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Luis Roncero Mayor La Tradicion Esoterica Taoista Tesis De Doctorado

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Luis Roncero Mayor La Tradicion Esoterica Taoista Tesis De Doctorado UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA Y LETRAS Tesis doctoral LA TRADICIÓN ESOTÉRICA TAOÍSTA: LOS FUNDAMENTOS DE LA ALQUIMIA INTERIOR TAOÍSTA Y SUS CORRESPONDENCIAS EN LA ALQUIMIA MEDIEVAL ESPAÑOLA Luis Roncero Mayor Directores de la tesis: Taciana Fisac Badell José Ramón Álvarez Méndez-Trelles Departamento de Lingüística, Lenguas Modernas, Lógica y Filosofía de la Ciencia, Teoría de la Literatura y Literatura Comparada. Programa de Doctorado en “Lengua, Literatura y Sociedad” AGRADECIMIENTOS En primer lugar, quisiera agradecer a mis dos tutores: Taciana Fisac y José Ramón Álvarez. Además de contar con su valiosa dirección y guía durante la redacción de la tesis, Taciana Fisac me ha apoyado en todos mis proyectos desde que empecé a estudiar chino en 1996 en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, y ha sido un apoyo imprescindible para mi desarrollo académico. Sin su experiencia escribir esta tesis habría sido mucho más tedioso; el gran pesar que habría sentido cuando estaba estancado en algunas secciones posiblemente me habría hecho abandonar. Por su parte, José Ramón Álvarez ha compartido conmigo sus profundos conocimientos sobre el Daodejing y el taoísmo, que tan presente está en el día a día de la sociedad taiwanesa. Además, han sido muy valiosas también las historias reales de la vida en Taiwán y cómo las relaciona con la mentalidad taoísta. Ambas perspectivas han servido de complemento fundamental para redactar algo que se habría quedado en pura teoría. A mis progenitores no sólo es menester agradecerles por haberme dado el mayor regalo—la vida—sino también por haberme mostrado la importancia del trabajo y de la responsabilidad. Haber sido testigo de una vida llena de dificultades ha sido una bendición; sin todas esas subidas y bajadas y, sobre todo, sin el apoyo fundamental de mi madre no habría llegado a donde estoy ahora. Su comprensión y su amor no se pueden expresar con palabras, sino con la experiencia que me ha brindado esta vida. Quisiera expresar también mis profundos agradecimientos a Santiago Rupérez, gran conocedor de la cultura china y de su faceta espiritual. Las largas charlas sobre el budismo tántrico, que tantas similitudes tiene con el aspecto alquímico del taoísmo, han sido un complemento fundamental para la elaboración de esta investigación. Quizás el momento más revelador fue cuando el propio Santiago me mostró cinabrio en polvo, un compuesto del cual tanto había leído pero que tan lejos estaba de mi experiencia. A Rachid Lamarti y, especialmente, a José Miguel Blanco por ayudarme a estructurar mis ideas de una manera lógica y comprensible. Quizás es debido a la influencia en mí del carácter cíclico del pensamiento chino, o posiblemente sea causa del desarrollo natural del proceso intelectual, en cualquier caso, sin su apoyo el caos habría sido la nota discordante en un proyecto que tanto esfuerzo y tanto tiempo ha necesitado para su culminación. También es de recibo agradecer por su amistad y confianza a Jesús Trapero Sandoval, con quien tantas experiencias del mundo que nos rodea he compartido. En nuestro caso, el análisis no se limita a dividir las partes de un todo sino a relacionar las distintas facetas de varias unidades. Sin duda, las conversaciones con nuestro amigo común Zeng Xianren 曾現仁 , un verdadero boddhisatva de nuestra era, han sido una fuente de inspiración para continuar esta empresa intelectual de naturaleza espiritual. Otro compañero de experiencias y amigo en esta aventura mundanal, cuya madurez intelectual y elevado conocimiento de la cultura china me ha ayudado en el proceso de elaboración de la tesis, es Luis Priego Casanova. A él siempre le estaré agradecido por su amistad y fraternidad desde los inicios de nuestras vidas en Taiwán. Finalmente, quiero también agradecer a mis dos profesores de Taijiquan : Liang Puwan 梁普畹 y Zhang Donghai 張東海 . El primero ha sido y es un apoyo moral y espiritual. Gracias a él descubrí la importancia del cultivo personal y me ha contagiado su pasión por la filosofía china y las artes marciales. También ha compartido conmigo su conocimiento sobre el Libro de los cambios , y muchos de los descubrimientos del estudio se deben a las conversaciones sobre esta obra y su aplicación en la vida y en los textos de esta investigación. Por otro lado, mi profesor en la actualidad, Zhang Donghai, me ha enseñado lo que hasta la fecha considero la mejor manera de entrenar este arte, que cuenta además con los principios básicos del proceso alquímico descrito en las páginas de este estudio. Asimismo, sus explicaciones del budismo y de la búsqueda del verdadero yo han sido de gran ayuda para entender las explicaciones de los textos sobre alquimia que he utilizado en la confección de esta obra. A ellos les estoy profundamente agradecido por compartir tanta sabiduría conmigo, que antes sólo estaba al alcance de unos pocos. A José Luis ¡Ojalá pudieras haberlo visto! ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN.......................................................................................................................................I 1. OBJETIVO E INTERÉS DEL TRABAJO .................................................................................................II 2. MARCO METODOLÓGICO ................................................................................................................ III 2.1 Estado de la cuestión...........................................................................................................iv 2.1.1 Alquimia interior taoísta................................................................................................................. v 2.1.2 Alquimia española.......................................................................................................................xiii 2.2 Metodología....................................................................................................................... xiv 2.3 Fuentes utilizadas............................................................................................................. xvii 2.3.1 Taoístas ...................................................................................................................................... xvii 2.3.2 Comentarios y traducciones del Daodejing y del Zhuangzi .......................................................... xx 2.3.3 Sobre alquimia española............................................................................................................. xxii 2.3.4 Recursos digitales...................................................................................................................... xxiv 3 PLAN DEL TRABAJO ................................................................................................................... XXIV CAPÍTULO I FUNDAMENTOS DE LA TRADICIÓN DE ALQUIMIA INTERIOR TAOÍSTA ...1 1. NOMENCLATURA Y DEFINICIONES ...................................................................................................3 2. ORÍGENES Y DESARROLLO HISTÓRICO .............................................................................................4 3. CONCEPTOS FUNDAMENTALES ........................................................................................................9 3.1 Las tres fases del cultivo personal......................................................................................10 3.2 El cultivo personal (yangsheng 養生 ) ................................................................................11 3.3 El cultivo de la vida y de la personalidad (xingming shuangxiu 性命雙修 )......................12 3.4 El sabio (shengren 聖人 )....................................................................................................17 3.5 El inmortal (shenxian 神仙 ) ...............................................................................................20 3.6 La persona verdadera (zhenren 真人 )................................................................................27 4 SOBRE LA TRADUCCIÓN DE ALGUNOS TÉRMINOS EMPLEADOS ......................................................32 4.1 Jing 精: esencia..................................................................................................................32 4.2 Qi 氣/炁: pneuma ...............................................................................................................33 4.3 Shen 神: espíritu.................................................................................................................35 4.4 Dao 道: Tao........................................................................................................................35 4.5 De 德: Poder interior .........................................................................................................36 CAPÍTULO II IDEAS PRECURSORAS DEL YANGSHENG (CULTIVO PERSONAL) EN EL PERÍODO DE LOS REINOS COMBATIENTES ................................................................................39 1. INTRODUCCIÓN .............................................................................................................................41 2. EL CULTIVO ESPIRITUAL EN LA TABLA DE JADE SOBRE LA RECUPERACIÓN DE YIN ...........................43 3. EL CULTIVO CORPORAL EN EL COLGANTE DE JADE ACERCA DE LA CIRCULACIÓN DEL PNEUMA ........54 4. TEMAS Y FORMAS RECURRENTES DEL CULTIVO PERSONAL ...........................................................57 4.1 La movilizacion del pneuma ...............................................................................................57 4.2 El de 德: poder interior......................................................................................................62
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