 drug therapy, 1513 hairstyling technology and techniques, 1052–1058 human remains, 1509–1510 hairstylist and hair colour, 1043, 1047–1048 instruments, 1514 head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis), 1045 Klippel-Feil-syndrome, 1510 henna Lawsonia inermis L.; for hair colour, 1044 knife-treatment operation, 1516 hnsyt-illness of head, 1045 magical practices, 1513–1515 indigotin (Isatis tinctoria) blue dye for hair colour, 1044 materia medica, 1513–1514 juniper berries for hair colour, 1044 medical instruments in, 1514 natural hair care and, 1045 medical papyri and ostraca, 1509 Nubian peoples (Bisarin) scented cones, 1046 medical practices, 1512 oiling and scenting, 1045–1046 pathology, 1512 ushabtis figurines, 1046 physicians, 1515–1516 wigmakers and, 1048–1051 snakebite treatment, 2300 wig usage, 1047 treatment, 1512–1513 2378 Index

Egypt (Contd.) Egypt (Contd.) metallurgy, 1634 tools for, 2067 copper, 1635–1636 trauma, 2054 gold, 1635–1636 unit of length, 2069–2070 jewelry, 1636 textiles, 2111–2113 “lost wax” technique, 1635 Wadi Allaqi, 1689, 1691–1695, 1698 soldering techniques, 1636 wadi-working operations, 1689 milling technique and ore processing, 1695 weights and measures mining tools and techniques, 1685–1686 area measures, 2245 obelisks balance, 2246–2247 manufacture and transportation, 1777–1778 khet/khet u nu (reel of cord) linear unit, 2244–2245 Pharaohs kite and uten, 2246 1st Dynasty, 2294 length, 2244 3rd Dynasty, 2295 plaiting technique, 393 Hatshepsut, 1775 remen, 2245 Nectanebo II, 1776 setat, 2245 Pharaohs Sety I, 1776 time, 2245 Rameses II, 1776 volume, 2245 Sixth Dynasty Pharaoh Pepi II, 1774 weighing the soul, 2250 Emperor Theodosius, 1776 weight, 2245 Thutmose III, 1775 wooden grid and sheepskins, 1690–1691 pyramids, 219–221, 1773, 2155 woodworking, 2295–2296 builders, 749 wound healing, 2296–2298 construction techniques, 1838–1840 writing construction, 1837–1838 Amenemhet I, 2314 feathered serpent, 1843–1844 Book of the Day, 2319 flowers of Xochitecat, 1845 Book of the Night, 2319 history, 1837–1838 evolution, 2308–2311 Khufu and construction techniques, 1838 hieroglyphic writing system, 2309 Moon of Mesoamerica, 1842 King Khety II, 2313 Niches of El Tajín, 1845, 1847 proto-dynastic writing system, 2309 Sun of Mesoamerica, 1842 Ramses VI, 2319 skull repair, 2300 Satire of the Trades, 2315 snakebite treatment, 2300 wisdom literature, 2311–2312 surgery Egyptian mathematical leather roll, 1385 bandages, 2054 Einstein, Albert, 606, 624, 901, 1875, 2143, 2147 bites and burn wounds treatment, 2058 Ekavarn.asamīkaran.a, 112, 1832 circumcision, 2057 Ekken, Kaibara, 796 craniotomies, 2056 Elementa, book of Euclid, 439 dental surgery, 2058 El Khubtha Mountain, 2221–2223 dislocations and sprains, 2055 El Niño rainfall, 2215, 2219 dranunculiasis, 2057 Embalming, in Egypt, 743–746 Edwin Smith papyrus, 2053, 2055 Embelia ribes, 1808 electronic distance-measuring device (EDM), 2067 EMLR. See Egyptian mathematical leather roll head of Seqenenre Taa II, 2055 Empedocles, 463, 717–718, 1818 healers, 2053 Emperor Constantine, 1773 honey and sntr wound dressings, 2054 Encomienda system, 57 infection symptoms, 2054 Endan-jutsu, 1993, 2077 jdr stitching, 2055 Engineering (construction works and mechanical devices) knife-treatment, 2056–2057 Americas, 749 Kocher’s method, 2055 Chinese machinery, 750 land surveyors, 2068 mechanical engineering, 750 mtw tumours, 2054 military power development, 749 mummies, 2053 monument building, 748–749 pathologies, 2057 water mills, 750 plastic surgery, 2056 Engineering College at Roorkee, 624 practitioners, 2054 Enri (circular principles), 1018, 1397 prosthetic big toe from Thebes, 2058 Ensanno-hō, 1261–1262 pšn-fracture, 2055 Enuma Anu Enlil, 251–252, 254–255 sd-fracture, 2055 Enuma Elish, 253, 258. See also Astrology surgical devices, 2058 Environment and nature surgical wound management in, 2053 in Africa, 751–755 surveying, 2063 in Amazon, 757–759 technology and methodology of, 2067 in Andes, 762–765 Index 2379

Environment and nature (Contd.) Euclid’s Elements (Contd.) Australian aboriginal people and, 765–768 geometry and physical world, 901 in Buddhism, 768–774 theorem of perfect numbers, 1091 in China, 786–788 Euclidean theory, 139, 1394 in Hebrew thought, 788–789 Eudoxos-Archimedes axiom, 129 in India, 790–791 Euphrates River, 19, 673, 1627, 1731, 2283 in Islam, 792–793 Europe in Japan, 794–797 astronomers, 273, 276, 1150 native American thought, 798–807 cartographical works, 1309 in Thailand, 776–783 celestial mapping influence, 1283 Epilepsy, 2167 clocks, 595 Eragrostis tef, 173, 838 colonization, 1471–1472 Ertijiao (double-bang firecracker) rocket in China, 1906 crops, 57 Esarhaddon, 252 docks, 706 Esmeraldo de situ orbis, 615 economy, 226 Essence. See Arka farmers, 56 Essentials of Chinese Acupuncture, 2158, 2358 innovations, 27 Etak concept, 1421–1422 and Japanese gardens, 974 Etaye purvam, 447 literature, 708 Ethics marine and military technology, 705 in China, 1456–1457 mathematics, 1347, 1351, 1401–1402 in India, 1453, 1458–1460 plants, 887 in Islam, 1454, 1541–1542 traders, seaborne commerce with Asia, 706 Nās.irian, 1722 voyages to Asia, 705 Ethiopia Eutocius, 6, 639, 1389 cotton, 2235–2236 Evans, Arthur, 148 ethnobotany, 836–838 Evliya in medical practice in Turkey, 1594–1595 Teff in, 28 Evolutionary theory of writing, 2303–2304. See also Writing Ethiopian Highlands, as major center of crop biodiversity, 28 Exhaustive Treatise on Shadows, 92–94, 1036, 2052, 2122 Ethiopian manuscript maps of Tigre, 1271 Ethiopic alphabet use in Middle East, 2336 F Ethnoarchaeological studies, 498. See also Ceramics Ibn Nāt.iq, Fād. il, 1095 Ethnoastronomy, 324, 368, 1960 Faience Ethnobotany in Ancient South Asia, 915–917 of Alaska, 813–819 in Egypt, 1058, 1837, 2295–2296 Aztecs, 826–832 in India, 1023–1024 China, 833–835 al-Fārābī,Abū Nas.r, 630, 721, 724–725, 727–728, 1015, 1119, definition, 810 1353, 1388, 1667, 1794, 1823 Ethiopia, 836–838 Fakhr al-Dawla, 136, 1085 Incas, 840–845 False position, in Egyptian mathematics, 1380 India, 847–851 Fang Cheng method, 109, 111, 2353 indigenous plants used in Alaska, 822–825 Fang Yizhi, 1791 Malay, 853–860 Fang Zhongtong, 1252 Malaysia, 852–860 Faqih Wan Musa al-Fatani, 118 medicinal plants used in Alaska, 820–821 al-Farghānī, 5, 103–104, 135, 143, 247, 274, 340, 463, 1016 Mesoamerica, 861–863 al-Fārisī, 115, 631, 1796, 1931–1932 Native North America, 864–870 al-Fatani Muh.ammad Nur, 118 Northwestern Amazonia, 811 al-Fayd. , Fayd. ī Abū, 402 Pacific islands, 870–879 al-Fazārī, 104, 121, 124, 127, 273–275, 334, 413, 2066 Pakistan, 880–886 Fei huojiang (flying fire-lance) rocket in China, 1906 South America, 886–897 Fengshui, 685, 690, 787, 917, 996, 1249, 1286, 1311, 2051, 2344 Southwestern Alaska, 813–825 art of garden, 921 Ethnomathematics historical beginnings of, 918 concepts of, 901 theories and practices, 919 deals with, 621 Fertility-inducing plants, 843 definition of, 1961 Ferula narthex Boiss, 1808, 2188 goal of, 899 Fesca, Max, 51 international study group role, 902 Fibonacci, Leonardo, 7, 108, 114, 118, 1351, 1391, 1396, 1766 Malekula sand tracing, 900 Ficus benghalensis, 851, 1196 of Inkas, 903–913 Ficus religiosa, 769, 851, 1196, 1539 Ethnoveterinary medicine, 2196 Ficus scandens, 1196 Euclid’s Elements, 105, 107–108, 741, 1002, 1008–1009, 1015, Field-and-forest relationships, 74 1091, 1149, 1221, 1556, 2105 Field-and-grove systems, 73 algorithm, 742, 1765, 1832, 2078 Field-and-interstitial support trees, 78–80 2380 Index

Fiqh al-h.isāb, 631 Fukyu Tetsu-jutsu (Inductive Methods), 2078 Fincas, 58, 1920 Fuller, Thomas, 1357 Finzi, Mordekhai, 7, 1389 Furen Da Quan Liang Fang, 1466 Firdaws al-H. ikmah (Paradise of Wisdom), 161–162, 2179 Fu Renjun, 2199–2200. See also Wang Xiaotong Fire altars in India, 2047–2048 Fire arrows in ancient Korea, 1899–1900 G Firestick farming, 766–767 Gaitian, 304, 715, 957, 966, 1083, 1170, 2358 Fishing Galen Egypt, 922–927 al-Rāzī, 155–156 Indus Valley, 927–930 humors theory, 718 Mesopotamia, 930–934 Hunayn and, 723, 1082, 1544 methods, 923, 930 Ibn Naf īs, 1545 processing, 926 Thābit, 2122 religion and mythology, 934 works, 726, 1089, 1094, 1102–1103, 1114–1115, 1542–1543, Stone Age, 935–939 1582, 1706, 1793–1794 Fīūrat al-kusūf, 1091. See also Ibn al-Haytham Galilei, Galileo, 1812, 2105 Five daily prayers, in Islamic, 275, 371, 1852, 1882–1885 Gan De, 304, 957, 1279, 2021 “Five limbs”, 2180. See also Pañcan.ga Gan.aka (calculator), 317 Five Phases (Wuxing), 17, 98, 685, 688, 917, 939–940, 1080, Gan.gā (or Ganges), 212, 651, 981, 1733–1734, 2206 1465, 1467, 1531, 1818, 1881, 1946, 2130, 2243–2344, Gan.graha, 1765 2363. See also Yinyang Gan.itādhyāya, 320 Flaked stone tools in Mesoamerica, 2029–2039 Gan.itakaumudī, 239, 629, 1013, 1254, 1720–1721, 1765 biface flaking techniques, 2035–2036 Ganitapāda, 1350 bow and arrow, 2038–2039 Ganitasārasamgraha, 239, 629, 1001 . technology, 2031–2034, 2037 Gan.ita-sāra-sangraha, 108, 239, 629, 1001, 1267–1268 Flaminian obelisk, 1776 Gan.itatilaka, 2018. See also Śrīpati Floods, 677–678 Ganveriwala civilization, 2202 Flour milling techniques, 1689 Garamantian ashlar masonry temple at Germa, 184 Fodder and fuelwood management, 884 Garamantian pyramidal tombs at El Hatir, 183 Folk and classical traditions in Indian knowledge Garbhagr.ha, 651, 654–655 systems, 1184 Garden of Eden, 53–54, 788 Food and Agriculture Organization, The United Nation, 69 Garden of Iztapalapa (botanical garden), 828 Food technology Gargasam. hitā, 318, 1252 Africa, 940–943 Gautama, Siddhārtha, 795, 1768–1769 China, 944–945 Ge Hong, 99, 463, 965–966 food preservation, 948 Geertz, Clifford, 80–81, 1200 food processing Gemstones, in ancient Egypt, 2025 alcoholic drinks, 944, 947 General History of Things of New Spain, 738 fermentation, 942 Genetic modification, crop development and, 25 Latin America, 946–947 Genkei Nakane, 2078 oil extraction, 942 Geodesy, 966–967 Pacific Islands, 947–950 Geoglyphs in Nazca Lines, 1747 Food/victual mummies, 176. See also Animal mummies Geography Forensic medicine of China, 1534–1535 China, 976–977 Forest farming. See Agroforestry India, 978–984 Forest interculture. See Agroforestry Islamic world, 985–987 Forestry Mesoamerica, 987–991 exploitation, 953 Native North America, 992–996 India, 951–952 Sri Lanka, 968–972 Japan, 953–956 Geomancy, 688–690, 715, 1286, 1311, 2344 Forest swiddens, 80–82. See also Swiddens China, 351, 996–998, 1814, 2051 Forum Julium, 1778, 1780 Islam, 998–999 Founder crops, of Neolithic agriculture, 21 and Maya City Planning, 591–592 Four Noble Truths (Buddhism), 769–770, 795 Geometry Four spirit-beasts, in Kitora tomb, 1167–1168 achievements, 245 Fraction role, in Egyptian mathematics, 1380 Africa, 1003–1005 Fracture, 2297–2299 China and Far East, 1002–1003 Franklin, Benjamin, 605, 708, 2090 Chinese Mathematics, 1005–1010 Frazer, Sir James, 259, 1248 conics, 157 Freeze-drying techniques (Andean), 763 Egypt and Babylonia, 1000–1001 Freyle, Juan Diaz, 616, 1961 Euclid, 105 Fryer, John, 534 India, 1001–1002, 1011–1013 Fūdo, 797. See also Watsuji, Tetsurō Islam, 1002, 1014–1017, 1394–1395 Fujita Sadasuke, 89–90 Japan, 1018–1019 Index 2381

Geometry (Contd.) Gold mining, in ancient Egypt (Contd.) Mesopotamia and Egypt, 1019–1022 Wadi Allaqi, 1689, 1691–1695, 1698 “Naïve” geometry, 107–108 washing tables, 1690, 1693, 1698 Pre-Columbian America, 1003 Golden Elixir (jindan), 99 George Gheverghese, 1350 Golius, Jacob, 104 Gerard of Cremona, 104, 106, 108, 141, 143, 146, 727, 741, 999, Gong Qingxuan, 1530 1110–1111, 1118, 1147 Go-Tenjiku Zu (Map of the Five Indies), 1309 Gersonides, 1389. See also Levi ben Gerson Gou-Gu theorem, 1037–1039 Geshu Bu, 1791 Govindasvāmin, 402, 1160, 1805, 1832, 1871, 2017 Gesture counting, in Africa, 1762 Grahacāranibandhana, 1160 Ge-Xiang Xin-Shu, 1791 Grahādhyāya, 1215 Gezer calendar, 149 Grahan.aman.d. ana, 1805 ˒ ˓ ˒ Gharā ib al-h.isābwa ajā ib al-h.ussāb, 1724 Grahan.anirn.aya, 1750 Ghāyat al-h.akīm (The Ghiyāth al-DīnAbū’1-Fath. Umar ibn Ibrāhīm Grahan.anyāyadīpikā, 1805 Khayyām) Grahan.ās.t.aka, 1805 on astronomy and the calendar, 2176 Grahan.ita (planetary mathematics), 403 pilgrimage to Mecca, 2176 Grahasiddhi, 1267 quadrangle, 2176 Grammatica o Arte de la Lengua General de los Indios de los Reynos ˓ Rubā īyāt, 2176 de Peru, 616 treatises for mathematics history, 2176 Grantha script in Indian writing, 2323 al-Ghazālī, 1824, 2132 Graph theory, 899, 1340 Gingerich, Owen, 257 Grass script of Chinese writing, 2307 Glass Great Kumbha, 2207 Arikamedu, 1025 Great Mosque of Devriği in Anatolia, 193 development of glass in India, 1023, 1031 Great Mosque of Jogjakarta, 208–209 furnaces, 1025 Great Pyramid of Cholula, 1840, 1845 glaze, 1023–1024 Great Pyramids of Giza, 1838 in India, 1024–1031 Great seal script, of Chinese writing, 2307 kiln, 1025 Great Temple, in Mesoamerica, 1847–1848 metal mirror, 1699, 1701 Greco-Egyptian papyrus, 107, 1354 origin of, 2106 Greco-Indian calendar, 446–447 Roman, 1756 Greco-Roman classification, of musical instruments, 14 spread of glass, 1026–1031 Greek cosmological theory and Arabic-Islamic astronomy, 2019–2020 in South Asia, 915 Green-glaze porcelains, 479 technical innovation of, 2250 Green revolution, 24, 27, 36, 51, 672, 1808, 1811 used in hologram, 1071 Gregorian calendar, 443, 446, 1364 volcanic, 2036 Gregory, James, 2106 Zhou dynasty and, 1813 Group writing in Egyptian writing, 2335 Global positioning system (GPS), 648 Guan yin zi, 2087 Globe and globes Guan Zi, 940, 1263 al-Bīrūnī,97 Guanahani, 611 armillary spheres and, 273–274 Guanding jing, 686 bronze, 1782 Guide for the Perplexed, 1060, 1388 cosmographic, 1302 Gui Gu Zi, 1263 Japan, 1240 Gui Yingtu, 2050 origin, 1033 Gujarati scripts in Indian writing, 2322 Glyph-block in Maya writing, 2327–2328, 2330 Gujin Yitong Daquan, 1457 Gnomons, 1035–1037 Gunpowder, 1039–1040, 2084. See also Military technology Golādhyāya (Spherics), 320, 403, 1215 Guo Shoujing, 1040–1041, 2106 Goladīpikāi, 243, 1805 Guó Yǔ, 13, 940 Golasāra, 1750 Gurrut.u, 1433–1437 Golavāda, 1245 Gurukuls (schools), 9 Golavid, 1160, 1245 Gurumukhī scripts, in Indian writing, 2322 Gola-yantra. See Armillary spheres Gutenberg printing press, 2 Gold mining, in ancient Egypt Guyot de Provins, 634 alluvial (wadi and river sediments) sources, 1692–1693 Gynecological Papyrus of Kahun, 168 bronze chisels, 1693 Gyōki, 1309 Eastern desert, 1687–1690, 1693–1698 milling technique and ore processing, 1695 H open pits and moderate underground activities, 1688 Habshis in oceanic shipping, 1726 pre-Columbian, 1647–1649 Habuba Kabira, 1627 production sites, 1687 Hacienda, 64–66 stone hammers for, 1688–1689 Hadīth, 125 swinging milling method, 1695 Hadrian and Antinous, obelisks, 1782 2382 Index

H. afs. al-Fard, 379 Hernandez, Francisco, 616 Hagenia abyssinica, 837–838 Herodotus, 149, 308, 703, 710, 1000, 1234, 1343, 1515, 1529, 1724, Haidao suanjing, 1003, 1006, 1156, 1222, 1947, 2065 1838, 2063, 2067, 2107, 2113, 2145 Hainan Island, 33, 40, 1286 Heron’s Rule, 11 Hair in Egypt, 1052–1056 H. eshbon mahalakhot ha-kokhavim (Calculations of the Courses of combs and hairpins, 1056–1058 the Stars), 5 composite tool (curling-tongs) and tweezers, 1055 Hetu River Diagram, 1251 copper mirrors in, 1053 Heumgyeonggaknu (water clock), 2136–2138. See also Clocks and cutting equipment, types of, 1052 watches Hathor column handle, 1053 H. ibbur ha-meshih.a we ha-īshboret, 5 mh’k razor, 1053–1054 Hibiscus mutabilis, 1804 razor usage, 1054 Hibiscus tiliaceus scalpel-like razor/dg3 type razor, 1053–1054 construction purposes, 876 al-H. ajjāj, 120 in handicrafts and clothing, 878 al-H. akam II, 1404 Hidetosi Fukagawa, 1798 al-H. akīm, Yūsuf, 124 Hiep-ky calendar, 358 Haldi (turmeric), use of, 851 Hieratic script, 1782 Halley’s Comet, 258, 304, 633, 1238, 1282, 1945 Hieroglyphic writing Hallucinogenic plants, 829, 842, 861–863, 888–889, 1568, 1999 Anatolia, 2335 al-Hamdānı, 120–125 carvings, 1773, 1782 Han Dynasty (China), 16, 178, 242, 321, 479, 481, 594, 596, 634, Maya, 2327 685, 712–713, 733, 944, 1006–1007, 1230, 1238–1239, Middle East, Egyptian, 2304, 2309, 2334–2335 1243, 1372, 1396, 1446–1449, 1464, 1529, 1711, 1792, Hieroglyphs (Minoan), 148 1814, 1819, 2002, 2049, 2168–2169, 2200, 2307 Hijrah, 450 Han Qi, 356, 1426 H. ikāya al-āla al-musammā al-suds al-Fakhrī, 2052 ˓ ˓ Han shi san lun, 1081. See Huangfu Mi al-Himsî, Abd al-Masih al-Na îma, 722 Han Shu (Han Dynasty History), 977 al-Hindī, al-Qiwāmi fi ‘l-H. isāb, 115 Han sundials, 2050 Hindu mathematics and proofs, 1831 Han Yan, 2339 Hindu medicine, historic period of, 164 Han Zou Li, 1815 Hindu society, water role in, 2201 Harappan Hindu spherical astronomy, 10 civilization, 43, 1390, 2202–2203. See also Indus River Valley Hinduism logic, 2182 pest control in, 1807 Hipparchus of Nicea/Rhodes, 246 quarries, 1856–1862 Hippodrome obelisk, 1776, 1780 al-Harawī,Ah.mad ibn Abī Sas.īd, 141 Hiragana, 2304, 2325 Hardy, G.H., 1868 H. isāb al-Hindī,114–115 Harmonic swiddens, 69, 73, 77, 80–84 Hispalensis, Johannes, 7 Harriot, Thomas, 2106 Historia Natural y Moral de las Indias, 616 H. asdai ben Abraham Crescas, 1060 Historia Orientalis seu Hierosolymitana, 634 al-H. āsib, H. abash, 451 Hittite hieroglyphs of Crete, 2335 Hastyāyurveda, 2186–2187 Hittite language in Middle East, 2334 Hatsubi Sampo, 2077 Hittite laws, 2282 Havasu’l-Havas, 1594 Hogendijk, Jan, 159 Hay’a, 1061–1062 Hohokam culture, 24, 516 Haya, beer production in, 418–419 Hōjin-no-hō, 1261–1262 Ibn Yaqzān, H. ayy, 1119, 1123 Hōjin-Shin-jutsu, 1261 Haza no Ma (Stars), 347 Holography, 1068–1073 Hazama Shigetomi, 1062–1063 Honcheoneui (Instrument About the Entire Heavens), 2137 Hazārbāf technique, 189, 193–194 Hondada aqueduct, 2217–2218 Health sciences India, 1063–1068 Honey, 171, 1075–1078, 1443 Heavenly clockwork, 281, 305 Hong Duc Ban Do, 1331 Hebrew people Hong Tae-yong, 1402 mathematics, 1388–1389 Horary quadrant, 274, 340, 1855 philology, 5 Horāsāroccaya, 19 environment and nature, 789 Horāśāstra, 2017 weights and measures, 2252–2253 Horeki (Kojutsu) Reki calendar, 90, 444, 1062 writing, 2337 Horner’s method, 89, 110–111, 179, 1397 Hegel, G.W.F., 26, 1927–1928 Horus-Eye numeration system, in Egypt, 1385 Heliocentric planetary model, 1162 Hoskin, Michael, 180–182 Heliopolis, 1516, 1774–1782 House of Inundation in Memphis, 1752 Hellenistic astrology, 256, 263. See also Astrology Hoya Hondada aqueduct, 2215–2217 Hellenistic culture, 121, 267, 710, 1887 Hsu, Francis, 1248 Hemacandra, 629 Hua nong jiu, pus-making moxibustion, 17 Herbal pesticides, in India, 1809 Huacas, ritual and social significance of, 912–913 Index 2383

Huai Nan Wan Bi Shu, 1815 Ibn al-Majūsī, 1093–1094 Huai Nan Zi, 1005, 1814 Ibn MaymūnMūsā (Maimonides), 98 Huaisu, 2308 Ibn Muhammad Zain Wan Ahmad, 119 Huang Di Ming Tang Jing, 16 Ibn al-Nadīm, 12, 120, 138 Huang Lüzhuang, 1664 Ibn al-Qādt.ī, 1406 Huang Tingjian, 2308 Ibn al-Qifi, 1335 Huangdi jiuding shendan jing (Book of the Nine Elixirs), 99, Ibn al-Quff (al-Karakī), 1096 1079–1080 Ibn al-Raqqām, 1097 Huangdi Jiuzhang Suanjing Xicao, 1153–1154 Ibn Rid. wān, 1094–1095 Huangdi Neijing, 15–16, 1080–1081, 1456, 1464–1467, 1529, Ibn Sahl al-Balkhī,abū Zaid Ahmad, 389 1719, 2157 Ibn al-S.affār, 1335 Huangdi zhaijing, 919 Ibn al-S.alāh., 141 Huangfu Mi, 1081, 1465, 1530, 1711, 2358 Ibn al-Samh., 10, 105, 142 Huangting jing (Book of the Yellow Court), 100 Ibn Sarabi (Serapion), 1118 Huáng-zhōng pitch, 13 Ibn al-Shāt.ir, 1062, 1097–1098 Huanucopampa, Inca, 1179–1180 Ibn Sīnā, 1014, 1530, 1545 Huari group of Peru, 905 Ibn Thābit Ibrāhīm Ibn Sinān, 2011 Hucha capac, 1180 Ibn T. ufayl, 97–98, 1122–1123 al-Huitzilipochtli, 661Hūlāgū observatory, 1789 Ibn T. āhir al-Baghdādī,116 Human sacrifice, 1455 Ibn T. āwūs, 1121 Humayun’s tomb in Delhi, 213 Ibn Umayl Muhammad, 102 Humidometer, 1664 Ibn al-Yāsamīn, 117, 152–153, 1099–1100 Ibn Ishâq al-`Ibâdî, Hunayn, 723, 1081–1083 Ibn Yūnūs, 115, 134, 141, 336–338, 463, 732, Huntian cosmography, 1083 1124–1125 Huojian (fire-arrow) rocket in China, 1309, 1906 Ibn Yūsuf, al-Fātih. Muh.ammad, 1911 Huolong Jing, 1452, 1906 Ibn al-Zarqāllu, Abū Ish.āq Ibrāhīm ibn Yah.yā al-Naqqāsh, 10, 98, Hwa-Cha (fire cart) and launch pad in Korea, 1903–1905 105, 1100–1101 Hwa Po Sik Un Hae, 1899–1900 Ibrāhīm II, 1404 Hydraulic civilizations 750–751 Ibrāhīm al-Mans.ūr, 163 Hydraulic science, development for flow rate canals, 2215 Ibrāhīm Ibn Sinān, 146, 1002, 1014, 1126–1127 Hypericum hypericoides, 867 Ibrāhīmal-Ribāt.ī, 1406 Hyphaene thebaica, 393, 1909 Ice lens experiment, 1792 Hysterectomy, 4. See also Abortion Ichinei Issan, 960 Ichinose Korenaga, 89 I al-Idrīsī, al-Sharīf, 1271, 1304 Iban calendar, 329 Ifhām al-Yahūd, 1923 ˓ Ibn Abbād, 1085 Ifugao Pinugo, 75–76 Ibn Abdūn, 45 Ih.s.ā’ al-‘ulūm, 1794 Ibn Abir-Rijāl, 1404 Ignacio León de Garavito, Fray, 618 Ibn Abī S.ādiq, 131 Igneous rock, in ancient Egypt, 2022–2024 Ibn Abillsaibal, 168 Ikalahan pig, 77 ˒ Ibn Akhi Hozam, 2190 Ikhwān al-S.afā , 630, 1128 ˓ Ibn al-A lam, 1087–1088 al-Ikhwān, Khān, 1724. See also Nās.ir-I Khusraw ˓ Ibn Amr D. irār, 379 al-Iklīl, 677 ˓ Ibn Aqīl, 103 Iknaton, 672 ˓ ˓ Ibn al- Arabī, 1086–1087 Ilm al-mīqāt, 1852 Ibn al-Athīr, 9 Inca Cuzco, 587–589, 1180 ˓ Ibn al- Awwām, 45 Incas ˓ Ibn al-Bannā , 1405 astronomy, 904, 912 Ibn al-Bayt.ār, 1089 bridges, 1898 Ibn al-Bitriq, 723 calendar, 458–459. See also Calendars Ibn al-Hā’im, 117, 119, 1089 city planning, 587–590 Ibn al-H. ājib, 152 Cuzco, 1180 Ibn Haydūr, 1405 economy, 906–907 Ibn al-Haytham, 92, 117, 135, 142, 146, 154, 463, 630, engineering, civil and agricultural, 904 639, 1002, 1014, 1061, 1090–1092, 1793–1796, ethnobotany, 841–845 1817, 2106, 2122 huacas, ritual and social significance of, 912 Ibn HayyānJābir, 101 Huanucopampa, 1179 Ibn Hūd, Ah.mad al-Muqtadir, 145 Hucha capac, 1180 ˒ Ibn Hūd, Yūsuf al-Mu taman, 145 knowledge systems, 1177–1179 Ibn al-H. usayn, Hibat Allah, 130 Manco Capac, 1178 Ibn Ish.āq Mans.ūr, 155 mathematics al-Murādī Ibn Khalaf, 594 counting, cultural aspects of, 911 Ibn al-Kammād, 1093 cultural groups and mathematical ideas, 905 2384 Index

Incas (Contd.) India (Contd.) medicine, 888–889 Kerala school contribution, 1392 Quechua number words, 907–908 numeral system, 1391 quipu, 905, 913 place-value system, 1391 numeration, 907–908 Śulbasūtras, 1390 Pizarro, Francisco, 1177 trigonometry, 1391–1392 pole-roads, 1897 medical ethics Polo de Ondegardo, 1181 Atharvaveda, 1458 Pucara cultures, 1179 Āyurveda, 1458 religion, 1180–1181 Bower manuscripts, 1458 weaving, 909–911 karma theory, 1459–1460 Incendiary arrow. See Rockets religious and philosophical perspectives, 1458–1459 Incense, 1449 medicine. See Āyurveda Incubation, 170 metallurgy India iron, 1612–1613 agriculture, 43–44 metal extraction, 1608–1610 algebra. See Bījagan.ita neoplatonism, 718 anatomy in, 163–168 number theory, 1763–1765 architecture and landscape, 211–214 obstetrics arithmetic. See Pāt.īgan.ita Āyurveda, 538 armillary spheres in, 243 Caraka Sam. hitā, 538 astronomy, 317–320 Sammohinī and Sanjīvanī, 539 astronomical computation of planetary positions, 683 Śuśruta Sam. hitā, 538 Deśāntara, 683 physics lunar mansions, 1241 atomic theories, 1815–1816, 1821 Āyurveda, 719, 791, 1067 doctrine of five elements (panñcamahabhūtas), 1815, 1821 city and town planning rainwater harvesting, 1867 grid pattern and Kalabangan’s lanes and streets, 577 reservoirs in, 2207–2213 Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, 576 rockets Indus River, 576 fire arrows (agni-bān.a), 1907 Rahman Dheri and Surkotada site in Kutch, 576 surgery computing science in anthropological analysis, 2060–2061 Ashtādhyāyī, 637 craniotomy, 2060 Chhandahśāstra and Nātya Śāstra, 637 pit burials, 2060 kāraka theory, 637 surveying in, 2064 Kerala mathematicians, 638 time, 720 Navya Nyāya, 638 trigonometry, 2169–2172 Śulbasūtras and Jyotis.ha, 637 Vaiśes.ika’s theory of atomism, 719 Vedic books, 636 veterinary medicine, 2186–2188 consciousness in water management, 2201–2206 Mind in Indian Philosophy (Dars´ana), 641 Indian astronomical observatories, 1785–1788 ˓ parallels with cognitive science, 641–642 Abd al-Rashīd al-Yāqūtī, 1785 reality and mind, 640 Śan.karanārāyan.a, 1785 cosmetic surgery, 643–644 Sawai Jai Singh, 1785 Dharmaśāstra, 790 Indian astronomy in China, 321–323 evolutionary biology, 720 Indian Āyurveda forestry, 951–952 diagnosis and prognosis, 1538–1539 geography, 978–984 disease and pathology, 1538 geometry, 1001–1002 medicines, 1539 glass technology, 1023–1031 psychological conceptions, 1537–1538 gnomon, 1035–1037 Indian eclipses theories, 736 health sciences, 1063 Indian ethobotany irrigation, 1136–1139 Cannabis sativa, 849–850 knowledge systems Caryota urens, 850 astronomy and mathematics, 1183 classical knowledge and epistemology, 1834–1835 folk and classical traditions, 1184 food plants, 848 linguistics, 1183 liquor producing plants, 850 literature, 2203–2204 medicinal plants, 850 magic squares, 1253–1258 socio-religious and socio-cultural plants, 850–851 maps and mapmaking, 1301–1302 Indian mathematics, 1831–1834 mathematics Gan.ita, 1831 algebra, 1391 rationale, 1870 Brāhmi numeration systems, 1390 and tarka, 1833–1834 Harappan, 1390 and Upapatti, 1831–1833 Index 2385

Indian mathematics (Contd.) Irie Masataka, 90 books on, 1832 Iron Age, 2208–2209, 2213 Kut.t.aka process, 1832 Irrigation Indian medical ethics, 1453 in agroforestry, 76 Indian medicines, Āyurvedic in ancient Arabia, 677–678 As.t.ān.gahr.dayasam. hitā medical text, 1535 ancient methods of, 21, 23–24, 38 Bhāvaprakaśa medical text, 1535 artificial, 968 Carakasam. hitā medical text, 1535 Babylonian, 2065 diagnosis and prognosis, 1538–1539 Chinese physicists, works on, 1814 disease and pathology, 1538 design system in Sri Lanka, 971–972 Mādhavanidāna medical text, 1535–1536 in Egypt, 169 medicines, 1539 Incas role in, 1863 natural origin drugs, 1540–1541 in India and Sri Lanka, 1136–1139, 2210–2213 Pañcakarma therapy, 1539–1540 in Islamic world, 44, 46, 1140–1141, 2099 psychological conceptions, 1537–1538 Li Bing works on, 1221 ˓ Śār gadharasam. hitā medical text, 1535–1536 in Pacific world, 55 six basic savours, 1540 in Peru, 2214, 2217, 2219–2220 Suśrutasam. hitā medical text, 1535 in South America, 1141–1143 Suśrutasam. hitā operating techniques, 1536–1537 Syrian, 2100 Indian navigation, sea and inland waterways, 1730–1734 Yin people role in, 1945 Indian Ocean, navigation, 1726, 1734–1738 Irrigated pastures (bofedales), 764 Indian penal code, 4 Isa Tarjaman, 1143 Indian salt industry Is.fāh.ān Iskandar, 133 impact of British policy, 1917–1918 Ishango bone, 1143–1144, 1382 saline brines and rock salt, 1917 Ishango culture, 1340 Indian shipping, 1733 Ishimpō (Methods at Heart of Medicine), 1548 Indian Śulbasūtra geometry, 107 Islah al-Majist.ī, 2173 Indian surgical procedures, 718 Is.lāh.li-kitāb al-Us.ūl, 1015 Indian writing, 2320–2324 Islam Indigenous knowledge. See Knowledge systems agriculture, 44 Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism, 1189 alchemy in, 101–102 Indigo, 697, 700 architectural decoration in, 187–198 Indigotin (Isatis tinctoria) dye, 1044 astronomical instruments, 32 Indika, 952 calendar, 372, 1881 Indus civilization, 2320–2321 Haya’s, 1061 Indus River valley, 163–164, 1624 logic, 1233 fishing, 928–929 mathematics geometry, 1001 algebra, 113–116, 1394 Harappan culture, 43 arithmetic, 240–242, 1393–1394 weights and measures, 2254–2255 and astronomy, 1395–1396 Infinitesimal integral calculus, Hindu ideas on, 442 geometry, 1394–1395 Inkas. See Incas and Indian astronomy, 1393 Inoculation, 1129–1130 number theory, 1766 Ino Tadataka, 1129 qibla problem, 1393 Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), 2196–2197 theory of numbers, 1394 Integral sums method, 1091 transmission, 1396 International Council for Research on Agroforestry (ICRAF), in medicine Nairobi, 68 Abū l-Qāsim al-Zahrāwī, 1545 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics ‘Alī ibn al-‘Abbās al-Majūsī, 1544 (ICRISAT), 1811 Bayt al-Hikmah, 1542–1543 International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 1889 Bukhtishu family of physicians, 1544 International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines, 40 ethics, 1454, 1541–1542 International Study Group on Ethnomathematics, 902 Greco-Syriac medicine, 1542 Interpretation of Cultures. 1200. See also Geertz, Clifford Hārūn al-Rashīd Caliph, 1543 Interstitial trees, 78–79 hospitals (bīmāristān), 1543 Iran H. unayn ibn Isåāq, 1544 craft industry, 191 and Indian physicians, 1542 irrigation, 748 Jundishapur/Gondeshapur, 1542 ˒ mosques, 189 Ma mūn Caliph, 1544 qanat, 1849 Mansūri Hospital in Cairo, 1543 raml use in, 999 Masawayh family, 1544 veterinary medicine, 2189–2192 medical ethics, 1542 al-‘Iraqi, al-H. ājj Muh.ammad, 369 Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Rāzī, 1544 IRCICA (Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture), 191 Ibn Nafīs, 1545 2386 Index

Islam (Contd.) Japan (Contd.) optics, 1793–1796 Wada Yasushi, 1398 pharmacy and pharmacognosy, 1546 Yōgakusho, 1398 al-Qānūnfī l-t.ibb, 1544–1545 medicine, 1547–1550 Ibn Sīnā, 1545 writing, 2325–2326 Unani/Tibbi medicine, 1544 Japanese Temple Geometry Problems, 1798 physics, 1816–1825 Japonica rice, 48 and Aristotelian concepts, 1823–1825 Jarrige, Jean-Francois, 2202 mechanics, 1824 Jaschek, Carlos, 249 prayers, 1852–1853 Jātakādeśamārga, 1837 religion and science Jātakakarmapaddhati, 1805 five daily prayers, 1882–1885 Jātakapaddhati (A Course of Horoscopical Science), 19, 1805 lunar calendar regulation, 1881–1882 Java, architecture, 207–210 ˓ religious architecture and geometric designs, 1885 Jawāmi ilm al-nujūmwa’l-h.arakāt alsamāwiyya, 104 ˒ ˒ sacred direction determination, 1883–1885 al-Jawharī al- Abbās Ibn Sa īd, 129–130, 1015 Western critics and Islamic culture, 1886–1887 Jaya Prakāśa, 1150, 1785–1788 weights and measures, 2255–2260 Jayadeva algebra, 403, 629 ˓ Ismā īlī theosophy, 1723 al-Jazna’ī 594 Israel Jebel el Khubtha mountain, 2221–2222 analysis of stone and metal cut marks on Jefferson, Thomas, 28 bone, 1639–1643 Jerib, unit of measure, 45 cities and towns, 540–546 Jerusalem Talmud, 1581 Lake of Galilee, 1756 Jesuit letterbooks, 706 Negev desert, 19, 23, 2082, 2094 Jewish Encyclopedia, 1335 society for the protection of nature, 789 Jewish laws and scriptures, 789, 1581, 2252 stone and metal cut marks on bone, 1639–1643 Jhunjhunwala, A., 720 Timna mining site, 1686 Jia Dan, 1285–1287 water system in bronze and iron age, 2231–2233 Jia Xian, 110–111, 1153–1154, 1372, 2342 writing, 2337 Jia you ben cao (Jiayou Materia Medica), 2079 Zippori, 1276 Jian (water mirror), 1790 Istanbul observatory, 1789 Jigu Suanjing, 110, 1222, 2199–2200 ˒ Istikhrājtarikh al-yahūd (Calendar of Jews), 137 Jihe yuanben, 1009, 1375–1376 jin, 2269 J Kūshyār ibn Labbān ibn Bāshahrī al-Jīilī, 102 Ibn Aflah, Jābir, 1147 Jingdezhen sweet white-glazed porcelains, 480 Ibn H. ayyān, Jābīr, 630 Jin gui yao lüe, 1530 Jabr wa’l-Muqābala (Algebra), 7–8, 132, 152, 2080 Jingjing Lingchi, 1791 Jagyeongnu (Self-Striking Water Clock), 2135–2138 Jingōki, 1261, 1397 Jain, S. K., 847 Jingshi (History of Optick Glasses), 2107 Jains Jingui yaofang, 966 cosmic cycle and, 982 Jinshu, 965–966, 1222 number classification, 1763–1764 Jiudan jing. See Huangdi jiuding shendan jing syādavāda and, 1231 Jiu Fang, 16 Upanis.ads, 717 Jiu Tang Shu, 2049 Jai Singh. See Sawai Jai Singh Jiuzhang suanjing, 1222. See also Li Chunfeng Jamaica, 611, 738, 2046 Jiuzhang Suanshu, 107–178, 1003, 1007, 1037, 1154, Jamāl al-Dīn al-Asnāwī, 103 1825–1826, 1854, 2013, 2044, 2199, Jamāl al-Dīn al-Baghdādī,10 2339. See also mathematics in China Jambūdvīpa-prajñapt, 318 Jiuzhi-li, 322–323 Jamshīd al-Kāshī, 115, 2175 Jñānarāja’sBījādhyāya, 112 Jamu, 1152 Joglo, 204–206, 209 Jamyeongjong (Self-Ringing Bell), 2137–2138 Jones, William, 608, 623 Jansen, Zacharias, 2105 José I, 617 Japan José de Anchieta S. J., 616 agriculture, 48–53 Josephus puzzle, 1397 astronomy, 342 Jōyō kanjihyō, 2326 calendar, 442–443, 1951, 1953, 1994 Jing Luo, 15, 17–18 ˒ Kitora burial mound, 1164–1168 al-Jubbā’ī,Mutazilī Abū Hāshim, 380 magic squares, 1261–1262 Jujireki Bimmo, 90 mathematics Julian calendar, 443, 446, 449, 457, 731, 733, 1364, 2195 arithmetic, 1397 Junzi in Confucianism, 1879 class-field theory, 1399 Jupiter, 255, 265, 293–294, 304–305, 318, 322 ˒ cultural influx, 1396 al-Jurhumī, Ubayd b. Sharya, 122 Seki’s contribution, 1399–1400 al-Jurjānī, 92, 131 Index 2387

Jyeśt.hadeva, 19, 320, 442, 1013, 1161, 1183, 1833, 1871, 2014, Kenzü’l-Havas, 1594 2346–2347 Kepler, Johannes, 2106 Jyopatti, 403 Kerela School of astronomy and mathematics Jyotirmīmām. sā, 320, 1161, 1750, 1871 Āryabhat.a, 1160 Jyotis.a (astronomy), 394 Bhāskara I, 1160 kujirajaku, 2268 Bhāskara II, 1160 length, 2267 heliocentric planetary model, 1162 liang, 2269 Jyeśt.hadeva, 1161 mass, 2269 Mādhava of San.gamagrāma, 1160 metric system, 2270 Nīlakan.t.ha Somayāji, 1160–1162 Nād. īvalaya, 1787–1788 Parameśvara, 1160 Sadratnamālā, 1162–1163 K Śan.kara Vārier, 1161 Kacchaput.a, 1252 Śan.kara Varma, 1162–1163 Kahun Papyrus, 1379 Yuktibhās.ā, 1162–1163 Kaifukudai-no-ho, 1018 Kew Bulletin, 628 Kaitai shinsho, 1550 al-Khālid, 101 ˒ Kaiyuan Zhanjing (The Kaiyuan Treatise on Astrology), 957 Khālid ibn Yazīd ibn Mu āwiya ibn Abī Sufyān, 101 Kalahari desert, 751, 1356 al-Khalīlī, 133–134 Kalamkāris, 2109 Khan.d. akhādyaka, 412–413, 683, 2171 Kaleva expression, 1421. See also Oceania, Mathematics in Kharakwal, 1608 Kaliyuga, 448 Ibn Ah.mad al-Khalīl, 630 Kalpa (ritualistics), 394 al-Kharaqī, 134–135 Kalpa Sūtras, 394 al-Khat.īb 2191 Kamalākara al-Khāzinī, 135–136, 1824 Siddhāntatattvaviveka, 320 Khipu, 905, 913. See also Quipu works of, 1159 Khirbat Hamra Ifdan, 1632 Kamāl al-Dīn, 1668 Khufu’s pyramid, 1384 Kana, 2325 al-Khujandī, 136–137 Kangnido, 1313 al-Khulafā,Fīqiyām, 1335 Kanishka (Indo-Scythian king), 165 al-Khwārizmī, Muh.ammad ibn Mūsā, 103, 106, 108–109, 113–114, Kaniśka, 448, 461, 538 116–119, 127, 137–138, 142, 240–242, 247, 636, 1351, Kansei calendar, 1063 1388, 1393, 2052 Kantalai reservoirs, 2211 Kilns, Sawankhalok, 525 KăoGōng Jì, 14, 1445, 1622, 2169 al-Kindī Kaolin-quartz-feldspar porcelains, 480 intricate system used by, 12 Karaaratna, 683 life history and works of, 138–139 al-Karābīsī Ah.med, 120 Ibn Sīnā, 1119 al-Karajī, 631, 1766 works of, 727, 1335–1336, 1817, 1823 Karan.a, 413, 1245, 2180 King Chandragupta II Vikramāditya, 2185 Karan.ottama, 19. See also Acyuta Pis.ārat.i King David, 7 Karan.āmrta, 1161. See also Citrabhānu King Indravarman I, 522 Karan.apaddhati, 1871 King Kanska, 447 Karan.aratna, 683–684 King Nissankamalla, 970 Karlgren, Bernhard, 1602 King Njoya, 1272 Karma, 421 King Ptolemy III, 446 Karma-samskāra, 2146 King Ramesses IV, 1298 Karman, Harvey, 4 King Se Jong, Choson dynasty, 1400, 1900 Karnak King Sety I, 1293 obelisks, 1775, 1781 King Suryavarman II, 3 temple of Amun-Ra, 1773 al-Kirmānī, 142 ˓ al-Kāshī, al-Dīn Mas ūd, 114, 132–133, 188, 241, 1349 Kitāb al-adwiya al-mufrada, 9, 1118 ˓ Kashyap, 2205 Kitāb al-ajrām wa-l-ab ad, 1043 Katakana/katagana, 2304–2305, 2325 Kitāb al-Bāhir, 631 Kat.apayādi Nyāya, 1245 Kitāb al-buldān (The Book of Countries), 986 Kat.apayādi system of letter numerals, 683 Kitāb al-Fihrist, 12 Kathmandu, 2195 Kitāb al-filāh.ah (Book of Agriculture), 44 Kātyāyana Śulbasūtra, 1012 Kitāb al-Fus.ul fī al-H. isāb al-Hindī, 636 Kaudulla reservoirs, 2211 Kitāb al-hidāyah, 1119. See also ibn Sīnā Kaut.ilvya, 447, 2205 Kitāb al-hiyal, 391 Kava (beverage), 873 Kitāb al-Kāmil (Perfect Book), 2173 Kedāra, 629 Kitāb al-mafrūd. āt (Book of Assumptions), 1017 Keichō map, 1310 Kitāb al-Malikī medical encyclopedia, 1093–1094 Kenki Sampo (Studies for Mathematical Methods), 2077 Kitāb al-manāz.ir, 1793–1794 2388 Index

Kitāb al-masālik wa’l-mamālik, 1104 Kolb, Peter, 645 Kitāb al-misāh.awa’l-handasa, 8 Komtino Mordekhai, 1389 Kitāb al-Mukhtārfī al-T. ibb, 1104 Kong Yingda, 1663 Kitāb al-mukhtas.ar f ī h.isāb al-jabr wa‘l-muqābala, 1002 Korea Kitāb al-mūsīqā al-kabīr, 630 ceramics Kitāb al-nijāt, 1119 Celadon in Koryŏ Dynasty and celadon Kitāb al-qarastūn (Book on Lever Balance), 2122 technology, 490–493 Kitāb al-rashshādfi’l-t.ibb, 1123 Haemurigup tea bowls, 490 Kitāb al-shakl al-mudawwar al-mustat.l (Book on an Oblong Round hard-paste porcelain, 487 Figure), 1014 kiln sites and capital cities of different dynasties, 488 ˓ Kitāb al-Shāmil fi ‘l-s.inā a al-T. ibbiyya, 1094 punch’ŏng and whiteware in Chosŏn dynasty, 493, 495 ˓ Kitāb al-Tafhīmfī s.inā at al-tanjīm (Instruction in the Art of Sŏri and Bangsandong, whiteware, 490 Astrology), 337 Togi, United Silla Kingdom, 487–488 Kitāb al-t.air (Book of the Birds), 7 eclipses, 734 Kitāb al-T. ibb al-Jamāli, 1104 maps and mapmaking in Kitāb al-was.āyābi’l-judūr, 8 Ch’ŏnhado, 1313–1314 Kitāb al-wisādfī ‘l-t.ibb, 1123 city maps, 1317 Kitāb at-tashrīh, 1109 defense maps, 1317 Kitābfī ‘l-farq baina‘l-nafs wa ‘l-rūh, 1866 district map, 1316–1317 Kitābfī’l-jabr wa’l-muqābala (Algebra), 7 geomancy, 1311 Kitābfī al-ma ‘lūmāt, 1090 Kangnido, 1312–1313 Kitābfī H. all shukūk Kitāb Uqlīdis fi ‘l-us.ūl Kim Chŏngho, 1315–1316 ˓ wa-sharh.ma ānīh, 1090 King Sejong, 1313 Kitābfī ifrād al-maqālfī umr al-z.ilā (The Exhaustive Treatise on knowledge of western cartography, 1311–1312 Shadows), 1036 national maps, 1313–1315 Kitābfī masā’il al-mushawwiqa (Book on Interesting Questions), Taedong yŏjido, 1316 2122 medicine Kitābfī-ladwiyaal-mufrada, 1123 acupuncture, 1556 Kitābfī misāh. al-ashkāl al-musat.ah. wa ‘l-mujassama Dongui bogam, 1553 (Book on Mensuration of Plane and Solid Hyangyak jipseongbang, 1552 Figures), 1014 King Sejong, 1552 Kitāb Ghayat al-intifa’ fima.’rifat al-da’ir wafad.lihi wa-l-samt min King Taejong, 1552 qibal al-irtifā, 1853 Lee Je-ma’s hypotheses, 1554 Kitāb gushāyish wa rahāyish, 1724 Neo-Confucian influence on, 1551 Kitābmīzān al-h.ikma, 594, 1889, 2176 Samguk sagi, 1551 Kitāb Nuzhat al-mushtāq, 1270 The Treasury of Eastern Medicine, 1553 Kitābs.ūra al-ard. (Book of the Picture of the Earth), 1017 Uibang yuchwi, 1552 ˓ Kitābs.ūrat al- ard, 1104 mathematics, 1400–1403 Kitābzād al-musāfirīn, 1724 monuments Kitābal-Mughīth, 1124 burnished pottery, 1705 Kitchen gardens, in Maya societies, 30 dolmens constructions, 1704 Kitora burial mound, Japan, 1164–1168 koindol, 1704 Klippel-Feil-Syndrome, 1510 science in Knife-treatment operation in ancient Egypt, 1516 bells, 1957 Knots Bencao jing jizhu, 1958 cords and, 1420, 2159 Bronze Age, 1956 diviner’s interpretation, 1422 bronze instruments, 1956 Egypt, 1909–1910 casting technology, 1956 hauri hats and, 2120 ceramic type printing, 1957 in khipus, 913 Ch’omsongdae observatory, 1957 lake-dweller, 937 craftsmen, 1958 magical objects, 1514 Darani scripture, 1957 mnemonics and decoration in, 2044 Hyangyak chipsongbang, 1959 number represented by, 1864–1865 Hyangyak kuguppang, 1958 reef, 928 iron-casting technology, 1956 role of, 1420 Ishimpō, 1958 and rope in ancient Egypt, 1908–1910 Kaya culture, 1956 and surveying activities in Egypt, 2063, 2067 Kyongju National Museum, 1957 Knowledge systems Nongsa chiksol, 1959 aboriginal Australia, 1171–1176 Sokkuram grotto rock cave temple, 1957 Americas, 1185–1192 tomb paintings, 1956 China, 1169–1171 Tongui pogam, 1959 Incas, 1177–1181 traditional sciences, 1959 Olmec, 1203–1209 Uibang yuch ’ui, 1959 Index 2389

Korea (Contd.) Leather rocket development Egypt, 1215 fire arrows, 1899–1900 dyeing techniques, tools and objects, 1216 rocket launch device and pad, 1903–1906 importance of, 1217 rocket-propelled arrows, types, 1900–1902 monetary economy, 1217 time, 2134–2138 LeBlanc, Steven, 508 Korean National Museum, 492 Lecciones matemáticas, 618 Koryo Sa, 1898 Lei gong pao zhi lun, 1530. See also Lei Xiao Kosso plant, 837–838 Lei Xiao, 1530 Kostenki beads and pendants, 398 Leo de Balneolis. See Levi Ben Gerson Koti zigi game, in numeration system, 1762 Leo the African, 2105 Kuchi-zusami, 1260–1261 Leviathan and The Air Pump, 1200. See also Latour, Bruno Kui Tan Lu, 1447 Levi Ben Gerson, 1389. See also Gersould Kuk Cho Ore Sorye, 1898–1899, 1902, 1905 astronomy, 1221 KuKumazawa Banzan, 796 geometry, 1221 Kūshyār ibn Labbān, 1212 mathematics, 1220 Kus.āna script, 387 planetary models, 1221 Kus.ān.as, 447 science and philosophy, 1221 Ibn Labbān, Kūshyār, 1212 Le Thanh-tong, 1330 Kusūf. See Eclipses Lianas, 811–812 Kuttaka (pulveriser) method, 440 Liang Lingzan, 596 Kuttia Kondh role in forest conservation, 1195–1197 Liangxiang, 1457. See also Medical ethics in China Kutub al-az.lāl, 1794 Li Bing, irrigation works, 1221–1222 Kuwait Liao River Valley, 1622 bitumen-covered wooden slabs in, 1978 Liber Abaci (Book of Computation), 1351, 1391 document, 1454 Liber embadorum. See H. ibbur ha-meshih.a we ha-īshboret Kwanbangdo, 1317 Liber Novem Iudicum, 1336 al-Kwārizmī Muh.ammed ibn Mūsā, 1413 Liber quadratorum, 1766 KwŏnKŭn, 1312 Libra astronómica y filosófica, 617 Libros del Saber de Astronomia, 594 L Li Chunfeng, 1663 LaDuke, Winona, 800 armillary sphere, 1222 Laghubhāskarīya, 400, 1160 calendar designing, 1222 Laghumānas, 403 mathematical astronomy, 1222 Lagnaprakaran.a, 1245 Li Di Zhi, 977 Lake Superior basin (US) Liebniz power series for π, 1392 basalt bedrock, 1681–1682 Li Gao cold-hammering, 1682–1684 Buzhong Yiqi and Shengyang Yiwei formulation, 1223 copper, 1681–1682 etiology and disease mechanism, 1223 copper artifacts, 1682–1683 on Qi, 1223 copper-bearing strata outcrop, 1681 Liji, 684 cross-continental rift, 1681 Li Ji (Book of Rites), 787 geological history, 1681 Līlāvatī,Bhāskara II’s work, 1228 mining methods, 1682 Linguistics mining pits, 1682 Arabic, 630 trade, 1683 ethnobotany and, 884 Lake Titicaca basin, 763 ethnomathematics and, 899 Lalla, 1215 historic, 1597, 1739 Laos, 522 Indian knowledge systems and, 1182–1183 La Paz, 612 Pānini’s analysis and, 637 La Quemada, road-related features, 1895–1897 Lino Pombo, 620 Lao Zi, 13, 1880 Lippershey, Hans, 2105 Large Horoscopy. See Br.hajjātaka Lishang Suduan Mifang, 1465 Large Kunnāsh, 1118. See also Ibn Sarabi Li Shanlan, 1224 Lateran obelisk, 1773–1774, 1780 mathematics, 1224 Latin America. See also South America and translations, 1224 Central America Zeguxi zhai suanxue collection, 1224–1225 beverages, 947 Li Shizhen food processing, 946–947 Bencao Gangmu, 405, 835, 1466, 1815, 1957 sugar, 2045–2047 Binhu Maixue, 1465 Latour, Bruno, 1200–1201 materia medica classification, 1226 La Venta offering, standing figures, 1206–1208 medical science, 1226 Laws of Manu, 982 Ming Dynasty, 2079 Leaching process, 1915, 1919 pharmacological knowledge, 1530 2390 Index

Li Shunfeng, 1007 Luo Hongxian, 1287 L’Islam et la science, Ernest Renan’s book, 1887 Luoxia Hong, Chinese astronomer, 1243 Li Ting, 1457 Lü-Shì Chūn-Qiū, 14, 634 Liu Hong, 2340 Lu Zhi, 1453 astronomy, 1230 Luxuan Gonglun, 1453 Liu Jing Tu, 1449 Li Zhi, 1227, 1947 M ˓ Liu Zhuo, 443 Ma aseh Hoshev, 1220 Liujuanzi gui yi fang, 1530 Madrasa, 2175 Local knowledge. See also Knowledge systems Al-Ashrafiyyah dome, 188 comparative technoscientific traditions, 1199 al-Nūriyya, 190 situated knowledge, 1199 Arabic, 1964 traditional knowledge systems, 1199 Bu’ananiyye, 594 Loeb, Edwin, 1417 Fath.iyyah, 192 Loehr, Max, 1602 Marinid ‘At.t.ārīn, 189 Logic Samarqand, 2175 Al-Suyūt.ī and, 161 Shir Dor, 194 Aristotle and, 722, 724, 1119, 1668, 2182 Ma’mūn al-Rashid, 95 ayurvedic drug design and, 1065 Manco Capac, 1178 formal, 1358 Mans.ūr Ibn Ish.āq, 155 ˒ fuzzy, 27 Māshā allāh, 1336–1337 hindu, 2182 contribution to Arabic astrology, 1335 historical perspective, 1233 Mabād’ as-sālkin f ī sharh rajz Ibn al-Yāsamīn, 1113 human and spirit, 1499 Maca (Lepidium meyenii), 844 Ibn But.lān works, 1103 Macaulay, Thomas, 623 Indian philosophy, 641 Mackey, Ernst, 576 Islamic world geography and, 985 Madengqiejing, 322 . Japanese mathematics and, 1018 Mādhava of Sangamagrāma, 1002, 1013, 1160, 1246, 1392 knowledge systems in China and, 1171 Mādhavanidāna medical text of Āyurveda, 1535–1536 Levi Ben Gerson works on, 1220 Madhyamāharan.a, 112 Malay world and, 118 Madhyamānayanaprakāra, 1245 Mohist philosophy and, 1002, 1006 al-Māhānī, 114, 141–142 Nyāya, 1767, 1834 al-Maghribī, 128 origin and beliefs of, 1230–1234 al-Maghribi Ibn Hamzah, 117–118 Quasi truth-functional, 2147–2148 Maghreb (North Africa) mathematics Raghunātha and, 638 Abū Sahl al-Qayrawānī, 1404 religious significance of logic, 1233 and Andalus, 1403 social, 498 Arab-Islamic period, 1403 ˒ spatial, 571 Ibn al-Bannā , 1405 Loha-gola-khan.d. ana, 1159 Bayt al-h.ikma, 1404 Long Count system Magic Egypt, 1513–1515 Christian calendar, 1235 Magic and science, 1246–1250 fundamental assumptions, 1235 Magic squares historical perspectives, 1235 China, 1251–1252 Lord Rutherford, 2180 India, 1252–1258 Lost wax technique, 1635, 1637–1639 Islamic, 1259–1260 Lotus Sutta, 772 Japan, 1260–1262 Loudness, 13–14, 1819 Magicians, in ancient Mesopotamia medical science, 1520 Lowland intensive agriculture, 31–32 Magnetism Lozano, Francisco Ruiz, 617 China, 1263–1265 Lǔ Jù, 14–15 Mesoamerica, 1265–1266 Lü Shi Chun Qiu, 634 Maguey (Agave sp.), 60 Luh.ot, (Astronomical Tables), 5 Mahā Kumbha, 2207 Lun Heng, 634, 1263 Mahādeva, 1267 Lunar calendar regulation in Islam, 1881–1882 Mahāvīra, 108, 239, 1267–1268, 1765 Lunar eclipses, 730 astronomers of medieval India, 1267 . at Baghdad, 732 Gan.itasāra sangraha, 1268 dynastic histories of China, 736–737 Jyotis.apat.ala, 1268 Lunar lodges Rās.trakūt.a dynasty, 1267 China, 1237–1240 Māhābhārata, 952, 984, 1026, 1827 in India and Islam, 1279–1280 Mahābhāskarīya, 244, 320, 400, 1160, 1805, 1832 Islam, 1242–1243 Mahābhāskarīya-Bhās.ya, 1805, 1871 Lunheng (Balanced Discussions), 2199. See also Wang Chong Mahābhās.ya, 1804. See also Patañjali Lunisolar calendar, 442, 449 Mahājyānayana-prakāra, 1246 Luni-stellar calendar, 445 Mahājyās, 1246 Index 2391

Māhāpurān.a, 981 Maps and mapmaking (Contd.) Mahasena, 2210 cosmological maps, 1326–1327 Mahāsiddhānta, 239, 244, 334, 1438 petroglyphs of Mugur Surgol, 1326 Mahua (Madhuca India), 850 picture maps, 1325–1326 Maize (Zea mays L.), 22–23 plan maps, 1326 ˓ Majmu al-Filāh.a, 1124 Australian Aboriginal People, 1276, 1278 Makaranda, 1269–1270 Celestial East Asian Maps, 1278–1282 Makarandasāran.ī, 355 astral map produced in Korea, 1281 Makaranta, 355 Chinese and East Asian stellar maps, 1279 Malabar Coast, cashewnut processing, 462 Chinese celestial mapping, 1279 Malay architecture, 2286–2294. See also Architecture star maps, tombs of Prince Qian Yuanguan, 1280 Malay ethnobotany. See also Ethnobotany Japanese celestial chart, 1281–1282 Arabo-Persian medicinal and botanical knowledge, 853–854 star map, at Luoyang, 1279 concepts and philosophy of, 854 star observing tower, Kyongju, 1280 floral nomenclature, 854–855 Suzhou star chart, 1280 sarawak tree, 860 Xinyi xiang fayao, 1281 tongkat ali, 860 Celestial Islamic maps, 1282–1284 vernacular system, 854–855 al-S.ūfī, 1283 Malay woodcarving celestial space, 1283 gunungan, 2291–2292 eleventh-century Islamic globe, 1282 lotus, 2291–2292 flat mapping of the entire sky, 1283 makara, 2291–2292 flat two-dimensional star maps, 1283 stupa, 2291–2292 stereographic projection, 1283 Malay World, algebra in, 117–120 China, 1284–1292 Malayālam script in Indian writing, 2323 controversy, 1289–1290 Malekula tracing paths, 900 foundations for quantitative mapping, 1285 Malichus II, 2223 Geomantic maps, 1291–1292 al-Malik, al-Nās.ir, 9 grid maps, 1285 Malinowski, Bronislaw, 1248 Guang yutu,1285 Malthus, Thomas, 25 map of Hainan island, 1286 al-Mamālik, al-Masālik, 1108 media used for mapmaking, 1286 Mamluk Mingsheng yanchang quantu, 1287–1288 ablaq, 192 Pei Xiu, mapmaker, 1285 bahri, 1096 quantitative mapmaking techniques, 1286 caliphate, 1040 relationship between map and text, 1287 dynasties, 710 silk maps at Mawangdui, 1285 in Islamic world, 274 Wubei zhi, 1287 meteorites in, 633 Yu ji tu, 1285–1286 monuments of, 189 India, 1301–1303 Palestinian architecture and, 225, 227 Indian map, depicting former Rajput capital, 1303 regional schools of astronomy and, 339 Indus Civilization, 1301 Mamo, maize field, on Isla La Isabel, 59 Nandīśvaradvīpa, 1302 ˒ al-Ma mūn, 12, 120, 137, 140, 722, 1304, 1335, 1789 Purān.ic texts, 1302 Man of Bicorp cave painting, 1074–1075 Route maps, 1303 Man’ yōshū, 794 Śaka 1256, 1302 al-Manzūm, al-Durr, 369 Stone Age Indian cave paintings, 1301 Manasika in Āyurveda, 1580 Śulbasūtras, 1302 Mānasōllāsa, 2109 Islamic terrestrial maps, 1303–1307 Manava Srauta Sūtra, 1025 al-Bīrūnī’s seven kishvars, 1304 ˓ Manāzil al- adad, 114, 304 cartographic representation of globe, 1304 Manco Capac, 1178 cultural history of maps in the Islamic world, 1303 Mandala, 207 Ibn Hawqal’s map of the world, 1304 Mandūkaparni (Centella asiatica), 1066 al-Idrīsī’s world map from the Sofia manuscript, 1304 Mangifera foetida, 2293 map use, 1307 Manitos, 1419 plan of Istanbul from the Hünernāme, 1306 Manuel Moschopoulos, 1252 plan of the fortress of Van, 1305 Maori architecture. See also Architecture plan of a Turkish bath, 1306 faciality (mataihi), 215–216 Yāqūt’s climate map, 1304 ornament (whakairo), 216–217 Islamic world maps centered on Mecca, 1307–1309 space (kauhanga), 217 Go-Tenjiku Zu (Map of the Five Indies), 1309 Maps and mapmaking Gyōki-type maps, 1309 Africa, 1270–1272 Isfahan world maps, 1308 cosmographical mapping, 1272 Japan, 1309–1310 Asia, (prehistoric), 1325–1327 Keichō map, 1310 celestial maps, 1326 Mecca (qibla), 1308–1309 2392 Index

Maps and mapmaking (Contd.) Marco Polo Nihon Shoki, 1309 at Kublai Khan’s court, 704 Ninna-ji temple, Kyoto, 1309 voyage to China, 704 Schoy, Carl, 1308 Marcus, Joyce, 573, 666 Shōhō map of Japan, 1310 Marīcī, 1871 Tenjiku Zu (Map of India), 1309 al-Māridīnī, Badr al-Dīn, 144 Korea, 1310–1317 al-Māridīnī, Jamāl al-Dīn, 143–144 Ch’ŏnhado, 1313–1314 Mari-gutharra, 1437 city maps, 1317 Marpeankurrk, 300 defense maps, 1317 al-Marrākishī al-H. asan, 2052 district map, 1316–1317 Mars, 255 geomancy, 1311 anomalies of, 1127 Kangnido, 1312–1313 Babylonian period, 1440 Kim Chŏngho, 1315–1316 Dresden codex and, 363–364 King Sejong, 1313 Hubble space telescope, 259 Korean knowledge of western cartography, 1311–1312 naked eye planet, 293–294 Korean national maps, 1313–1315 Navagrāha, 305 Taedong yŏjido, 1316 seven vāras, 265 Mesoamerica, 1320–1321 sidereal period of, 377 Altepetl, 1321 Tang dynasty and, 322 Maya mapping, 1321 Martim Afonso de Souza, 616 Mixtec, 1321 Maruwhenua, 975 Nahua, or Aztec, maps, 1320 Marv, 2176 pre-Hispanic-style maps, 1320 Marvels of India, 1726, 1736 Zacatepec, 1321 Marw, 2176. See also Marv Native North Americans, 1322–1324 al-Marwarudhī, 103 Marshall Island stick charts Marzban, 2190 bundokerik (BK) and bundokeing (BG), 1318 Mas’ala fī’l-mūsīqā (Question on Music), 2122 ˒ mattang chart, 1318 Māshā allāh ibn Atharī, 1335 mattang, meddo and rebbelith, 1318 Masirah Island, 1613 Wave reflection and refraction around an atoll, 1319 Maskilim, 317 Southeast Asia, 1327–1329 Maslama al-Majrīt.ī, 1335 Tibet, 1329–1330 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 624 bodhisattvas, 1329 Massage abortion, 3–4 Bhutan, evolution of the cosmos, 1329 Massawa and Zeila trade routes, 1726 man.d. alas, 1329 Mastaba-like royal tombs, at Germa, 183 Turin Papyrus Map, 1292–1301 Mastabas (large tombs), 1383 Deir El-Medina, Egypt, House of Amennakhte, 1301 Masūd Shihāb al-Dīn Abu’l Fath.Mawdūd. b.,92 Deir El-Medina, the Valley of Kings, and Wadi Hammamat, Masudic Canon, 1014, 2173 map, 1292 Mat Sakai (Mat of the aborigines), 853 discovery and reconstruction of map, 1292–1293 Mat weaving, 393 map’s author and purpose, 1298–1301 Materia Medica new arrangement of map fragments, 1292–1295 African, 1504 topographic and geologic content of map, 1293–1298 ancient Egypt, 1513–1514 Vietnam, 1330–1332 buddhist monastic, 1588 Le atlas, 1332 Caraka work’s on, 461 Le dynasty, 1331 classification, Li Shizhen’s role, 1226 Le Thanh-tong, 1332 compendium of, 399–400 map of brief Tay-son dynasty, 1332 of Diosorides, 723 Maqāla fīsharh. mus.ādarāt kitāb Uqlīdis, 1002 Firdaws and, 162 Maqala fi’l-h.isab allatī bayn al-filizzātwa’l-jawāhir fi’l-hajm, 1824 Li work’s on, 1226 Maqāla fī’l-laymūn, 1089 magical practices, 1513 Maqāla fī’l-tah.līlwa‘l-tarkīb, 1090 Malay, 602 Maqālāt al-islāmīyīn (The Doctrines of Muslims), 380 medicinal uses in China, 834, 1530, 1533 ˓ Maqālīd ilm alhay’a, 631 medicinal uses in Egypt, 2298 Marāgha, 1333–1335 pharmacy, pharmacognosy and, 1546 As.īl al-Dīn, 1334 practical applications of, 1495–1497 Copernican geocentric hypothesis, 1335 use of indigenous, 1554 instruments, 1333 Mathematical canons, 1154. See also Nine Chapters observatory, 157, 163, 247 Mathematical texts, in Egypt, 1337–1338 Ptolemaic cosmology, 1333 basic mathematical techniques, 1337 T. ūsī couple, 1334 demotic mathematical texts, 1338 waqf funds to support, 1334 Demotic papyri, 1338 Zīj-i Ilkhānī, 1333 hieratic mathematical texts, 1337 Index 2393

Mathematical texts, in Egypt (Contd.) Mathematics (Contd.) historiography, 1338 textual sources, 1371–1373 Mesopotamian mathematics pioneers, 1338 tian yuan method, 1375 Petrie, W.M.F, 1337 Wang Xiaotong and Chen Luan, 1373 Rhind mathematical papyrus, 1337 Xiangjie jiu zhang suanfa, Song dynasty, 1372 table texts, 1338 Xue suan bitan, 1371 Mathematics Zhang Qiujian suanjing, 1373 Africa, South of the Sahara Zhoubi suanjing, 1372 games, 1357 Zhu Shijie’s Jade Mirror, 1374 hexagonal weaving pattern, 1357 Zu Geng, 1372 Ilm al-isāb, 1357 computations, 1151 riddles and puzzles, 1357–1358 counting systems, Gumulgal, counting, 1340–1341 symmetries in African art, 1356–1357 cowrie calculator, 1341 woven strip patterns on baskets (Mozambique), 1357 Diophantus, 1342 Africa, West African games Indian algebra, 1342 cumulative chants, 1360–1361 Egypt, 1378–1386 exhibition games, 1359–1360 Greece, 1343 games of chance, 1360 Hebrew people, 1387–1389 magic squares, 1361 India, 1390–1392 riddle problems, 1361 Indian numerals, 1342 word games and traditional learning, 1360 Islam, 1393–1396 Babylonia, methods of solving equations, 1342 al-Jabr, 1343 Berbers, 1361–1367 Japan, 1396–1400 astronomy, calendars and social organization, 1364 Jiuzhang suanshu, 1343 Berbères:aux marges de l’Histoire, 1361 al-Khwārizmī, 1343 Canarian numerals, 1362 Korea, 1400–1403 canopus and cosmic tree, 1364 Maghreb (North Africa), 1403–1406 comparative table of numeral systems, 1363 Maya, 1406–1410 Doors of Year, The, 1364 Mesopotamia, 1410–1414 Grand Canary Island, 1365–1367 Native North America, 1414–1419 numeral systems, 1362–1363 numerical equations, 1153 shadow at summer solstice sunrise, 1367 Oceania, 1420–1424 solstice sunrise and sunset at Cuatro Puertas cave, 1365 practical and recreational mathematics, 1352–1356 solstice sunrise from Cave of Pillars, 1366 Diophantos, 1354 summer solstice sunrise from sign of Cuatro, 1366 Greco-Egyptian papyrus, 1354 Tuareg, Kabylian, and Arabian numeral systems, 1363 in medieval India, 1228 Tenerife Island, 1366–1367 scholasticized systems, 1353 binomial coefficients, 1154 subscientific knowledge system, 1353 Brahmagupta, 1343 paper-and-pencil algorithms, 1342 Bhāskarāchārya, 1342 Pythagorean theorem, 1343 Brahmagupta, 1343 Quipu, 1340 China, 1371–1377 rhetorical algebra, 1342 arithmetic triangle, in Zhu Shijie’s Siyuan yujian, 1303 suanxue, 716, 1374, 2077 brush calculations, 1371 Śulbasūtras, 1343 Cheng Dawei, Suanfa tongzong, 1371 Vietnam, 1425–1431 Chinese algebra, 1343 Yolngu (aboriginal Australians), 1433 Chinese/Japanese abacus (soroban), 1341 Yoruba system, 1341 Guangshun era products in mu, 1372 Zengchang Kaifang, 1154 Guo zi jian, 1377 Zhoubi suanjing, 1344 Han dynasty popular in, 1372 Mathematics communicating across culture and time, 1345–1351 Hua Hengfang, 1371 communication without written language, 1347–1349 Jade Mirror of Four Elements, 1374 Baruya and Yagwoia numbers, 1348 Jia Xian, 1372 Gomileroi counting system, 1347 Jiu zhang suan shu, 1372 mathematical discourse in cultures, 1348–1349 Li Chunfeng, 1372– 1373, 1377 mathematical implications, 1348 Li Shanlan, 1376 symbols used in Tasmanian Aboriginal art, 1349 Liu Hui, 1372 cultures with written language, 1349–1351 Liu Xiaosun, 1373 theorem from Cardano, 1350 Ming dynasty, Yongle dadian, 1372 Mathematike Syntaxis (The Mathematical Composition), 140. Nine Chapters, 1373 See also Ptolemy number system and calculation tools, 1371 Mathematische Keilschrift-Texte, 1411 Siku quanshu, 1372 Maurya empire and navigation development in India, 1731 Suanjing shi shu, 1372 Mauryan rulers, on irrigation works, 2210 Sunzi suanjing, 1373 al-Maws.ilī, Muh.ammad ibn Khutlukh, 999 2394 Index

Maya Medical paintings, of Tibet, 1462–1464 agriculture, 28–32 Medical papyri, 1509, 2297. See also papyrus lowland intensive agriculture, 31–32 Medical protocols in Egypt, 432–435, 2298 technologies, 29–30 Medical tablets, Mesopotamia, 1518–1519 upland agriculture and terrace systems, 30–31 Medicinal plants. See Ethnobotany calendars, 2137 Medicine mathematics Australian Aboriginal people, 1523–1527 bars combination, 1406 aboriginal health workers, 1526–1527 calculation by residue arithmetic, 1408 herbal medicines, 1524–1525 calendar round, 1406 indigenous health systems, 1522–1523 calendrical cycles, 1408 power and healing techniques, 1523 Dresden Codex, 1407–1408 traditional health beliefs, 1522–1523 Katuns computation, 1410 Warlpiri, 1523–1525 lecture, 1409 yarda, 1524 non-numerical crescents, 1406 yawulyu ceremonies, 1524 numerals, 1406–1407 Egypt, 1508–1518 Pauahtun, 1409 anatomical and physiological background, 1510–1512 positional notation, 1407 arteriosclerosis, 1510 Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan, 1410 disease demons, 1512 separation of two calendar dates, 1407 disease treatment, 1512–1513 zero sign, 1407 drug therapy, 1513 pottery, 496–501. See also Ceramics instruments used, 1514 sea ports, 1990–1992 knife-treatment operation, 1516 temples and pyramids, 1841 magical practices, 1513–1515 writing, 2304. See also Writing materia medica, 1513–1514 Mayan table, 738–740 medical papyri and ostraca, 1509 Mayor, Federico, 619 medical practices, 1512 Mean motions pathology, 1512 Babylonian period relations, 1438 physicians, 1515–1516 errors of, 1439 sources of, 1509 lunar and planetary, 1439 surgery, 1513 Pancasiddhantika’s corrections, 1441 treatment, 1512–1513 Meat preservation Islamic world drying, 1442 Bukhtishu family of physicians, 1544 fat, 1443 Greco-Syriac medicine, 1542 pounding, 1442 hospitals (bīmāristān), 1543 salt curing, 1442–1443 Ibn Naf īs, 1545 Mechanical engineering, 750–751. See also Engineering Ibn Sīnā, 1545 Mechanical water-raising devices, 750 and Indian physicians, 1542 Mechanization, agriculture and, 24 pharmacy and pharmacognosy development, 1546 Medical ethics teaching at Jundishapur, 1542 Africa, 1455 Unani/Tibbi medicine, 1544 Buddhist, 1453–1454 Japan China, 1456–1457 Ishimpō (Methods at Heart of Medicine), 1548 Near Eastern cultures, 1454 Kaitai shinsho, 1550 India, 1453 Korea Atharvaveda, 1458 acupuncture, 1556 Āyurveda, 1458 Dongui bogam, 1553 etiology of diseases, 1459–1460 Hyangyak jipseongbang, 1552 karma theory, 1459–1460 King Sejong, 1552 religious and philosophical perspectives, 1458–1459 King Taejong, 1552 Islam, 1454 Lee Je-ma’s hypotheses, 1554 prophetic medicine, 1461 medicine cabinets, 1555 Qurān and Sunnah influences on, 1460–1461 Neo-Confucian influence on, 1551 social justice, 1461 Samguk sagi, 1551 Western influence on, 1462 Uibang yuchwi, 1552 Japan, 1454 Meso and South America Pre-Columbian, 1455 medical innovations and practices, 1560 Zoroastrianism, 1454 mescaline (Lophophora williamsii), 1558 Medical knowledge nicotine (Nicotiana tabacum), 1558 Buddhism, 1588–1589 psilocyben (Psilocybe mexicana), 1558 China, 1590–1591 quinine (Quina cinchona), 1558 Oceania, 1571–1575 texoxotlaticitl (surgeon), 1559 Thailand, 1584–1590 Native North and South America Index 2395

Medicine (Contd.) Mesoamerica (Contd.) American Indian medicine creation, 1561 fortifications, 223 ayahuasca wine, 1569 market places, 222–223 beliefs of, 1563 palaces, 221–222 common medicine and shamanistic medicine, 1563 pyramids, 219–221 communal disease, 1563 ethnobotany creative forces, 1561 datura species, 863 datura, 1567 medicinal and ceremonial use of psychoactive plants, 861 disease causation and Western medicine, 1562 mushrooms, 864–865 doctors, 1567 ololiuqui and badoh negro, 862 healing procedures, 1564, 1567, 1569 peyote (Lophophora williamsii), 861 herbal medicine for internal/external usage, 1564, 1568 puffball species, 863 herbs and roots usage, 1567 red bean or coral been, 861–862 hot springs, 1565 ungnadia speciosa, 862 infectious disease, 1564 Maya, writing, 2327–2333 intrusion diseases, 1570 medicine, 1557–1560 lightning way ceremony, 1561 metallurgy, 1636–1639 Peyote, 1568 obsidian in, 2036–2037 sassafras (Sassafras officinalis), 1567 flakes and projectile points in, 2029–2031 smoke doctors, 1564 pyramids soul loss, 1569 burial site, 1843 spirit medicine, 1563 carvings and architectures, 1840–1841, 1844 supernatural intervention and, 1567 construction, 1840 tobacco, 1570 and culture, 1841 traditional healing systems of tribes, 1567 excavations, 1843 Sri Lanka, 1577–1579 importance, 1840 Talmud road networks, 1895–1897 embryotomy, 1583 salt etiology, 1582 extraction methods, 1918–1919 Turkey production and trade, importance of, 1919 ritual practices, 1592–1595 sources of, 1918 traditional healing practices, 1592–1595 textile dyeing, 1918 Medicine wheels, 1595–1596 stone tools Mediterranean Sea, navigation, 1724–1725 obsidian blades, 1918–1919, 1962, 1978, 1990–1991, 2023, Megaliths 2025–2026, 2029, 2031, 2036–2037 India Mesopotamia in Karnataka 2208 astrology, 248–249 and water basin, 2209 astronomy, 735–736 Korea, 1704–1705 cities in, 21 Megasthenes, views on India, 703 cosmology, 258–259 Meghadūtam, 984 fishing Megillat ha-Megalle, 1336 for medical applications, 934 Mei Juecheng, 90 processing, 933 Mei Ren Fu, 1449. See also Sima Xiangru mathematics Mei Wending, 1009 algebra, 1410 Meiji period, Japan, 50, 797, 954– 955, 1398, 1798, 2326 base-10 system, 1410 Melanesia, 1421. See also Mathematics in Oceania, clay tablets, 1411 medical practices, 1575 cuneiform tablet, 1413 Mencius, 787, 1814, 1851, 1881 decimal system, 1411 Menelaus’ Sphaerica, 10, 1221, 1391. See also Levi Ben Gerson number system development, 1411 Meng Xi Bi Tan, 1264, 1791. See also Shen Guo numbers assigning to gods, 1411 Mercury (planet) place-value numeration system, 1411–1412 as gu.ud, 255 Pythagoras, 1413 orbits, 293 recreational mathematics, 1413 sidereal period of, 377 worship of celestial objects, 1411 Mercury (element) zero, 1412–1413 gold amalgamation with, 124 medicine toxic effect, 125 magicians, 1520 Merkel, John, 1649 medical tablets, 1518–1519 Mersenne, Marin, 2106 medicinal plants, 1519–1520 Mescaline (Lophophora williamsii), 1558 physicians, 1520 Mesoamerica priests, 1520 architecture water therapy, 1520–1521 ball-courts, 223 Mirrors in India, 1699–1702 2396 Index

Metallurgy Micronesia (Contd.) Africa stellar concepts, 1423 archaeological excavations, 1597 Supwunumen in, 1422 fabrication techniques, 1599 Mictlan, 662 gender differentiations, 1599–1600 Midéwewin ceremonies, 1419 metal production, 1596 Miftāh.al-H. isāb, 114 metals used, 1598 Military technology prehistory and history, 1597 ancient Egypt, 1672–1679 rituals in, 1600 development of, 1671–1672, 1958 technologies, 1600 European, 705, 708 women in, 1600 progression of, 1669–1670 Arabia, 1613–1621 significance of, 749 Arja-Bayda, sites, 1619 Milkweeds (Asclepias spp.), 866 Arja Early medieval smelting furnace, 1620 Milpa farming, 29–32 Batin in Wadi Nam near Ibra, oldest slag, 1614 Mimāmsā, 641 copper, 1613–1618 Mimbres pottery, 504–508. See also Ceramics Cyprus multiple step chalcopyrite smelting al-Minangkabawi, Ahmad bin Abdul Latif al-Khatib, 118–119 technique, 1617 Ming dynasty, 50, 636, 1431, 1906 Ores, oxidic and carbonate, 1615 abacus and, 1993 Raki 2, 1618–1619 acumoxology decline after, 16 stone tools, 1615 algebra development in, 111 mining in,1615 Ben Cao Gang Mu published in, 399 Wadi Qatof, 1618 chronology of, 477 China, 1662–1664 establishment in china, 704 alloy proportioning of liu qi, 1623 mathematics in China and, 1372, 1375 meteorological phenomena, 1663 Mingshi of, 358 puddling iron and Guan-steel, 1623 porcelains in, 482 rain and rainbow, relationship between, 1662–1663 Wang Xichan and, 2200 surveying instruments, 1663–1664 Yongle period of, 480 weather forecasting, 1663 Ming Yi Bie Lu, 1263 wind, 1663–1664 Minhāj (manual of Islamic law), 103 Egypt, 1634–1636 Mining. See also Metallurgy Eurasia, 1601–1604, 1607 ancient, 1682–1683 early centers of production, 1601 annealing, 1682–1683 Kargaly and Altai Mountains, 1603 chalcopyrite, 1685, 1695 Kazakhstan, metallurgical materials and technology, 1603 cold-hammering, 1682–1684 India, 1608–1613 copper, 1680–1687 lost wax technique, 1635, 1637–1639 Egypt, 1685–1686 Meso and North America, 1636–1639 gold, 1685, 1687–1698 metal extraction, 1608–1610 hammers, 1682 carburization of iron, 1610 Lake Superior basin, 1681–1684 helmet, 1611 Minneriya reservoir, in Sri Lanka, 2210 iron furnaces, 1608–1609 Minobimaatisiiwin, Anishinabe concept, 1187 protection gear, 1611 Mirabilia urbis Romae, 1782 sintering processes, 1610 Miringa Te Kakara, 216 slag, 1609 Mishā,46 wootz, 1610–1611, 1613 Mishnat ha-Middot, 1014, 1388 Near East, 1639–1646 Mishneh Torah, 316 Northern South American indigenous societies, 1647–1649 Miśraka-vyavahāra (on mixture), 388 Pre-Columbian South America, 1649–1650 Mitsuyoshi Yoshida, 1261 Southern South America, 1658–1661 Mizuho no Kuni (land of vigorous rice plants), 47 bronze alloy, 1660–1661 Mo Jing gold and silver, 1661 Chinese physics, 1814, 1819 pre-Inca Empire influence on, 1660 light reflection record, 1790–1791 silver smelting process, 1449 Moche-Chimú group, 905 smelting of nonferrous ore, 1659–1660 Moche valley, 2214 southern Andes, 1660–1661 Moctezuma, 611 Metamorphic rock in ancient Egypt, 2022–2024 Mofa bread oven, 416 Metrica, 1008 Mogollon culture, 519–520. Metsamor (Armenia), 1326 Mohammed Yusoh, 853 Mi Fu, 2308 Mohenjo-daro, 1390, 2202 Micronesia, 1421 archaeological evidence from, 2064 base properties, 1423 bronze balance pans of, 2254 linear concepts, 1424 discovery and excavation of, 576, 1001 Index 2397

Mohenjo-daro (Contd.) al-Mumtah.an, 338 Indus valley civilizations evidence, 163, 164 Munīśvara, 1714–1715 metropolis of, 1856 Muñjāla, 441, 1805, 1837 writing of, 2320 al-Muqaffa Abdullâh.b., 722 Mohism in China, 1818 Muqarnas domes, 188, 190 Molina, Cristóbal de, 458 Murals in Kitora tomb, 1167–1168 Mongol empire, 703–704 Mūsā Abū, 1147 Mongolia, 378, 1325–1327, 1445, 1486, 1529, 1601, 1606, Mūsā ibn Maymūn, 98 1670, 2191 Mushrooms Monks and nuns, 771 Conocybe, Panaeolus, Psilocybe, and Stropharia, 865 Monte Albán, 1841–1842 morels, 885 Montecitorio obelisk, 1776 teonanacatl, 864 Moose Mountain wheel, 1596 Muslim. See Islam Morehead river, 1424 Mussau Islands, 87 ˓ Morels species, 885 al-Mu tad. id, 2012 Mori Kōan, 1310 Mutakallimūn, 138, 379 Mosaic law (halakhah), 787 Moscow Papyrus, 1021 N Maimonides Moses, 1705–1706 Nabk Tree of the Extremity of Thoughts, 2080 Mound builders, 1707 Nabta Playa, 181, 1382, 1717 archaeologistronomy, 1709 Nād. īvalaya, 1150, 1786–1788 atlatl/spear thrower, 1708 Nādhadwāra pichwāis, 2115 construction, 1707 Nāgarī scripts in Indian writing, 245, 2322 human-made embankment (Watson Brake), 1707 Nāgārjuna, 643, 795, 1231, 1234, 1252–1253, 2071, 2147, mile long (Serpent Mound), 1708 2149, 2179 pottery, 1708 Náhuatl, 361, 453, 666–667, 669, 862–863, 888, 1211, 1320, 1368, prehistoric technology, 1708 1370, 2271 tool manufacture, 1708 Nakanishiryu school, 89 Mount Qāsīyūn observatory, 1789 Naks.atra, 263–265, 304, 317, 319–320, 446–448 Moxa. See also Acupuncture in Indian astronomy, 1241, 1927 acupuncture, 1552 Naks.atra-vidyā (star science), 317 burning, 15, 1486, 1711 Nam Nhat Thong Du Do, 1332 optics in China and, 1792 Nam Pyong-gil, 1402 Moxibustion, 15 Nam Thien, 1331–1332 East Asian therapeutic technique, 1710–1711 Namoratunga I and II, ages, 371, 1717–1719 invention of, 1529 Nan Qi Shu, 1447 medical difference between acupuncture and, 17–18, 1081, 1530, Nanahuapatli, 828 1533, 2358 Nandināgarī scripts, in Indian writing, 2322 medicine in Korea and, 1551–1553, 1556 Nanfang caomuzhuang, 965 Mongolian, 1486 Nanjing Benyi, 1719 points for, 1463 Nanjing, 920, 997, 1227, 1854, 2079, 2111, 2355–2356, 2363 Mpapa-dan structure, 202 Nansembushū Dai-Nihonkoku Shōtō Zu, 1309 Muang and paa thu’an (Thailand), 777 Napier, John, 241 Mudhākarāt, 1336 Nārayān.a Pan.d. ita, 441 Mudrārākśasa, 952 Nar.īr al-Dīn, al-T. ūsī, 1966 Mueller, Max, 2202 educational background, 1722 Ibn (Abū Ishāq), Muh.ammad al-Istakhrī, Ibrāhīm 389 political and intellectual life, 1721–1722 Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris), 15 T. ūsī couple, 1396 Muh.amad Nur al-Ibrahimi, 118 Narmada river project, 2213 Muh.ammad, 144, 166, 240, 333, 450, 792–793, 855, 1076, 1095, Nasca pottery, 1749. See also Ceramics in America ˓ 1460–1461, 1852, 1883, 1887, 1912 Ibn Abdallāh, Nas.ir, 160 Ibn Ghaleb, Muhammad ibn Suleyman, 2190. See also Iran, Nās.ir-i-Khusraw, 1723–1724 veterinary medicine in Nās.irian ethics, 1722 Muhammad Mahdī, 1283 National Institute of Thai Traditional Medicine (NITTM), 1590 Muhūrtaratna, 1805 Native America. See America Mul Apin, 251–252, 254–255, 257 Natron, 176. See also Animal mummies Mūla-tantra, 376 Naturalis Historia, 1023 Mullite crystals, 479–480 Navagrāha calendar, 305 Mummies, 741–747 Navagraha, 322, 1252 animal, 176–177, 747 Navajo in Egypt, 1713 chant, 801 in South America, 1713 mathematical ideas of, 902 artificial mummification techniques, 1714 space and time concept, 901–902 Chinchorro child in the Red Mummy Style, 1714 Navaśatī, 2017 2398 Index

Navigation Nonferrous ore, smelting of, 1659–1660 Africa, 1724–1727 Nong Qi Pu, 1450 Arabic, 1734, 1736–1738 Nongshu (Treatise on Agriculture), 36, 920, 2085 China, 1728–1730 Nóngzhèng Quánshū (Complete Book on the Administration of India, 1730–1734 Farming), 37, 50 Indian Ocean and Red Sea, 1734–1738 Nonus Almansoris (A General Book on Therapy), 156 Pacific, 1739–1742 Nordenskiold, Erland, 1637 Polynesia, 1743–1746 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 66 Naxi Dongba writing of China, 2305 Northern black polished ware, 1027. See Ceramics Nazca Lines Northern lineage (beizong), 100 biomorphs and enclosures, 1747–1748 Notia tumtum, 201 line centers, 1748 Nr.sim. ha, 1267 Nasca pottery, 1749 Ntwuma, 201. See also Architecture Nderit potsherds, 1718 Nubia weaving cotton, 2235–2236 Necho II, 1724 Nuevas proposiciones geométricas, 616 Needham, Joseph, 247, 712, 1812–1813, 1819 Number sequence Neem tree. See Azadirachta indica in Brazil, 1414 Neer brahmi (Baccoba monneri), 1066 in Coahuiltecan of Texas, 1415–1416 Negev Desert of Israel, 19 of Yuk, 1416 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 1822–1823 Number theory Neidan (internal alchemy), 98–100 Africa, 1761–1763 Neo-Confucianism, 795 India, 1763–1765 Neolithic agriculture, 21 Islamic mathematics, 1766 Neolithic artifacts, 1444 Number words, in Native North America, 1415 Neolithic grain storage pit, 392 Numerals Neolithic Revolution. See Agricultural revolution Hindu-Arabic, 1–2 Neoplatonism, 98, 379, 718, 725, 728, 1119 Roman, 2 Nepal, veterinary practice in, 2193–2197 Numidian monumental tombs, 185 Ñer-mkho-bum-bzan, 376 Nunivak Island Neugebauer, Otto, 445, 1411 subsistence procurement and storage techniques, 823 Newton vegetation, 816 binomial formula, 2176 Yup’ik Eskimo, 819 in physics development, 1579, 1812, 2106 Nuttall Codex, 22 power series, for sine and cosine, 1392 Nuzhat al-mushtāqfī’ khtirāq al-āfāq, 1270, 1304 Newton-Raphson iterative method, 440 Nyāya, Indian philosophical school, 641 Ngangkari health system of Australia, 1523–1524 characteristics of, 1767 Nicotine (Nicotiana tabacum), 1558 metaphysics and Gautama, 1768 ˒ Nihāyat al-su l (Final Quest Concerning the Rectification of Nirvān.a and theoria, 1769–1770 Principles), 335 Nyāyaratna, 1836 Nihon Bun’ya Zu, 1310 Nyāya-sūtras, 1768 Nihon Enkai Yochi Zenzu, 1310 Nyāya-Vaiśes.ika school of physics in India, 1821 Nihon Shoki, 1309 concept of Karma, 1822 Nihongi (Chronicles of Japan), 346 Nīlakan.t.ha, Somayāji, 441, 1012, 1160–1162, 1392, 1750, O 1836–1837 Oasis theory, 20 Nile River, 1090, 1293, 1751 Oaxaca valleys (Mexico), 22, 218, 223, 510–514 Nile Valley, 445 Obelisks, 1773–1776, 1778–1782 agriculture, 23 Objectivity, 1871, 1873–1875 mathematics in, 1378 Obodas III, 2223 measurement and nilometer, 1751–1759 Observatories, 132, 267, 273, 556, 1150, 1310, 1326, 1402, 1722, settlements, 1994–1995 1958, 2175–2176 Nilometer (Niloscope) in Egypt Abbāsid Caliph al-Ma’mūn, 1789 Roda, 1752–1754, 1758–1759 Arabic, 1788 role in metrology and inundation, 1751–1753 Atituiti, 288 types, 1753–1760 Caracol, 572 Ninna-ji temple, Kyoto, 1309 Ch’omsongdae, 1957 Niruddha, 1268 Cheomseongdae, 2134 Njock, Georges, 1356 Chomsungdae, 279 Noble Eightfold Path (Buddhism), 770 Ganeuidae, 2134 Nochixtlán Valley, 510–511 Huihui, 1143 Nōgyō Kihonhō, Basic Agricultural Law, 52 Hūlāgū observatory, 1789 Nōgyō Zensho, 50, 796 Imperial, 1230 Nomadic pastoralism, 20 Istanbul, 1789–1790, 1967, 2080 Nomuraea rileyii, 1810 Jai Singh’s, 247, 271–273, 1150, 1785–1786, 1790 Index 2399

˒ ˒ Observatories (Contd.) On Analysis and Synthesis (Fī l-tah.līlwa l-tarkīb), 146 Marāgha, 157, 163, 247, 1061, 1143, 1334, 1335, 1789, On the Configuration of the Universe, 1091. See also Ibn al-Haytham 2106, 2173 On Diseases Caused by Cold Evil, 1529–1530 Mount Qāsīyūn observatory, 1789 On Elements of Geometry, 2011 National astronomical, 359 On the Sphere and Cylinder, 146, 639, 1002 Paris, 1790 On Triangles, 2011. See also Archimedes Raqqa, 2106 Onogorojima (island), 794 Samarqand, 1062 Open-tube periscope, 1792 scientific astronomy, 1243 Oppenheim, Leo, 250 Sendai City, 276 Optics Seoungwan, 2134 in China Shammāsiyya observatory, 1789 ice lens experiment, 1792 Sharaf al-Dawla, 1789 open-tube periscope, 1792 Shogunal, 277 in Islamic world Shogun’s astronomical, 90, 1062 De aspectibus, 1793 Te Rua Ra, 288 developments, 1793–1794 Uraienborg, 1967, 2080 Ibn al-Haytham, 1793 Zīj Ilkhānī, 1789 Ilm al-manāz.ir,1793 Observatorio de Bogotá, 618 methodological developments, 1795–1796 Ocaklı in medical practice in Turkey, 1593–1594 Nas.īr al-Dīn, al-T. ūsī, 1793 Oceania, 216, 284, 608, 681, 706–707, 1421–1422, theoretical developments, 1794–1795 1468, 2276 Or Adonay, 1060. See also Crescas, H. asdai agriculture Orang asli tribes, 853–854 origin and evolution of, 53–55 Organon, present-day formal logic, 1230 traditional, 55–56 Origami, 1797–1799 agroforestry in, 87–88 Oriza sativa, 856 archaeological site, 290 Orizuru models, 1798 base system use, 1420 Osler, William, 17 cultures, 1250 Osorio, Juan de Porres, 616 food technology in, 947–950 Ostrich eggshell beads, 396–398, 406 herbal remedies, 3 Ottoman science, 1964, 1966–1967, 2080 Kaleva expression, 1421 Oyaninai Boshi, 345 knotted cords use, 1420 Lean classification, 1421–1422 P mathematics, 900, 1420–1424 Pauliśa, 319–320, 1806, 1827, 2185 medicine, 1571–1576 Paulus-ul-Yunani, 1806 and moon for lunar observation, 1422 Polo de Ondegardo, Juan, 458, 1181 navigation, 1739–1742, 1987 P’yŏngyang, 1166, 1317 in African Atlantic, 1725–1726 Pachacuti Inca, 1178–1179, 1181 in Polynesia, 1745–1746 Pachamama, 763, 1181 origins of islanders, 870 Pacific Island. See Oceania Pukapuka ethnology, 1421 Pacioli, Luca, 108 . seafaring, 1983 Pad-dkar-źal-lun, 376 settlements in, 1739–1740 PAKAL, sign in Maya writing, 2329–2331 Thilenius South Seas expedition, 1422 Pakistan, 2202 Octli. See Pulque (alcoholic drink) Agha Khan rural support program, 884 Ogyu, Sorai, 681 Ayubia ethnobotany project, 884 Oil palm, 68 coniferous species, 885 Ojibway, 1418 deforestation effects, 883 Lodges network, 1419 endangered flora species, 883 Midéwewin ceremonies, 1419 endemic plants of, 883 Old World agriculture and rainwater harvesting, 1867 fishermen, 928 Old World crops, 56 fodder and fuelwood management, 884 Oliver, Paul, 693 herbal facilities, 881 Olmec instrument makers in, 1034 art, 1206 Islamic medicine, 1544 knowledge systems, 1204–1212 medicinal plants, 881–882 sculptures, 1203 plant conservation, 884–885 stone figurines, 1206–1208 Paks.a, 1768, 1801 Omecihuatl, 661 Paku langsuiyr, 855, 858 Ometecuhtli, 661 Palermo Stone, 1679, 1751–1752, 2063, 2310 Omiero, 1925. See also Santería Palms, 29, 45, 70, 189, 199–200, 227, 392, 425, 427–428, 430–431, On the Absolute Sincerity of Great Physicians, 1453. See also Sun 472, 548, 552, 599, 757, 834, 853 Simiao coconut, 53, 87–88, 854, 876–879 2400 Index

Palms (Contd.) Peru (Contd.) date, 393, 942, 1049, 1140 Peruvian linear measurements, 2274 oil, 28, 66, 68, 173, 199, 433–434, 754–755, 941–942 runcu volume unit, 2273 sago palm, 87, 873, 960 Pest management in India Pampa de Faclo, 2215–2216 biological, 1810 Pampa de Nazca, Nazca Lines in, 1747–1749 biotechnological, 1811 Pamphilian obelisk, 1781 crop pests, 1807–1808 Pañca-bodha, 1836, 2014 herbal pesticides, 1809 Pañcakarma therapy in Āyurveda, 1539–1540 history of entomological science, 1808–1809 Pañcamahābhūta, 2201 indigenous knowledge, 1808, 1810 Pañcan.ga, 264, 320, 684, 2180 pesticides, 1809 Pañcasiddhāntikā, 243, 318–319, 323, 355, 736, 1035, 1806, 1926, pheromone, 1810 2170–2171, 2185. See also Varāhamihira Pet mummies, 176. See also Animal mummies Pandanus, 87–88, 856, 858, 873–878, 1983–1984, 1986 Petra water management, 2220–2228 Pān.ini, 637, 1183, 1801–1803 Petrie, W.M.F. Paper astronomical observatory of, 273 development, 1804 discovery of Sinaitic inscriptions, 148 folding development, 1797–1799 Lahun mathematical fragments founded by, 1337 history, 1804 mummies found by, 1044 invention, 1797, 1804 museum of archaeology, 1055, 1057 Papinjuwari, 303 rotating razor and, 1053 Papyrus, 393, 1000, 1021, 1050, 1270, 1275, 1337–1338, 1908–1909 study the Egyptian weights, 2246 Egyptian, 107, 149, 168–171, 1354, 1519 Peyote (Lophophora williamsii), 829, 861–864, 867, 1568 London and Leiden (ca. third century AD), magical, 169 Phalaka yantra, 247, 270, 272 map, 1292–1301 Phan Huy Khuông, 1427, 1430–1431 medical papyrus, 1517 Phaseolus radiatus L., 1539 rafts, 925–926 Phenology, 87, 847, 1664 Rhind mathematical papyrus, 1021, 1337, 1379, 1384, 1386, 2067, Pheromones, in pest control, 1810 2069, 2245, 2317 Philoponus, John, 138, 246, 1145, 1825 Smith papyrus, 2053–2056 Phoenician alphabet, 148–150. See also Alphabet Swamps, 923–924 Phoenix dactylifera, 393, 1321, 1909 Pâques, Viviana, 1364 Phonology rules, of Pān.ini, 1801–1802 Parameśvara, 243, 1013, 1160–1162, 1183, 1392, 1750, 1837, 2107 Phrakhru Pitak Nanthakhun, 780 commentaries, 402, 1805 Dhamma Walks (Dhammayatra), 782 works, 1805 ecological ethic promotion, 781 writings, 1805 rituals, 780–782 Parāśarasam. hitā, 318 tree ordination program, 780–782 Parāshar, 2205 water awareness work (“long-life” ceremony), 782 Pardies, Gaston-Ignace, 1010 Physicians in ancient Egypt, 1509, 1512–1513, 1515–1516 Paryāvaran.a, 2204 Physics Pascal’s triangle, 110–111, 114, 132, 629, 1154, 1225, 1343, 1345, historical research, 1812, 1815 1374, 1993, 2342 India Pāt.īgan.ita-sāra, 239, 2017 concept of atom, 1821 Pataliputra, 651, 1028, 1030 elements, 1821–1822 Patañjali, 719, 1183, 1804, 2344–2345 origin Pāt.ī (algorithms) book, 112, 239, 388, 1229 China, 1812–1815 Paticca samuppāda, 2143, 2148 India, 1815–1816 Pekarangan, 76 Islam, 1816–1817 Pell’s equation, 113, 239, 401, 440–441 Pi Pelzer, Karl, 76 China, 1825–1826 Penis title sign in Maya writing, 2332–2333 India Pereira, Duarte Pacheco, 615 and ancient Jain School, 1827 Periplus of Hanno, 1724 and Āryabhat.a I, 1827 Periscope, 1792 and Mādhava, 1827 Peru. See also South America Śulba rule, 1827 road networks, Inca achievements, 1897–1898 uses of, 1826–1827 water management, 2214–2220 Picarte, Ramón, 621 weights and measures Picietl (Aztec medicine), 827, 829–830, 832 balance, 2275 Pictographic scripts, 2305, 2335 cocada length unit, 2273 Piedras Negras stela, 455–456 hand-cupped “gowpen” measure, 2274 Pig (Sus scrofa), 21, 172. See also Animal domestication Inca area unit, 2273 Pig iron, 1264, 1612, 1623, 2015. See also Metallurgy mass, 2273 Pili pao (thunder-bolt missile) rocket in China, 1906 movable load scale, 2274 Pines, Shlomo, 8 Index 2401

Pingala, 629, 637 Pope Sixtus V, 1773, 1776, 1781, 1783 Pingree, David, 12, 104, 251, 269, 394, 1442, 2017 Pope Sylvester II, 247 Pingshuo, 443 Popol Vuh, 572, 658–660, 667–669, 1209, 1962 Pingzhou KeTan, 1264 Popper, Karl, 1199, 1872 Pinto Alpoim, José Fernandes, 617 Poppies (Papaver), 835, 866, 870 Pinyin system of Chinese writing, 2308 Porcelain, 476–477, 479–482, 484–487, 490, 493, 495, 705, 708 Piper auritum, 84–85 Porta, Giambattista della, 2105 Piper longum L., 1067, 1539, 2188 Portugae voyages, 604, 705 Piper methysticum, 871, 873, 1575 Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), 23, 946 Pirī Reis, Muhyī al-Dīn Pirī world map, 1828 in Andes, 1829–1830 Piston-bellows. See Box-bellows conservation of genetic diversity, 1829 Pizarro, Francisco, 611, 1177, 2275 genetic diversity, origin and conservation, 1829–1830 Place-value numeration system, in Mesopotamia, 1411–1413 origin, 1829–1830 Planar graphs, degree of vertex, 900 varieties, 1829–1830 Plane trigonometry, 10, 439, 1147, 1884, 2169, 2173 Potosí, 612, 1659–1660 Planets Pott disease, 1510 planetary hypotheses, 91, 334–335, 1061–1062, 1097–1098 Potter’s wheel, 485, 488, 518, 524, 750, 2082, 2084, 2095 planetary models, 335, 338, 340, 1097–1098, 1101, 1160–1162, Pr.huyaśas, 1805 1723, 1912 Prabhākara, 244 planetary motions Pradārtha dharma sam. graha, 1816 of Ptolemy, 335, 1439 Prajāpati, 652–655, 981, 1241, 1535 Sūryasidānta, 1441–1442 Pramāna śāstra, 641 planetary tables and Ephemerides, 336–337 Praśastapāda, 1816 Planisphaerium, 334 Praśnas.-at.apañcāśikā, 1805 Planisphere, 246–247, 282–283, 726, 2022 Praśnavidyā, 2016 Plato, 5, 91, 726, 1388 Praveśaka, 19 Pollock, H.E.D., 579, 590–591 Precession of equinoxes, 244, 986, 2122, 2200, 2364 Polo de Ondegardo, Juan, 458, 1181 first point of Aries, 1830–1831, 2361 Polycultural gardens, 30, 56 Indian astronomer in, 1831 Polynesia. See also Oceania vedic priests, 1830–1831 food sources, 873 Precipitation gauge, 1664. See also Rainwater migration, sailing strategies, 1745 Pre-Hispanic navigation, 1743–1746 potters, 517–520 settlements saltmaking, 1919–1922 documentary records, 1739–1740 Prehistoric flakes and projectile points, in Mesoamerica, 2029–2031 evidences on voyages, 1740–1741 Prehistoric Mesoamerica, bow and arrow, 2038–2039 Pometia, 87 Prehistoric wine and ancient viticulture, 2283 stone structures in, 1421 Pre-Islamic Persian solar calendar, 2175 Polynesian outliers, seafaring, 1989 Priepriggie, 302 Anutan navigator (tau tai maukaavenga), 1987–1988 Principia, 612, 617, 1398, 1814 Anutan vessels, 1987 Prophetic medicine, 161, 1461, 1493 atolls, 1983–1984, 1986, 1988 Propinquity theory, 20 canoe construction and design, 1983–1987 Proto-Berber culture, 183 nga ariki o te moana (kings of the ocean), 1988 Proto-Canaanitic alphabet, 149. See also Alphabet Nga puke, 1985 Proto-dynastic writing system of Egypt, 2308–2309. See also Writing outrigger float (ama), 1983, 1987 Proto-Elamite script of India, 2320. See also Writing sailing and wayfinding techniques, 1983 Psammetichus II, obelisk, 1779 Takuu craftsmen, 1983 Psamtek obelisk, 1779 Taumako sails, 1984 Pseudo-hieroglyphs, of Middle East, 2335. See also Hieroglyphs te alotovi, 1985 Psilocyben (Psilocybe mexicana), 1558 te lapa, 1988 Psychoactive plants, 889 te puke, 1983–1987, 1989 Banisteriopsis caapi, 845 vaka pai manu, 1986–1988 Coca, 842, 844 Vaka Taumako Ipomoea violacea, 862 project, 1983, 1985, 1988–1989 mushrooms, 863–864 vessel, 3, 1987 peyote cactus, 861 wind compass (nohoanga te matangi), 1988 Turbina corymbosa, 862 wing stars, 1988 Ungnadia speciosa, 862 Pomo (California) vilca (Anadenanthera colubrina), 845 expression of, 1417 Psychology, South Asian contributions to, 719 for large counts, 1417–1418 Ptolemy, 91, 95, 98, 115, 120, 128, 132, 135, 137, 140, 241, 246, number sequence of Eastern Pomo, 1417–1418 463, 710, 1108, 1145, 1276, 1334, 2106 Ponce, Juan de León, 611 astronomical theory (Manuel Dias), 1426 Pope Gregory XIII, 446, 457 astronomy, 9, 104, 127 2402 Index

Pucara cultures, 1179 Qibla, 10, 93, 119, 134–135, 146, 160, 195, 247, 338, 1016, 1043, Pueblo, 365, 504, 516, 800, 995, 1323, 1570, 1895, 2141–2142 1109, 1852–1854 architectural monuments, 365 Qigong, Chinese healing art, 15 cultures, 173, 2142 Qimin yaoshu (Essential Techniques for Peasantry), 35–37, 944–945 metallurgy, 1651–1656 Qin Jiushao, 110, 1170, 1227, 1377, 1664, 1854, 2065, Pueraria thunbergiana, 2109 2200. See also Wang Xiaotong Puffballs species, 817, 819, 824, 863. See also Mushrooms Qin Shihuang, 1279, 1286, 1446, 1945, 1948, 2307 Pukapuka system, of numerals, 1422 Qiyao-rangzaijue, 323 Pull theories, agriculture origin and, 21 Qochas, 763–764 Pulque (alcoholic drink), 61, 385, 830–831, 947, 2035 Quadrant Pulse-taking, 404, 1465, 1529, 1532 astrolabe quadrant, 1855 Pumpelly, Raphael, 20 horary quadrant, 274, 340, 1855 Punic culture, 183–186, 710 sine quadrant, 274, 1098, 1855 Purān.as, 650, 652–653, 655, 978, 980–982, 1730, 1827, 2070, 2201, Quadrature of the parabola, 146 2205 Quebradas, 1647, 2215–2216 Puuc architecture, in Mesoamerica, 1846 Quechua number words, 907–908 Pyramids, 219–221, 579–581, 1773, 1782, 2155 Queen Hetepheres, 2295 Egypt, 1383 Queen Isetemkheb D, 176 builders, 749, 1383–1384 Quercus coccifera, 700 construction techniques, 1837–1840 Quercus ilex, 700 Feathered Serpent, 1843–1844 Quetzalcoatl, 298, 384, 578–579, 658, 661–662, 664, 893 flowers of Xochitecat, 1845 Quetzalpapalotl Palace, 221 history, 1837–1838 al-Qūhī, 153–154, 159, 1015, 1090–1091, 1118, 1395, 1789 Khufu and construction techniques, 1838 Quinua (Chenopodium quinoa), 842 Moon of Mesoamerica, 1842 Quinine (Quina cinchona), 1558 Niches of El Tajín, 1845, 1847 Quipus, 1178, 1202, 1340, 1346, 1418, 1963 Sun of Mesoamerica, 1842 knot types, 1864 Mesoamerica logical-numerical recording device, 1863 as burial site, 1843 Qūnawī S.adr al-Dīn, 158, 1086 carvings and architectures, 1840–1841, 1844 Quoc-trieu thienvan-chi, 359 ˒ construction, 1840 Qur ān, 3, 92–95, 125, 334–335, 633, 1076, 1454, 1461, 1541, 1593, and culture, 1841 1883, 1885, 1887, 2132–2133, 2255–2256, 2293 excavations, 1843 ecology, 793 importance, 1840 environment and nature teachings, 792–793 Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum spp.), field, 65–66, 755 khalīfa and amāna, 792–793 Pythagoras (Samos), 717, 1007, 1015, 1226, 1344, 1413, 2069 teleology of, 792 Ibn Lūqā Qust.ā, 114, 1865–1866 Q Qut.b al-Dīn, al-Shīrāzī, 157, 1015, 1147, 1333, 1668, 1796, al-Qalas.ādī, 151–153, 1088, 1099 1888, 1912 Qalmas, 449 al-Quwā, 121, 123–124 Qalonymos, 1388–1389 Qanat, 1849–1850 R aquifers, 678 Radiocarbon dating, 1718–1719 groundwater tapping technique, in Iran, 748 Raghuvam. śa, 984 in modern Iran, 2100 Rainforests, 852–853, 886, 1494, 2082, 2094 surveying of, 2066 Rain-making rituals (African), 752–753 traditional Islamic concepts, 793 Rainwater harvesting, 1867, 2082, 2094, 2098 tunnels, 2095 Raised fields systems, 23, 56, 585 water management system, 46 solar energy capture, 764 ˓ al-Qānūn, al-Mas ūdī,92–93, 95, 336, 1014, 1094, 1116, 1405, 1554 waru-waru and qochas, 763 Qānūnfī ‘l-T. ibb (Canon of Medicine), 158, 1095, 1116, 1119, Raja-Nala-Ka-Tila, (Uttar Pradesh), 1608 1544–1545 Rajas, 1459 Qarawiyyīn mosque, 594 Rakusho-kikan, 1262 Qarn al Muallaq, 1618 Rāma yantra, 1150, 1785, 1787–1788 ˓ Qas.īda fī ilm al-nujūm, 104 Ramachandra temple at Vijayanagara, 214 al-Qasimi, 191, 198 Raman, C. V., 624, 1666, 1822 ˓ Qayt.ar Alam al-Dīn, 129 Ramanujan, S. 624, 1183, 1867–1868 Qi Yao Shu, 1230 Rāmāyan.a, 952, 978, 980, 982–983, 1973 Qian Han shu, 635 in Indian navigation, 1731 Qian Xiang Li (calendar), 1230 Ramesses II, 1044, 1275, 1297, 1299, 1997, 2153, 2284, 2311 Qian zao du, 686 Ramesses IV, 746, 1275, 1298–1300 Qianjin fang, 2048. See also Sun Simo Ramesside period, 1056, 1635, 1673, 1694 Qianjin Yao Fang, 532, 1453, 1465, 1851, 2048 Ramses VI, 2318–2319 Qianjin yifang, 1851, 2048–2049 Rangaku (Dutch learning), 1398 Index 2403

Rangoli Ricci, Matteo, 111, 305, 444, 714, 1003, 1009, 1288, 1311, 1375, ingredients and art of, 1869–1870 2051, 2065 patterns of, 1870 Rice (Oryza sativa L.) symbols in, 1869–1870 Africa, 23, 26–28, 173 Raphia vinifera, 199, 474, 2108 Central America and South America, 56, 67 Rasāyana, 1535, 1539 China, 22, 32–34, 945 for strengthening of animals, 2187 cultivation, 325, 346–347, 552, 711, 719, 754, 833, 1893 therapy, effect of, 719 India, 43–44, 347 Rasendrashār Samgraha, 1611 Japan, 47–53 Rashīd al-Dīn, 1349 Japanese farming and, 48, 52 al-Rashid, Ma’mūn, 95 transplanting techniques, 40 Ratha festivals, 655 Rice field reclamation in Southern India, 1892–1894 Rationale, 19, 86, 251, 320, 403, 535, 767, 773 Ricinus communis, 474, 941 Rationality in science, 1871–1873 Ridley, H. N., 627 Ray, P. C., 624 Ring of Fire, 1250 al-Rayy, 155 al-Riqūt.ī, Muh.ammad, 105 al-Rāzi, Fakhr al-Dīn, 8, 123, 155–156, 370, 999, 1082, 1089, al-Risala, al-maghribiyya, 135 1094, 1096, 1104, 1109, 1118–1119, 1461, 1543–1545, al-muh.īt.iyya, al-Risāla, 133 ˓ 1722, 1817, 2102 Risāla f ī mulk al- arab wa-kammiyatihi, 1336 Razor, looped strip metal rotating, 1054 Ritsuryō (Criminal and Civil Laws), 49 Red bean (coral bean). See Sophora secundiflora Rock deposits, 1913 Red Sea navigation in Africa, 1724–1726 Rockets Regula falsi, rule of inversion, 239, 388 China Reiche, Maria, 905, 1749 huojian (fire-arrow) rocket, 1906 Reilly, F. Kent, 668, 1208, 2000 two-stage rocket design, 1906 Reisner, George, 2295 India Rekiho Shinsho, 1063 fire arrows (agni-bān.a), 1907 Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan (Bishop Landa’s), 1410 Korea Relativistic physics, 1579 fire arrows, 1899–1900 Relativity, 901, 1812, 1814, 1820, 2143 rocket launch device and pad, 1903–1906 Religion and science, 616, 1247, 1773 rocket-propelled arrows, types, 1900–1902 China Roda Nilometer, 1752–1754, 1758–1759 cosmological beliefs, 1878–1879 Roger II, 128, 1270 Buddhism, 1877–1878 Rohri hills, quarries of Harappa, 1856–1860, 1862 Confucianism, 1877, 1879–1880 Romakasiddhānta, 318 Daoism, 1877, 1880–1881 Roman numerals, 2, 1329, 1342, 1391, 1412 Islam Ropes and knots, 1908–1910 five daily prayers, 1882–1885 Rosen, Steve, 1644, 1646 lunar calendar regulation, 1881–1882 Round Valley number sequence, 1416 religious architecture and geometric designs, 1885 Rouse, Joseph, 1199, 1201–1202 sacred direction determination, 1883–1885 Rudradāman II, 2016 Native America Ruffer, Sir Marc Armand, 1509 astrology, 1891–1892 Ruffini-Horner method, 132 medicine and medical practice, 1891 al-Ruhāwi, Ishāq ibn ‘Alī, 1461, 1542 mythology, 1890–1891 Ruiz de Montoya, S. J., 616 Remote-sensing technologies, 30 Rule of False Position, 8, 109, 138, 636, 1228, 2353 Repartimiento system, 57 al-Rūmī Qād. īzāde, 157, 1849, 1966 Rerum Medicarum Novae Hispaniae Thesaurus, 862 Runoff-fed reservoirs, 2213 Reservoirs, 59, 748, 755, 764, 968, 971, 1138, 1459, 2223, Rust, William, 591 2225, 2232 Rye (Secale cereale), 172 role in Vijayanagara agriculture, 2212 runoff-fed, 2213 S Sri Lanka, 2208 Sabloff, Jeremy, 591 Tamilnadu, 2210–2211 Saccharum officinarum, 847, 871–872 Reston, James, 16 Sacred animals, 176. See also Animal mummies Reza Hatami, 1350 Sacred natural woodlands, 75 R. gveda, 164, 317, 319, 394, 640, 651, 655, 680, 1182, 1241, Sacred value of forests and trees, 68, 74–76, 296, 298, 778, 1535, 1730–1731, 1801, 1803, 1815, 1821, 1827, 2047, 830, 832, 847–848, 851, 861–862, 864, 930, 2201–2202, 2204–2205 1195, 1563 R. gvedaprātiśākhya, 1803 Sadhu Bandha, 643 ˓ Rgyud bzhi, 1462, 1464, 1977 S.adr al-Sharī ah, 1911–1912 Rhind Mathematical Papyrus (RMP), 1021, 1337–1338, 1379, 1384, S.afīh.as (astrolabes), 1088 1386, 2069, 2245, 2317 al-S.āghānī, 156–157 Ricang-fen, 322 Sago palm, 87, 873, 960 2404 Index

Saha, Meghnad, 624 San hunters, 1356 Sahadev, 2205 San Macuto obelisk, 1780 Saharan stone monuments, 181 Śan.karanārāyan.a, 402, 1160, 1785 Saharan V-shape dry stone monument, 180–181 Sanchi, reservoir walls in, 2210 Said, Edward, 1934 Sandesa Kavya, 970 Saigyō, 796 Sandstone use in ancient Egypt, 1687, 1838, 2023–2024, 2026, Saijō-ryū school, 89 2160–2161 Sailing calendar, 1726–1727 Sandy Lake, 1418 Sailing manuals, Arabic, 1737 Sangaku Keimo Genkai Taisei, 2077 Saito Naonaka, 89 Sanhak Kaemong arithmetic, 1400 Śakābdasam. skāra, 683 Sansha San’en Jutsu (Methods of Three Diagonals and Three Śakadvīpī brāhman.a, 2185 Circles), 90 Śakas, 447 Santería, 1923–1924 S.alāt (prayer), 1852–1853 Sanyin Jiyi Fang Lun, 1466 Saliba, George, 191 Śāradā scripts in Indian writing, 387, 2322 Salicin, 866–867 Sarasvatī river, 2202, 2204–2205, 2207 Salila, 2203–2204 Sārāvalī, 2016 Salt, 69, 718, 1442, 1912 Sarawak tree in AIDS treatment, 860 and agriculture in China, 1222 Sardar Sarovar project, 2213 artificial boiling and natural evaporation, 1913 Śārdūlakarn.a-avadāna, 269, 322, 375 contamination, 1913 Sargon II, 252 curing, 1443 Śārn.gadharasam. hitā medical text of Indian Āyurveda, 1458, economically important, 1914 1535–1536 medicinal effects and flavour, 1913 Saros (eclipse cycle), 736 production Sarton, George, 96, 413, 1227 basin solar evaporation, 1914–1915 Sassanids, 2189 China, 1914–1917 S.as.t.hām. śa yantra, 272, 1150, 1785, 1787 deep drilled wells, 1916 Śatānanda India, 1917–1918 Bhāsvatī, 1926 leaching process, 1915 centismal system, 1027 Mesoamerica, 1918–1922 epochal constants, 1026 Near East, 1913 Śatapatha Brāhman.a, 165, 653, 655, 1012, 1025, 2203 pre-Columbian America, 1914 Satire of the Trades, 1217, 2315 sub-Saharan Africa, 1914 Satō Nobuhiro, 797 tapeite (saltmaking process), 1920–1921 Sattva, 1459, 1538 rock deposits and brine, 1913 Saturn, 184–185, 254–255 strategic resources, 1918–1919 Śaunaka, 1803 tapesco (salt making method), 1921 Saurasiddhānta, 318–320 textile dyeing and, 1918 Savasorda, 5, 108 Salt-producing units. See Fincas Sawai Jai Singh, 247, 273, 319, 1150, 1302, 1785, 2107 Sāma Veda, 164, 394, 1182, 1267, 2047, 2201, 2323 Sawankhalok Sāmanta, Candraśekhara, 460–461 celadon, 525 Samarqand, 132, 189, 194–196, 275, 336, 339, 751, 1308, 1789, kilns, 526 1849, 2052, 2100, 2175–2176 Schele, Linda, 362, 572, 659–660, 668–669, 2000, 2333 al-Samaw’al, 241, 1092, 1930 Schlegel, Stuart, 76 ˓ ˓ Samū īl ibn Abbās, 1922–1923 Schweinfurth, Georg, 199–200 Sam. hitā(s), 164, 166–167, 265, 394, 643–644, 680, 1012, 2204 Science Samīkaran.a (algebraic equations), 112 and civilisation in China, 712, 917, 1137, 1813, 1880, 1944, 2087 Sāmkhya, 641–642, 790 East and West Samoa, medical knowledge algebra among Hindus, 1937 beliefs regarding health, 1572–1574 Asiatic models, 1936 and indigenous medical knowledge, 1572–1574 Asiatic Society British writing on India, 1934 knowledge transfer, 1574–1575 Bījagan.ita, 1942 and missionaries, 1573–1575 Binomial theorem in Indian tradition, 1937 plants used, 1575–1576 Brāhmasphut.asiddhānta, 1942 settlement and indigenous knowledge, 1572 British studies on Indian society and culture, 1935 Sampo Endan Genkai (Commentaries for Japanese Algebra System), French Indology, 1934 2077 French savants and British Indologists, 1940 Sampo Nyumon (Introduction to Mathematical Methods) 1680, 2077 mathematical and astronomical practices of India, 1936 Sampo Tensei-ho Shinan, 89 missionaries in India, 1934 Samrāt Yantra, 273, 1150, 1785 origins of British Indology and history of Indian mathematics, principle and operation, 1786–1787 1935–1936 Samuel ben Yehuda, 1147, 1388 post-Enlightenment historiography, 1934 ˓ ˓ Ibn Abbas, Samu īl, 114–116 Said’s Orientalism, 1934 Index 2405

Science (Contd.) Science (Contd.) sea route discovery of, 1934 dvaita (dualism), 1973 Surya Siddhānta translation, 1938 jivātman, 1973 trigonometrical canon, 1936 karma-yoga, 1973 Korea karmaphala-tyāga, 1973 Bencao jing jizhu, 1958 Mādhvācārya, 1973 bronze instruments, 1956 monism, 1972 casting, 1956 neti, 1972 ceramic type printing, 1957 nirvān.a (nibbāna), 1973 Ch’omsongdae observatory in Kyongju, 1957 Nyāya, 1973 Darani scripture, 1957 Pātānjala, 1973 Hyangyak chipsongbang, 1959 Pūrva Mim. ānsa of Jaimini, 1973 Hyangyak kuguppang, 1958 R. gveda, 1972 iron, 1956 Sām. khya, 1973 Ishimpō, 1958 Sati (mindfulness), 1974 Kaya culture, 1956 śruti (scriptural authority), 1972 Koguryo tomb paintings, 1956 Śuddha Advaita doctrine (“pure” monism) of Vallabhācārya, Koryo craftsmen, 1958 1973 Kyongju National Museum, 1957 svasāks.i, 1972 Nongsa chiksol, 1959 Upanis.ads, 1972 Silla bells, 1957 Uttara Mim. Ānsa, 1973 Sokkuram grotto rock cave temple, 1957 Vaiśes.ika, 1973 Tongui pogam, 1959 Vedas, 1972 traditional sciences, 1959 vipaśśanā technique, 1974 Native Americans. See also America Viśis.ta Advaita (qualified monism), 1973 agriculture, 1962–1963 Yajurveda, 1972 Aztec calendar, 1962 yukti (reasoning) and anubhava (experience), 1972 Chilam Balam, 1962 Western phenomenon, 1927–1933 Cipango, 1959 Scott, Michael, 97 coastal commerce, 1963 Script, Arabic, 118, 122, 372, 551, 1270, 2323, 2336–2337 Inca civilization, 1962 Sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho, 1462, 1976–1977 Maya civilization, 1962 Sea ports of Maya culture, 1989–1992 Quipu, 913, 1178, 1181, 1202, 1340, 1347, 1863, 1960 Seafaring, 331, 396, 714, 1616 theory of culture, 1961 bamboo raft, 1980 yupana, 1963 China, 1728 Ottomans cybernetic feedback, 1978 Beyān-ı Menāzil-iSefer-iIrakeyn, 1967 First Mariners Project, 1980 el-Cevher el-Ferid, 1969 Indonesia, 329 al-Fathiyya, 1967 Polynesian outliers, 1743, 1746, 1983–1989 Fatih complex (Külliye), 1965 Sea urchin, 399 geographic knowledge, 1968 Secret Concerning the Dialogue with the Stars, 370 Hamse-i Şānīzāde, 1969 Sedimentary rock in ancient Egypt, 1298, 2022–2024 heliocentric and geocentric systems of universe, 1970 Sefer ha-Mispar, 5, 1388–1389 Mawdu’āt al-’Ulum, 1967 Sefer Tekhunah, 1221. See also Levi Ben Gerson mechanical clock, 1968 Seismograph, 305, 1285, 1446–1448, 2352 Mecmu’a-i ‘Ulūm-ı Riyāziye, 1970 Seiyo Sampo (Exact Mathematics, 1781), 89 medical literature, 1969 Seki Kowa, 111, 1397–1400, 1992–1994 Mīzān al-Haqq fīIkhtiyār al-Ahaqq, 1969 Seki-ryu school, 89–90 al-Muhammadiyya, 1967 Sen, Amartya, 25 al-Muhīt, 1969 Senusret, obelisks, 1782 palace administration, 1965 Servier, Jean, 1364 Ravnak al-Saltana, 1969 Sety I, 1294, 1297, 1776, 1779, 2310–2311 Risāla fi Istikhrāj Jaybi Daraja Wāhida, 1966 Sexagesimal system, 115, 132, 1371, 1393, 1411–1412, 1998–1999 Risāla fi’I-Hay’a, 1967 al-Sharafī, al-S.ifāqsī, 1271 Risāla fi’l-Hisāb, 1967 ShāhZīj, 334 Risāla fi’l-Taqwīm, 1966 ShahriyārānZīj, 334 scientific and cultural centers, 1964 Shāhrukh, ruler of Samarqand, 132–133 scientific literature, 1966 Shakkāzīya plate, 1855 and spirit, 1971 Shamanism advaita and science, 1973 in Mesoamerica, 658, 939, 1999–2000 anātman (no-soul), 1974 Mexica scientific knowledge, 383 Bhagavad Gītā, 1973 Stone Age, 939 bhakti (devotional) tradition, 1973 Shammāsiyya observatory, 1789 Buddha’s teachings, 1973 Shams al-Dīn, al-Samarqandī, 152, 157, 336, 1849 2406 Index

Shan Mū Gōng, 13 Śikhara, 655 Shanghan Lun, 1465, 1530, 1851–1852, 2002 Silk production in China, 2009–2010 Shangyu, 2199, 2236. See also Zhejiang Silk-reeling, frame, 2009–2010 Shanhai jing, 1263, 1313 Silk technology, 705 Sharaf al-Dawla, 10, 153, 339, 1789 Silkworm (Bombyx mori), 50, 174, 2009 Sharer, Robert, 591 Silver, 15, 41, 102, 121, 124, 128, 195, 708, 926 Sharirika in Āyurveda, 1580 Silvipasture, 86 Sheep (Ovis aries), 21–23, 86, 172, 174, 671, 2194–2195. See also Sima Qian, 262, 404, 1279, 1286, 1326, 1529, 1663, 2021, 2363 Animal domestication Sima Xiangru, 1449 Shén Gǔ,13 Sinān ibn Thābit, 1015, 2011–2012, 2122 Shen Gua, 405, 634, 704, 977, 1264, 1728, 1813–1814 Sindhind, 104, 127 Shen Guo, 111, 1264, 1663–1664, 1792, 2003–2004 Sine quadrant, 274, 1098, 1855 Shengyang Yiwei formulation, Li Gao role, 1223 Sin-Gi-Jeon rocket development in Korea, 1903, 1905 Shennong Bencao, 533, 1465, 1529, 1948–1949, 2080 Sinhala script in Indian writing, 2323 Shenwei Tang, 1226, 2079 Sinjŭng Tongguk yŏji sŭngnam, 1311, 1314 Shi Ji (Book of Records), 404, 1286, 1529, 1881, 2050, 2130, 2344 Sirius, 254, 298–299, 307–308, 315, 327, 329, 370–371, 373, 445, Shi Jing (Poems and Odes), 2168 1365, 1717, 1738 Shibukawa Harumi, 276, 1951–1952, 2004–2005 Śiva, 265, 642, 652–655, 1267, 2017 Shigematsu Urata, 1262 Siyuan yujian (Precious Mirror of the Four Elements), 110–111, Shihuangdi, 532, 1728, 1945, 1948 2012, 2044 Shijing, 684, 918, 1237, 1278, 1945 Skin processing technologies, 1216–1218 Shimada, Izumi, 1649 Skull repair in Egypt, 2055, 2300 Shingo Mitsui, 52 Slash-and-burn agriculture, 24. See also Swiddens Shintoism in Japan, 768, 1248–1249, 1453 Sman thang, 1462–1464, 1977 Shipbuilding in India, Wadia shipbuilders, 2005–2008 Smelting, 1444 Shixianli (Calendar of the Constitution of Time), 2135–2136 chalcopyrite smelting technique, 1617–1618 Shizuki Tadao, 2008 copper, 1597, 1600, 1620, 1622, 1625, 1650, 1652, 1655, 1659 Shogun’s Astronomical Observatory, 90, 1062 furnace, types of, 1451, 1659–1660 Shōhō map of Japan, 1310 iron, 1596–1600, 1623, 1653 Shōji Shimada, 1262 nonferrous ore, 1659 Shosa-ho’s table, 1994 Smoking, meat preservation, 1443 Shu Jing, 940, 2106 Smudging, 520. See also Ceramics Shu points in Nanjing, 2340 Snakebite treatment in Egypt, 2300 Shu Shu Ji Yi, 2339 Snāna, 2207 Shūgaishō (Collection of Oddments), 1309 Social Darwinism, 2182 Shuilongjing, 918 Soil erosion, 30 Shujing (Book of Documents), 303, 684 Solanum indicum, 1808 Shuli jingyun, 90, 1010, 1375 Solanum tuberosum, 1829 Shushu jiuzhang (Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections), 110, Solar eclipses. See also Eclipses 1006, 1008, 1354, 1854, 2008–2009, 2012 dynastic histories of China, 736–737 Shushu jiyi, 1222, 1251, 1947 Cairo, 732 Shūtarō Teramura, 1261 Solar gnomons, 325. See also Gnomons Si Lian Shi, 2015. See also Song Yingxing Solar year, 12, 91, 253, 288, 318, 328, 363, 445–446, 448 Siddhānta Tattvaviveka, 1159. See also Kamalākara Solar zodiac, 257, 448, 2131 Siddhāntadīpikā, 1160–1161, 1871 Somasutvan, 1160, 1833 Siddhāntarāja, 320 Somnath Kavi, 1026 Siddhāntasārakaustubha, 320, 1149 Song Ci, 2014 Siddhāntasārvabhauma, 320, 1715 Song Yingxing, 2015–2016 Siddhāntaśekhara of Śripati, 112, 243, 320, 1765, 2018 Sophora secundiflora, 861–862 Siddhāntaśindhu, 320 Soroban. See Abacus Siddhāntaśiromani, 264, 320, 460, 1159–1160, 1228, 1715, Sosigenes, 446, 457 1832–1833, 1871, 2171 So-Sin-Gi-Jeon (small magical machine arrow) Siddhāntatilaka, 1215 in Korea, 1901–1902 Siddhānta-Tattvaviveka, 1159. See also Bhāskara II Sothic Cycle, 446 Siddhāntic calendar, 446, 448 Sothis, Heliacal rising of, 307, 445–446 Siddhayoga, 1252 Soto Cornejos Isabel, 1354 Sidrat al-Muntahā fī al-Afkār (The Nabk Tree of the Extremity of Sound, 13 Thoughts), 2080 physical nature of, 14–15 Sierra Leone, 26–27, 1725 rate of vibration and, 14 botanical identification of plants, 698 tone quality (yīn-zhì), 14 ethnobotanical survey of natural dyes in, 698 South-pointing carriage, 1446–1447 indigo dyeing in, 697–699 South America Sifr (Zero), 241, 1412. See also Zero Amazon basin, 1142 Sigerist, Henry, 170 Andean highlands, 1142 Index 2407

South America (Contd.) Stone (Contd.) irrigation, 1141 raising methods, 1778 Peru, 1142 utilitarian stones, 2025–2026 raised fields in, 23 Stone Age, 164, 406, 408–409, 929 social structure, 1143 fishing, 935–939 sunken gardens on desert coast, 1142 Stone blades (Kenya), 1381 South and Central America, agriculture, 56–67 Stone tools in Mesoamerica, 2030 chinampas irrigation system, 59 Stonemasonry of Inca peasant economy versus capitalist economy, 58 cutting and dressing, 2027 swidden agriculture, 56, 59–60 fitting, 2028 South and North Platform pyramid, 1842 quarrying, 2027 South Asia transportation, 2028–2029 faience industry, 915 wall assemblage, 2028 glassmaking, 915 Streambeds. See Wadis Space and time concepts String Navajo (North America), 901–902 and human movements, 2042–2043 Spanish metallurgy, Pueblo Indian adaptations origin, 2042–2044 of, 1651–1656. See also Metallurgy weaving, stories, and string interaction, 2043–2044 Speluzzi, Bernardino, 621 Stucco, plaster-based decorative medium, 197–198 Sphujidhvaja, 1036, 2016, 2342 Su Shi, 2308 Spillway, 749, 1222, 2084, 2210–2211 Su Song, 595–596, 1451 Spindle wheel in China, 2010 Suanfa tongzong, 1252, 1375, 1397, 1429 Spinning, 2010 Suanjing shi shu (Ten Computational Canons), 1007, 1396 Śrauta Sūtras, 394 Suanshu shu (Book of Arithmetic), 1007, 1430 Śrauta vedic categories, 394 Suanxue Qimeng, 2044–2045, 2077 Sri Lanka Suanzi suanjing, 305 Arkaprakāśa, 1578 Sudan, Eastern cartography, 970–971 gold production sites, 1697 cosmology, 968 pastoralism, 1494 geographical knowledge, 968–972 sorghum porridge, 416 geography, 968–969 Sudarśana, 654 irrigation, 1138–1139 Sufi mystics, 1249 land surveying and design of irrigation systems, 971–972 Sufi works on nature, 793 management and reservoirs in, 2207–2213 Sugar cane, 87 medicine Sugar in Latin America, 2045–2047 Āyurveda, 1578 Suishu, 1825–1826, 2049–2050 medical science development and colonial Suixing Jing, 957 conquests, 1578–1579 Sukhāvatīvyūha-sūtra (Discourse on Paradise), 795 surgical procedures, 1578 Sukhothai kiln, 525, 527–528 monsoon, 2208 Śulbadīpīkā, 394 reservoirs, 2210 Śulbasūtras, 394, 1001, 1011, 1390 water management, 2208–2210 on fire altars, 395, 1001, 2047 Śrīdhara, 629, 2017–2018 directions for fire altars, 2047–2048 Śrīpati, 1765, 1805, 2018 mathematical knowledge, 2048 Standing Bear, and Lakota, 799, 802 Vedas on, 2047 Stanislovski, Dan, 576 Süleymān I, 1307 Star-and-cross tile patterns, 195 Sulphur-mercury theory, 123 Stars Sultan Bello, 1271 Arabic-Islamic Science, 140, 2019 Sultan FīrūzShāh Tuglaq, 1269 China, 2020–2022 Sultan Süleymāni, 1307 Greek science, 2019–2020 Sult.ānī Zīj, 1307 Stelae collection in Egyptian museums, 2295 Sumerians, 147, 1412, 2320 Sterility-inducing plants, 843 agricultural manual, 22 Stevin, Simon, 241 language in Middle East, 2333 Stone Sun, 254 cladding and inlay, 192 Sun Boren, 834 Egypt Sun Simiao, 1453, 1456–1457, 1465, 1530, 1851–1852 basalt, 2026 Sun Simo. See Sun Simiao building stones, 2024 and Daoism and Buddhism, 2049 gemstones, 2025 works on medicine, 2048 ornamental stones, 2024–2025 Sun Wanxian, 1663 rock varieties and sources, 2022–2023 Sun Zi, 2049–2050 mosaic technique, 192 Chinese remainder problem, 2050 needles (bian shi), 15. See also Acupuncture works, 2049 2408 Index

Sundial obelisk, 1779, 1783 Suryadeva Yajvan, 1160 Sundials. See also Gnomons Sūryaprajñapti, 318 Arabic treatise on, 2052 Sūryasiddhānta, 243, 320, 448, 683, 968, 1159, 1392, 1805, 1926, China, 2050–2051 2070–2071 Islam, 2052 Suśruta, 165–167, 644, 2071, 2179 Sunnat ‘Allah, law of nature, 92 Suwar al-aqālīm, 389 Sun-rising/sun-climbing (SR/SC) custom, 181–184 Suyaojing, 323 Sunzi suanjing, 1222 Suzhou astronomical chart, 2022 Sun Zi Suan Jing, 636, 2049 Suwar al-aqālīm, 389 Supwunumen, 1420, 1422 Suzuki Seizaemon, 89 Surface area sphere, 442 Svadhā and satya, 791 Surgery ethnobotany in, 847–851 Egypt salt production, 1917–1918 bandages, 2054, 2059 Swabhavika in Āyurveda, 1580 bites and burn wounds treatment, 2058 Swahili coast, navigation, 1726 capite ad calces method, 2053 Sweet potatoes, 53–55, 69, 871 circumcision, 2057 Swiddens, 73, 81, 2072 craniotomies, 2056 agriculture, 56, 59–60, 2073–2074 dental surgery, 2058 Amazon-Orinoco drainages, 2072 dislocations and sprains, 2055 Cachama, 2072 dranunculiasis, 2057 Harmonic Forest, 80–82 Edwin Smith papyrus, 2055 Mamo, 2073 head of Seqenenre Taa II, 2055 Swnws, 169–171 healers, 2053 Syādavāda, Jaina logic, 1231 honey and sntr wound dressings, 2054 Syed Abdul Rahman, 854 infection symptoms, 2054 Syed Imdad Ali, 624 jdr stitching, 2055 Śyenaciti altar, 395 knife-treatment, 2056–2057 “Syllabic orthography” in Egyptian writing, 2335 Kocher’s method, 2055 Synergistic effects, 1152 mtw tumours, 2054 Synodic graphs, 1438 mummy study, 2053 Synodic(lunar) months, 317, 323, 376, 442–443, 458–459, pathologies, 2057 735–736, 1230, 1365 plastic surgery, 2056 Synopsis of Golden Chamber, 1530. See also Jin gui yao lüe practitioners, 2054, 2059 Syriac script in Middle East, 2336 processes, 2299–2300 Szeleta culture, 406 prosthetic big toe from Thebes, 2058 pšn-fracture, 2055 T sd-fracture, 2055 al-Taqāsim, Ah.san, 145, 389 Smith papyrus, 2053 al-Tbib, Adab, 1454 surgical devices, 2300–2302 Tadhkirah al-ah.bāb fi bayān al-tuh. ābb, 116 ˓ ˓ surgical wound management in, 2053 Ta dīl al- Ulūm, 1912 ˓ trauma, 2054 Tadqīq al-naz.ar fī ilal h.āssat al-bas.ar, 1124 India Tafsīr kitāb Diyusqūrīdis, 1089 anthropological analysis, 2060–2061 Tahāfut al-Falāsifa, 1824, 2132 Burzahom skull SKL7, 2062 Tahāfut al-Tahāfut, 1824 craniotomy, 2060 Tah.dīd Nihāyāt al-Amākin, 92–93, 137, 1887 Neolithic-Megalithic cultural complex, 2060 Tahir Jalaluddin, 118–119 pit burials, 2060 T. āhirb. ‘Abdallāh, 633 prehistoric trepanation, 2062 Tah.rīr Uqlīdis (Exposition of Euclid), 1015 trepanated skull, 2061 Tai Chu Li (calendar), 1243 trepanation, 2060 Tai Zong, 463 Sūri, Mahendra, 247, 1269 Taichu calendar, 443 Surveying Taika Reform, of 645 AD in Japan, 49 China and Far East, 2064–2065 Taikō-Kenchi, 49 Egypt, 2063 Taiping armillary spheres, 1450 India, 2064 Taiping Yulan, 634 Islam, 2065–2066 Taiqing danjing yaojue, 2049 Merkhet instrument, 2063 Taisei Sankyo (Complete Mathematical Manual), 2077 Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, 2064 TaittareyīĀran. Yaka, 2204 plumb-bob level, 2066 Taittiriya Brāhman.a, 1025 Pre Columbian America, 2066 Taittirīya Samhitā, 394 rope-stretchers (harpedonaptae), 2063 Taixuan jing, 686 Śulbasūtras, 2063 Tajul Mulu, 854 Tigris-Euphrates region, 2064 Takagi Teigi, 1399 Index 2409

Takahashi, Yoshitoki, 276, 1062 tel’om agroforest, 70–71 Takakazu. See Seki Kowa Telescope, 248, 259, 460, 1150, 1222, 1813, 2105–2107 Takamatsu Zuka Kofun, 348–349 Japan, 276–278, 342 Takebe Kataaki, 2077 China, 304–305 Takebe Katahiro, 90, 1398, 1993, 2077–2078 tel’om agroforest, 70–71 Takebe Katahiro, 90, 1398, 2077–2078 Telok Manok mosque, 2287–2289 Talambo-Farfán Canal (Peru), 2215 Temes Savsap, 1423 ˓ Talkhīs.a māl al-h.isāb, 1088, 1113, 1405 Ten Mathematical Classics, 2339. See also Xiahou Yang Tally devices, Africa, 1762 Tengai, 596 Talmudic medicine, 1581 Tengku Long palace, ventilation, 2288–2289 embryotomy, 1583 Tenjiku Zu (Map of India), 1309 gynecology and obstetrics, 1582–1583 Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae, 836 Talud-tablero technique, 219 Tents of Fatima, 181 Talun-kebun agroforest, of Sundanese, 70–71, 76 Tenzan-jutsu (Japanese algebra system), 1993, 2077 Tamas, 1459. See also Theory of gun.as Teotihuacan’s Pyramid, 1842–1843 Tambiah, Stanley, 1248 Terengganu house of Malay architecture, 2287 Tamhonso, 1402 Terrace systems and upland agriculture, in Maya societies, 30–31 Tamhonso, 1402 Terracing, 24. See also Agriculture Tamil scripts, in Indian writing, 2322 Terrae incognitae, 1323 Tan Tian, 2015. See also Song Yingxing Textes Mathématiques de Susi, 1411 Tanabata, 349–350 Textiles Tanbīh al-albāb, 631 Africa Tang dynasty (China), 24, 242, 443–444, 480, 533, 1426, 1431, cloth making techniques, 2107 1804, 2199, 2308, 2339–2340 teaching and training of spinners, weavers, and dyers, 2109 Indian astronomy and, 322 China Li Chunfeng, 1222 embroidery technique, 2110 lindeli calendar, 305 fabrics and garments, 2110 malt sugar and, 945 weaving, 2109 mathematics, 1372, 1400 dyeing and salt in, 1918 medicinal studies, 16–17 Egypt metallurgy, 1623 flax, 2112 Tang Xinxiu Bencao, 1465 linen, 2111–2112 Tang Xinxiu Bencao, 1465 processes for textile production, 2113 Tantrasan.graha, 320, 1750, 1833, 1871, India 2014. See also Somasutvan colors and designs, 2114 Tanzimat period, 225–227 technology, 2114 Tao Hong Jing, 1263, 1815, 2079–2080 traditional Indian costumes, 2114 Tao Hongjing, 100, 835, 1948–1949, 2079–2080 varieties, 2115 Taotie (animal mask), 1602 Mesoamerica Tapeite (saltmaking process), 1920–1921 loom weaving, 2116 Tapesco (salt making method), 1921 sheep wool and silk, 2119 Taphonomy, 407 South America ˓ Taqī al-Dīn, Muh.ammad al-Rās.id ibn Ma rūf, 1789, 2080–2081 Andean loomed textiles, 2120 Taqwīn al-s.ih.h.a, 1103. See also Ibn But.lān camelid fibers, 2119 ˒ T. arā if al-H. isāb, 114 cotton dyes, 2119 ˒ T. arā if, al-H. isāb, 114 Moche textiles, 2120 Tare-dan structure, 202, 433 Paracas textiles, 2120 Tarīkh al-h.ukamā (History of Sages), 104 Thābit ibn Qurra, 116, 120, 132, 135, 154, 160, 241, 391, Tarka in Indian mathematics, 1833–1834 630–631, 639, 741, 1017, 1394, 1824, 2011, 2052, Taro (Colocasia esculenta), 173, 870–871 2121–2122 Tata, Jamshedji, 624 amicable numbers theory, 116, 145–146, 242 Tate, Carolyn, 591–592 Ibn Al-Haytham and, 1090–1091 Taurus-Zagros mountain chain, 19 number theory, 1766 Tavernier, Melchior, 1283 law of the lever, 1816 Taxol, medical importance of, 869 sundial theory, 275 TCM. See Traditional Chinese medicine Thai Traditional Medicine (TTM), 1590 Te, in Chinese cosmological belief, 1878 Thailand Te Honoki-Hawaiki, 216 animism and, 778–779 Te Kooti Arikirangi Te Turuki, 216 Buddhism and spirit beliefs, 777–779. See also Buddhism Te Tokanganui-a-noho, 216–217 animism, 778–779 Teak, 78, 951, 1737, 2006 forest development, 779–783 Tecpan (palaces), 221–222 thammachaat, 777 Teff in Ethiopia, 28 theewadaa, 778 Tehuacán valleys, crops in, 22 water awareness work (“long-life” ceremony), 782 2410 Index

Thailand (Contd.) Time, 2126–2127. See also Calendars court medical tradition, 1587–1588 Africa, 2128–2130 DhammaWalks (Dhammayatra), 782 China, 2130–2132 environmental conservation, 776, 780–783 Islam, 2132–2133 forest development, 779–780 Korea, 2134–2138 Muang and paa thu’an, 777 Maya Culture, 2139–2141 thammathud, 779–780 Native North America, 2141–2143 theewadaa rituals, 778 non-Western views, 2143–2148 traditional and cosmopolitan medicine, 1589 Timor’s forest, 75 Thailand and medical science Tīmūr, 2175 and Buddhism, 1588–1589 Tin production in Africa, 1597. See also Metallurgy causative factors of diseases, 1586–1587 al-Tinbuki, Ah.mad Bābā, 369 Chinese medicine, 1590–1591 Tiruray of Mindanao, 76, 81 court and, 1587–1588 Tithes, 447, 460 etiology, 1586–1587 Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, 661 government role in, 1589–1590 Tlalocan, 661 heterogeneity, 1587 Tlaltecuhtli, 661–662, 669 magical practices, 1587 T-Numbers signs, 2327 pharmacies, 1585–1586 Toan-phap dai-thanh, 356 recitation of holy words, 1587 Tobacco (Nicotinia spp.), 867 saunas, 1585 Tokugawa Ieyasu, 49 traditional and cosmopolitan medicine, 1589 Tokyo Engineering College, 624 transmission, 1585 Tokyo Mathematical Society, 1398 traditional and cosmopolitan medicine, 1589 Toledan Tables, 339–340, 987, 1101, 1122, 1911 Thales of Miletus, 1413 Toledo, as translation work center, 726 Thammachaat, 777 Toltec civilization, 383 Thandeikta, 355 Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), 23 Thangkha, 1462–1464. See also Medical paintings, of Tibet Tombs in Egypt, 2149–2156 Theewadaa rituals, 777–779 burial chamber, 2152 Theon’s Handy Tables, 91 plan of tomb, 2155 Theory royal tombs of New Kingdom, 2155 numbers, 240, 1090, 1111, 1251, 1377, 1401, 1404, 1761–1766, Tombs (Mud-brick), of Saniat ben Howedi, 183 1868 Tonatiuh, 453–454, 661, 663, 669 proportions, of geometrical magnitudes, 1394 Tongkat Ali, 854–855, 860 Theory of gun.as, 1459 Tongling, 1622 Thermal springs, salt production, 1920 Tongren Zhenjiu Shuxue Tu Jing, 1465, 2157–2158 Thesaurus, 131. See also al-Jurjānī Topa Amaru, 612 Tian Wen Zhi, 1449 TOSHAT, sign in Maya writing, 2332–2333 Thich Nhat Hanh, 772–773 Totemism, 765, 767 Thien Nam Tu Chi Lo Do Thu, 1332 Tourtellot, Gair, 591 Thien-vankhao (Study of Astronomy), 359 Tower of Jam, Afghanistan, 194 Thompson, Eric, 1892, 2327 Tower palace, 222 Thoreau, Henry David, 772 Tōyō kanjihyō, 2326 Three-wall system, in Chinese astronomy, 2021 Traditional Chinese medicine, 15, 1529, 1531–1533 Three Worlds According to King Ruang, 777 Traditional Thai Medicinal Wisdom Thuan-thien calendar, 358 Protection Bill, 1590 Tian Gong Kaiwu (Exploitation of the Works of Nature), 2169 Trai Phum, 1328 Tian Wen Zhi, 1449 Y-trai toan-phap nhat-dac-luc, 358 Tian yuan shu (Technique of the Celestial Element), 110 Trairāśika (rule of three), 388 Tianchi Basin, 1664 Traité du triangle arithmétique, 114 Tiangong Kaiwu, 39, 1448, 1452, 2015–2016 Transversal Theorem, 10, 159 Tian-Mu Xiansheng, 2340. See also Xu Yue Travancoricus (Trichopodaceae), 850 Tianwen Xingzhan, 957 Treaty of H. isbās, 45 Tianyuan (celestial origin), 1397 Trephination, 2166–2168 Tianyuan shu, 1224, 1401. See also Seki kowa Tribology, 2168–2169 Tibetan scripts in Indian writing, 2322 Trigonometry Tiglath-Pileser III, 252 and Bhāskara I, 401 Tile mosaic technique, 195–196 fundamental diagram of sine, 401 Tiles, glazed, 195–197 Indian mathematics, 2169–2172 Timber Islamic mathematics, 2172–2173 building construction, 202–203 Tripitaka, 264, 375, 1944, 1948 frame building construction in Southern Ghana, 433 Tripureshwor, 2195–2196 frame construction, 200 Triśatikā, 239, 388, 2017 Malaysia, 2292–2293 Tristão, Nuno, 615 Index 2411

Tropical rain forest Vaiśākha, 448 Africa, 751 Vaiśes.ika’s philosophical teachings Amazon, 757 atomism, 719 climate in, 757 categories of, 1767–1768 distribution, 758 and Nyāya, 1767, 1769 plant species, 811 Vākyadīpikā, 1805. See also Parameśvara Tshokwe sand tracing, 900–901 Vākyakaran.a, 1805, 2180. See also Parameśvara Tsuina, 1309 Vākyapadīya, 1804 Tu jing ben cao (Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica), 2079 Vākyas, 2180 Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum) (holy basil), 851, 1066, 1195, 1809, 1870 Van der Waerden, B. L., 178, 251, 256–258 Tundra, 813, 815–816, 822 Varāhamihira, 243–244, 264, 269, 318, 320, 323, 354–355, 388, Turin papyrus map, 1292–1301 412, 629, 683, 736, 984, 1035, 1252, 1258, 1392, 1765, Turkana archaeoastronomical site, 1718 1806, 1827, 2016, 2170, 2184–2185 al-T. ūsī al-Dīn, Nas.īr, 1966 Varāhapurān.a, 951 Tutankhamun, 392, 1050, 1054, 1672, 1674, 1693, 2284, Vārān.asī, 654 2295–2296 Varela, Francisco, 720 Tuvalu, 1420, 1744 Vargaprakrti (square nature), 113, 239, 412, 440, 1153, 1765 Tweezers, 1055–1056, 1635, 1638, 1660, 2300–2301 Varuna, 2204 Twining technique, 392 Vāsanā, 320, 1720, 1832. See also Bhāskarācārya II Tylor, Edward, 1248 Vāsanābhāsya, 403, 1832, 1871 Vasco da Gama, 549, 615, 705, 1109, 1471, 1665, 1732, 1737, 2089 U Vasisht.ha, 2205 Uaupes River Basin, 85 Vāsis.t.ha-Pauliśa, 319 UCLA/RUG Fayum project, 392 Vásquez de Coronado, Francisco, 1323 Ugaritic alphabet, 149–150, 2311 Vāstumandala, 651 Ugaritic writing, 148–150, 676, 2251, 2304, 2311, 2336 Vāstuśāstras, 211–212 Ukhedu, 170–171 Vat.akan.ikā, 2185. See also Varāhamihira Ulli (medicine), 831 Vat.eśvara Ullman, Manfred, 101–102, 370 al-Bīrūnī views of, 2185–2186 Ulugh Bēg, 117, 132, 1307, 1789, 1849 Vat.eśvarasiddhānta, 320, 1441, 2185 Muslim lunar calendar, 2175 Vedān.ga Jyotis.a (Vedic Astronomical Auxiliary), 317–318, 446 pre-Islamic Persian solar calendar, 2175 Vedāngas, 394, 637 ˓ Ibn Khattab, Umar, 450 Vedānta, 641–642, 718, 1770, 1972, 2344, 2346 Underglaze painting, 196–197 Vedas, 394 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 30 Atharva Veda, 394, 538, 718, 982, 1731, 1972, 2201 Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, 618 calendar, 446 University of Al-Azhar, 118 medicinal role of water, 538, 718, 982, 1731, 1972, 2204 Upanis.ads, 165, 640, 717, 719, 790, 951, 978, 981–982, numerical expressions, 1763–1764 1972–1973, 2201 R. gveda, 2201, 2204–2205 Upapattis, Indian mathematics, 1831–1832 Sāma Veda, 394, 2201 books on, 1832 Yajurveda, 164, 394, 636–637, 680, 1025, 1182, 1242, 2047, classical knowledge, 1834 2201, 2207 Kut.t.aka process, 1832 Vedic period (Indian), 164, 269, 375, 641, 719, 951, 1011, 1390, proof, 1834 1808, 1870 Uparāgakriyākrama (Method of Computing Eclipses), 19 Vegetables, 885 Upavedas, 1182 Vegetable tanning, in skin processing, 1216–1217 Upland agriculture and terrace systems, in Maya societies, 30–31 Vembanad backwater system in Southern India, 1892–1893 al-Uqlīdisī,Abū al-H. asan Ah.mad ibn Ibrāhīm, 162–163, 636 Ven.vārohās.t.aka, 1836 ˓ al- Urd. ī, 163 Venus, 255 Urtica magellanica, 3 Venus Table, 251 Uruguay, wheat production in, 58 Venvāroha, 1160, 1245. See also Mādhava of San.gamagrāma ˓ Us.ūl ilm al-nujūm, 104 Verbal numeration, in Africa, 1761–1762 Ustuwani, 95 Vertical rotating razor, 1054 Uttara Phalguni, 447 Veterinary medicine Utu. See Sun India, 2186–2188 ˓ Uyūn al-H. isāb, 116 Iran, 2189–2192 Uzbekistan, 2175–2176 Nepal, 2193–2196 Veterinary Papyrus of Kahun, 168 V Vieira, Antonio, S. J., 617 Vad. anagar (Gujarat), center for learning, 2185 Vietnam, mathematics in Vāgbhat.a, 1453 Chinese tradition, 1426 As.t.ān.gahr.dayasam. hitā, 2179 court astronomers, 1426 Āyurveda treatises, 2179 extant treatises, 1427–1428 Vague year, 445–446, 452–453 mathematical astronomers, 1426 2412 Index

Vietnam, mathematics in (Contd.) Watanabe Hajime, 89 metropolitan examinations in counting, 1426 Watching towers (Mantarah), 232 Toán pháp đa. i thành treatise, 1428–1429 Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), 22, 173 war with Champa, 1426 Water chestnuts (Trapa natans), 173 Vigesimal systems, 1235, 1416, 1422 Water clocks, 130, 276, 284, 445, 593–594, 733, 1445, 1449, 1814, Vilca (Anadenanthera colubrina), 843, 845 2050, 2134 Vimalaprabhā, 375–376 Water control systems, 677–678, 766 Vinaya Pit.aka, 1025, 1586, 1588 Water systems and management Virahānka, 638 Caribbean, 2229–2230 Vitex negundo L, 1809–1810, 2188 India Vitex pubescens, 2286 Aryan invasion, myth, 2201–2202 Vitex spp., 876, 2293 cinal powers, 2204 Vithala temple, 212 festivals of, 2207 Viticulture, 2281, 2283–2285 Maitreyī Sam. Hitā, 2204 Vitruvius, 246, 593 primordial substance, 2201 Vivaran.a, 1832. See also Bhāskarācārya II reservoirs, 2207–2213 Von Schlegel, Friedrich, 1928 rivers, 2206 Votive offerings, 176, 747, 2062 Iran, 1849–1850 Vrhannardiya Purān.a, 982 cisterns, 2231 Vr.ksha Āyurveda, 1730–1731, 1808 covered stairways (galleries), 2232 Vrhannardiya Purān.a, 982 Hezekiah’s tunnel, 2233 Vyākaran.a (grammar), 394, 1182 Jerusalem’s water systems, 2233 Vyaktagan.ita. See Pāt.īgan.ita large-scale water works, 2231 Vyan.kateśvara Dīks.ita, 394 Megiddo and Tell es-Saiyidyeh water system, 2232 Vyavahāra in Gan.itakaumudī, 1720 open cisterns of Negev in tenth Century BCE, 2233 Vyktagan.itādhyāya, 2018. See also Śrīpati tunnels, 2232 Warren Shaft system in Jerusalem, 2232 W waterworks technology, 2232 Wada Yasushi, 1398 wells, 2231 Wadis, 1293–1294, 1693, 2220 Mesopotamia, 1520–1521 Wadi Hammamat, 1270, 1275, 1292–1294, 1296, 1298–1299, 2026 Peru management of water, 2214–2220 Wadi Mousa (Petra), 2220–2221, 2223–2225 Petra Wadi Samad, 1616 Ain Ammon system, 2226 Wadi Siyagh, for drains removal in Petra, 2220, 2225–2226 distribution system, 2220 Wadi-working operations (gold mining), 1689 elevated water channel/piping system, 2222 Wai Ola, 309–310, 314–315 floodwater drainage, 2225 Wai tai mi yao, 1530. See also Wang Tao Hamman pool area, 2225 Waidan (external alchemy), 98–99, 715, 1949, 2237 Jebel el Khubtha mountain, 2221 Walker, Christopher, 259 Lion fountain, 2225 Wang Chong, 1663–1664 Nabataean design in, 2223 analysis on earlier thinkers, 2199 open channel system, 2221 rejection of esoterism with Confucianism, 2199 Paradeisos water garden complex, 2224 Wang Shuhe, 1465, 1530, 2352 per capita water availability, 2227–2228 Wang Tao, 1530 pipeline carrying capacity, 2222–2223 Wang Weiji, 2157–2158 piping systems, 2221 Wang Weiyi, 1465 rippled wall pattern in Nabataean piping Wang Xianzhi, 2308 elements, 2227 Wang Xiaotong, 110, 1373, 2199–2200 Siq north wall pipeline system, 2222–2223 Wang Xichan, 2200–2201 urban core of, 2220 Wang Xizhi, 959, 2308 Wadi Mataha dam, 2222, 2225 Wang Zhen, 34–39, 1446, 1450, 1452, 2085 Wadi Siyagh, 2220 Wangarr, 1432. See also Dreaming Wadi Turkamaniya dam, 2225 Waqf lands, 45 Zurraba-Jebel el Khubtha system, 2222–2223 Warizansho, 1992. See also Seki Kowa Zurraba reservoir, 2221 Warlpiri aborigines health system Sri Lanka, 2207–2213 health system, 1523 Watsuji, Tetsurō, 797–798 herbal medicines, 1524–1525 Watt, George, 847 preventive measures, 1525 Weather forecasting, ancient China, 1663 yawulyu ceremonies, 1524 Weaving cotton in Ethiopia and Nubia, 2235–2236 Warner, Katherine, 74 Weaving symmetry patterns, 909–912 Waru-waru, 763 Wei Boyang, 100, 1948, 2236–2237 Wasan, 1397–1398 Weir masonry waste, for regulating high expert, 1018 water levels, 2211 themes of, 1019 Wei Wang, 918 Index 2413

Weights and measures World Health Organization (WHO), 17–18, 1504–1505 Africa, 2237–2239 World War I, 225, 605, 1078, 2278 Burma, 2239–2242 Worm Seed, 866 China, 2242–2243 Wound healing in Egypt, 2296–2302 Egypt, 2244–2251 drug therapy, 2298 Hebrews, 2251–2254 fractures, 2299 Indus Valley, 2254–2255 knife-treatment, 2299–2300 Islam, 2255–2267 medical papyri, 2297 Japan, 2267–2270 skull repair, 2300 Mesoamerica, 2271–2273 snakebite treatment, 2300 Peru, 2273–2275 surgical processes, 2299–2300, 2302 Weil, André, 439 Writing, 2303–2306 Well Nilometers, 1753, 1755–1756 cherokee syllabary, 2304 Wells, deep drilled, 1916 China, 2307–2308 Wen Zhengming, 2308 Cuneiform, 2320, 2333–2334 Wenhua Shiyu, China, stone pendant, 397–398 evolutionary theory, 2303–2304 Western dominance, 2275–2278 hieroglyphic writing, Egyptian, 2304 Western Ghats, as semiarid climate, 2208 history, 2303 Western Gregorian calendar, 444 Japanese script, 2304 Western Han Dynasty (China), 242, 321, 635, 1007, Korean han’gul script, 2306 1170, 1243, 1445, 1449, 1529–1530, 1664, India, 2320–2324 2307, 2359 Arabic script, 2323 Western science Aramaic script, 2321 achievements of, 705 Archaic Sumerian, 2320 evolution of, 2183 Brāhmī script, 2321–2322 in local knowledge system, 1202 Grantha script, 2323 Wet-rice fields, in Japan, 74 Gujarati scripts, 2322 Wheat, in Uruguay and Argentina, 58 Gurumukhī scripts, 2322 Wheaten bread, 416–417 Malayālam script, 2323 When the Stars Came Down to Earth, 366 Mesopotamian seal inscriptions, 2320 Windpower Nāgarī scripts, 2322 Chinese mills, 2280 Nandināgarī scripts, 2322 corn-grinding watermills, 2279 Proto-elamite script, 2320 horizontal mills, 2280 Śāradā scripts, 2322 persian mills, 2280 Siddhamātr.kā script, 2322 wind-powered Tibetan prayer wheels, 2280 Sinhala script, 2323 Wine Tamil scripts, 2322 Anatolia wine, 2281–2282 Tibetan scripts, 2322 ancient Near East, 2284–2285 Japan, 2325–2326 late Chalcolithic, 2283–2284 Hiragana, 2325 late Uruk, 2284 Jōyō kanjihyō, 2326 Syro-Palestine and Egypt, 2284 Kana, 2325 Wisai language, 1421 Katakana, 2325 Wisdom literature in Egyptian writing, 2311–2312 Meiji period, 2326 Wittfogel, Karl, 748–749 Tōyō kanjihyō, 2326 Woleai’s enumeration bases, 1422 logographic scripts, 2303–2304 Wolff, Christian, 617–618 Maya script, 2304 Woodcarving Middle East, 2333–2337 Malay architecture, 2286–2294 alphabets used, 2335–2337 carved building components, 2287–2289 Aramaic alphabet use, 2336–2337 carved components, forms and Canaanite linear alphabet, 2336 shapes, 2291–2292 Creten writing, 2335 motifs, 2286–2287, 2289–2291 cuneiform writing, 2333–2334 terengganu house, 2287 Egyptian writing, 2334–2335 Woodworking Ethiopic alphabet use, 2336 Egypt group writing, 2335 Amenhotep III, 2296 hieroglyphic script, 2334–2335 1st dynasty Egypt, 2294 proto-Sinaitic, 2336 3rd dynasty Egypt, 2295 Sumerian language, 2333 Egyptian museum, specimens preserved, 2295 syllabic orthography, 2335 lattice stools, 2295–2296 Syriac script, 2336 Queen Hetepheres, 2295 Ugaritic writing, 2336 stelae collection, 2295 Uruk IV period, 2333 Tutankhamun, 2296 Naxi Dongba writing of China, 2305 2414 Index

Writing (Contd.) Yamaji Shuji, 90 phonetic scripts, 2304 Yamato honzō, 796. See also Ekken, Kaibara pictographic scripts, 2305 Yamunā, 2203–2204, 2207 syllabic scripts, 2304–2305 Yan Zhenqing, 2308 Wu (Han Emperor), 443 Yan, Chen, 534 Wu Jing Zong Yao, 1450 Yang Hui, 110, 1374, 1947, 1992, 2045, 2065, 2342, 2359 Wu Xian, 304, 534, 1945 basic technique, 111 Wu Xing Xing Du Jie, 2201 Riyong suanfa, 1373 Wubei Zhi, 1287, 1906 treatises of, 1429 Wucao suanjing, 178, 1222. See also Li Chunfeng Xiangjie Jiuzhang Suanfa, 1153–1154, 1372–1373 Wujing suanshu, 1222. See also Li Chunfeng Xugu zheqi suanfa, 1251 Wujing zongyao (Collection of Military Techniques), 1040, Yangmo, Chung, 492 1264, 2085 Yangtze River basin, 48 Wuli Xiaozhi, 1791. See also Fang Yizhi Yangtze valley, 22, 944 Wuxing (Five Phases), 17, 98 Yang Xiong, 686 Wuxingzhan (Astrology of the Five Planets), 304 Yangzi plains, in China, 34 Wuzhen pian, 100 Yantracintāma, 319 Wylie, Alexander, 1010, 1224–1225, 1376 Yantrarāja, 247, 319, 1269 Yantrarājaracanā (Construction of Astrolabes), 247 ˓ X Ibn Tāriq, Ya qūb, 95, 127 Xai-di-lema-tek (full stick), 1417 Yarrow (Achillea millefolium), 820, 824, 867–868 Xiaoer Yaozheng Zhijue, 1466 Yasusada Miyazaki, 50, 796 Xia Dynasty, 303, 1622, 1664, 1945 Yasuyuki, Okazaki, 89 Xiahou Yang, 178, 1222, 2339 Yavanajātaka, 2016 Xiahou Yang suanjing, 178, 1222, 2339 Yāvattāvat, 112–113, 388 Xiang gan, 1263 al-Yazdī, Muh.ammad Bāqir, 116 Xi Yang Xin Fa Lin Shu, 2200. See also Wang Xichan Ye Yi, 2015. See also Song Yingxing Xi yuan ji lu, 1534–1535, 2014 Yellow Emperor’s Inner Canon, 15–16, 1080, 1464, 1529. See also Xiangshan Yelu, 1815 Huangdi Neijing Xianjing (Books of the Immortals), 2080 Yellow River, 22, 33, 35, 786, 1041, 1290, 1601–1602, 1604–1606, Xiao An Xin Fa, 2200 1622 Xiao’an, 2200. See also Wang Xichan Yesod Mora, 5 Xiaoer Yaozheng Zhijue, 1466 Yesodey ha-tevuna u-migdal ha-emuna (The Foundations of Science Xibalba, 659, 668–669 and the Tower of the Faith), 5, 1388 Ximenia Americana, 474 Yew. See Taxol Xin Tang Shu, 1449, 2049. See also Tian Wen Zhi Yi Jing, 2179 Xin Yixiang Fayao, 595–596, 1451. See also Su Song Yi Sang-hyok, 1402 Xingjing, star catalog, 1238 Yi Sugwang, 1402 Xingxiangyunqitu, 304 Yi-tong-zhi, 1332 Xinzhai zazu, 1252 Yichnal sign, in Maya writing, 2330 Xiu star group, 1237, 1241 Yigu yanduan, Li Zhi’s writing, 1227 Xiuhmolpilli, 452–454, 1369 Yijing (Book of Changes), 271, 690, 787, 917, 919, 1878, Xochicalco, road networks, 1896, 1898 1945–1946, 1948, 2236, 2243, 2340, 2343 Xolotl, 661, 1321, 1843 fundamental text, 378, 787, 917, 966, 1008, 1251, 1878, 1945 Xu Chunfu, 1457–1458 paradigmatic source, 684 Xu Xiage Yuji, 977 symbolism of, 686–687 Xu Youzhen, 1458 system of, 1946, 1948, 2051 Xu Yue, 2339–2340 Yilongjing, 920 Xugu zheqi suanfa, 1251, 2342 Yīn lü, for pitch, 13 Xyleutes, 1527 Yin principle, 99 Ying bu zu method, 109 Y Yinhai Jingwei, 1465. See also Medical texts, in China Ibn-al-Bit.rīq, Yah.yā, 1667 Yīn-liàng. See Loudness Ibn Abī Mans.ūr, Yah.yā, 103, 338 Yinyang, 1170, 1263, 1881, 1950 Yah.yā ibn-al-Bit.rīq, 1667 concepts, 688, 787, 2015, 2343–2344 Ibn Khaldūn, Abū Zakariyyā Yah.yā, 594 Daoist symbol, 17 Yah.yā al-Kinānī, 1404 energy, 997 al-Kindī,Ya‘qūb, 1793 imbalances of, 1171 Yajnas Korea, 1400 relation with universe, 2205 school of, 1880, 2344 in R. gvedic period, 2205 Yirritja, 1433–1434 Yajurveda, 164, 394, 637, 1025, 1182, 1242, 2047, 2201 Yi-tong-zhi, 1332 Yajurveda-Kāt.haka Sas.hitā, 680 Yixing, 305, 321, 323, 481–482, 596, 686, 1947, 2065 Yak (Bos grunniens), 173 Yixue wenhua congshu, 690 Index 2415

Yixue yu bingfa, 690 Zeguxi zhai suanxue, 1224–1226 Yixue zhihui congshu, 690 Zeila and Massawa trade routes, 1726 Yizong Jinjian, 1466 Zeng Gongliang, 533, 1040, 1450, 2085 Yoga, 264, 320, 532, 718, 921, 1066, 2180, 2185, 2344–2346 Zeng Zhijin, 1450 discipline of, 2145 Zero, 2, 8, 245, 318, 442, 451, 636–637, 683, 720, 742, 1036, 1113, hatha yoga, 1207–1208, 1486 1183, 1228–1229, 1391, 1393, 1412–1413, 1765, 1864, karma-yoga, 1973 1998, 2350–2351 Vis.kambha yoga, 265 Arabic use of, 240–241 yoga-tārā, 1241 in Babylonian Empire, 1412 Yogatārās, in Indian astronomy, 1241–1242 in Bakhshālī manuscript, 387 Yogye kwanbang chido, 1317 in Bhāskara algebra, 403 Yolngu mathematics, 1432–1436 in China algebra, 109–110 Yom river, ceramics, 525 in decimal notation, 980 Yonghui arithmetic, for bureaucrats, 1400 in Egyptian mathematics, 1383–1384 Yoruba harvest festivals (Africa), 753 Maya mathematics and, 1408 Yoshihiro Kurushima, 1261 Sumerian clay tablets, 1412 Yoshizane Tanaka, 1262 Zengchang Kaifang, 1154. See also Jia Xian Yu Fu Zhi, 1447 Zhang Boduan, 100 Yu Gong, 977 Zhang Fuxi, 1791 Yu Huan Zhen Wen, 1815 Zhang Heng, 305, 596, 966, 1083, 1154, 1285, 1446–1447, 1728, Yu Jiayan, 1457 1826, 2351–2352 Yú Shū (The Book of Yú), 13–14 Zhang Qiujian suanjing, 1222. See also Li Chunfeng Yuanxi Qiqi Tushuo Luzui, 1452 Zhang Yong, 1425–1426 Yūnus Abū Bishr Mattāb., 724 Zhang Yuansu, 1223 Yuan Jing Shuo (Far Seeing Optick Glass), 1791, 2107 Zhang Zhongjing, 1456, 1465, 2002 Yuan Shi (History of the Yuan Dynasty), 179, 356, 2134 Zhang Zi, 1880 Yuanxi Qiqi Tushuo Luzui, 1452 Zhao Mengfu, 2308 Yucatan, 29 Zhao Youqin, works on optics, 1791–1792 Yucatán salt production, 1921 Zhaocha method, 1222 Yucatec Maya, 665, 1203 Zhejiang, 405, 477, 479–481, 484, 486, 534, 1224, Yueling almanac, 1238 1444, 1664, 1805, 1915, 2003, 2109, 2199, Yuki number sequence 2236, 2354 based on finger counting, 1416–1417 Zhen Jiu. See Acupuncture use of residue expressions, 1417 Zhen jiu jia yi jing (Huangfu Mi), 1081, 1530 Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta Zheng Fuguang, 1791 medicinal plants, 819–821 Zheng He, in Chinese navigation, 1729, 1736, 2355 subarctic maritime climate, 816 Zheng Heng, 2106 subsistence activities, 823 Zheng Lei Ben Cao, 400 tundra and wetlands, 815 Zhengao (Declarations of the Perfected), 2079 vegetation, 813, 816 Zhenjiu Dacheng, 1466, 1711, 2357 Yup’ik Eskimo, 813, 816 Zhenjiu Daquan, 1466 Yuktibhās.ā, 19, 320, 442, 1013, 1161–1163, 1246, 1833, 1871, Zhenjiu Jiayi Jing (A-Z of Acupuncture and 2346–2347. See also Jyes.t.hadeva Moxibustion), 1465, 2157 Yuktidīpikā, 1161–1162, 1833, 1871, 2014, 2347 Zhenjiu Juying, 1466, 1711, 2357 Yuktikalpatru, in Indian navigation, 1730–1731 Zhenren (Authentic Man), 98 Yuktikarata, 1026 Zhenyuan miaodao yaolue, 1039 Yup’ik Eskimo Zhǒ Zhuàn, 14 indigenous food plants, 816–818 Zhōng shēng (middle tone), 13 medical plants, 819–821 Zhongguo lidai buren zhuan, 687 plant harvesting, preparation and storage, 819–820 Zhongqi, 442 plant terminology, 819 Zhongshu Dong, 685, 940, 1814 Ibn Mat.ar, al-H. ajjāj ibn Yūsuf, 140, 146 ZhōuJiū,13 Zhoubi suanjing (Mathematical Manual of Zhoubi), 304, 957, 1947. Z See also Li Zacut, Abraham, 316 ZhouLi, 684, 1155, 1549, 1814, 1945 Zahrat al-Ās, 594 Zhouhou Beiji Fang, 1465 al-Zahrāwī Abū l-Qāsim, 1545 Zhouhou jiuzufang, 966 Zai Zhang, 688, 1946 Zhouyi cantong qi, Wei Boyang, 100, 2236 Zaïre-Zambia copper belt region, 1599 Zhouyi di meixue zhihui, 690 Zang Xiang (Visceral concepts) theories, 17 Zhouyi kexue guan, 690 Zang-shu, 997 Zhouyi yu dangdai ziran kexue, 690 al-Zayyātī, al-H. asan ibn Muh.ammad al-Wazzān Zhouyi yu Huaxia wenming, 690 contribution to natural history, 1220 Zhouyi yu Zhongguo wenxue, 690 geographical writings of, 1220 Zhu bing yuan hou lun, 1530. See also Cao Yuanfang 2416 Index

Zhu Shijie, Chinese mathematician, 110–111, 1154, 1373–1375, Ziriyab, Kurd, 46 1993, 2077, 2342, 2360 Zla-ba’i-’od-zer, 378 works on mathematics, 2013, 2044–2045 Zodiac Zhu Xi, 1251, 1946 development, 257–258. See also Astrology Zhuāng Zǐ,14 Indian astronomy, 1241 Zhuge Liang, 963 signs, 212, 244, 254, 256 Zhuishu, 1222. See also Li Chunfeng Zou Boqi, 1664, 1791 Zica-i Muhammad Shahi, 2107 Zou hou bei ji fang, 1530. See also Gong Qingxuan Zīj (Astronomical Handbook with Tables), 1088, 1124 Zou Yan, 939, 1313, 1818, 1945, 1948, 2363 ˒ Zīj als.afā ih. (Astronomical Handbook of Plates), 6 Zou Yigui, 834 Zīj al-sindhind (Astronomical Tables), 137 Zou Zhuan, 939 Zīj al-Sindhind al-kabīr, 334 Zu Chongzhi, 1003, 1007, 1009, 1154, 1222, 1372, 1447, 1452, Zīj Mumtah.an, 336, 338, 1124, 1789 1826–1827, 2078, 2363–2364 Zīj-īlkhānī, 987, 1723, 1789 Zuidema, R. Tom, 588 Zīji-jadīd-i Guragānī, 2175 Zuixi lunar lodge, 1238–1240 Zīj-I Khāqānī (Khāqān Astronomical Tables), 133 Zumbi, 619 Zīj-i Muh.ammad Shāhī, 1151, 1790 Zuozhuan, 684 Zīj-i Ulugh Bēg, 2175 Zurraba-Jebel el Khubtha system, 2222–2223 al-Zinjānī, 1252 Zurraba reservoir, 2221, 2227 Zionist movement, 789 Nabataean design for, 2223 Ziran Kexue shi yanjiu, 179 runoff capture for sourcing of, 2222