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Redalyc.EVOLUCIÓN HISTÓRICA DE LA MEDICINA TRADICIONAL CHINA Comunidad y Salud ISSN: 1690-3293 [email protected] Universidad de Carabobo Venezuela Reyes G., Ariel E. EVOLUCIÓN HISTÓRICA DE LA MEDICINA TRADICIONAL CHINA Comunidad y Salud, vol. 6, núm. 2, julio-diciembre, 2008, pp. 42-49 Universidad de Carabobo Maracay, Venezuela Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=375740243004 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Comunidad y Salud Jun-Dic, Vol. 6, Nº 2, Año 2008 Forum Comunitario EVOLUCIÓN HISTÓRICA DE LA MEDICINA ......................................................................... TRADICIONAL CHINA Historical Evolution of Chinese Traditional Medicine Ariel E. Reyes G..1 INTRODUCCIÓN La Medicina Tradicional China (MTCH), En los rasgos primitivos de la escritura china, medicina ancestral originaria de la antigua China, ha grabados en huesos de animales o en caparazones de perdurado y ha evolucionado a lo largo de la historia. tortuga, descubiertos en la dinastía Han, había Durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX, esta terapia ha anotaciones sobre la medicina, la asistencia médica y la ido introduciéndose en los países occidentales y ha sanidad pública, incluso referencias a más de 10 tipos obtenido una gran aceptación entre los usuarios de estos de enfermedades sus síntomas y su tratamiento. La etnia países que han encontrado una medicina diferente, nada de los han, más que ninguna otra, fue quien forjó, a agresiva y muy preventiva, mediante la cual se obtienen través de milenarias experiencias y de formulaciones resultados eficaces y rápidamente. La Medicina teóricas, lo que se conoce hoy en el mundo como Tradicional China es una medicina holística ya que medicina tradicional china. En el año 1.000 a.c. ya existía entiende que no existen enfermedades, sino enfermos, en China un cuerpo de doctores que seguía unos tiene en consideración no sólo lo que sucede en el métodos para el tratamiento de las enfermedades. En el órgano, sino también lo que sucede en todo el siglo V a.C., se escribió el Canón de Medicina Interna, en el que se describían numerosas enfermedades, su organismo, la manera de manifestarse, como responde a diagnóstico y tratamiento. Durante los siglos siguientes las influencias externas y a los estímulos del entorno. 1 su desarrollo fue rápido, apareciendo numerosos La medicina china tiene 3.000 años de historia. médicos famosos por todo el país. Hay 14 tratados de Su origen se halla en la misma área del nacimiento y medicina de esa época que todavía se conservan hoy en día. desarrollo de la Nación China: la cuenca del río amarillo. Para llegar a ser lo que es hoy, una ciencia con sus En los siglos siguientes se desarrollan dos de principios y sus métodos propios tuvo que pasar por las facetas más interesantes de esta ciencia: el una evolución de siglos, prosperando en unas dinastías diagnóstico por el pulso, y la acupuntura. A partir del imperiales, estancándose en otras, y en otras siglo X d.C se sistematiza como una ciencia médica más diversificándose en escuelas. En ese largo proceso, avanzada y completa, valiéndose de diferentes hubo eminentes médicos que la prestigiaron para herramientas terapéuticas como la Acupuntura, siempre. Moxabustión, Masaje, Fitoterapia y Qigong 2. 1Médico. Doctor en Educación. Investigador Asociado del CIADANA. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Sede Aragua. Universidad de Carabobo. Venezuela. Correspondencia: [email protected] 42 42 Forum Comunitario Los pilares básicos de la MTCH son la Teoría axioma fundamental: la existencia individual del ser del Yin y el Yang y la Teoría de los Cinco Elementos. Los humano resulta inseparable de la vida cósmica total. Y principios y las premisas de la medicina china se extraen es, justamente, en esa relación ser humano-universo directamente de la filosofía tradicional taoísta, la escuela donde se juega el estado de salud de cada individuo. En del pensamiento más antigua y singular de China. La la medicina china, la salud y la enfermedad son mayor premisa de la teoría medicinal china es que toda concebidas en términos energéticos, relacionales e forma de vida del universo es animada gracias a una integrales: sólo integrando de manera positiva y energía vital denominada “Qi”. El “Qi”, sustancia adecuada las energías físicas, psíquicas, anímicas y fundamental del organismo y del universo, impregna y espirituales con el ambiente, con el mundo exterior, el penetra la totalidad del cosmos. La digestión, por ejemplo, ser humano estará y será sano. Y ser sano es, desde extrae “Qi” de la comida y la bebida y lo transporta por esta perspectiva, no sufrir enfermedad alguna y ser feliz, todo el organismo, la respiración extrae “Qi” del aire en ya que el énfasis de esta filosofía esta puesto en el los pulmones. Cuando estas dos formas de Qi se reúnen paciente y no en la enfermedad.5 en la sangre, el Qi circula como energía vital por los meridianos o canales energéticos. 1 Los primeros escritos médicos en la medicina clásica china se basaban en restos atribuidos a tres Esta medicina está basada fundamentalmente emperadores legendarios. El más antiguo era Fuxi (2900 en la filosofía taoísta y en sus principios cosmológicos. a.C.), de quien se afirmaba que creó el pa Kua, símbolo No mucho se sabe de sus orígenes, pero sí que está compuesto de trazos Yang y trazos Yin combinados en fuertemente marcada por tres figuras legendarias, tres ocho (pa) trigramas separados (Kua) que podían emperadores míticos: Fuxi, autor de Yi Ling (Libro de representar todas las condiciones del Yin-Yang. Este las mutaciones), generalmente considerado el libro sistema se continúa enseñando actualmente en las chino más antiguo; Shennong, padre de la agricultura y escuelas de medicina tradicional china.6 de la fitoterapia. A él se atribuye el primer Bencao (o Tratado de las Materias Medicinales); Huang Di, el Shennong, el Emperador Rojo (Hung Ti), “Emperador Amarillo”, autor de la obra más recopiló el primer herbolario médico, el Pen-tsao (2800 representativa de la Medicina Tradicional China: las Nei a.C.), en el que se exponen los efectos de 365 fármacos Ching o Nei Ching Sou wen.3 personalmente comprobados por él. Una leyenda afirma que un remedio mágico hacia transparente la piel de su abdomen, lo que le permitía observar la acción de las La Medicina Tradicional China es una forma plantas que probaba. Otra historia cuenta que abrió su fundamentalmente taoísta de entender la medicina y el abdomen y lo suturó dejando una abertura. Se dice cuerpo humano. El Tao es el origen del Universo, que se también que Shennong dibujó el primer gráfico sobre sostiene en un equilibrio inestable fruto de las dos acupuntura, procedimiento médico más antiguo quizá fuerzas primordiales: el Yin (la tierra, el frío, lo femenino) que los propios emperadores legendarios. 6 y el Yang (el cielo, el calor, lo masculino), capaces de modificar a los cinco elementos de que está hecho el La gloria de Yu Hsiung (2600 a.C.), el Emperador universo: agua, tierra, fuego, madera y metal. Esta Amarillo (Huang Di), reside en su gran compendio concepción cosmológica determina un modelo de médico Nei Ching (Canón de la medicina. basado en enfermedad basado en la ruptura del equilibrio, y del cuestiones básicas de Medicina Interna). Transmitido y tratamiento de la misma en una recuperación de ese enseñado oralmente durante muchos siglos, pilar de la equilibrio fundamental. 4 medicina tradicional china en los cuatro milenios siguientes. Una de las primeras y más importantes La Medicina Tradicional China considera al revisiones se atribuyen al emperador amarillo, Huang cuerpo humano como un todo, y atribuye la enfermedad Di, aunque la reticencia en estudiar cadáveres humanos al desequilibrio entre los diferentes elementos del mismo, parece haber restado eficacia a sus métodos. La medicina por lo que su tratamiento, más que destinado a la china desarrolló, a cambio una disciplina entre la curación de un síntoma concreto, se enfoca al medicina y la cirugía denominada acupuntura: Según restablecimiento del equilibrio corporal, enfatizando la esta disciplina la aplicación de agujas sobre alguno de necesidad de llevar una vida sana, la nutrición, la los 365 puntos de inserción (o hasta 600 según las relajación, y los ejercicios respiratorios 2. escuelas) restauraría el equilibrio perdido entre el Yin y el Yang.3 La Medicina Tradicional China tiene como principal objetivo, además de curar enfermedades, De algún modo el Nei Ching se considera un mantener la buena salud. Su punto de partida es un texto clásico de enseñanza de la doctrina médica, dentro 43 del concepto de la medicina preventiva. Los conceptos Podría añadirse el Nan Ching (o Clásico de las de Tao, Yin y Yang y de los cinco elementos permiten dificultades), un compendio de 81 pasajes difíciles del explicar la constitución física y mental del hombre y de Nei Ching. sus interacciones con el ambiente en que se desenvolvía. La salud es vista en el Nei-Ching como el La parte más extensa del Nei Ching es el Sun- resultado de un equilibrio entre los elementos corporales Wen (cuestiones simples), que recoge la conversación y los universales, según un adecuado discurrir de la del Emperador Amarillo con Chi Po, su primer ministro, energía de la vida. 6 instrucción dada a los alumnos en forma teórica y práctica sobre todos los aspectos de la salud y la El libro “Nei Ching”, es el texto más antiguo de enfermedad, incluidos la prevención y el tratamiento (3). la Acupuntura, escrito en la época de los reinos En el segundo párrafo del primer capítulo del Su Wen combatientes fue compilado entre el 475 a.C.
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