In Endless Pursuit of Justice

Bingham McCutchen LLP congratulates Charles J. Ogletree, Jr. and Harvard Law School on the grand opening of the Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice. Boston Hartford London Los Angeles New York Orange County Legal insight. Business instinct. San Francisco Silicon Valley Tokyo Walnut Creek Washington bingham.com HARVARD LAW SCHOOL 516 Hauser Hall • 1575 Massachusetts Avenue • Cambridge, MA 02138

CHARLES J. OGLETREE, JR. Director Jesse Climenko Professor of Law Criminal Justice Institute Executive Director, Charles Hamilton Houston Trial Advocacy Workshop Institute for Race and Justice Saturday School Program

September 15, 2005 Dear Friends, I would like to welcome you to the Grand Opening of the Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice at Harvard Law School. This event will become one of the most cele- brated occasions to recognize the truly extraordinary and gifted lawyer. Charles Hamilton Houston accomplished unparalleled successes as a Supreme Court litigator, law teacher, and advocate for race and justice throughout the 20th century. From his exemplary academic performance at Amherst College and Harvard Law School, to his role as counsel for the NAACP, to the groundbreaking work he did in developing the strategies for the eventual success in the Brown v. Board of Education litiga- tion, Houston stands alone among America’s great lawyers in the Civil Rights Movement. This conference will allow us to examine the complexity of Houston’s accomplishments, the vision of changing America’s views on issues of race and justice, and create an awareness of our own need to continue the important work that he started more than a half-century ago. The people who will be speaking today each share in Houston’s vision, and will offer constructive criticism, thought- ful direction, and unusual insight on a man of extraordinary brilliance. The work of the Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice officially begins today, and will continue for many years. I am inspired by Houston’s vision, and challenged to con- tinue a successful path of making this country an example of progressive judgments on issues of race and justice. I hope you will learn from the experiences today, and will join us in trying to meet the vision that Houston pursued during his incredible lifetime.

Sincerely,

Charles J. Ogletree, Jr. Jesse Climenko Professor of Law Founding & Executive Director, Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice

TEL.: 617-496-2054 • FAX: 617-496-3936 • E-MAIL: [email protected] Colin Ovitsky (Assistant): [email protected]

1 HARVARD UNIVERSITY

LAW R E NCE H. SUMMERS, PRESIDENT TELEPHONE: 617-495-1502 MASSACHUSETTS HALL FAX: 617-495-8550 CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02138 [email protected]

August 29, 2005

Dear Friends, I am delighted that Harvard has established the Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice. The Institute owes its name to one of Harvard Law School’s most distinguished graduates, whose critical work in fighting for racial equality helped change America for the better, and whose dedication has made a lasting impact on the Law School. Following Charles Hamilton Houston’s example, the Law School is again demonstrating its deep commitment to justice and equality. This new Institute presents us with tremendous opportu- nities to advance scholarship and education regarding the future of civil rights in America, and to deepen the understanding of values central to the work of the University and to the life of a demo- cratic society. I am personally grateful to Professor Charles Ogletree for his vision and leadership in serv- ing as the Houston Institute’s founding director. On behalf of the University, I wish Professor Ogletree, his colleagues, and the Institute a bright future full of promise and infused with the spirit of the distinguished alumnus in whose memory it is named.

Sincerely,

Lawrence H. Summers

2 HARVARD LAW SCHOOL CAMBRIDGE - MASSACHUSETTS - 02138

OFFICE OF THE DEAN Telephone (617) 495-4601 Fax (617) 495-5115

September 2, 2005

Dear Friends, It is an honor and a privilege to be writing this letter to celebrate the opening of the Law School’s Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice. In little more than two decades, Houston’s path-breaking work in civil rights forever transformed our nation’s legal landscape, and some fifty years after his untimely death at the age of 54, Houston continues to stand as a beacon – a reminder both of how far we have come and of all that is yet to be done. It was Houston’s belief that the lawyer’s highest calling was as a “social engineer.” Throughout his career, he showed an abiding faith in the ability of law to serve as a catalyst for social change. As vice dean of historically black Howard University School of Law from 1929 to 1935, Houston waged a battle for a tougher curriculum and higher standards that ultimately transformed what was largely a part-time night school into a top-flight training ground for a generation of civil rights lawyers, including star pupil Thurgood Marshall. As special counsel for the NAACP, Houston waged a full-scale assault on racial discrimination, devising and executing a nationwide strategy for combating the separate but unequal conditions that pervaded American life, and in so doing, he changed the course of history. In the words of Justice Marshall, the former student whose victory in Brown v. Board of Education marked a culmination of Houston’s life work, “We wouldn’t have been any place if Charlie hadn’t laid the groundwork for it.” Houston was both a brilliant visionary and a consummate pragmatist, a powerful combination. His life continues to inspire me, and it’s my belief in the bedrock importance of his work that led me to take the title of Charles Hamilton Houston Professor of Law when I became Dean. In paying tribute to Charles Houston, we celebrate the highest ideals of the legal profession and the very best of this Law School, where Houston was a brilliant student and the first African- American editor of the Harvard Law Review. It is fitting that the opening of the Houston Institute takes place in conjunction with the Law School’s second Celebration of Black Alumni, which is expected to draw more than 600 Law School graduates from all over the world – a remarkable group that includes CEOs, politicians, non-profit leaders, corporate counsel, philanthropists, academics, law firm partners, entrepreneurs, activists, and novelists. Among the eminent alumni to be recognized at

3 this gathering are Randall Robinson, the founder of TransAfrica, who will receive the Law School’s Medal of Freedom, and U.S. Senator Barack Obama, who will receive the Harvard Law School Association Award. Yet, even as we celebrate progress made, we are conscious of all that remains to be accom- plished. Some 55 years after Houston’s death, and more than 50 years after the Brown decision, far too many aspects of American life are still both separate and unequal. An “achievement gap” between black and white students still plagues the nation’s public schools. A disproportionate number of poor minority youth flows into a “school-to-prison pipeline.” And while key provisions of the Voting Rights Act are set to expire in August 2007, blacks and members of other minority groups continue to combat obstacles to fully effective political participation. This list goes on. With the opening of the Houston Institute, we at the Law School re-commit ourselves to addressing these and other pressing issues, continuing Houston’s lifelong struggle for racial justice and equality. Under the outstanding leadership of Professor Charles Ogletree, who has already done so much to build on Houston’s work, the Institute will sponsor an array of activities aimed at bring- ing about a more just world. Among the Institute’s activities will be research, conferences, courses, and policy analysis. I have no doubt that the Institute will make vital contributions in the months and years ahead, and I am grateful to Tree for all the work he has done and will do on these issues. It is hard not to wish that Charles Houston could be here today – that he could share in this celebration and see the fruits of his work. Houston was one of the greats, a brilliant legal thinker and masterful tactician propelled by the highest ideals. The world is a different – and far better - place because he walked among us. It is up to us to continue his work, and the opening of the Houston Institute is an integral part of our effort to do so.

Sincerely,

Elena Kagan Dean and Charles Hamilton Houston Professor of Law

4 HOWARD UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF LAW OFFICE OF THE DEAN

September, 2005

Professor Charles J. Ogletree, Jr. Harvard Law School 1575 Massachusetts Avenue 516 Hauser Hall Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138

Dear Charles: Congratulations on the opening of the Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice. Houston’s role at Harvard Law School as a student and at Howard Law School as a teacher are clear reminders of his unparalleled excellence as a lawyer, and we should continue to celebrate his many achievements. As Dean of the Howard University School of Law, Houston inspired a generation of leg- endary lawyers with his emphasis on the role of a lawyer as a “social engineer.” I look forward to the many opportunities that Howard and Harvard law students and faculty will have to work together, and I am certain that our efforts will do honor to this extraordinary man. Congratulations and best wishes.

Sincerely,

Kurt L. Schmoke Dean

5 Views of the Man and His Work

Most of us know Charles Hamilton Houston best as the brilliant strategist behind the NAACP's fight in the courts for racial equality. He was both the architect who drew the plans and the builder who laid the groundwork, case by case, for Brown v. Board of Education, the decision that ended de jure segregation. Houston was a brilliant attorney and educator who strove to instill his own drive for excellence in the lawyers he trained, and a leader whose every endeavor was undertaken for the benefit of his fellow man. Harvard Law School has chosen the name of this dis- tinguished alumnus to grace the new Institute for Race and Justice, which will carry on the work to which Houston dedicated his life. Charles Hamilton Houston

On September 3, 1895, Charles Hamilton Houston was born to Mary Ethel Hamilton Houston, a hairdresser, and William LePre Houston, a lawyer in Washington D.C. Charles Hamilton Houston attended M Street High School, graduating as valedictori- an of his high school class. In 1915, at the young age of nineteen, he graduated magna cum laude from Amherst College as one of six valedictorians. He was also elected a member of Phi Beta Kappa in college. After teaching English for two years at Howard University, in 1917, Houston enlisted in a segregated officers training program and served in World War I as a second lieu- tenant in a segregated U.S. Army unit. After the war, Houston matriculated in 1919 at Harvard Law School, where he became the first Black editor of the Harvard Law Review. He earned the LL.B., cum laude, in 1922 and the doctorate of juridical science in 1923, one of only a few lawyers of that time to earn the advanced law degree. Former U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter, then a member of the faculty at Harvard, said that Houston was one of the most brilliant students he ever taught. Houston won Harvard’s Sheldon Fellowship, which provided a postdoctoral year of study at the University of Madrid and travel. Houston practiced law with his father until 1950, also teaching and serving as vice- dean of Howard Law School from 1929 until 1935. Striving for academic excellence, Houston led the effort to gain Howard Law School’s accreditation by the Association of American Law Schools and the American Bar Association. Under his leadership, Howard Law School trained almost a quarter of the nation’s Black law students, including Thurgood Marshall, who later became a Supreme Court Justice. Houston became part-time counsel to the NAACP in 1934, serving as Special Counsel from 1935 until 1938. He was one of the main legal and social architects of the NAACP’s campaign to end segregation. Houston died on April 22, 1950, in Washington D.C. He is buried in Lincoln Memorial Cemetery; five U.S. Supreme Court justices attended his funeral. The success of Brown v. Board of Education came after Houston’s death, and his contributions toward ending racial segregation were largely unrecognized until after his death. Nonetheless, he was posthumously awarded the NAACP’s prestigious Spingarn Medal in 1950, and several schools and awards are named in his honor.

VIEWS OF THE MAN AND HIS WORK 7 Charles Hamilton Houston - Cases and Publications

I. Cases before the Supreme Court of the Bailey v. Zlotnick, 133 F.2d 35 (D.C. Cir. 1942). United States Hundley v. Gorewitz, 132 F.2d 23 (D.C. Cir. 1942). New York Central Railroad v. Chisholm, 268 U.S. 29 Teague v. Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen & (1925). Enginemen, 127 F.2d 53 (6th Cir. 1942). Bountiful Brick v. Giles, 276 U.S. 154 (1928). Durkee v. Murphy, 29 A.2d 253 (Md. 1943). Nixon v. Condon, 286 U.S. 73 (1932). Legions v. Commonwealth, 23 S.E.2d 764 (Va. Hollins v. Oklahoma, 295 U.S. 394 (1935). 1943). Hale v. Kentucky, 303 U.S. 613 (1938). Ross v. Hartman, 139 F.2d 14 (D.C. Cir. 1943). Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada, 305 U.S. 337 Gibson v. Industrial Bank of Washington, 36 A.2d 62 (1938). (D.C. 1944). Steele v. Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company, Hamburger v. Bailey, 36 A.2d 720 (D.C. 1944). 323 U.S. 192 (1944). Klein v. Miles, 35 A.2d 243 (D.C. 1944). Tunstall v. Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Steele v. Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company, Enginemen, Ocean Lodge No. 76, 323 U.S. 210 16 So.2d 416 (Ala. 1944). (1944). Tunstall v. Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen & Fisher v. United States, 328 U.S. 463 (1946). Enginemen, 140 F.2d 35 (4th Cir. 1944). Hurd v. Hodge, 334 U.S. 24 (1948). Bailey v. Zlotnick, 149 F.2d 505 (D.C. Cir. 1945). Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948). Fisher v. United States, 149 F.2d 28 (D.C. Cir. 1945). Hurd v. Letts, 152 F.2d 121 (D.C. Cir. 1945). II. Cases in Other Courts Kerr v. Enoch Pratt Free Library, 149 F.2d 212 (4th Cir. 1945). Murray v. Hurst, 163 A. 183 (Md. 1933). Tunstall v. Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen & Pearson v. Murray, 182 A. 590 (Md. 1936). Enginemen, 148 F.2d 403 (4th Cir. 1945). Williams v. Zimmerman, 192 A. 353 (Md. 1937). Urciolo v. O’Connor, 149 F.2d 386 (D.C. Cir. 1945). State ex rel. Gaines v. Canada, 131 S.W.2d 217 (Mo. Hurd v. Hodge, 162 F.2d 233 (D.C. Cir. 1946). 1939). Tunstall v. Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen & Bluford v. Canada, 119 F.2d 779 (8th Cir. 1941). Enginemen, 69 F. Supp. 826 (E.D. Va. 1946). Carter v. Provident Insurance, 122 F.2d 960 (D.C. Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen & Enginemen v. Cir. 1941). Tunstall, 163 F.2d 289 (4th Cir. 1947). State ex rel. Bluford v. Canada, 153 S.W.2d 12 Gilmer v. Brown, 44 S.E.2d 16 (Va. 1947). (Mo. 1941).

8 Charles Hamilton Houston - Cases and Publications

Howard v. Thompson, 72 F. Supp. 695 (E.D. Mo. “The George Crawford Case: An Experiment in 1947). Social Statesmanship.” Nation (July 4, 1934): 17 (with Leon A. Ransom). Jones v. State, 52 A.2d 484 (Md. 1947). “TVA: Lily White Reconstruction.” Crisis 41 Goetz v. Smith, 62 A.2d 602 (Md. 1948). (October 1934): 209 (with John P. Davis). Hampton v. Thompson, 171 F.2d 535 (5th Cir. 1948). “The Need for Negro Lawyers.” Journal of Negro Hinton v. Seaboard Air Line Railroad, 170 F.2d 892 Education 4 (January 1935): 49. (4th Cir. 1948). “Educational Inequalities Must Go.” Crisis 42 Law v. Baltimore, 78 F. Supp. 346 (D. Md. 1948). (October 1935): 300. Norris v. Baltimore, 78 F. Supp. 451 (D. Md. 1948). “Cracking Closed University Doors.” Crisis 42 (December 1935): 364. Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen & Enginemen v. Palmer, 178 F.2d 722 (D.C. Cir. 1949). “Glass Aided School Inequalities.” Crisis 43 (January 1936): 15. Chissell v. Mayor of Baltimore, 69 A.2d 53 (Md. 1949). “How to Fight for Better Schools.” Crisis 43 (February 1936): 52. Griffin v. Illinois Central Railroad, 88 F. Supp. 552 (N.D. Ill. 1949). “Don’t Shout Too Soon.” Crisis 43 (March 1936): 79. James v. State, 65 A.2d 888 (Md. 1949). “A Challenge to Negro College Youth.” Crisis 45 Lawson v. United States, 176 F.2d 49 (D.C. Cir. (January 1938): 14. 1949). “Future Policies and Practices Which Should Salvant v. Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 83 F. Govern the Relationship of the Federal Supp. 391 (W.D. Ky. 1949). Government to Negro Separate Schools.” State ex rel. St. Louis-San Francisco Railway v. Journal of Negro Education 7 (July 1938): Russell, 219 S.W.2d 340 (Mo. 1949). 460. McCready v. Byrd, 73 A.2d 8 (Md. 1950). “Saving the World for Democracy.” Pittsburgh Courier,July 20, 27, August 2, 17, 24, 31, Rolax v. Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, 91 F. Supp. September 7, 14, 21, 28, & October 5, 12, 585 (E.D. Va. 1950). 1940. Howard v. St. Louis-San Francisco Railway, 191 F.2d “Critical Summary: The Negro in the U.S. Armed 442 (8th Cir. 1951). Forces in World War I and II.” Journal of Negro Education 12 (Summer 1943): 364. III. Publications “Foul Employment Practice on the Rails.” Crisis 56 (October 1949): 269. “Commonwealth v. William Brown.” Opportunity 11 (April 1933): 109.

VIEWS OF THE MAN AND HIS WORK 9 Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice

Grand Opening Celebration • Thursday, September 15, 2005

8:00a.m. Registration & Continental Breakfast 8:30–9:30a.m. Film Screening “The Road to Brown” 9:30a.m Musical Selections The National Anthem: “The Star-Spangled Banner” The Black National Anthem: “Lift Every Voice and Sing” Lawrence Watson Welcome & The Occasion Professor Charles J. Ogletree, Jr. Remarks Dean Elena Kagan Remarks Dean Kurt L. Schmoke Remarks President Lawrence H. Summers Ribbon Cutting Ceremony 10:00a.m. Presentation “Charles Hamilton Houston: Way Outside the Box” John Payton 10:30–11:15a.m. Panel I “Charles Hamilton Houston: The Family Perspective” Charles Hamilton Houston, Jr. Charles Hamilton Houston III Dr. Caron Houston Thurgood Marshall, Jr. (Invited) Karen Hastie Willians 11:15–11:30a.m. Break 11:30a.m. Panel II –12:30p.m. “Charles Hamilton Houston as a Student, Lawyer & Activist” Moderator: Professor Robert A. Gross Professor Daniel Robert Coquillette Professor Genna Rae McNeil Professor Mark Tushnet

10 Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice

Ames Courtroom, Austin Hall • Harvard Law School

12:30–2:00p.m. Lunch on your own 2:00–3:00p.m. Panel III “What the Brown Lawyers Learned from Houston” Judge Robert L. Carter William T. Coleman, Jr. Professor Jack Greenberg Oliver W. Hill Judge Constance Baker Motley Judge Louis H. Pollak Remarks Justice Stephen Breyer 3:00–3:45p.m. Panel IV “The Harvard/Howard Connection” Dr. Walter J. Leonard Dean Kurt L. Schmoke 3:45–4:00p.m. Break 4:00–4:45p.m. Presentation “Rethinking the Origins of the Civil Rights Lawyer and the Significance of Brown” Professor Kenneth Mack Respondent: Professor Glenn C. Loury 4:45–5:30p.m. Presentation “Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race & Justice: Our Mission” Professor Charles J. Ogletree, Jr. 5:30p.m. Musical Selection Lawrence Watson Keynote Address “Social Engineers & Parasites” Dr. Cornel West 6:30p.m. Public Reception & Book Signing by Conference Participants Austin Hall Lobby & Rotunda

VIEWS OF THE MAN AND HIS WORK 11 The Honorable Stephen G. Breyer,Associate Justice, was born in San Francisco, California, August 15, 1938. He married Joanna Hare in 1967, and has three children— Chloe, Nell, and Michael. He received an A.B. from Stanford University, a B.A. from Magdalen College, Oxford, and an LL.B. from Harvard Law School. He served as a law clerk to Justice Arthur Goldberg of the Supreme Court of the United States during the 1964 Term, as a Special Assistant to the Assistant U.S. Attorney General for Antitrust, 1965–1967, as an Assistant Special Prosecutor of the Watergate Special Prosecution Force, 1973, as Special Counsel of the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, 1974–1975, and as Chief Counsel of the committee, 1979–1980. He was an Assistant Professor, Professor of Law, and Lecturer at Harvard Law School, 1967–1994, a Professor at the Harvard University Kennedy School of Government, 1977–1980, and a Visiting Professor at the College of Law, Sydney, Australia and at the University of Rome. From 1980–1990, he served as a Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, and as its Chief Judge, 1990–1994. He also served as a member of the Judicial Conference of the United States, 1990–1994, and of the United States Sentencing Commission, 1985–1989. President Clinton nominated him as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, and he took his seat August 3, 1994.

The Honorable Robert L. Carter has been United States District Judge, Southern District of New York, since 1972. Prior to his judicial appointment, he was a partner in the firm of Poletti Freidin Prashker Feldman & Gartner from 1969 to 1972, and served as Assistant Special Counsel and General Council for the NAACP from 1944 to 1962 where he won 21 of 22 cases in the United States Supreme Court. On leave from the NAACP in 1962, he served as Director of Veterans Affairs for the American Veterans Committee. Mr. Carter is the recipient of numerous honors and awards including: The Empire State Chapter of the Federal Bar Association’s Lifetime Achievement Award (2003); the Federal Bar Association’s Honorary Membership Award (2003); the Sara T. Hughes Civil Rights Award, Federal Bar Association (2003); appointment as a Senior Scholar Fellow, Harvard University and Harvard Law School (2003); LLD, Yale University (2003); the Medal of Freedom, Harvard Law School (2000); Doctor of Humane Letters, The New School (1998); Federal Bar Council’s Emory Bucknor Medal for Outstanding Public Service (1995); LLD, Howard University (1995); Lecturer in the Distinguished Lecturer Series, United States General Accounting Office (1995); LLD, College of the Holy Cross (1994); Meiklejohn Lecturer, Brown University (1994); Ralph E. Shikes Fellow, Harvard Law School (1991); Distinguished Jurist in Residence, Indiana University School of Law (1990); LLD, Northeastern University, Boston (1988); Alumni Award for Distinguished Postgraduate Achievement, Howard University (1980); Urban Fellow, Columbia University (1968-1969), and a DCL, Lincoln University (1965). Mr. Carter’s publications include: “Thirty Five Years Later: New Perspectives on Brown”, Race in America, The Struggle for Equality,at 83 (University of Wisconsin Press, 1993); Legal Aspects of the Civil Rights Movement (Detroit University Press, 1965); contributing author, The African Forum (Pantheon Press, 1959) and articles in the Michigan Law Review, The Humanist, Harvard Civil Liberties Law Review, South West Law Review, Encyclopedia of The American Constitution, University of Pennsylvania

Hon. Stephen G. Breyer Photograph: Steve Petteway, Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States

12 Law Review, Harvard Law Review, Journal of the Supreme Court History, New York City Law Review, and the Washington Post. A graduate of Lincoln University (AB, 1937), Howard University (LLB, 1940) and Columbia University (LLM. 1941), Mr. Carter has taught as the W. Haywood Burns Memorial Chair in Civil Rights, Adjunct Professor, at CUNY School of Law, 1999- 2000; as Adjunct Professor, University of Michigan Law School, 1977; as a Visiting Lecturer, Yale University, 1975-1977; and as Adjunct Professor, New York University Law School, 1965-1970. Mr. Carter is a member of the American Bar Association, and the Association of the Bar of the City of New York. He currently serves on the Council of Advisors, Northside Center for Child Development. He has served as President, National Committee Against Discrimination in Housing; Board Member, American Civil Liberties Union; Board Member, United Housing Foundation; Board Member, Alvin Ailey Dance Theatre; Board Member, Phelps Stokes Fund; Member, Council on Foreign Relations; Chairman, Board of Directors, Northside Center for Child Development; Member, Medal for Excellence Committee, Columbia University School of Law; Chairman, Public Service Awards Program of the Fund for the City of New York;Member of the Awards Panel, Root-Tilden-Snow Scholarship, New York University School of Law; Member of the American Delegation to the U.N. Conference of African Jurists on African Legal Process and Individual Rights in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Delegate, World Assembly on Human Rights in Montreal, Canada; member, American Delegation to the U.N. Conference on Crime and Treatment of Offenders in Stockholm, Sweden.

William T. Coleman, Jr. is senior counselor in O’Melveny & Myers LLP’s Washington, D. C. office. He joined the firm in 1977, after serving as Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the Ford Administration. Prior thereto, he had been an active practitioner in a Philadelphia law firm. Bill has extensive experience in litigation matters in the corporate, antitrust, natural gas, and constitutional law fields; foreign trade and other international matters; and the handling of corporate acquisi- tions and divestitures. He is also engaged in public activities on a part-time basis. Bill has represented the sale of Pacific Division of Pan American Airways to United Air Lines, the purchase of National Air Lines by Pan American Airways, the purchase of the Philadelphia Transit System by the Southeastern Transportation Authority (SEPTA), and has represented Goldman, Sachs, and other investment houses before the U.S. Civil Rights Commission. He has defended the Philadelphia Electric Company against charges of racial discrimination, represented the City of Philadelphia and SEPTA in labor negotiations in which the Transport Workers Union (TWU) rep- resented the employees, and represented Ford Motor Company in auto safety and antitrust matters before regulatory agencies and in court. Additionally, he has repre- sented several major trunk airlines in challenging the constitutionality of certain labor provisions in the Airline Deregulation Act, Pacific Gas & Electric in nuclear power plant licensing proceedings, the American Public Transit Association in challenging the constitutionality of certain labor requirements, and various clients in grand jury inves- tigations; international trade matters; constitutional law issues; antitrust and securities

13 litigation and counseling; and administrative and legislative matters. Bill has briefed and argued the following cases in the U.S. Supreme Court: Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority (state immunity issues); Bob Jones University v. United States (tax status of racially discriminatory private schools ); New Motor Vehicle Board v. Orrin W. Fox Co. (due process and antitrust issues); Bradley v. School Board of Richmond (retroactivity of attorneys’ fees statute); School Board of Richmond v. State Board of Education (remedial authority of court in desegregation case); Federal Power Commission v. Sunray DX Oil Co. (gas regulation issues); Permian Basin Area Rate Cases (gas regulation issues); United Gas Improvement Co. v. Callery Properties, Inc. (gas regulation issues); United Gas Improvement Co. v. Continental Oil Co. (agency jurisdiction over sale of gas fields); McLaughlin v. Florida (racially discrim- inatory criminal cohabitation statute); Smith v. Pennsylvania (access to FBI materials in state criminal proceeding); and Pennsylvania v. Board of Directors of City Trusts (equal protection issues). He has also prepared numerous petitions, oppositions, and briefs in other U.S. Supreme Court cases. Bill’s clients have included: the Ford Motor Company; General Motors Corporation; Insurance Company of North America (now CIGNA Corporation); AMAX, Inc.; Triangle Publications, Inc.; IBM; the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transit Authority; the American Public Transit Association; Long Island Power Authority; Nippon Paper Industries, Ltd.; The School District of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; U.S. Airways, Inc.; VSMPO; the Venetian Casino Resort; Washington Development Group, Inc.; Washington Metropolitan Airports Authority; Washington Metropolitan Transportation Authority; British Steel Corporation; Goldman, Sachs; Chase Manhattan; Banc One; American Savings, F.A.; Security Pacific Bank; Pan American World Airways, Inc.; United Air Lines Inc.; Pacific Gas & Electric Company; Dow Corning; The West Group; and Merck and Co., Inc.

Professor Daniel R. Coquillette is the Lester Kissel Visiting Professor at Harvard Law School and the J. Donald Monan University Professor of Law at Boston College. He received a B.A. summa cum laude from Williams College (1966), and earned a Fulbright Scholarship to study law at University College, Oxford University, England, where he earned a B.A. (1969) and an M.A. (1980). He acquired a JD. magna cum laude from Harvard Law School (1971), served as an editor of the Harvard Law Review,and went on to clerk for justice Robert Braucher of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts and Chief Justice Warren E. Burger of the Supreme Court of the United States. He then taught legal ethics on the faculty of the Boston University Law School, taught as a Visiting Professor at Cornell Law School and Harvard Law School, and became a partner for six years at the Boston law firm of Palmer & Dodge, where he specialized in complex litigation. He became Dean of Boston College Law School from 1985-1993, and was named J. Donald Monan University Professor in 1996. He was named the Lester Kissel Visiting Professor of Law at Harvard in 2001. Professor Coquillette teaches Professional Responsibility, English Legal History and a seminar on Lawyers and Morals. Among his many outside activities, Professor Coquillette is an Advisor to the American Law Institute’s Restatement on Law Governing the Legal Profession, a member of the Harvard University Overseers’

14 Committee to Visit Harvard Law School, and Reporter to the Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure, Judicial Conference of the United States. For five years, he was Chairman of the Massachusetts Bar Association Committee on Professional Ethics and Chairman of the Task Force on Unauthorized Practice of Law. He also served on the American Bar Association Committee on Ethics and Professional Responsibility, the Board of the American Society of Legal History, the Massachusetts Task Force on Model Rules of Professional Conduct, the Massachusetts Task Force on Professionalism, and the Special Committee on Model Rules of Attorney Conduct of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts. He is a trustee of a number of charita- ble organizations.

Professor Jack Greenberg, Professor of Law at Columbia Law School, was assistant counsel and then director-counsel to the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund from 1949 to 1984. He has argued forty cases before the U.S. Supreme Court, including the landmark case of Brown v. Board of Education, in 1954, which declared racial segregation unconstitutional. He joined the Columbia Law School faculty in 1984 and teaches constitutional, civil, and human rights law, as well as civil procedure. In 1996, he received the American Bar Association’s Thurgood Marshall Award for his long-term contributions to the advancement of civil rights, civil liberties, and human rights in the United States. In 2001 he was awarded the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Bill Clinton for his enduring work in defense of civil rights. Over the years, Professor Greenberg has participated in human rights missions to the Soviet Union, Poland, South Africa, the Philippines, Korea, Nepal, and elsewhere. Prof. Greenberg is a founding member of the Mexican-American Legal Defense and Education Fund, and the creator of the Earl Warren Legal Training Program. He has also been a member of various organizations, including the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund and the Human Rights Watch (1978-98), to name a few. Publications include Race Relations and American Law (1959); Litigation for Social Change (1973); Cases and Materials on Judicial Process and Social Change (1976); Dean Cuisine: The Liberated Man’s Guide to Fine Cooking (with Vorenberg, 1991); Crusaders in the Courts: How a Dedicated Band of Lawyers Fought for the Civil Rights Revolution (1994); and articles on civil rights, capital punishment, and other subjects. Professor Greenberg received both his undergraduate and law degrees from Columbia University.

Professor Robert A. Gross is James L. and Shirley A. Draper Professor of Early American History at the University of Connecticut. A social and cultural his- torian and onetime journalist at Newsweek, he is the author of The Minutemen and Their World (1976; 25th anniversary edition, 2001), which won the Bancroft Prize in American History). He writes frequently on New England history and culture in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, with particular attention to transcendentalism, anti-slavery, and reform in the age of Emerson, Garrison, and Thoreau. As a new jun- ior faculty member at Amherst College, where he taught from 1976 to 1988, Gross wrote the biographical sketch Charles Hamilton Houston (1895-1950) (Boston, 1977),

15 which accompanies the original portrait of Houston by Richard Yarde that now hangs in the Robert Frost Library.

Karen Hastie Williams is a graduate of Bates College and the Catholic University School of Law. She was a law clerk to Mr. Justice Thurgood Marshall and Judge Spottswood W. Robinson III of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. She also served as Chief Counsel to the United States Senate Committee on the Budget, and as Administrator of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy in the Office of Management and Budget. She is currently a retired partner in the Washington law firm of Crowell & Moring LLP where her law practices focuses on public contract law, legislation, and strategic diversity counseling for corpo- rate clients. Karen is a frequent lecturer on many issues related to public contract law at the feder- al, state and local levels. From 1992-93 she served as Chair of the ABA Section of Public Contract Law. Karen is also a member of the National Contract Management Association, the Black Women Lawyers’ Association, the National Bar Association, and the Women’s Forum of Washington, D.C. Karen’s community activities include service on the Board of Directors of the Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law. She is also a member of the Boards of Trustees of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, of Amherst College, and formerly of the National Cathedral School. She serves as Chair of the Black Student Fund, The BOLD (“Business Opportunities for Leadership Diversity”) Initiative, and is a former Chair of the Greater Washington Research Center. From October, 2000 through September, 2003, Karen served with distinction as a Public Life Member of the Internal Revenue Oversight Board appointed by the President of the United States. Karen serves currently as a member of the Boards of Directors of the Chubb Corporation, Continental Airlines, Inc., Gannett Company, Inc., Washington Gas Holdings Company, SunTrust Bank, and the Federal National Mortgage Association Foundation.

Oliver W. Hill was born in Richmond, Virginia, May 1, 1907. He completed elementary school in Roanoke and high school in Washington, D.C. He is a graduate of Howard University, having received the degrees of A.B. from the College of Liberal Arts and J.D. from the School of Law. He was married to the late Beresenia A. Walker, and they have one son, Oliver W. Hill, Jr., and a granddaughter, Jananda. Until his retirement in July, 1998, Mr. Hill was a partner in the law firm of Hill, Tucker and Marsh. He became a member of the Virginia Bar in 1934 and, except for time out in the service of the United States Government, has practiced law in Richmond, Virginia, since 1939. He served in the Armed Forces from June 1943 through November 1945; and from May 1961 to September 1966, was with the Federal Housing Administration, first as Assistant to the Federal Housing Commissioner and later, as Assistant to the Assistant Secretary for Mortgage Credit and Federal Housing Commissioner in the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Since the mid-thirties, he has worked assiduously in activities having as their objectives

16 the securing of all rights incident to first-class citizenship for African Americans. He has been particularly interested in civil rights litigation on their behalf. In 1935, Mr. Hill was one of the founders of the Virginia State Conference of NAACP Branches. This was the first of such organizational tools which played a pivotal role in fulfilling the mission of the NAACP. Some of the landmark cases in which he participated involved such diverse matters as equalization of salaries for public school personnel; the right to serve on grand and petit juries; inclusion in the program of free bus transportation for public school chil- dren; equalization of public school facilities; protection of firemen and other railway workers in rights to employment and to fair and impartial representation by the statu- tory bargaining agent; the right of participation in primary elections; the elimination of segregation on common carriers in both intrastate and interstate travel; the use of public places in a nondiscriminatory and unsegregated fashion, including public schools and places of public assembly and recreation; the securing of housing of their choice; and the right, through an organization such as the NAACP, to assert their con- stitutional rights and seek redress of their grievances in courts and otherwise, free from harassment by legislative investigatory committees. Mr. Hill’s career has been highlighted by many citations and awards in recognition of his services in the realm of civil rights and to the organizations in which he has been active. He has received honorary doctoral degrees from Columbia University, Howard University, Washington and Lee University, University of the District of Columbia School of Law, The College of William and Mary, University of Richmond, Virginia Commonwealth University, Virginia Union University, Virginia State University, Norfolk State University and Saint Paul’s College, in addition to many other national, state and local awards. He became a permanent member of the United States Court of Appeals - Fourth Judicial Conference in 1971, and is a fellow of the American College of Trial Lawyers, the Virginia Law Foundation and the Old Dominion Law Foundation. Mr. Hill was licensed to practice in all of the State and Federal Courts located in the Commonwealth of Virginia and the United States Supreme Court. Mr. Hill is cited in Who’s Who in American Law, Personalities of the South, and Who’s Who Among Black Americans.

Charles Hamilton Houston, Jr. is a Lecturer in the Department of History and Geography, Morgan State University, Virginia. His research interests include race relations in Cuba following the 1912 massacre of blacks, comparative African and South American race relations, and the NAACP policy formation process from 1919-1941. Mr. Houston has received several awards, including an honorary doc- torate from the New England School of Medicine in 2000. He has lectured on the Honorable Charles Hamilton Huston at the University of Pittsburgh School of Law, The New England School of Law, Harvard Law School, Howard University School of Law, and the District of Columbia Humanities Council. Mr. Houston is a member of the American Historical Society, the Maryland Historical Society, and the Washington Historical Society. A graduate of Duquesne University (B.A., 1968) and the University of Pittsburgh (M.A., 1977), Mr. Houston is a doctoral candidate at the University of

17 Maryland in the field of history. From 1971 to 1985, he worked for Gulf Oil Co. in Public Affairs, and then, from 1985 to 1987, he was Deputy City Representative for Marketing and Public Relations for the City of Philadelphia.

Charles Hamilton Houston III is an attorney practicing in the areas of tort and commercial litigation with the law firm of Fennemore Craig, P.C. in Phoenix, Arizona. Before joining Fennemore Craig, he served as Senior Law Clerk to the Honorable Damon J. Keith of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. Mr. Houston earned his Bachelor of Arts degree from Loyola University in New Orleans in 1994 and his law degree from the University of Texas at Austin in 1997. His professional and civil affiliations include: American Bar Association, Arizona Trial Lawyers Association, H.B. Daniels (Black Lawyers) Bar Association and Alpha Phi Alpha. Mr. Houston is admitted to practice law in Texas and Arizona, and he frequently lectures on the work and legacy of his grandfather. He lives with his wife of four years, Crystal Houston, in Phoenix, Arizona.

Dr. Caron Houston is an internist who currently serves as Medical Director for Betances Health Center in New York City’s Lower East Side. This commu- nity clinic is a multi-specialty practice that provides health care to an underserved population that is primarily Latino, African American and Asian immigrants. Previously, Dr. Houston directed the Baylor Senior Health Center-Fair Park, a large geriatric clinic targeting underserved elders in the inner city Dallas area. Dr. Houston is a graduate of Wellesley College and the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. She trained in Internal Medicine at the University of New Mexico. She is wife to Dr. Roger E. Mendis, a gastroenterologist, and mother of Kamali and Miles. Her hobbies include running, biking and skating.

Dean Elena Kagan, the Charles Hamilton Houston Professor of Law, is the 11th Dean of Harvard Law School. She came to Harvard Law School as a visiting pro- fessor in 1999 and became Professor of Law in 2001. While on the faculty, she has taught administrative law, constitutional law, civil procedure, and a seminar on the law surrounding the presidency. From 1995 to 1999, she served in the White House, first as Associate Counsel to the President (1995-96) and then as Deputy Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy and Deputy Director of the Domestic Policy Council (1997-99). In those positions she played a key role in the executive branch’s formulation, advocacy, and implementation of law and policy in areas ranging from education to crime to public health. A leading scholar of administrative law, Dean Kagan’s recent work focuses on the role of the President of the United States in formulating and influencing federal adminis- trative and regulatory law. Her 2001 Harvard Law Review article, “Presidential Administration,” was honored as the year’s top scholarly article by the American Bar Association’s Section on Administrative Law and Regulatory Practice, and is being developed into a book to be published by Harvard University Press. She has also writ- ten on a range of First Amendment issues, including the role of governmental motive

18 in First Amendment doctrine, and the interplay of libel law and the First Amendment. Her works in progress include a new casebook on administrative law. Dean Kagan launched her scholarly career at the University of Chicago Law School, where she became an assistant professor in 1991 and a tenured professor of law in 1995. In 1993, she received the graduating students’ award for teaching excellence. Dean Kagan clerked for Judge Abner Mikva of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit from 1986 to 1987. The next year she clerked for Justice Thurgood Marshall of the United States Supreme Court. She then worked as an associate in the Washington, D.C. law firm of Williams & Connolly from 1989 to 1991. Dean Kagan received her bachelor’s degree, summa cum laude,from Princeton in 1981. She attended Worcester College, Oxford, as Princeton’s Daniel M. Sachs Graduating Fellow, and received an M. Phil. in 1983. She then attended Harvard Law School, where she was supervising editor of the Harvard Law Review, and graduated magna cum laude in 1986.

Dr. Walter J. Leonard, a veteran educator, scholar, and teacher, is an engaging orator and creative writer and is well known for his outstanding contribution over many years to quality education for all children, especially African-Americans, and his devoted service to the Civil Rights Movement. He has been inspired in these activities by a deep and enduring belief that all parts of American society should have access on an equal footing to the great privileges, opportunities, and resources that America offers. He has been equally inspired by a burning detestation of the injustices and inequalities that have so often prevailed for no reason other than the color of a person’s skin, religion, sex, ethnic or national origin. Born in Alma, Georgia, Dr. Leonard grew up in Savannah, Georgia. His early educa- tion was home schooling, the public schools of Savannah and at Savannah (Georgia) State College. Subsequently, he attended Morehouse College, Atlanta University’s Graduate School of Business, the Howard University School of Law, the Harvard Graduate School of Education and the Harvard Business School. His student years sig- nalled the scholarly and leadership qualities which would characterize his career. As a member of the editorial staff of the Howard Law Journal, his note on the Adam Clayton Powell case was favorably cited by the U.S. Supreme Court in its Powell vs. McCormick decision. He was founder and editor of the Howard Lawyer;a James A. Cobb, Ford Foundation and Duncan M. Spencer Fellow. As a student he served as Research Assistant to the Dean of the Law School, Clarence Clyde Ferguson, Jr., for two years; the following year he became Administrative Assistant to the President of Washington Technical Institute, Cleveland Dennard, where he prepared the Definitive Memorandum leading to the development of the University of the District of Columbia. He holds certificates from leading institutes, honorary degrees and more than 300 awards and tributes. Upon leaving Howard University, his career became an odyssey of outstanding achievements. During a remarkably productive and varied career, Dr. Leonard has served as Assistant Dean of both the Howard University School of Law (1968-1969)

19 and the Harvard University Law School (1969-1975). He was on leave from Harvard Law School (1971-1975). From 1971-1977, he was Special Assistant to the President of Harvard University. In this position, he became a legendary figure because of his superb handling of Harvard’s Human Resource and Affirmative Action Program. He was the principal crafter of the Harvard Plan,a blueprint for efforts in higher educa- tion to establish equal educational and employment opportunity. The Plan was adopt- ed by hundreds of colleges and universities and was cited approvingly by the United States Supreme Court in the Bakke decision. From 1977-1983, he served as President of Fisk University, which was insolvent and nearly bankrupt when Dr. Leonard assumed the presidency. He used a $1.5M insur- ance policy on his own life as collateral to secure a loan to keep Fisk from closing. During his six-year presidency, Dr. Leonard raised more than $12M to save the University. He personally visited and persuaded artist Georgia O’Keeffe to let a gift of art remain at Fisk and to make an additional, very generous gift toward the restoration of the Fisk Art Gallery, for which he raised nearly $1 million. Also, at Fisk, he erected a bronze statute in honor of W.E.B. DuBois; the Jubilee Singers Memorial Bridge (over dangerous railroad tracks); President’s Memorial Gate; and placed the entire campus on the National Registry of Historic Places. Additionally, Dr. Leonard has served as Advisor or Member on numerous boards, including the Ford Foundation; the United States Department of State; the College Board; the United Negro College Fund and many other organizations. A prolific author, Dr. Leonard has published articles dealing with topics such as the First Amendment, Black Capitalism, legal education, the student protest movement, the problems of African-American students and administrators in white schools, the education and training of lawyers in America, international trade, economic develop- ment, housing, affirmative action, and biographical sketches on black lawyers and scholars. Currently, Dr. Leonard is a Fellow and Visiting Scholar of the Centre for Socio-Legal Studies and an Honorary Member of Wolfson College, where two Fellowships have been established in his name, University of Oxford, Oxford, England. Dr. Leonard and his wife, the former Betty E. Singleton, live in Chevy Chase, Maryland. They have two children – Anthony Carlton and Angela Michele.

Professor Glenn C. Loury is University Professor and Professor of Economics at Boston University. From 1997 to 2003 he served as the founding director of the Institute on Race and Social Division at BU. He has previously taught econom- ics at Harvard and Northwestern Universities and at the University of Michigan. He holds the B.A. in Mathematics from Northwestern University (1972) and the Ph.D. in Economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1976). As an academic economist, Professor Loury has made scholarly contributions to the fields of welfare economics, game theory, industrial organization, natural resource eco- nomics and the economics of income distribution. He has lectured before numerous scholarly meetings and academic societies throughout the world. He has been a schol- ar in residence at Oxford University, Tel Aviv University, the University of Stockholm,

20 the Delhi School of Economics, the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, the Institute for the Human Sciences in Vienna, and the Institute for Public Affairs in Melbourne, Australia. Professor Loury has received a Guggenheim Fellowship to sup- port his work. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a Fellow of the Econometric Society, and was elected Vice President of the American Economics Association for 1997. As a prominent social critic and public intellectual, Professor Loury has published over 100 essays on the subjects of racial inequality and social policy, in dozens of influential journals of public affairs in the U.S. and abroad. He is a frequent commentator on national radio and television, a much sought-after public speaker and an advisor on social issues to business and political leaders throughout the country. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, and was for many years a contributing editor at The New Republic magazine. In 1996 his Boston University colleagues honored Professor Loury by selecting him to give the University Lecture (“The Divided Society and the Democratic Idea.”) In Spring 2000 he was chosen to present the prestigious DuBois Lectures at Harvard University (“The Economics and the Ethics of Racial Classification.”) And, in Fall 2003 he gave the James A. Moffett ’29 Lectures in Ethics at Princeton University (“Relations before Transactions: Toward a New Paradigm for Discrimination Theory”). Professor Loury’s collection, One by One, From the Inside Out: Essays and Reviews on Race and Responsibility in America (The Free Press, 1995) won the 1996 American Book Award and the 1996 Christianity Today Book Award. Of his recent book, The Anatomy of Racial Inequality (Harvard University Press, 2002), noted political theorist Michael Walzer has written: “This is social criticism at its best. Glenn Loury provides an original and highly persuasive account of how the American racial hierarchy is sus- tained and reproduced over time. Then he demands that we begin the deep structural reforms that will be necessary to stop its continued reproduction.” Glenn C. Loury, a native of Chicago, resides with his wife Linda, and his sons Glenn II and Nehemiah, in Brookline, Massachusetts.

Professor Kenneth W. Mack is an Assistant Professor of Law at Harvard Law School, where he has taught since the 2000-2001 academic year. During the 2004-05 academic year he was a Faculty Fellow at the Edmond J. Safra Foundation Center for Ethics, Harvard University. In 1999-2000, he was the Reginald F. Lewis Fellow at Harvard Law School. He is Co-Director of the Harvard Law School Legal History Colloquium. His teaching fields are Property, American Legal History, and the History of the Legal Profession. His scholarly work focuses on the relationship between professional identity and civil rights lawyering in the early twentieth century United States. His work has been published in the Cornell Law Review, Law and Social Inquiry, has been reprinted in several anthologies of interdisciplinary legal scholarship, and will be published in forthcoming issues of the Yale Law Journal and the Journal of American History.He is presently working on a book manuscript, tentatively entitled Representing the Race: The Transformation of Civil Rights Lawyering and Politics, 1920-

21 1955.He earned a B.S. in Electrical Engineering from Drexel University, a J.D. from Harvard Law School, and an M.A. and Ph.D. in History from Princeton. He has held research fellowships from Harvard University, Harvard Law School, the Woodrow Wilson Foundation at Princeton University, and the Ford Foundation/National Research Council. In 2003, he delivered the annual Hugo L. Black Lecture at the University of Alabama Law School.

Professor Genna Rae McNeil is a Professor of History at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill, NC. Her publications include scholarly articles, one biography, and three edited volumes: Groundwork: Charles Hamilton Houston and the Struggle for Civil Rights, Historical Judgments Reconsidered,which was co-edited with Michael R. Winston, African Americans and the Living Constitution, published in 1995 by the Smithsonian Institution Press, and co-edited with John Hope Franklin, and African-Americans and Jews in the Twentieth Century: Studies in Convergence and Conflict,co-edited with V.P. Franklin and Nancy Grant, published by the University of Missouri Press (1998). The 1995 volume includes an essay on Baltimore’s “City-Wide Young People’s Forum” from 1931-1941 and is the first publi- cation of research findings on these urban African-American youth. The 1998 volume includes an essay on the life and work of African-American historian Nancy Grant. Her areas of specialty are African-American History and U.S. social movements of the 20th century. Within these areas, current research interests are civil rights and civil lib- erties, African-American women and social movements, the African-American reli- gious experience, youth movements, and African-American youth. She is completing a research project on Joan Little and “The ‘Free Joan Little’ Movement.” With respect to teaching, she has used with some success debates, moot court exercis- es, simulated congressional hearings and oral history-primary source documentation projects to foster students’ engagement with primary sources in the context of survey courses and seminars. She consistently places emphasis on students’ in-class discourse, critical analyses, and use of evidence in research projects.

The Honorable Constance Baker Motley joined the legal staff of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. when she was a senior at Columbia University School of Law and subsequently, as associate counsel, became its principal trial attorney. She was one of the lawyers who helped write the briefs filed in the United States Supreme Court in the leading school desegregation cases entitled Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. In addition to appearing before state and federal courts throughout the United States in numerous civil rights matters, she argued ten cases before the U.S. Supreme Court, winning nine, which were of key importance in securing equal rights for black Americans and bringing about the legal death of dis- crimination. The litigation which resulted in the admission of James Meredith to the University of Mississippi, Charlayne Hunter Gault and Hamilton Holmes to the University of Georgia, Vivian Malone and James Hood to the University of Alabama, and Harvey Gantt to Clemson College in South Carolina are some of her better known cases. She also participated, as chief counsel, in many other school desegregation cases supported by the Legal Defense Fund, as well as cases in the fields of housing,

22 transportation, recreation, and public accommodations. On her election to the State Senate in 1964, Mrs. Motley became the first black woman to serve in that branch of the Legislature. She immediately began a campaign for the extension of civil rights legislation and for additional low and middle-income housing. Mrs. Motley was nominated by President Johnson to become a judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York on January 25, 1966. She was the first woman appointed to the Southern District bench and the first black woman appointed to the federal judiciary. The Southern District of New York is the largest federal trial court in the country with 28 active judges. She became the chief judge of the Southern District on June 1, 1982 and served until October 1, 1986 when she became a senior judge. From 1945 to 1965, Mrs. Motley worked on all of the major school segregation cases supported by the NAACP Legal Defense Fund. Among the cases in which she played a prominent role, in addition to the University of Mississippi case, where she was chief counsel, are: the two University of Alabama cases, the Universities of Florida, Oklahoma, Georgia, and Clemson College in South Carolina. All of these cases, except the South Carolina Case, were taken to the Supreme Court by the losing state authori- ties, but the Supreme Court denied their petitions for review. In the Georgia Case the review was denied within 48 hours. In the area of housing, Mrs. Motley has represent- ed black plaintiffs in public housing cases in: Detroit and Benton Harbor, Mich.; St. Louis, Mo; Columbus, Ohio; Evansville, Ind., Schenectady, New York, and Savannah, Georgia. Mrs. Motley was counsel for black plaintiffs in the Jackson, Miss., transporta- tion facilities case which resulted in desegregating railroad and bus terminals and local buses in Jackson, Miss. The United States Supreme Court ruled segregated transporta- tion facilities involved in this case clearly illegal on February 26, 1962. Mrs. Motley, on June 24, 1962 succeeded in having an injunction issued against Dr. Martin Luther King and other protest demonstrators in Albany, Georgia, lifted. Mrs. Motley and other NAACP Legal Defense Fund attorneys represented Dr. Martin Luther King, Reverend Ralph Abernathy, Reverend Fred L. Shuttlesworth and thou- sands of others who had been arrested in demonstrations in Birmingham and other cities. In connection with the Birmingham demonstrations, more than 1,000 school children who participated were suspended or expelled from school on May 20, 1963. A Federal District Judge in Birmingham, on May 22, 1963, refused to enjoin the sus- pensions and expulsions of these students who had been suspended and expelled for parading without a permit. On the same day, Mrs. Motley succeeded in getting an injunction from the Chief Judge of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals enjoining the suspensions and expulsions which permitted the students to finish the school year which ended on May 31, 1963, and permitted those scheduled to graduate to do so. Mrs. Motley is the author of Equal Justice Under Law: An Autobiography (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1998) and over twenty-five articles published in American Board of Trial Advocates, Brooklyn Law Review, Fordham Law Review, Harvard Blackletter Journal, Yale Law Journal, Ms. Magazine, Valparaiso University Law Review, Cornell Law Review, Federal Rules Decisions, Journal of the New Haven Historical Society, Federal Supplement, Mississippi Law Journal, Law and Inequality, North Dakota Law Review,

23 Arkansas Law Review, Suffolk University Law Review, University of Bridgeport Law Review, Harvard Civil Rights – Civil Liberties Law Review, The Journal of Negro History, The Black American Reference Book, The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, and The African Negro Reference Book. Prior to 1968, Judge Motley received over 70 awards from professional, civic and reli- gious organizations. More recently, she received the following: Spingarn Medal, NAACP, Miami (2003), The Presidential Citizens Medal, Washington, DC (2001), The Emory Buckner Award, The Federal Bar Council, New York, New York (2000), was inducted into the Connecticut Women’s Hall of Fame (1998), received the Equal Justice Award, NAACP Legal Defense & Educational Fund, Washington, DC., and the Kate Stoneman Award, Albany Law School, NY (1997), the James Weldon Johnson Medal, the Johnson Memorial Foundation, NY, and the 20th Anniversary Award, the Association of Black Women Attorneys, NY (1996), was inducted into the National Women’s Hall of Fame, Seneca, NY (1993), received the 1988 Gold Medal Award, New York State Bar Association, NY, the Medal of Excellence, Columbia University Law School (1987), the Athena Award, Commission on the Status of Women, NYC (1985), the Candace Award, Coalition of 100 Black Women (1984), and the Elizabeth Blackwell Award, Hobart & William Smith College, NY (1968).

Professor Charles J. Ogletree, Jr., the Harvard Law School Jesse Climenko Professor of Law and Founding and Executive Director of the Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice, is a prominent legal theorist who has made an international reputation by taking a hard look at complex issues of law and by working to secure the rights guaranteed by the Constitution for everyone equally under the law. Professor Ogletree has examined these issues not only in the classroom, on the Internet and in the pages of prestigious law journals, but also in the everyday world of the public defender in the courtroom and in public television forums where these issues can be dramatically revealed. Professor Ogletree’s most recent book, co-authored with Professor Deborah Rhode of Stanford University, Brown at 50: The Unfinished Legacy,commemorates the 50th anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education and was published by the American Bar Association in August 2004. His historical memoir, All Deliberate Speed: Reflections on the First Half-Century of Brown v. Board of Education (http://www.alldeliberatespeed.com), was published by W.W. Norton & Company in April 2004. All Deliberate Speed has received enthusiastically favorable reviews from many distinguished scholars, including Skip Gates, David Levering Lewis, Alan Dershowitz, John Hope Franklin, and Anita Hill. He is the co-author of the award-winning book, Beyond the Rodney King Story: An Investigation of Police Conduct in Minority Communities, and he frequently contributes to many journals and law reviews. He has written chapters in several books, including If You Buy the Hat, He Will Come, in Faith of Our Fathers: African American Men Reflect on Fatherhood and The Tireless Warrior for Racial Justice,which appears in Reason & Passion: Justice Brennan’s Enduring Influence. Privileges and Immunities for Basketball Stars and Other Sport Heroes? appears in Basketball Jones, published in 2000. In addi-

24 tion, Professor Ogletree’s commentaries on a broad range of timely and important issues have appeared in the editorial pages of the New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, and the Boston Globe,among other national newspapers. His commentary on how to make Black America better was published in the 2001 compilation, Lift Every Voice and Sing.Professor Ogletree has also contributed a chapter entitled The Rehnquist Revolution in Criminal Procedure,which appears in The Rehnquist Court: Judicial Activism on the Right, published in 2002. Professor Ogletree also serves as the Co-Chair of the Reparations Coordinating Committee, a group of lawyers and other experts researching a lawsuit based upon a claim of reparations for descendants of African slaves, along with Randall Robinson, author of The Debt: What America Owes to Blacks.He holds honorary doctorates of law from North Carolina Central University, New England School of Law, Tougaloo College, Amherst College, Wilberforce University, and the University of Miami School of Law. Earlier this year, Professor Ogletree was honored with the Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Legacy Award for National Service, presented with the Morehouse College Candle in the Dark Award in Education and Law, and selected as one of the Lawdragon 500 Leading Lawyers in America. In 2004, the Clio Exchange presented Professor Ogletree with the Carter G. Woodson History Maker Living Legend Award. In 2003, he was selected by Savoy Magazine as one of the “100 Most Influential Blacks in America” and by Black Enterprise Magazine,along with Thurgood Marshall, A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr., and Constance Baker Motley, as one of the legal legends among America’s top black lawyers. In 2002, he received the National Bar Association’s prestigious Equal Justice Award. In 2001, he joined a list of distinguished jurists, including former Supreme Court Justices Thurgood Marshall and William Brennan, and civil rights lawyers Elaine Jones and Oliver Hill, when he received the prestigious Charles Hamilton Houston Medallion of Merit from the Washington Bar Association. Professor Ogletree has been married to his fellow Stanford graduate, Pamela Barnes, since 1975. They are the proud parents of two children, Charles Ogletree III and Rashida Ogletree. The Ogletrees live in Cambridge and are members of St. Paul African Methodist Episcopal Church.

John Payton is one of the country’s premier litigators. From 1998 to 2000 he was the co-chair of the firm’s Litigation Group. In June of 2000, John was voted President-Elect of the District of Columbia Bar and served as President of the Bar from June 2001 to June 2002. He is a member of the firm’s Policy Committee. John’s practice at the firm centers on complex civil litigation. The matters he has han- dled range from libel and defamation, to complicated law partnership disputes, to dis- putes arising out of the Master Settlement Agreement that resolved much of the litiga- tion brought by the States against the tobacco industry, to cutting edge civil rights issues. He regularly appears in federal and state courts, trial and appellate.

John has a substantial civil rights practice. He has litigated discrimination cases and served in leadership positions in civil rights organizations. In addition, he has defend-

25 ed affirmative action in a range of contexts. He represented the City of Richmond in the Supreme Court in Richmond v. Croson. Most recently, he argued Gratz v. Bollinger, the University of Michigan undergraduate affirmative action case, in the Supreme Court last spring. From 1991 to 1994, John served as the Corporation Counsel for the District of Columbia. The Corporation Counsel is the chief legal officer of the District, and com- bines the functions of both a city attorney and a state attorney general. There were over 200 attorneys and 350 employees in the office in 1994. John was a member of the National Association of Attorneys General, and served on the Executive Committee and Chaired the Supreme Court Committee of that organization. John was the lead counsel in the University of Michigan affirmative action cases, in which the United States Supreme Court, in June of 2003, delivered a resounding victo- ry for the University and for all of higher education by upholding the constitutionality of the consideration of race as a factor in admissions to selective colleges, universities and graduate schools. There were two cases: Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger. John litigated both cases in the district court, including the trial in Grutter, the law school case; he argued both cases in the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals; he argued Gratz,the undergraduate case, in the Supreme Court. Many thought these cases could not be won. John assembled a litigation team for both cases that put together an expert case that included over a dozen leading educators, historians, sociologists, psy- chologists and statisticians to prove the importance of the benefits of diversity. The Supreme Court embraced their conclusions, expressly relying on these “expert studies and reports entered into evidence at trial” in support of its holding that permits the use of race as a factor in admissions. The Court said that the “benefits are not theoret- ical but real,” because “classroom discussion is livelier, more spirited, and simply more enlightening and interesting” when it includes a racially diverse group of students. These were two extremely challenging class action cases that ended with spectacular results for the University of Michigan. John was the President of the District of Columbia Bar from June 2001 to June 2002. He was a member of the American Bar Association’s House of Delegates from June 2000 to June 2002. He currently is a member of the Council of the ABA’s Section on Individual Rights and Responsibilities. He is a member of the ABA’s Commission on Immigration Policy. John is on the Board of the Washington Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights and Urban Affairs and on the Board of the National Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law. He has served as co-chair of each organization. He is on the board of the International Human Rights Law Group. He serves as the Vice Chair of the District of Columbia Public Defender Service. John has taught as a visiting professor at Harvard Law School and at the Georgetown Law Center. He is a member of the American Law Institute and a Fellow of the American Bar Foundation. He is a Master in the Edward Coke Appellate Inn of Court.

26 The Honorable Louis H. Pollak was born in New York City in 1922 and is a graduate of Harvard College (1943) and Yale Law School (1948). Pollak resides in Philadelphia with his wife, the former Katherine Weiss, to whom he has been mar- ried since 1952. The Pollaks have five daughters, six granddaughters and two grand- sons. Pollak’s professional career is as follows: In 1948-49, after graduating from law school, Pollak clerked for Justice Wiley B. Rutledge of the United States Supreme Court. In the next five years, he served sequentially as (1) an associate at the New York law firm of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison; (2) a State Department lawyer, principally assigned as special assistant to Ambassador-at-Large Philip C. Jessup; and (3) Assistant Counsel of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers. In 1955 Pollak was appointed to the Yale Law School faculty where he remained until 1974, serving as Dean from 1965 to 1970. From 1974 to 1978, Pollak was a professor of law at the University of Pennsylvania, serving as Dean from 1975 to 1978. In 1978, Pollak was appointed to his current position as Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. On becoming a judge, Pollak retired from the full-time Penn faculty, but in most years he teaches a seminar at Penn as an adjunct member of the faculty. Constitutional law has been the principal focus of Pollak’s teaching and scholarly interests. From 1950 until he became a judge in 1978, Pollak was associated, first as a volunteer lawyer and later as a board member and vice-president, with the N.A.A.C.P. Legal Defense Fund (LDF); from 1950 to 1955, Pollak was one of those who assisted Thurgood Marshall and his fellow LDF attorneys in drafting the briefs in the several school segregation cases culminating in Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), and 349 U.S. 294 (1955). Pollak has been a member of the Council of the American Law Institute since 1978. Pollak’s writings include: “From Cardozo to Dworkin: Some Variations on Professor Nelson ‘s Theme”,48 St.Louis Law Journal (forthcoming 2004); “Marbury v. Madison: What Did John Marshall Decide and Why?” 148.1 American Philosophical Society Proceedings 1 (forthcoming 2004); “Remarks on the 200th Anniversary of the Accession of John Marshall as Chief Justice”,27 Journal of Supplemental Connecticut History 216 (2002); “Judging Under the Aegis of the Third Article”, 51 Case Western Reserve Law Journal 399 (2002); “Philadelphia Lawyer: A Cautionary Tale”, 145 University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 495 (1997); “Criticizing Judges”, 79 Judicature 299 (1996); “The Republic for which it Stands”, 24 Land & Water Law Review, 565 (1989); “Advocating Civil Liberties: A Young Lawyer Before the Old Court”, 17 Harvard Civil Right –Civil Liberties Law Review 3 (1982); “The Constitution as an Experiment”, 123 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1318 (1975); “Securing Liberty Through Litigation — the Proper Role of the United States Supreme Court”,36 Modern Law Review 113 (1973); The Constitution and the Supreme Court: A Documentary History (1966); “Public Prayers in Public Schools,” 77 Harvard Law Review 62 (1963); “Racial Discrimination and Judicial Integrity: A Reply to Professor Wechsler,” 108 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1 (1959).

27 Dean Kurt L. Schmoke was born in Baltimore on December 1, 1949. He attended the City’s public schools and graduated with a bachelor’s degree in history from Yale University in 1971. After attending Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar, he received his law degree in 1976 from Harvard Law School. Mr. Schmoke entered law practice with the Baltimore firm of Piper and Marbury, and in 1977, he joined President Carter’s White House Domestic Policy Staff. In 1978, he returned to Baltimore as an Assistant United States Attorney. Four years later, he was elected State’s Attorney, the city’s chief prosecuting officer. Kurt Schmoke was elected Mayor of Baltimore on November 3, 1987, becoming the first African-American voted into that office. In his inaugural address, he announced his intention to make Baltimore “The City That Reads.” Mayor Schmoke, in partner- ship with Baltimore’s public and private sectors, established a cabinet-level city agency and a private foundation to fund, coordinate, and expand adult literacy programs throughout the city. He also strongly supported educational innovation and led a suc- cessful campaign to win more state funding to boost student achievement in Baltimore’s public schools through a landmark city-state partnership. In addition to his emphasis on education, Mayor Schmoke made housing a top priori- ty of his administration. Under his leadership, Baltimore was in the forefront of the national effort to tear down dilapidated, crime-plagued high-rise public housing developments and replace them with lower density, low-rise, mixed-income communi- ties that better supported the healthy development of families. Homeownership also jumped in the city, spurred by numerous homeownership incentives he introduced, such as the Settlement Expense Loan Program, which gave home buyers up to $5,000 to meet settlement costs. Mayor Schmoke also made Baltimore a national model for neighborhood revitaliza- tion. In 1994, the Mayor’s neighborhood revitalization efforts received a major boost when President Clinton selected Baltimore as an Empowerment Zone city. As a result of its success in bringing jobs and businesses into the Zone, Baltimore was recognized by the Clinton administration as a “top performer” among Empowerment Zone cities. In the general area of economic development, Mayor Schmoke worked aggressively to retain and expand existing businesses, while working to attract new businesses, espe- cially those in areas of projected job growth, such as the health sciences, tourism, information technology, and biotechnology. Mayor Schmoke was elected to his third term in November 1995. On December 3, 1998, he announced that he would not seek a fourth term as Mayor of the City of Baltimore. At the time of his announcement, President Clinton expressed his grati- tude to the mayor “for his public service to Baltimore and our nation.” Mayor Schmoke was a partner with the international law firm of Wilmer, Cutler and Pickering from December 1999 to December 2002. Mayor Schmoke is now Dean of the Howard University School of Law.

28 President Lawrence H. Summers took office as 27th President of Harvard University on July 1, 2001. His election by the President and Fellows of Harvard College with the counsel and consent of the Board of Overseers was announced on March 11, 2001, marking the culmination of an intensive and broad- ranging nine-month search for a successor to Neil L. Rudenstine. An eminent scholar and admired public servant, Mr. Summers is the former Nathaniel Ropes Professor of Political Economy at Harvard, and in the past decade served in a series of senior public policy positions, most recently as secretary of the treasury of the United States. Having received a bachelor of science degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1975, Mr. Summers began his Harvard career as a doctoral student in economics. By the time he was awarded his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1982, he had taught for three years as an economics faculty member at MIT, where he was named assistant professor in 1979 and associate professor in 1982. He then went to Washington as a domestic policy economist for the President’s Council of Economic Advisers. In 1983, he returned to Harvard as a professor of economics, one of the youngest individuals in recent history to be named as a tenured member of the University’s faculty. In 1987, he was named Nathaniel Ropes Professor of Political Economy. He also served as an edi- tor of the Quarterly Journal of Economics. Mr. Summers in 1987 became the first social scientist ever to receive the annual Alan T. Waterman Award of the National Science Foundation (NSF), established by Congress to honor an exceptional young U.S. scientist or engineer whose work demonstrates originality, innovation, and a significant impact within one’s field. In 1993, Mr. Summers was awarded the John Bates Clark Medal, given every two years to the outstanding American economist under the age of 40. Mr. Summers took leave from Harvard in 1991 to return to Washington, this time as vice president of development economics and chief economist of the World Bank. In 1993, Mr. Summers was named as the nation’s undersecretary of the treasury for inter- national affairs. He had broad responsibility for assisting then Secretary Lloyd M. Bentsen in formulating and executing international economic policies. In 1995, then Secretary Robert E. Rubin AB ‘60 promoted Mr. Summers to the department’s num- ber-two post, deputy secretary of the treasury, in which he played a central role in a broad array of economic, financial, and tax matters, both international and domestic. On July 2, 1999, Mr. Summers was confirmed by the Senate as secretary of the treas- ury. In that capacity, he served as the principal economic adviser to the President and as the chief financial officer of the U.S. government, presiding over a federal depart- ment comprising some two dozen distinct bureaus and offices, with a civilian work- force of nearly 150,000 employees. After leaving the treasury department in January, Mr. Summers served as the Arthur Okun Distinguished Fellow in Economics, Globalization, and Governance at the Brookings Institution in Washington. Mr. Summers’s many publications include Understanding Unemployment (1990) and Reform in Eastern Europe (1991, coauthored with others), as well as more than 100 articles in professional economics journals. He also edited the series Tax Policy and the Economy.In 2000, Mr. Summers was invited to present the American Economic

29 Association’s prestigious Ely Lecture, in which he addressed “International Financial Crises: Causes, Preventions, and Cures.” In 2002, Mr. Summers was elected to the National Academy of Sciences, a private organization of scientists and engineers dedicated to the furtherance of science and its use for the general welfare.

Professor Mark Tushnet is Carmack Waterhouse Professor of Constitutional Law at the Georgetown University Law Center. He received his under- graduate degree magna cum laude from Harvard College in 1967. He received a J.D. and M.A. in history from Yale University in 1971. He clerked for Judge George Edwards and Justice Thurgood Marshall before beginning to teach at the University of Wisconsin Law School in 1973. In 1981 he moved to the Georgetown University Law Center. He has been a visiting professor at the University of Texas, University of Southern California, University of Chicago, Columbia University, and New York University law schools. Professor Tushnet is the co-author of four casebooks, including the most widely used casebook on constitutional law, Constitutional Law (with Stone, Seidman, and Sunstein). He has written thirteen books, including a two-volume work on the life of Justice Thurgood Marshall, and edited five others. He has received fellowships from the Rockefeller Humanities Program, the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, and the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, and has written numerous articles on constitutional law and legal history. He is currently serving on the Executive Committee of the Association of American Law Schools, and was President of the Association in 2003. In 2002 he was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Lawrence Watson, vocal activist and master teacher continues to perform around the world combining his musical talents with his life long commitment to the struggle for social justice for people of African descent. Watson is a soulful messenger for this millennium. Currently an Associate Professor of Voice at Berklee College of Music, as well as an Associate Professor at the Art Institute of Boston at Lesley University, and an Adjunct Professor in the Black Studies Department at Boston College, New England audiences have embraced his for more than twenty years. Kay Bourne music critic for the Bay State Banner writes: "This powerful baritone, who easily swoops up to the tenor range, sings with a groovy beat lyrics that convey mes- sages smoothly delivered yet relevant to the Black cause. He is the respected inheritor of the Great Black Music tradition of blues, jazz and gospel, but his own man too." His first CD "The Journey" is available on line and at most major record outlets. His second CD "American Fruit with African Roots" will feature his rousing rendition of "Lift Every Voice and Sing", "Reparations", "The Tree" and several innovative composi- tion that musically chronicle the last twenty years of Black popular culture with a stinging commentary on the exploitation of the Black aesthetic.

30 Watson, President and Artistic Director of SaveOurSelves Productions and Consulting, a company committed to the preservation and performance of African descent musical expression empowers the listener. The Motto of the company, "If we don't saveour- selves no one else will" is a timely message in light of the recent New Orleans travesty.

Dr. Cornel West is one of America’s most gifted and provocative public intellectuals, whose writing, speaking, and teaching weave together the American tra- ditions of the Baptist Church, transcendentalism, socialism, and pragmatism. As a boy, Dr. West was greatly impressed by the Baptist church. He had been deeply touched by the stories of parishioners who, only two generations from slavery, told stories of Blacks maintaining their religious faith during the most trying of times. Dr. West was equally attracted to the commitment of the Black Panthers, and it was from them that he began to understand the importance of community-based political action. However, it was a biography of Teddy Roosevelt that Dr. West borrowed from a neigh- borhood bookmobile that influenced his academic future and led him to Harvard. After three years, Dr. West graduated magna cum laude.Martin Kilson, one of Dr. West’s professors, recalls him as “the most intellectually aggressive and highly cerebral student I have taught in my 30 years here.” In his major bestseller, Race Matters,philosopher Dr. Cornel West burst onto the national scene with his searing analysis of the scars of racism in American democracy. Race Matters has become a contemporary classic, having sold more than 400,000 copies. Praised by The New York Times for his “ferocious moral vision,” Dr. West speaks with an utterly distinctive voice about the thorniest social and political issues of our day and bridges the gap between black and white opinion. In Democracy Matters,Dr. West returns to the analysis of the arrested development of democracy—both in America and in the crisis-ridden Middle East. In a strikingly original diagnosis, he argues that if America is to become a better steward of democra- tization around the world, we must first wake up to the long history of imperialist cor- ruption that has plagued our own democracy. Dr. West is Class of 1943 University Professor at Princeton University. He has held previous positions at Union Theological Seminary, Yale University, Harvard University and the University of Paris. He has written numerous books, including Race Matters, The American Evasion of Philosophy, and The Cornel West Reader.His Beyond Eurocentrism and Multiculturalism (Volume 1 and 2) won the American Book Award. Dr. West was an influential force in developing the storyline for the popular Matrix trilogy. Not only is he the spokesperson for this box-office hit series, Dr. West also had recurring roles in the final two volumes. A long-time member, Dr. West now serves as an honorary chair of the Democratic Socialists of America. He has worked with numerous political and social organiza- tions, including co-chairing the National Parenting Organization’s Task Force on Parent Empowerment. Dr. West was also part of President Clinton’s National Conversation on Race, and has joined Al Sharpton’s Presidential exploratory commit- tee.

31 Acknowledgements

On behalf of the Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice, I would like to express my profound gratitude to the many people who assisted in making this Grand Opening Celebration possible. Given the magnitude of this undertaking, we apologize in advance for anyone who may have been inadvertently omitted from this list. The Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice wishes to acknowl- edge the following individuals and institutions for their exemplary efforts in support of the Grand Opening Celebration:

President Lawrence H. Summers Human Resource Services Dean Elena Kagan Kathryn Long Thurman Dean Kurt L. Schmoke, Howard University School of Law Communications Office Michael Armini Event Coordinators Mary Bridges Colin Ovitsky Barbara Edelin Food Services Megan Harvey Administrative & Support Staff Cameo McCarthy Adam Hardy Jill Soffiyah Elijah Library Staff Ayanna E. Hines Janet C. Katz Sydney Walker Leah Massar Kyana Stephens David R.Warrington David Rockwell Joellen El Bashir, Howard University Moorland-Springarn Research Center Faculty Support Services Research & Student Assistants Deborah Gallagher Jalina J. Hudson Kathy Dangora Amos N. Jones Joei Perry Jill Kou Graphic Design & Publications Office K. Joon Oh Ethan Thomas Heather Cannady Michael Cicone Yaneris Mercedes Rosa Donni Richman Sarah Schalman-Bergen Lisa Sears Jenna Cobb Lillian Gagliardi Alexandria Lee

Events Office Sponsors Shannon Parker Raymond Marshall & Matthew Dattwyler Bingham McCutchen LLP Leedie Wales Additional Support & Services Jeff McNaught John Payton Jessica Pittenger Charles Hamilton Houston, Jr. Media Services Kathy Reddick Michele Gielis & The HLS Media Services Team

32 VIEWS OF THE MAN AND HIS WORK