Index

Abba 65 al-Hallaj 115 Abbas 128 Ali 112 Abelard, Peter 107 al-janna 74 Abu Musa al-Kindi 114 (Geber)) 110 Allah 73, 74, 113, 127 Abraham (Abram) 23, 39, 40, 118, al-nar 74 119, 154, 164 America (the United States, North Abhidharma 62 America) 13, 96, 140–142, 147, Abu Bakr 112 148, 164, 169, 170, 171, 172, 174, Academy, Platonic 108 176 adventists 170 Aminah 72 Africa 27, 51, 72, 75, 95, 100, 104, Amitabha 86 124, 129, 139, 148, 149, 165, 166, Amorites 37 168, 171 Analects 32, 124 agape 67 Ananda 62 “Age of Aquarius” 68, 177 Anabaptist 135 Agni 42, 48, 49, 129 Anatolia 128, 150 Agra 127 angel(s) 72, 73, 102, 105, 133, 138, Agrippa, Henry Cornelius 132 139, 169, 170 ahimsa 63 Anglo-Saxons 99 Ahriman 42, 43 Angor Wat 84 A’isha 113 animism 160 Akhbar 127 animals 1, 3, 12, 46, 52, 160 Akhenaton 40 Anselm, St. 106 Akiba, Rabbi 55 anthropologists 7, 8, 10, 11, 18, 161 Albigensians 100 An Yang 30 8, 91, 92, 100, 110, 120, Aphrodite 24 122, 132, 137, 161 Aquinas, St. Thomas 109, 114, 115 Alevis (Alawis) 151 Arabia 37, 72, 73, 112 Alexander the Great 44–46, 50, 51, Arabs 108, 110, 151, 152 154, 167 archbishop 103, 106 al-Farabi 114 architecture 113, 128, 156 Algeria 150 argument, ontological 106 al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid 114, 115 Arians 70

179 180 Religion: What It Has Been and What It Is

Aristarchus 135 Bactria 45 Aristotle 44, 108–110, 114, 115, Baghdad 35, 44, 104, 108, 115, 121, 119, 134, 136; Aristotelianism 129 119, 136 Baha’ullah 152 Arjuna 49 Bahais 153 Armenians 150 Baillie, John 164 arts, visual 128, 137 Balfour Declaration 150 Arya Samaj 148 Bali 84 asceticism 46, 62, 83, 161 baptism 100, 103, 138, 172, 173 Ashoka 51, 62 Baptists 138, 140, 142, 156, 171 astrology 132 Bar Kosiba (Bar Kokhba), Simon astronomy 20, 38, 123, 125, 132, 55 136, 139, 160 Barth, Karl 164, 172 Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal 151 Basilica, St. Peter’s 133 Aten 5, 40 Bauer, Bruno 159 Athanasius 70, 102 Beecher, Henry Ward 167 Atharva Veda 47 Beecher, Lyman 167 atman 61 bees 1, 2 Athos, Mt. 102 Beijing 124, 144 atoms 17, 116 Being 53, 85, 105, 106, 116, 163, Attar 115 172; Chain of 53, 105; Ultimate Augustine, St. 53, 104–106, 137 177 Augustus Caesar 51, 52 beliefs 3, 6, 10, 29, 45, 100, 106, 108, Aurangabad 78 119, 170, 174 Aurangzeb 128 Benedict, St. 98, 102 Aurobindo Goshe, Sri Bennett, Dennis 173 Austria 150, 163 Berkley, George ix, 136 avatar 49, 81, 83 Bernard of Clairvaux 107, 108 (see Ibn-Sina) Bhagavadgita 49, 147 avidya 81 bhakti 83 Avignon 111, 130, 131 Bible 5, 15, 39–41, 65, 66, 79, 92, Awakening, Second Great 167 104, 106, 123, 132–134, 136–139, axis mundi 15–17 141, 148, 154, 156, 157, 159, 164, Ayer, A. J. 163 168, 173, 176 Ayodhya 49, 149 bhikkhus 102 biology 6, 136 Baal Shem Tov 130, 158 biologists 8, 10 Bab, The 152 bishop(s) 11, 67, 69–71, 74, Babylonia, 35, 37–39. 41, 42, 54, 102–104, 106, 110, 112, 134, 136 117, 118 Blavatsky, Madam Helena Petrovna Babur 126, 149 147 “Back to the Han” 143 blood 51, 62, 69, 103 Bacon, Sir Francis 137 Bodhidharma 87 Bacon, Roger 110 bodhisattvas 85 Index 181 body 4, 8, 13–15, 25, 47, 93, 103, Caro, Joseph 130 137, 151, 170, 176 Carthage 51 Boehme, Jacob 132 caste 14, 50, 61, 84, 103, 126, 148 Bonaparte, Napoleon 149, 153, 157 cathedral(s) 16, 82, 102, 107, 108; Bonhoeffer, Dietrich 164 Chartres 16, 107 Boniface VIII, Pope 110 Cathari 100, 101 Borobudur 84 causality 11 Bossuet, Jacques-Benigne 141 Chan 87, 88 Boxers 144 Chandragupta 51 Brahman 48, 61 Charlemagne 100 Brahmin 18, 50, 61, 83 Charles V, Emperor 129 Brahmanas 48 Celestial Masters 90, 91 Brahamo Samaj 147 Central Harmony (see Chung Brigitte, St. 99 Yung) Brothers, Pandava 49 Chemical Wedding of Christian Brunner, Emile 164 Rosenkreutz, The (Rosicrucian bubble(s) 14–16 text) 132 Buber, Martin 25, 164 Cheng Hao 94 Buddha, the 60–62, 78–80, 85–88, Cheng Yi 94 92, 122, 147, 175 94 Buddhism 60, 62, 63, 75, 77, 78–81, children 2, 14, 18, 25, 32, 57, 67, 83–85, 87–90, 96, 98, 104, 115, 103, 153, 169 145, 147, 174, 176; Mahayana 79; Chinese 30–33, 35, 58, 59, 75, 78, Tibetan 80, 174 84, 85, 87, 88, 91, 93, 94, 95–97, Buddhists 16, 62, 78–80, 93, 95, 96, 110, 124, 125, 143–145, 176 145, 176 Chips from a German Workshop Bultmann, Rudolf 164 (Muller) 160 Burma 171 chivalry 107 Bushnell, Horace 168 Chretien de Troyes 107 Byzantium 111 Christ 64, 67, 103, 167, 170 Christianity 44, 55, 64, 67–71, 75, calendar 20, 52 76, 79, 86, 91, 99, 104, 105, 108, caliphate, Abbasid 112, 113, 117 118, 120, 130, 138, 145, 152, 154, Calvin, John 134, 138, 156 158, 159, 162, 176, 177 Calvinists 134, 156, 167 chronos 18 Caesar, Julius 52, 159 Chuan Zhen 92 Campbell, Alexander 167 Chung Yung 124 canon 42, 54, 62, 64, 69, 79, 92, 95, Church 27, 64, 69–71, 73, 79, 82, 98, 135 99, 101; Albigensian 100 ; Angli- capitalism 141, 145, 161, 174, 175, can 140; Celtic 98,99; Eastern 176 Orthodox 98, 103; of the East 71, Carmel, Mt. 153 97; of England 135; of the Latter Cartwright, Peter 167 Day Saints 164; Roman Catholic Canton 144 134, 156 182 Religion: What It Has Been and What It Is circles, culture, x, 75, 76 dance 3, 5, 12, 22, 26, 67, 75, 82, 84, City, Forbidden 124 116, 122, 147, 158, 165, 168, 172 clergy 70, 102, 103, 111, 134, 138, Dao 57, 59, 90 153, 158 Dao De Jing 57, 59 Clive, Robert 146 Daoism, 59, 75, 89, 92, 98, 145, 176 Code, dietary 65; Hammurabic 37; Darwin, Sir Charles 154, 160, 176 law 35, 38, 74, 98; of Manu 49, 50 Daulat Khan Lodhi 126 cogito ergo sum 137 David 66 College of Pontiffs 54 Da Xue 124 Columbus, Christopher 136 Dayananda, Swami 148 Communism 145, 165 death 5, 8, 18, 19, 22 25, 36, 37, 39, community 11, 14, 16, 19, 32. 57, 61, 45, 48, 49, 54, 60, 63, 64, 66–68, 67, 73, 102, 112, 118, 122, 149, 84, 93, 101, 103, 110, 11, 127, 128, 157, 158, 169 130, 136, 161, 163, 169, 172; Black Conception, Immaculate 155 110, 130 Confession 90, 101, 105; Scots 135; deconstruction 163, 177 Westminster 135 Dee, John 132 Confessions (St. Augustine)104 Defensor Pacis (Marsilius of Confucius (Kong Fu Zi) 32–34, 57, Padua) 141 59, 92, 93, 143 Dehli 125, 127; Sultanate of 125, Confucianism, 33, 84, 92–94, 96–98, 126 124, 143, 145, 176 deism (of the American founders) Congregationalists 140, 166, 171 140–41 Constantine 70, 71 demons 7, 38–40, 43, 66, 81, 91, 109, Constantinople 71 118, 144, 168 contrarians x, 56, 57, 59, 61–65, 67, denomination 115, 166, 167, 169, 67, 69, 71–73, 75, 92 173 conversion 14, 74, 99, 120, 156, 157 Derrida, Jacques 163 Copernicus. Nicholas 135, 136 Descartes, Rene 136, 137 Cordovero, Moses ben Jacob 130 desire 1, 2, 48, 61, 79, 86, 125, 133, cosmology 17, 136, 160 175; sexual 79 cosmos 15, 17, 124, 136 Deuteronomy 159 Council, of Constance 133; of Fer- device, expedient 85, 86 rara 131; of Trent 134, 155; Vati- Dewey, John 163 can I 156; Vatican II 164 Din-i-Ilahi 127 creation 2, 25, 46, 53, 93, 141, 176 Dionysius the Areopagite 105–106, Cromwell, Oliver 135 139 Crusades 108, 167, 172 Dionysus 44, 81 Cur Deus Homo? (St. Anselm) 106 Disciples of Christ 167 Cybele 53, 68 dhamma (see dharma) Cynicism 45 dharma 61–63, 85 Dogen 87 Damascus 72, 113 dogma 69, 70, 72–73, 123, 158, 164, damnation 134 168, 173 Index 183

Dome of the Rock 113 129, 130, 149, 150, 152; Persian, domes 17 41;Roman 42, 53, 55, 64, 70, 71, Dostoevski, Feodor 7 99. 102, 103, 111; Sassanian 52; Dream of the Red Chamber, The 97 Seleucid 51, 52 dreams ix, 4–6, 19, 25, 153, 170 Enlightenement ix, 60, 61, 158, 167 dream-time 5 En-Sof 130 drugs 3, 18, 92 Epicureanism 45 Du Fu 95 Eros 24, 25, 133, 146 Duns Scotus 109 Essence of Christianity, The Durga 49, 82 (Feuerbach) 159 Durkheim, Emile 16, 160 ethnicity 35, 45, 166, 167 Dynasty, Babylonian 37, 89; Han 32, etiquette 15 56, 59, 84, 143; Mauryan 77; Ming eucharist 100 97, 123, 143; Mughal 126; Qing evil 34, 39, 40, 53, 66, 81, 91, 94, 124, 171; Safid, 128; Shang 30, 31; 149, 163, 169 Song 91, 95; Tang 88, 92; Exilarch 117 Umayyad 113; Yuan 96, 97; Zhou Existentialism 155 32, 51 fang shi 89, 90 Easter 20, 99 faith 3, 40, 53, 62, 65, 67, 68, 70, 73, East India Company 146 77, 78, 84, 87, 93, 103, 104, 106, Ebionites 69 107, 113, 118, 121, 122, 126, 129, Eckhart, Meister 110 133, 135, 138, 139, 140, 145, Eddy, Mary Baker 170 154–156, 158, 168, 173, 174, 177; Edwards, Jonathan 167 leap of 138, 155; knight of 154 Egypt, 21, 35–40, 45, 52, 53, 69, 99, Fatehpur Sikri 127 102, 113, 129, 132, 149, 152 festivals 22, 24 Elementary Forms of Religious Feuerbach, Ludwig 159 Life (Durkheim) 160 Ficino, Marsilio 131 Eliade, Mircea 3, 162 filioque 104 Emerson, Ralph Waldo 147, 168 Finland 133 emperors, Chinese 30–34, 57; Finney, Charles Grandison 167 87–90, 92, 97, 121, 124, 144–146; fire 17, 24, 48, 73, 74, 95, 109, 116, Holy Roman 100, 129, 131–133; 118 Mauryan 62; Mughal 128; Persian firmament 6, 17 41; Roman 52, 53, 75, 103, 108 flamens 52 empires x, 27–33, 35, 37–39, 41–47, Florence 131 49–53, 55–57, 59, 62, 64, 67–71, Fludd, Robert 132 75, 77, 84, 89, 96, 100, 102, 103, forgiveness 105, 114, 172 120, 127–131, 144, 146, 149, 150, France 100, 101, 105, 107, 111, 120, 152; Chinese 30, 96; Hellenistic 129, 150 44, 45, 51; Holy Roman 100, 111. Francke, Hermann 138 129, 132; Islamic 115, 128; Frederick the Wise, Elector 133 Mughal 127, 128, 146; Ottoman folklore 3 184 Religion: What It Has Been and What It Is

Foucault, Michel 163 134, 138, 141, 142, 145, 152, 154, Fox. George 138 157, 158, 161, 167, 170, 172, 174, Francis, St. of Assisi 107 175, 177; the god question vii Frazer, Sir James 160 Goddess 10, 26, 40, 47, 49, 52, 53, Freud, Sigmund 160, 161, 177 82, 88, 107, 137 Fuji, Mt. 15 gods 3, 4, 15–17, 23, 25–27, 29–31, fundamentals 156 33, 35–38, 40, 43, 45–50, 60, 61, Fundamentalism 156, 173 63, 67, 72, 78, 81, 83, 89, 121, 125, Future of an Illusion, The (Freud) 137, 160, 163 161 Gödel’s Proof 7 gold 110, 137 Gabriel 72 Gospel, Social 163 Galilee 64 Golden Bough, The (Frazer) 160 Galileo Galilei 136 gopurams 83 Gandhi, Mohandas K.(Mahatma) grail 99, 107 49, 148 Granth, The 126 Ganesh 82 Great Learning, (see Da Xue) Gao Pan-Lung 97 Greater Hekaloth 55 gardens 74, 96 Greece 41, 44, 45, 51, 111, 132, Garrison, William Lloyd 168 150 gazis 111 greed 34, 65, 1`41, 174, 175 Gautama Siddharta 60, 61, 63 Greeks 16, 18, 41, 52, 113, 118 Ge Chao Fu 90 Gregory VII, Pope 100, 103, 104 Ge Hong 91 Guide for the Perplexed (Mai- Geist 156 monides) 119 Gemara 54 Gujarat 46, 47, 148 Genesis 6, 11 Gutenberg, Johannes 95, 131 Genghis Khan 117 Gennep, Arnold van 162 hadith 72, 74, 113 Geonim 117, 118 Hafez 115 Gerazim. Mt. 15 hajj 73, 151 Germans 133, 147, 159 Hakuin 67 geyi 85 Halevi, Judah 118 ghettos hallucinations 6 ghosts 19 Hammurabi 37 Gilgamesh 5, 19 hand, invisible 141, 155, 174 Gladden, Washington 169 Han dynasty 32, 56, 59, 84, 89 Gnosticism 104, 161 Han Shan 95 Goa 125, 128 Hanuman 49 God 7, 13, 17, 23, 24, 26, 30, 39, 40, Hanxu 141 42–44, 46, 47, 49, 52–54, 57, 59, Han Yu 92 65–67, 69–71, 73, 74, 81–83; Hari Krishna 174 90–92, 99, 100, 105–110, 114–116, Harrapa 46 118, 121, 123, 126, 127, 130, 133, Hawaii 14, 171 Index 185 heaven 4, 15–17, 20–22, 26, 30, 31, ibn Ezra, Abraham 118, 119 33, 38, 39, 66, 67, 89, 90, 93, 105, ibn Gabriol, Solomon 118 121, 124, 144, 176; Yellow 89 ibn Pakuda, Bahya 118 Hegel, G.W.F. 56, 154, 159 ibn Rushd, Abu-Waleed Muhammed Heidegger, Martin 163 115 Henry VIII 134 ibn Sina, Abu Ali al-Hussain ibn Hera 16, 52 Abdallah 114 heresy 64, 79, 100, 101, 110, 115, illo tempore 15 120, 122, 159 imagination 11, 23, 115 heretics 71, 100, 101 imam 74, 112 Hermes Trismegistus 132 immortality 19, 37, 67, 91, 95 hermit(s) 1, 50, 102, 115 imperator 51, 52 Herod the Great 42, 64 India x, 14, 18, 22, 29, 43, 45–51, 62, Herzl, Theodore 150 63, 71, 72, 75, 77, 78 80–83, 85, Heschel, Abraham Joshua 164 87, 92, 96, 113, 116, 117 122, 124, Hildegaard of Bingen 107 125–128, 146–149, 160 Hinduism 49, 63, 75, 81–84, 125, Indra 48, 49 147, 148 Indo-Europeans 47 Hipparchus 68 Indonesia 75, 84, Hira, Mt. 72 indulgences 133 Hobbes, Thomas 136 industrialization 166 Hodge, Charles 168 Indus River 44, 124, 146 Holocaust 151, 162 infallibility 156, 162 home 15, 17, 34, 44, 83, 117, 124, inquisitors 120 130, 150 Institutes of Christian Religion homoiousios/homoousios 70 (Calvin) 134 Hong Xia Quan 144 intercalation 20 Hopi 11, 23 inventions 1, 23, 153 Horus 36 Iran 112, 113, 128, 129 Huang Po 88 Iraq 39, 112, 152, 171 Hudson River School 168 Isis 36, 45, 53, 68, 99 Humayan 127 Islam, 20, 53, 73–76, 80, 82, 84, 98, Humboldt, Alexander Von 154 100, 111–118, 120, 125–129, 147, Hume, David 136, 137 149. 151, 152 Hus, Johann 133 isnad 113 Husayn 112 Israel 39–42, 66, 76, 151–153, 158, Husayn, Mirza 152 169 Husserl, Edmund 163 Israel of Moldavia 158 Hutterites 135 Isafahan 128 Ismail I 128 I and Thou (Buber) 164 Istanbul 71, 129 Iliad 31, 49 Italy 100, 120, 131, 150 illumination 24, 110 ibn Daud, Abraham 119 Jabneh 54 186 Religion: What It Has Been and What It Is

Jagannatha 83 Kauravas 49 Jahanagir 127 Kepler, Johannes 132, 136 Jain(s) 63, 147, 148 Kethuviim 57 James, William Kierkegaard, Soren 154, 155 Japan 63, 75, 78, 79, 87–89, 97, 145 King, Martin Luther 174 Jefferson, Thomas 2, 3, 141 Kingdom of Great Peace, Heavenly Jerusalem 15, 40–42, 54, 64, 65, 71, 144 72, 107, 113, 130, 139 King of kings 100, 108 Jews, Hasidic 130 Knox, John 135 Jesuits 125, 171 koan 88 Jesus, 22, 64–71, 73, 76, 86, 100, Kong Fu Zi (see Confucius) 101, 103, 105–107, 116, 117, 122, Korea 63, 75, 79, 89, 97, 145, 171 133, 137, 138, 144, 147, 148, 156, kosher (food) 41 157, 159, 169, 170, 175, 176 Kramer, Samuel Noah 35 Jews 39, 41–43, 45, 51, 54, 55, 65, Krishna 49, 81, 83, 148, 174 68, 72–74, 117–120, 122, 129, 130, kshaktriya 50 150, 152, 157, 158, 164, 176 Kublai Khan 96 Job 39, 66 Kumarajiva 85 John, gospel of 64, 69 kung-an 88 John of Salisbury 107 Kurds 150 John Scotus Eriugena 105, 107 Kurozumi-kyo 146 John VIII, Byzantine Emperor 131 Kuwait 152 John XXIII, Pope 164 Joshu 88 Lahore 126 Journey to the East 97 Lais 107 Judah 39, 41, 52, 64, 118 lamas 80 Judaism 41, 42, 54, 55, 66, 68, 69, Language 1, 4, 10, 11, 31, 43, 46, 47, 118–120, 130, 157, 158, 164 50, 79, 85, 120, 144, 158, 163 Julius Caesar 52, 159 Lao Zi 56–59, 61, 89–92, 96, 122, Jung, Carl 161, 162 145 Justinian 98, 108 Latin 47, 50, 85, 88, 103–105, 114, 115, 131, 132 kabbalah 55, 120, 122, 130, 132 Lectures on the Science of Reli- Kabir 126 gion 160 Kabul 126 Lee, Ann 169 Kairaites 118 Legalists 32, 33 kairos 18 Leibnitz, Gottfried 125 Kali 49, 62, 82 Levi-Strauss, Claude 161 kami 78 literalists, Christian 6, 7 Kant, Immanuel 136, 137 li 33, 34 Kapillavastu 60 Li Ao 92 Kaplan, Mordecai 164 liberalism 156 Karttikeya 82 Liberia 168 Kashmir 149 Li Bo 59, 95 Index 187

Libya 168 Mary, the Virgin 88, 155 Lieh Zi 58, 89 Marx, Karl 155, 159 Lin Chi 88 Marxism 145 lingam 82 Masada 54 Ling Bao 90 mass 102, 103, 105, 134, 156, 164 Li Zhi 33 materialists ix Locke, John 1, 136 mathematics 7, 38 logic 7, 114, 154, 155 Matthew, gospel of 54, 64, 65, 175 Lombard, Peter 107 Mauryan dynasty 51, 62, 77 longevity 89, 92, 95 maya 16, 48 Lotus Sutra 85 Ma Zi 88 love 24, 32, 53, 57, 59, 67, 73, 105, Mecca 72, 73, 129, 151 107, 116, 130, 157, 169 medicine 114, 125, 170 Lu Chiu Yuan 94 Medici, Cosimo de 111 Lucy 10 Medina 72 Luke, gospel of 64, 71 meditation 48, 74, 78, 81, 83, 84, 86, Lull, Raymond 110 88, 96, 110, 122 Lun yu 32, 124 mega-church 173 Luria, Isaac 130 Mencius (see Meng zi ) Luther, Martin 129, 133–136, 170 Mendelssohn, Moses 157 Mendelssohn, Felix 157 Mabinogion 99, 107 Meng Hao Ren 59 Maccabees 51, 52 Meng zi 34, 93, 94, 124 magic, black 132 Mennonites 135, 138 Mahabharata 48, 49 Meno 94 Mahavira 63 Mesopotamia 37–39, 41, 46, 51, 52, Mahayanists 79 55, 68, 71, 117, 129 Maimonides, Moses 119 Messiah 54, 55, 66, 144, 159 Malinowski, Bronislaw 161 Messianism 130 Malleus Maleficarum 132 metaphysics 33, 108, 109, 158 Manchurians 143 Methodists 138, 156, 157 Mandate, British 150 Mexico 165 Mani 104 Michelangelo 133 Manichaeans 97 Miller, William 170 Mao Zi Dong 145 millet(s) 129 Marc Anthony 52 Mind, Buddha 87 Marcionites 57 Ming dynasty 97, 123, 143 Marco Polo 96 miracle(s) 103, 156 Marduk 37, 42 Mirandola, Pico Della 132 Marie de France 107 Mishnah 54 Marrett, R.R 160 missions 171 marriage 2, 18, 24, 45, 73, 74, 79, missionaries 14, 63, 78, 80, 91, 99, 103, 113, 148, 169 125, 138, 140, 147, 171 Marsilius of Padua 141 “Model City” (Al-Farabi) 114 188 Religion: What It Has Been and What It Is

Mongols 96, 117 Neo-Platonism 53, 114, 119, 131 Mohenjodaro 46 Nepal 60 Mo-ists 32, 58 Nero 54 Moldavia 130, 158 Nestorius 71 monasteries 62, 78, 102, 122 New Testament 65–67, 69, 71, 176 monks 61, 62, 102, 103, 115; Bud- Newton, Sir Isaac 132, 137 dhist 84, 102; Irish 99 Nicean Creed 70, 104 monotheism 134 Niebelungenlied 99, 107 Monte Cassino 98 Niebuhr, Reinhold 172, 175 moon 3, 20–22, 24, 124 Niebuhr, Richard 172 Moses 40–42, 65, 119, 130, 132, 157, Nietzsche, Frederick 160 159, 168 Nile 36, 37 Moses of Leon 119 Nippur 35 Mother, the Great 26 nirvana 86 mountains 15, 16, 31, 60, 83, 96, No Exit (Sartre) 163 154 No Thingness 57, 61, 78 Mu’awiya 112 Noyes, John Humphrey 169 Muhammed 71, 72, 74, 98, 111, 112, numbers 21, 150, 166 116, 152 Nygren, Anders 164 Muhammed, Siyyud Ali 152 Müller, Max 160 Ockham’s razor 109 music 3, 5, 12, 27, 33, 84, 114 Olcott, Henry Steele 147 Mu’tazilites 114 Olympus 15, 16 Myanmar 78, 89 One, the 53, 66, 93, 98, 169 mystery 21, 43, 57, 156 Opium 144 myth 3, 16, 18, 19, 23, 26, 30, 31, 35, Oration on the Dignity of Man 36, 38, 39, 60, 61, 67, 68, 87, 159, (Pico) 132 160, 161, 162 Origin of Species, The (Darwin) mythology 18, 19, 31, 35, 38, 67, 87, 160 160, 162 Ormazd 43 Osiris 36, 37 Nagarjuna 78 Otto, Rudolf 161 Nalanda 78 Ottomans, 111, 128, 129, 131, 150 Nanak, Guru 126 Oxford 136 Nan Chuan 88 Nanjing, battle of 144 pagans 28, 41, 42, 70, 74, 99, 101, nats 78 117, 139, 174 nature 2, 12, 34, 57, 59, 88, 93, 126, painting, landscape 96 137, 153–155, 161, 163, 168 Pakistan 45, 50, 80, 112, 126, 149, Nawaz 115, 116 Palestine 44, 54, 55, 76, 129, 150, Nazareth 65 151 8, 92, 122 Palestinians 150, 151 Neo-Confucianism 96, 124, 143 Pali 62, 79, 86 Neo-Orthodoxy 164, 172 132 Index 189

Parham, Charles172 Portugese 128 Parliament of the World’s Religions positivism, logical 163 148 power 3, 5, 12, 13, 16, 23, 24–27, 29, Parthians 52 31, 32, 37, 40–44, 51, 52, 55, 66, Parvati 82 71, 82, 87, 89, 98, 100, 101, 109, Patanjali 81 111, 112, 123, 127–129, 131, 133, Path, Eight-fold 61 141, 143, 144, 150, 152, 155, 161, Paul, St. 64, 67, 71, 101, 106, 169 162, 166, 173 Pelagius 105 Po Zhu I 95 Pentecostalism 173 Prajapati 47 “people of the book” 117 predestination 138, 167 persecution 68, 70, 117, 138, 150 precession of the equinoxes 38, Persia 37, 41–44, 46, 47, 52, 66, 75, 68 98, 104, 116, 117, 127, 152 Presbyterianism 135, 145 Persians, Sassanian 98 presbyteries 134 Pharisees 42, 43, 53, 65, 66, 70 priests 20, 36, 52, 67, 70, 74, 103, Philo Judaeus 45 104 pilgrimage 26, 66, 72, 73, 83, 108, Primitive Culture (Tylor) 160 121, 174 progress 6, 29, 172 Pius IX, Pope 155, 165 proletariat 155 Phaedo (Plato) 8 prophets 39, 41, 42, 54, 73, 109 planets 21,22 prophets 6, 29, 172 Pharaohs 36, 37, 40 Protestants 135, 138, 156, 158, 161, phenomenology 162, 163 162, 164, 176 Phillips, Wendell 168 Psalms 157 pietism 138 psychologists 8 Pilgrims 42, 140 psyche 4, 25 Plato 44, 45, 53, 94, 105, 106, 108, Ptolemy 136 114, 118, 119, 131, 132 Pure land 86, 88, 96 Pletho, Gemistus 131 Pure Ones 101 Plotinus 53 pyramids 36 Poetic Eddas 107 poetry 5, 33, 59, 95, 115, 116, 122, qi 94 126 Qing dynasty 124, 143, 171 poets 83, 115, 116, 126, 154, 155 qing du 86, 87 Poland 120, 135, 165 Qoheleth 5, 23 polygamy 2, 75, 147, 148 Quakers 138, 140, 157, 168 polytheism 28, 68, 99 Quest for the Historical Jesus, The Pontifex Maximus 52, 100 (Schweitzer) 159 poor 2, 73, 113, 126, 138, 155, 158, quiescence 57 166 Quine, Willard V.O. 163 Pope 14, 71, 78, 98–104, 108, Quirinius 64 110–112, 121, 130, 131, 134, 135, Quran 72, 73–75, 112–114, 116, 141, 155, 156, 164, 165 117 190 Religion: What It Has Been and What It Is

Rab’ia 115 Rumi, Jelaluddin 115 racism 167 Russians 98 Radhakrishnan 148 Ragaputs 125 Saadya Gaon 118 Ragnarok 23 Sabbath 118 Rahner, Karl 164 sacraments 103 Raj, British 82 sacrifice 36, 38, 41, 61 Rajastan 125 Saddharmapundarikasutra 85 Ram 49, 81, 126, 149 Sadducees 65, 66, 70, 118 Ramakrishna 148 Safed 130 Ramanuja 81 Sai Baba 148 Ramayana 48, 81, 149 Saivism 46 Rauschenbush, Walter 169 salvation 91, 101, 105 Ravanna 49 Samaria, Samaritans 41, 42 Red Turbans 97 Samarkand 117 Reformation, Protestant 129, 134 Samma Veda 47 reincarnation(s) 19, 86 Sana’I 115 relations, sexual 2 sangha 61, 62, 102 religion i-xi et passim; civil Sankara 81 174–176; Vedic 77 Sanskrit 47, 50, 62, 79, 85, 160 ren 33 Saoshyant 43, 66 Renaissance 107, 131, 133, 165 Saraswati 47 resurrection 23, 43, 64, 66, 74, 156 Sartre, Jean Paul 163, 177 revelation 91, 109, 118, 134, 154, Satan 39, 66, 100, 132 156 Satanism 132 Revolution, French 153 satori 88 Rg Veda 47, 49 satyagraha 148 rites of passage 18, 24, 162 Schleiermacher, Frederick 158 Ritschl, Albrecht 158 Scholem, Gershom 164 ritual(s) 3, 4, 13–15, 18, 22, 24–27, Schopenhauer, Arthur 147 29, 32–36, 38, 47, 48, 50, 56, 61, Schweitzer, Albert 159 77, 80, 83, 87, 91, 100, 102, 103, science 6, 17, 19, 34, 100, 109, 110, 121, 124, 126, 148, 174 114, 137, 157, 160–162, 164, 170, Roman Catholics 135, 173 175, 176 Romans 42, 54, 66 Science de Mythologique (Levi- Romantics 154, 160, 168 Strauss) 161 Rome 15, 51–54, 69, 71, 98, 105, scientist(s) 8, 137, 154, 160, 170 111, 131, 133, 136 Scotland 135 Rorty, Richard 163 Scottish Common Sense Philoso- Rosenzweig, Franz 164 phy viii Roy, Ram Mohan 147 scriptures 19, 39, 65–67, 69 Ru 32, 33 secularism 1 ruach 24 Seleucid Empire 51, 52 Rudolf II 132 Sefer Ha-Zohar 119 Index 191

Sepher Yetzirah 55, 119 Speeches on Religion to its Sepphoris 65 Cultured Despisers (Schleierma- Sermon on the Mount 67 cher) 158 Seth 36 Spener, Phillip Jakob 138 Sevres Peace Treaty 150 Spinoza Baruch de 136, 157 Shah Jahan 127 Spirit, Holy 71, 116, 157, 172 shaman 4, 80, 89 spirits, departed 31 shamanism 4 Sri Lanka 62, 75, 78, 79, 88 Shamash 37, 38 Star of Redemption (Rosenzweig) Shams of Tabriz 116 164 shan shui 59 Stoicism 45, 53 Shang dynasty 30–32, 90 Stone, Barton W. 167 Shangqing 90 Stowe, Harriet Beecher 167 Shao Yung 93 Strauss, David 159 sheol 19, 39 Stuart, Dugald viii Shi’ites 112, 128, 129 Stuart, Moses 168 Shi Jing 33 stupa(s) 77, 84, 88 Shu Jing 30, 31, 33 sudra 50 Shiur Kamah 55 Su Dung Bo 95 Shinto 78 sukhavati 86 Shulchan Aruch suf 115 Sichuan 89, 90 Sufism 115 Sikhs 126, 147, 176 suffering 24, 61, 86 sin 40, 67, 90, 91, 101, 103, 106, 114, Suleyman I 139 ; original 104, 105, 156, 172 Sultan 125, 126, 129, 130, 150 Sita 49, 69 Sumer 15, 16, 35, 37, 46, 172 Siva 47, 49, 81, 82, 84 Sumerians 35 skeptics 3 Sumeru 15, 16 skepticism 1, 78, 137, 154 sun 3, 20–22, 24, 25, 37, 38, 40, 53, slavery 168, 175 107 Smith, Adam 141, 155 Sunni Muslims 111–112, 128–29, Smith Joseph169 151 Socrates 7, 8, 44 Sun Yat Sen 145 Sokka Gakkai 146 suras 73 Song dynasty 95, 96 Suso, Henry 110 Song of Songs 107 sutras 80, 81, 85–87 soul(s) 5, 8, 53, 67, 115, 116, 160 suttas 61, 62, 78, 79 South Africa 148, 149 suttee 147 South America 57, 139, 154, 161, Sweden 133, 170 165, 172 Swedenborg, Emanuel 139, 170 space 11, 13–15, 17, 18, 21–24, 27, Syllabus of Errors, The 156 85, 95 Synod of Valence 105 Spain 100, 110, 113, 115, 118–120, Syria 37, 64, 71, 112, 129 165 Systematic Theology (Hodge) 168 192 Religion: What It Has Been and What It Is

Tabriz 116, 152 tree(s) 16, 17, 60, 70, 96, 99; bodhi Tagore, Rabindranath 148 60 Taiping Rebellion 144 travel, out of body 4 Tai Shan 15 tribe(s) 2, 3, 11–13, 15–19, 23, 26, Taiwan 31 27, 29, 30, 38–41, 60, 67, 70–72, Taj Mahal 127 96, 98–100. 108. 120, 165, 169, 171 Talmud 54, 18–120, 158 Trobriand Islanders 161 Tang dynasty 88, 92, 95 truth(s)viii, 3, 5, 6, 17, 27, 39, 43–45, Tantra 80 63, 81, 93, 101, 137, 138; absolute Tantrikas 80 68; Christian 109; ethical 3; Four Tauler, Johannes 110 Noble 86, self-evident 2, 7; spiri- technology 144, 153 tual, 115 168 temple(s) 30, 31, 35, 36, 49, 53, 63, Turks; Ottoman 111 83, 84, 88, 173; dancers 147; of Turner, Victor 162 Heaven 124; of Solomon 41 Tylor, Edward Burnett 160 Temple, William 164 type, moveable 95, 123, 131 Tennant, William 167 Tenri-kyo 146 Ultimate, Supreme 93, 94 Thanksgiving 141, 174 Unitarianism 148 theology 40, 53, 70, 87, 104, 106, Unitarians 157 113, 125, 134, 136, 137, 139, 141, Upanishads 48, 81, 147 154, 159, 162, 164, 168, 172 Union, European Economic 165 theory, heliocentric 136 United Nations 151 Theosophical Society 147 Universalists 157, 169 Theravadins 79 untouchables 50 Thomas, gospel of 64 Upanishads 48, 81, 147 Thoreau, Henry David 147, 168 Ur of the Chaldees 23, 39 Tiberias 130 Ussher, Bishop James 11 Tibet 78, 80, 97, 174 Uthman 112 Tiantan 124 Utnapishtim 19, 39 tien 87 Tien-Tai 87 vaishya 50 Tiglath-pileser III 39, 51 values 5, 6, 79, 96, 153, 160, 177 Tillich, Paul 172 Vandals 98 time; personal 17–19; seasonal Varieties of Religious Experience, 19–22; historical 22–23 The (James) 170 Timur 111, 117, 125, 129 varnas 50 Toghan Temur 97 Vayu 48, 49 Tolstoy, Leo 148 Vedanta 48, 148 Torah 31, 35, 41, 42, 54, 65, Vedas 22, 43, 47–50, 62, 81, 83, 148 118–120, 130, 158, 159 Vespasian 54 Tours, battle of 100 Vestal Virgins 52 trances, vision 4, 25 Vienna 111, 129, 150, 163 Transcendentalism 168 Vienna Circle 163 Index 193

Victoria, Queen 146 worship 26, 27, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, vihara 102 48, 49, 52, 53, 61, 68, 73, 78, 82, Vijaynagara 125 83, 99, 125, 126, 148, 160, 170 Vinaya 62, 79 wuduomidao 90 Vishnu 49, 81, 82, 84 Wu Zhen Pien 92 Vivekananda 147, 148 Wycliff. John 133 vox populi vox dei 141 Xia dynasty 30 Waldensians 133 Xiao 33 Wang Shou Ren 94, 95, 97, 123 xien 8 Wang Wei 95 xin 94 war(s) 49, 51, 52, 73, 82, 98, 100, Xien Ling Yun 59 108, 134, 138, 144, 145, 150–153, xuan 57 158, 162, 163, 165, 171, 175; Civil Xun zi 34 165; Crimean 153; First World 171; Franco-Prussian 153; Thirty- Yahweh 40 Years 134, 158; of 1812 165; Yajur Veda 47 Opium 144; Second World 162, Yang Xi 90 163, 165, 172 Yang Xui Qing 144 warfare 27, 73, 75, 101 Yellow Turbans 89, 90 warming, global 6,177 Yiddish 120 Washington, George 140 Yi Jing 31, 33, 93, 125 water 6, 16, 46, 59, 96, 138 yin and yang 31, 59, 93 Way of the Five Pecks of Rice 90 yoga 81, 115, 122, 173 Weber, Max 161 Yogananda 147 wealth 73, 155, 166, 170; Yogasutras 81 Wealth of Nations, The (Smith) 141 yoni 82 Wellhausen, Julius 159 Young, Brigham 169 Wen Zi 59 Yuan dynasty 96, 97 Wesley, Charles 138 Yugoslavia 111, 165 Wesley, John 138 “Western Inscription” (Zhang Zai) zaddik 130, 158 93 zakat 73 Wette, Wilhelm de 159 Zarathustra 43, 52 Whitefield, George 167 Zen 87, 88, 122, 173 Whitehead, Alfred North 44 zero 131 Whittier, John Greenleaf 168 Zeus 16, 42, 52 William of Ockham 109 Zhang Bo Duan 92 Wittenburg 133 Zhang Dao Ling 89 Wittgenstein, Ludwig 163 Zhang Zai 93 women 2, 3, 13, 14, 18, 26, 50, 61, Zhou dynasty 51 62, 74, 75, 110, 151, 153 168, 169, Zhou Dun Yi 93 172, 173, 175 Zhu Xi (1130–1200) 94, 97, 123, 124 Wordsworth, William 168 ziggurat 35 194 Religion: What It Has Been and What It Is

Zinzendorf, Count Nikolas von 138 zodiac 21, 38, 68 Zion, Mt. 15, 108, 150 Zoroastrianism 43, 104 Zionism 150 Zhuang Zi 58