Stylistic Analysis of the Architectural

計画系 684 号

【カテゴリーⅡ】日本建築学会計画系論文集第78巻第684号，485-495，2013年 2 月 J. Archit. Plann., AIJ, Vol. 78 No. 684, 485-495, Feb., 2013

STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE ARCHITECTURAL ORNAMENTATION �� AND�� DATING�� OF THE SCAENAE FRONS OF THE THEATER ��SCAENAESCAENAESCAENAE��SCAENAE FRONS FRONS FRONS FRONS��SCAENAE�� FRONS�� SCAENAEAT FRONS ANCIENT�� MESSENE�� 古代都市メッセネの劇場のスカエナエ・フロンスにおける古代都市メッセネの劇場のスカエナエ・フロンスにおける古代都市メッセネの劇場のスカエナエ・フロンスにおける古代都市メッセネの劇場のスカエナエ・フロンスにおける古代都市メッセネの劇場のスカエナエ・フロンスにおける古代都市メッセネの劇場のスカエナエ・フロンスにおける古代都市メッセネの劇場のスカエナエ・フロンスにおける建築装飾の様式分析および建設年代建築装飾の様式分析および建設年代建築装飾の様式分析および建設年代建築装飾の様式分析および建設年代建築装飾の様式分析および建設年代建築装飾の様式分析および建設年代建築装飾の様式分析および建設年代 �� * �� * * �� *＊ �� * Ryuichi�� YOSHITAKE �� * RyuichiRyuichiRyuichi YOSHITAKERyuichi YOSHITAKE YOSHITAKE YOSHITAKERyuichi YOSHITAKE Ryuichi吉武YOSHITAKE 隆一 The scaenae frons, the façade of the Roman scene building of the Theater at Messene has been dated to between the middle of the The scaenaeTheThe scaenae scaenae frons,The scaenaefrons, thefrons,frons façade the thefrons, façade façadeof thethe of façadeofRoman the Thethe Roman ofRomanscaenae scene the sceneRoman buildingscene frons, building building scenethe of façadethe building of ofTheater the theof Theater theofTheater at theRoman Messene Theaterat at Messene Messenescene has at buildingMessenebeen has has beendated been ofhas dated thetodated been between Theater to to datedbetween between theat to Messene middlebetween the the middle middle ofhas the the beenofmiddle of the the dated of theto between the middle of the nd rd nd nd2 centurynd andrd the rd3 centuryrd A.D.nd by the excavator fromrd uncertain evidences. The present paper demonstrates based on a stylistic 2 century22 ndcentury century and2 thecenturyand and 3 the thecentury and3 3 rdcentury thecentury A.D. 3 A.D.centuryby A.D. 2the by centuryby excavator A.D.the the excavator byexcavator and the from the excavator from3uncertain from century uncertain uncertain from evidences. A.D. uncertain evidences. evidences.by the The evidences.excavator presentThe The present present paperfromThe paperpresent uncertaindemonstratespaper demonstrates demonstratespaper evidences. demonstratesbased based onbasedThe a onstylisticpresent onbased a astylistic stylistic onpaper a stylistic demonstrates based on a stylistic nd analysis of the architectural ornamentation that the scaenae frons of the Messenian Theater dates not to the middle ofnd the nd2 centurynd nd analysisanalysisanalysis of the analysisof ofarchitectural the the architectural architecturalof the ornamentationarchitectural ornamentation ornamentationanalysis ornamentation that thethatof that thescaenae the the architectural thatscaenae scaenae frons the scaenae frons offrons ornamentationthe of of Messenian fronsthe the Messenian Messenianof the thatTheater Messenian the Theater Theater scaenaedates Theater dates notdates frons to not not the datesof to middletothe the thenot Messenian middle middleto of the the ofmiddle of2 Theaterthe thecentury 2 2of ndcentury datesthecentury 2 not century to the middle of the 2 century st ��st st ��st st ��st�� st ��st st centuryst A.D. st �� century stcentury century A.D. A.D.century A.D. A.D. century A.D.

Keywords : Roman architecture, theater, scaenae architecturalfrons, ornamentation, construction date KeywordsKeywordsKeywords : RomanKeywords : :RomanRoman architecture, : architecture,Roman architecture, theater,architecture, theater, Keywordstheater, scaenae scaenaetheater, scaenae frons, : Roman scaenaefrons, ornamentation,frons, architecture, ornamentation, ornamentation,frons, ornamentation, construction theater, construction construction scaenae dateconstruction datefrons, date ornamentation, date construction date ローマ建築 , 劇場 , スカエナエ・フロンス , 装飾 , 建設年代ローマ建築ローマ建築ローマ建築 ,ローマ建築劇場 , 劇場 , 劇場スカエナエ・フロンス , スカエナエ・フロンス , 劇場スカエナエ・フロンス , スカエナエ・フロンスローマ建築 , 装飾 , 装飾 , , 装飾建設年代劇場 , 建設年代 , , 装飾建設年代スカエナエ・フロンス , 建設年代 , 装飾 , 建設年代

1. Introduction 1. Introduction1.1. Introduction Introduction1. Introduction 1. Introduction The Theater of Messene, one of the biggest buildings in the city, is located in the northwest of the Agora. The architectural blocks of the scaenae frons, the The Theater The The Theater Theater of The Messene, Theaterof of Messene, Messene, one of Messene, of one onethe of biggestof the onethe The biggest biggestof buildings Theater the buildingsbiggest buildings of in Messene,the buildings in city,in the the is city,one city,inlocated theofis is locatedthe city,located in biggest the is inlocated northwestin the buildingsthe northwest northwestin the of inthenorthwest theof Agora.of the city, the Agora. Agora. ofisThe locatedthe architectural The Agora. The architecturalin architectural the The northwest blocksarchitectural blocks blocksof of the theof blocksscaenaeof theAgora. the scaenae scaenaeof frons Thethe scaenae,architecturalfrons thefrons , the, thefrons blocks, the of the scaenae frons, the façade of the Roman scene building, were discovered by the excavations between 2000 and 2004. Most of them have been recorded in detailed drawings and façadefaçade façadeof the of façadeRomanof the the Roman Romanof scene the scene Roman building,scene building, building,scene werefaçade building, werediscovered were ofdiscovered discovered thewere Romanby discovered the by by excavationsscene the the excavations byexcavationsbuilding, the between excavations were between between 2000discovered between 2000and 2000 2004. and byand 2000 2004.the Most2004. excavationsand Mostof Most2004. them of of Most themhave betweenthem ofhavebeen have them 2000 beenrecorded been have andrecorded recorded been 2004.in detailed recorded in Mostin detailed detailed drawingsof in them detaileddrawings drawings have and drawings beenand and recorded and in detailed drawings and �� According�� to the excavator, Prof.�� P. Themelis, the scaenae �� According ��According According to Accordingthe to excavator,to the the excavator, excavator,to the Prof. excavator, Prof.P. Prof. Themelis, P. P.According Themelis,Prof. Themelis, the P. Themelis, scaenae tothe the the scaenae scaenae excavator, the scaenae Prof. P. Themelis, the scaenae nd rd frons of the Theater is dated between the middle ofnd the nd2 centurynd andrd the rd3 centuryrd A.D.,nd based mainly on tword sculptures, supposed to be Trajan and Hadrian frons fronsoffrons the of Theaterof fronsthe the Theater Theaterof is the dated isTheater is dated between dated isbetween between dated the fronsmiddle between the the ofmiddle middle ofthe thethe Theater of middle 2of the thecentury 2is 2of nddatedcentury thecentury and 2between the andcentury and 3 the thecentury the 3and 3 middle rdcentury centurythe A.D., 3 of A.D., century based theA.D., 2 based mainlybased A.D.,century mainly mainly basedon and two on mainlythe on sculptures, two 3two sculptures,century on sculptures, two supposed A.D.,sculptures, supposed supposed based to be supposed mainly toTrajan to be be Trajan onTrajanand to two be Hadrian and Trajanandsculptures, Hadrian Hadrian and Hadriansupposed to be Trajan and Hadrian �� nd �� to the construction of Messene in the middle ofnd the nd2 centurynd �� A.D.�� The two�� headlessnd sculptures themselves,�� however, have no identifying inscriptions, so to theto constructionto the the construction constructionto the ofconstruction Messene of of Messene Messene in of the Messene in middlein theto the themiddle middle inof construction the the ofmiddle 2of the thecentury 2 2ofof ndcentury theMessenecentury A.D. 2 A.D.century A.D.The in the two��The A.D.The middle headlesstwo two The headless ofheadless twothesculptures 2headless sculptures sculpturescentury themselves, sculptures A.D.themselves, themselves, The however, themselves, two however, however, headless have however, haveno havesculptures identifying no no haveidentifying identifying themselves,no inscriptions, identifying inscriptions, inscriptions, however, soinscriptions, so sohave no so identifying inscriptions, so �� In addition,�� on the surface of east�� niche, there are two different-sized markings, �� In addition, ��In In addition, addition, on In theaddition, on onsurface the the surface onsurface of the east ofsurface of niche,east east niche,In ofniche,there addition,east thereare niche,there two areon are there different-sizedthetwo two surface aredifferent-sized different-sized two of different-sized eastmarkings, niche, markings, markings, there markings, are two different-sized markings, �� meaning that the pedestal with the inscription must not have been the original�� one.�� From�� such evidence, there is no�� doubt that the Messenian Theater had meaningmeaningmeaning that meaning thethat that pedestal the the thatpedestal pedestal withthe pedestalwiththe with inscription the the with meaninginscription inscription the must inscriptionthat mustnot mustthe have notpedestal not must havebeen have not withbeenthe been have original thethe the been inscriptionoriginal original one. the originalone. From one.must ��From such Fromnotone. havesuchevidence, suchFrom beenevidence, evidence, such therethe evidence,original thereis there no isdoubt one.is thereno no doubt thatdoubt Fromis no thethat thatsuchdoubt Messenian the the evidence, thatMessenian Messenian the Theater Messenianthere Theater Theater hadis no Theaterhaddoubt had that had the Messenian Theater had nd �� been used in the middle ofnd the nd2 centurynd �� A.D.;�� however,�� these ndindirect clues do�� not relate to the construction period of the scaenae frons of the Theater been beenusedbeen usedin used beenthe in middlein theused the middle middlein of the the ofmiddle of2 the thecentury 2 of2 ndbeencentury thecentury A.D.; 2used A.D.;century A.D.; however,in the �� however, A.D.;middlehowever, these however, of these indirect thesethe indirect2 indirectthese cluescentury indirect clues doclues A.D.;not do dorelateclues not nothowever, relate dotorelate thenot to theseconstructiontorelate the the constructionindirect constructionto the period constructionclues period perioddoof thenot of period ofscaenaerelate the the scaenae ofscaenaeto fronsthe constructionscaenae frons offrons the of ofTheater fronsthe the periodTheater Theaterof the of Theater the scaenae frons of the Theater nd directly. Thus, the excavator’s opinion that the scaenae frons belongs to the middle ofnd the nd2 ��nd nd directly.directly.directly. Thus, directly.Thus, theThus, excavator’s the theThus, excavator’s excavator’s the opinion excavator’s opinion opinion thatdirectly. the thatopinion that scaenae the Thus, the scaenaethat scaenae thefrons the excavator’s scaenae fronsbelongs frons belongs belongs fronsto opinion the belongsto middleto the thethat middle middle to ofthe thethe scaenae of middle 2of the ��the 2 frons 2of��nd ��the belongs 2 �� to the middle of the 2 �� However, stylistic analysis of the architectural ornamentation might be adaptable as chronological evidence. According to the new stylistic analysis of the However, However, However, stylistic However, stylistic stylistic analysis stylisticanalysis analysis of the analysisof architecturalof the the architectural However,architecturalof the ornamentationarchitectural stylistic ornamentation ornamentation analysis ornamentation might mightof bemight the adaptable bearchitectural bemight adaptable adaptable asbe chronologicaladaptable asornamentation as chronological chronological as chronological evidence. might evidence. evidence. Accordingbe adaptableevidence. According According to asAccordingthe chronologicalto newto the the stylisticnew newto thestylistic stylistic evidence.analysisnew stylisticanalysis analysis of According the analysisof of the the to of the the new stylistic analysis of the nd architectural ornamentation, which will be discussed in the following, the construction period can be dated not to the second half ofnd the nd2 centurynd A.D., but to nd architecturalarchitecturalarchitectural ornamentation,architectural ornamentation, ornamentation, ornamentation, which which whichwill be architecturalwill willwhich discussed be be discussed will discussed inbeornamentation, the discussed in following,in the the following, following,in thewhich the following, construction thewill the construction beconstruction discussedthe periodconstruction period periodincan the be can following, periodcandated be be dated not candated to thebe not thenot datedconstruction to secondto the thenot second second tohalf theperiod of half second halfthe ofcan 2of the half thebecentury 2 dated 2of ndcentury thecentury A.D., not 2 to A.D., centurybut A.D.,the to secondbut but A.D., to to half but ofto the 2 century A.D., but to st ��st st centuryst A.D. The chronological analysisst of the Messenian scaenae frons is important not only for dating the Theater building but also �� century stcentury century A.D. A.D.Thecentury A.D.�� chronological The The A.D. chronological chronological The chronological analysis analysis analysis centuryof the analysisof Messenianof A.D.the the Messenian TheMessenianof the chronologicalscaenae Messenian scaenae scaenae frons scaenae fronsanalysisis frons important is is importantfrons ofimportant the not is Messenian important only not not foronly only dating notscaenaefor for onlydating datingthe frons forTheater the datingthe isTheater Theaterimportant building the buildingTheater building butnot also onlybuilding but but alsofor also dating but also the Theater building but also �� for understanding the history of the Roman architecture of Greece.�� In this�� paper, thus, chronological�� analysis of the scaenae frons of Messenian Theater based for understandingforfor understanding understandingfor understanding the history the the history history of thethe of history Romanof the the forRoman Romanof architectureunderstanding the architectureRoman architecture of architecture Greece.the of historyof Greece. Greece. In ofof this Greece.the ��In Inpaper, thisRoman this paper, Inthus,paper, architecturethis thus,chronological thus,paper, chronological chronological thus, of Greece. chronological analysis analysis analysisIn of this the analysis ofpaper, scaenaeof the the scaenae thus, scaenaeof frons the chronological scaenae fronsof frons Messenian of of fronsMessenian Messenian analysis ofTheater Messenian Theater of Theater basedthe scaenae basedTheater based frons based of Messenian Theater based on the architectural decorations will be discussed. on theon onarchitectural the the architectural architecturalon the decorationsarchitectural decorations decorations will decorations be will will discussed.on be bethe discussed. will discussed. architectural be discussed. decorations will be discussed.

2. Stylistic analysis of the architectural ornamentation 2. Stylistic2.2. Stylistic Stylistic analysis2. Stylistic analysis analysis of the analysis of ofarchitectural the the architectural ofarchitectural the2. architectural ornamentationStylistic ornamentation ornamentation analysis ornamentation of the architectural ornamentation 2-1) Attic-type base 2-1) Attic-type2-1)2-1) Attic-type Attic-type2-1) base Attic-type base base base 2-1) Attic-type base Twenty-one bases have been found from the Theater. They are made of white marble and each of them has a moudling, which consists of a torus scotia and Twenty-one Twenty-one Twenty-one bases Twenty-one bases havebases havebeen have bases beenfound been have found fromfound been Twenty-onefromthe fromfound Theater. the the from Theater. Theater. basesThey the Theater. Theyhaveare They made beenare are They made ofmadefound white are of of from madewhite marblewhite the ofmarble marble whiteTheater.and each and marble and They ofeach each them and areof of themeachhasmade them a ofhas moudling, ofhas them whitea amoudling, moudling, has marble which a moudling, which andwhichconsists each consists consistswhich ofof athem torus consistsof of a has a torusscotia torus a of moudling, scotia aandscotia torus and andscotia which and consists of a torus scotia and �� a torus, so called Attic-type. The base and the plinth were produced as one ��block.�� a torus,a atorus, sotorus, called soa sotorus, called Attic-type.called so Attic-type. Attic-type.called The Attic-type. base The The andbase basea Thetorus,the and and plinthbase the sothe plinthcalledand wereplinth the wereAttic-type.produced wereplinth produced produced were as The one produced asbase asblock. one one and block. asblock.�� the one plinth�� block.�� were�� produced as one block. �� From�� the time of �� From ��From theFrom time the theFrom timeof time the of of time of From the time of �� Messenian base, but the moulding is carved in an almost semicircular shape, which is more similar to the base of the Odeum of Agrippa at Athens than the base MessenianMessenianMessenian base,Messenian base,but base, the but but mouldingbase, the the moulding but moulding theis carved moulding isMessenian is carved carvedin an is inalmost carvedin base,an an almost almostsemicircular butin an the semicircular almostsemicircular moulding shape,semicircular shape,is shape,which carved which shape,whichis in more an is iswhichalmost moresimilar more similar issemicircular similar tomore the to similar baseto the the ofshape,base base tothe theof Odeum ofwhich thebase the Odeum Odeumof isof morethe Agrippa ofOdeum of similarAgrippa Agrippa at ofAthens to Agrippaat theat Athens Athens basethan at theofthan Athens than the base the Odeumthe thanbase base the of Agrippabase at Athens than the base ＊ �� * ��* *�� Assist.* �� Prof., Priority Organization* �� for Innovation and Excellence, Kumamoto�� University,�� 熊本大学大学院先導機構特任助教��・博士（工学�� ） �� * �� Dr. Eng. ��

－ 485 － of Messene.��The ��st century A.D.�� st century A.D.,��st century �� façade, however, has no plinth; unlike the Messenian base.�� Thus, the base of the scaenae frons��st century A.D.��st century A.D. were Attic-type. 2-2) Corinthian capital �� caulis. A central tendril rising up from the second tier of acanthus is crowning a palmette on the abacus. These elements of the upper part of the capital make a �� st�� st century A.D. has the following characteristics: The kalathos is wide, and �� st century A.D. and was widely used in the 2nd century A.D. In addition, the upper elements of the capital, for ��st century �� st�� and heavy kalathos and a thin abacus above it. The soft acanthus leaves have sharp tongue-like serrations, surrounded by triangular holes. The upper part of the �� Messenian capital in its wide and heavy kalathos, even though its outer volute is unfortunately missing. In addition, the lower part of striped calyx is thin and its upper part is wide, and there is a central stripe. This characteristic is also seen at the Messenian capital. ��nd��st century �� also belongs to the Flavian dynasty.�� caulis and the central post rising from the second tier to the abacus run up the middle of the upper part of the capital. The tongue-shaped serrations and central ��st century A.D.,�� not to the middle of the 2nd�� 2nd��nd century A.D.��scaenae frons.�� The

Fig. 1 Plan of the scaenae frons�� Fig. 2 Foundation of the Roman scene building looking from the east

－ 486 － ��scaenae frons��st century A.D.�� The room was originally a �� st century A.D., based on pottery pieces which were found from the underground of the room.�� These capitals have acanthus leaves which are deeply carved, and the edges of the leaves are sharp. They are similar to the Messenian capital in that there are striped helices, and the central post supports the palmette in the middle. Woodward, ��st century A.D.�� The holes of the acanthus leaves and the central post, ��st�� The Messenian capital is, from a stylistic view, far from the capitals of the 2nd�� volutes.�� The stylistic differences between capitals dating to between ��st century and the beginning of the 2nd��nd century A.D. ��nd century A.D. In the strict sense, then, the �� st century A.D. 2-3) Lotus-acanthus capital �� were found at the Theater of Messene.�� The capitals have a bell-shaped kalathos and two tiers of leaves, with eight �� water-drop shaped hole is common character of these two different types of capitals. The kalathos has lotus leaves with central veins projecting out and leaves

Fig. 3�� Fig. 4�� Fig. 5��

Fig. 6�� Fig. 7�� Fig. 8�� Argos ��

－ 487 － with central veins carved in, alternately. The abacus has a narrow fascia in the upper part and a cyma reversa moulding in the lower part. �� acanthus one.�� sanctuary of Demeter at Pergamon.�� The �� The Tower of Winds ��st�� The porch and inner column of the �� the capitals from the Tower of Winds.�� st�� Theater at Athens,�� which has the similar lotus and acanthus leaves to those of Messenian capitals.�� The ratio of the height of capital to the height of abacus �� This capital has sharp-edged acanthus leaves, which do not look like those of the Messenian capital; but the deepness of the venations and the triangular holes of the acanthus leaves are similar to those of the Messenian capital.�� The scaenae frons��st��nd century A.D. ��rd�� that these capitals were not used in the scaenae frons�� reconstructed in the scaenae frons�� scaenae frons at the same time.�� According to a recent study, the scene building with ��st century A.D.�� in the scaenae frons.�� st century, but there are little example from the 2nd century. In �� st�� same Theater.�� 2-4) Ionic capital From the Theater of Messene, one normal Ionic capital and four angled Ionic capitals were discovered.�� cyma decorated with egg-and-dart. The canal connecting the two pulvinars separates the abacus and cyma in the middle, and has a convex section. The horizontal cyma is �� It is difficult to analyze Ionic capitals chronologically, because of their variety �� detail, there is little ornamentation in general, no architectural ornament in the abacus, a frame at the edge of the volute, and no necking. There are sixteen examples of this �� From another typology of Ionic capital by �� has a baluteus in the middle of the pulvinar.�� The baluteus is ornamented by herdera helix leaves. There ten examples of this type of Ionic capital, which date from the time Fig. 9��

－ 488 － ��rd century A.D.�� On both sides of the baluteus, there are three acanthus leaves each. There are twenty-one samples of �� Therefore, from a typological point of view, the Ionic capital of Messene ��st century A.D. and the 3rd century A.D., so that it is not easy to date the Messenian capital based on typology. �� a three-leafed angle palmette.��st century A.D.�� A fragment of Ionic capital from the Theater at �� leaves on both sides.�� st century A.D.�� The same can be said for the angled Ionic capital of Messene. The Ionic capital was not popular in the 2nd century A.D. anymore. 2-5) Twisted strap �� nd century A.D. in the examples of Asia Minor.�� This building is surely dated to the beginning of imperial �� with Messene is the architrave from the scaenae frons�� These two architraves ��st century A.D. 2-6) Astragal The astragal is a linear decoration made of alternating round beads and thin reels. In the Theater of Messene, astragal decorations are found in the narrow step between the middle and upper fascia, under the lesbian cyma of the architrave, and on both sides of the baluteus of the normal Ionic capital. �� st century up to the 2nd century A.D.�� The astragal of Messene has elliptic beads and thick reels, which differ from the astragals of the time of Augustus. For instance, the astragal decorated on the necking of the Ionic capital from the Temple of Rome and Augustus in the Athenian Acropolis has round beads and thin reels.��st�� same place as that of Messene. They also have same characteristics as Messenian astragals: the beads are rather elliptic and the reels are thick.�� There are also two architrave-frieze blocks, but they are decorated only on the crown moulding of the upper part of the architrave.�� The most similar example to the Messene �� the other hand, the astragal was no longer used in the buildings in the 2nd �� st century A.D., but not from the 2nd century A.D. in Greece.�� 2-7) Lesbian cyma The crown moulding of the architrave in Messene is decorated with a continuous ornament of lesbian cyma.�� The lesbian cyma was also a common ��st century up to the 2nd century A.D. like astragal.�� convex but rather concave in section. The central post of the lower leaves is comparatively low, and there is a circular eye in the top of it. This type of lesbian ��st century A.D. in mainland Greece.�� 2-8) Frieze palmette (Lotus and acanthus) �� consists of the lotus leaves with eight serrations and the acanthus leaves with seven serrations. The serrations are not as thin as those of the Hellenistic period, �� frieze was not common in the west including the city of Rome until the time of Trajan-Hadrian, but vegetable-frieze instead.�� of Rome and Augustus in the Athenian Acropolis�� The Temple of Rome and Augustus dates to

－ 489 － �� also has a lotus and acanthus palmette.�� st century A.D. Many example of the lotus and acanthus ornament can be observed in Asia Minor. The raking sima of the temple of Augustus at Antiochia is decorated with �� These palmettes, carefully carved on the marble stone, consist of lotus leaves with nine serrations and acanthus leaves with nine serrations, between the lotus �� This �� to the palmettes of Messene, the leaves of these palmettes are thin and the tendril spirals of are wide and clear. There is a small leaf which supports the lotus ��

Fig. 10 Architrave-frieze of the Theater at Messene Fig. 11 Profile of the architrave-frieze of the Fig. 12��

Fig. 13�� Fig. 14��

－ 490 － �� A marble architrave-frieze slab from so-called ‘the club house of athlete’ has a lotus and acanthus palmette. It is believed that this architrave-frieze slab was donated by �� ornament. The pattern and form of the lotus and acanthus palmette of this marble �� st century �� Here, lotus leaves with seven serrations and the acanthus leaves with seven serrations are seen in a line. The lotus and acanthus leaves are connected by Fig. 15�� This palmette consists of lotus with seven serrations and the acanthus with ��st century A.D. �� st century A.D. 2-9) Tone and water leaf �� are decorated on the horizontal part over the dentil of the geison from the Theater of Messene. The tone leaves have a central post in the middle and a double line at their edges. The water leaves have eight serrations and round edges, which are the same characteristics as �� Road also has water leaves, which are similar to the Messenian example;�� however, there are no tone leaves in this geison.

3. Conclusion From the point of view of the architectural ornament, scaenae frons of the Theater at Messene has the same characteristics as the scaenae frons of the �� st��scaenae frons�� st century A.D. The Roman Theater had been used, at least, until the end of the 2nd century continuously �� from the west, including the city of Rome, but much from the east, like Greece and Asia Minor.�� Additionally, the architectural ornamentation of the scaenae frons�� In fact, this new chronology of scaenae frons indicates that the construction activity of Messene during the Roman time was not in the middle of the 2nd��st century A.D.��

Acknowledgment ��

List of the Figures �� Dictionnaire Méthodique de l’architecture Grecque et Romaine��

－ 491 － Abbreviations �� The Great Bath on the Lechaion Road�� Der Roma-Augustus Monopteros auf der Akropolis in Athen und sein typologischer Ort�� Das Ionische Normalkapitell in Hellenistischer und Römischer Zeit in Kleinasien�� The Odeum�� Das Dionysos-Theater in Athens�� RMEH (Mittelungen des Deutschen �� AthMitt�� Die Bauornamentik von Milet, Teil 1: Die Bauornamentik der frühen und mittleren Kaiserzeit�� Das Vespasiansmonument in Side�� Die Ruinen von Side�� Topographie und Stadtplan von Messene in spätklassisch-hellenistischer Zeit�� Das Brunnenhaus der Arsinoë in Messene: Nutzarchitektur, Repräsentationsbaukunst und Hydrotechnologie im Rahmen hellenistisch-römischer Wasserversorgung�� Untersuchungen zur kleinasiatischen Bauornamentik des Hellenismus�� Monuments in the Lower Agora and North of the Archaic Temple�� Hesperia�� Die Gefangenenfassade an der Agora von Korinth – Ihr Ort in der römischen Kunstgeschichte�� Architecture�� The Theater�� Hesperia�� Bildlexikon zur Topographie des Antiken Athen�� The Severan Buildings of Lepcis Magna – An Architectural Survey�� Studies Roman and Early Christian Architecture�� BSA�� Notes �� Architectural Institute of Japan�� Prakt�� Prakt�� of the panel, of which the inscription was carved is different from the moulding of other sides; it appears to have been cut off when the inscription was written on the block. Therefore, it is probable that the pedestal block existed before the inscription was written. �� Hesperia�� base of Peloponnesus and northwest Greece. This indication means that a similar type of base was commonly used in both Asia Minor and mainland Greece in the Hellenistic period. �� et al�� Prakt��

－ 492 － �� Hesperia�� Dictionnaire Méthodique de l’architecture Grecque et Romaine�� BCH�� BCH��BCH�� IG�� Prakt�� The Antiquities of Athens�� The Architectural Development of the Greek Stoa�� Africa Italiana�� AJA�� AJA�� Das Dionysos-Theater in Athen; I: Die Ruine, pl. 54; III: Einzelheisten und Baugeschichte�� acanthus column not as a column of the scaenae frons but rather as a monumental column. �� in alternately. �� Prakt�� architrave-frieze and the grooved stone probably used for the movable stage. �� BSA�� 445. �� has been assumed to belong not to the scene building but to the late Roman construction. The author suggests, from the numerous instances of this capital in the Theater of �� Prakt��Prakt�� spirals two times only. ��

－ 493 － �� AJA�� capital. �� ÖJH�� Therefore, ‘cyma reversa’ is same as ‘lesbian cyma’ in the meaning of ornamental part but not in the meaning of ornamental scheme. In this paper, ‘lesbian cyma’ is used when ��The Architecture of Ancient Greece�� Metzler Lexikon Antiker Architektur�� JdI�� AJA�� The Architecture of Ancient Greece��Dictionnaire Méthodique de l’architecture Grecque et Romaine��Die Tempel der Griechen�� IstMitt �� Otium, Festschrift für Volker Michael Strocka�� Prakt�� as the Theater in Messene. ��

－ 494 － �� （2012年 5 月17日原稿受理，2012年11月16日採用決定）

－ 495 －