1) the Ancient Name of Jaipur Was Dhundharpur. It Is Said That It Was Kept on the Name of a Demon Dhundhar

3.LITERATURE REVIEW

1) The ancient name of Jaipur was Dhundharpur. It is said that it was kept on the name of a demon Dhundhar. Jaipur is the seat of district supervision and the capital of Rajasthan state. The place was initially named as Jainagar after its founder Sawai Jai Singh fl. In wake of time, it obtained the present name. It is situated in the eastern part of the Rajasthan and lies between 26 degree and 22 minute and 27 degree 52 minute north latitudes and between 74

3 degree 55 minute and 76 degree 50 minute east longitudes. lt is bordered on the north by Sikar district of Rajasthan and Mahendragarh district of Haryana, on the south by Tank district, on the east by Alwar and Sawai Madhopur districts and on the west by Nagaur and Ajmer districts.

2) In Jaipur, Parvati also called Devi or Mata is another name of Shakti, whose followers form the sect of Shaktas, Just as among the Vaishnavas, there is a group who think that Laxmi (wife of Vishnu) is the only worthy deity who can protect man, so does this sect of Shkatas, which is only an offset from the main stock of Shaivas and believe that Devi is the onl y entity worthy of worship and capable of yielding salvation, she is also worshipped under the name of Kali or Mahakali and has her shrine at Amber where she is known by the name of Sheela Devi (the goddess of the slab). A goat is sacrificed to her every morning, and her icon with eight hands riding on a lion and killing the demon called Mahishasur, is the most awe - imposing. Her famous shrines are in Kalkattaand Nagarkot (in the Himalayas).

3) Many authors like Bhandari (1990), Sharma (2002), Sharma and Tiagi (1979), Shetty & Pandey (1983), Shetty & Singh (1.987, 1991, 1993), Singh (1983) and Prasad et al. (1996) have contributed to our knowledge about flora of Rajasthan. Recently, Sharma (2000, 2001, 2002 a,b,c), and Sharma et al. (2005) have recorded presence of many species from southern part of Rajasthan which are new to the state. This part of the state has eight sanctuaries namely, Mt. Abu, Phulwari, Kumbhalgarh, Todgarh-Raoli, Sitamata, Sajjangarh, Jaisamand and Bassi. Among these, most of new plants were recorded from three sanctuaries, namely, Mt. Abu, Phulwari and Sitamata (Sharma 2000, 2001, 2002 a,b,c; Sharma et al., 2005). Continued surveys revealed several species which are new records for the area and the state. A brief description of

them follows. 13

4) Akbar was shrewd enough to realize what his father and grandfather had failed to see that the

Rajputs, who held large areas in their possession and were masters of legions and renowned for their valour and fidelity to their word, could safely be depended upon and converted into friends. In January, 1562 when the Akbar was going to Ajmer to visit the holy shrine of Saint Chishti, he accepted the submission of Raja Bharmal of Amber and welcomed a matrimonial alliance with that Kachhwaha ruling family and on his return from Ajmer Akbar married with his daughter on th 6 February, 1562. Bharmal with his son Bhagwant Das and grandson Man Singh accompanied the Emperor to Aagra where he was given a command of 5,000 and his son and grandson were granted commissions in the imperial army. Dr. Ishwari Prasad admits that this marriage is an important event in our country's history.

5) The credit to realize the importance of an alliance with the Rajputs must be given to Akbar who revolutionized the Mughal policy towards the chiefs of Rajasthan. But Akbar's treatment of the Rajputs was not the outcome of thoughtless sentiment or a mere chivalrous regard for their valour, generosity and patriotism. It was the result of a deliberate policy and was based on the principles of enlightened self-interest, recognition of merit, justice and fair play. As his Muslim nobles and officials had been far from loyal and had rebelled again and again and as the Afghans in the country were the sworn enemies of his royal house. Akbar decided to seek the co-operation of the Rajputs

5 and use them as a counterpoise against his self-seeking Muslim nobles and officials. During the first few years of his reign Akbar followed in the footsteps of his father and grandfather and the Turko-Afghan sultans of Delhi. He was then under the influence of orthodoxmullas and he not only persecuted the Hindus but also Muslim heretics. Among others AbulFazI and Faizi and their father Shaikh Mubarak escaped persecution and death at the hands of the young emperor's courtiers by a mere chance.

6) Women's contribution is significant in the origin and the development of Folk Culture. Folk Narratives provides a pavement to study and interpret the role of woman in shaping cultural patterns in little communities. Usually, the roles of rural women in Rajasthan remain unrecognized from historic times and their voices are seldom perceptible, if ever heard, it is only in folk songs & narratives. Although Folk epics are rarely found in tribal societies, but 14

the case of Nayak Bhill in Rajasthan is exception. Bhill is the most commonly found Adivasi in desert. Inspite of modern constitutional safeguards provided by Government of India, this low caste minority in Rajasthan is often denied it's basic human rights and entitlements because of ignorance, displacement and lack of adaptability with modern trends.

7) Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babar (1483-1530A.D.) also Babar (literally means of Babar is 'the Lion') was 16th-century ruler of radian subcontinent and founder of the Mughal Empire. He defeated Ibrahim Lodi, sultan of Delhi in the first battle of Panipat in 1526 and Babar won this battle. The first battle of Panipat marks the end of Delhi sultanate and rise of the Mughal dynasty in india. The Mughal Emperor Babar is described as a military genius and a skillful warrior. Babur had to carry on warfare with the Rajputs but these battles had been fought because of political reasons. Babur could not frame any fixed Rajput policy due to his early death is 1530 A.D. After the death of his father Babur, Nasir ud-din Muhammad Hurnayun (15O8-1556A.D.) was second Mughal emperor and he succeeded to the throne of India, at the age of twenty-three.

8) The Rajput policies adopted by Aurangzeb were strict and stern. There were three important Rajput rulers at that time, viz. Raja Jaswant Singh of Marwar, Rana Raj Singh of Mewar and Raja Jai Sing of Jaipur. All the three were at peace with the Mughals when Aurangzeb ascended the throne. But Aurangzeb never kept faith in the loyalty of these Rajput rulers. Aurangzeb deputed Raja Jai Singh in the Deccan where, ultimately he died in 1666 A.D. Raja Jaswant Singh was deputed to defend the north-western frontier of the empire. Two of his sons died fighting against the Afghan rebels and he himself died in Afghanistan in 1678 A.D. Aurangzeb was waiting for this opportunity. At that time, there was no successor to the throne of Marwar. He occupied Marwar immediately and with a view to disgrace the ruling family sold the throne of Jaswant Singh for rupees thirty-six lakhs. It seemed that the existence of Marwar was lost for ever. While returning from Afghanistan, the two wives of Rana Jaswant Singh gave birth to two sons at Lahore.

9) Many Rajput families of the 8th century must have been the descendants of the ancient Alia and Iksvaku families. But the Guhtis, Ghauhans and Parmars were originally Brahmans who adopted a military career, probably to defend their culture against foreign invaders. They did not need any purification by fire, they were pure enough to begin 15

with, to course of time they were recognized as Kshaatriyas. The Agnikul (fire born) theory is now recognized as a myth created to legitimize the origin of Rajputs as pure Kshatriyas. 5 According to some it was invented to the 16th century and was probably designed to legitimize the "conversion‖ of foreign tribes after being purified by the sacred fire - agni Hi st o ri ca l fa ct s ha v e of t e n be e n di st or t ed t o su pp or t et h ni c ambitions.

10) Thus in this region of Jaipur, PabuJi, HarbuJi, RamdevJi, MehoJi, GogaJi, etc.; mostly Rajputs were 7 considered as demi gods. ley were broadly venerated by the majority mainly living in villages. The hereditary followers of some of them were the Thoris, and the Dhedhs. These instances provided prospect to other low caste people also to get the blessings of these folk deities. Inspired by the sacrifice made by these Rajput heroes, for saving the cows for instance, castes like the Jats and Gujars also defied their historical personages and glorified their acts of similar sacrifice or other deeds of

8 courage. Teja Ji. for the Jats and Deva Ji for the Gujars are two such examples. Saint Mava Ji is yet another example from the area recognized as Bagad (Dungarpur -Banswara). Even the 'Satis' and brave warriors were worshipped by people of all societies similarly.

11) The state of Rajasthan is one of the favorite destinations for the tourists in India, both domestic and foreign. Rajasthan is famous for its rich culture and tradition, fairs and festivals worldwide. The different tourist destinations attract the tourists because of various reasons. The mixture of art, Graft, fetor-real monuments, heritage, natural scenes, sports, fairs, festivals, food, and religion which is so brilliant that no one can avoid the state, from the tourist point of view. Rajasthan is a state for every age group of tourist and of any background. It has lot many things to offer to the people who are visiting.

12) The influence of the Shakti sect is evinced there on every family. Devi or Mata also called Kuldevi of the Kacchwah is Jamvay, whose major shrine is near Ramgarh about ten miles to the northeast of Amber. Just as there are different names, incarnations and forms of Vishnu and Mahadeva, so are there of Parvati. Nava Durgas (nine goddesses), also called mavilis are the nine different deieties of the sect, and according to the Tantric tradition the goddesses have power to assume any of these form to help her devotees. The Shaktas and Shaivities conjointly have another class called Ban Margas, who believe that salvation can be obtained by the use of psychic forces through their own peculiar 16

methods, to which the use of hymns, wines, flesh, and woman is necessary. There are still few of them to be found in Jaipur.

13) The diversity of the different tourist destination of the same state is the competitive advantage" which Rajasthan enjoys. The government and private sector both are engaged in the development of the tourism industry in the state. The Department of Tourism is working and making strategies to enhance the potential growth of the industry in the state. As tourism is one of the fastest moving industries and is generating employment and monetary gains, Rajasthan is- well known on the world map for its tourism products and hospitality. Rajasthan is a combination of all the tourism products.

14) In brief it is mainly a discussion OR the tribal and non-tribal structure of society of the state of Sambalpur. Within this social hierarchy, the Chauhans stood first, followed by various tribal groups like the Binjhals, Kondh, and Sahara etc. The Chauhans maintained a balance of relationship within their tribal population. They created all possible conveniences to attract people of the higher social groups from outside to settle in their kingdom. To arrive at a definite historical conclusion as to how the social structure was designed by the Chauhans of Sambalpur, the author of the article consulted the only contemporary as well as authentic Sanskrit courtly chronicle of sixteenth century, ‗Kosalananda Kavyam', the eighteenth century authentic Lariya courtly chronicle ‗Jaya Chandrika' and other vernacular sources of seventeenth century such as 'Sasisena Kavya', 'Sambala Mansa'. Nineteenth century British accounts are used adequately as well. This paper is an attempt at providing certain observations on the social structure of western Orissa under the Chauhans of Sambalpur during sixteenth to eighteenth century.

15) The state of Rajasthan has emerged as most visited destination for international and domestic tourist. Rajasthan with its rich historical culture and heritage, coupled with colorful fairs and festivals like camel Safaris, Pushkar fairs, Desert festivals etc has become one of the favorite destination in the world.

Tourism has been highly touted as a route to the Development of a city or environment. It professes to bring much-need revenue and employment to the inhabitants of the place, while simultaneously claiming to preserve its cultural, historical, or natural 'attractions'.

16) History of Rajasthan is foil of many wars, and repeated attacks by enemies. Safety and security of public and other goods, has always been a major concern for its rulers. Forts and walled cities are a result of this situation. The walled cities are developed by rulers at different places in Rajasthan, to accommodate the need of growing population of their city and provide safety and security to people and goods. The walled city depicted a very high order of city planning. The different components of walled cities i.e. Residences, Bazaars, religious places, Chowks, Streets & monuments are encircled by walls and protected by an all round moat, river or water flowing. Throughout Rajasthan, almost every fort has walled city near it. Their close proximity consolidated the defense of the region and threw an unsurpassable barrier in the way of the enemy. Walled cities are made ail across India with similar concept but with different techniques depending on climatic condition and location. Some cities stand on the banks of or near a river or occupy some kindred site. Most of them are on hills or on plain land near the high hills, (freights of city walls are more on plain lands. These city wails are generally decorated in elevation series of holes of pointed arced parapet, sloping walls etc. The walled city constructed in those times present a beautiful and a strong heritage example for us.

17) The travel and tourism industry has emerged as one of the fastest growing sectors contributing significantly to- the Indian economic growth and development. India has significant potential to become a preferred tourist destination globally, its rich and diverse cultural heritage, abundant natural resources and biodiversity provides numerous tourist attractions.

th According to a travel report, India ranks 11 in the Asia pacific region and 65th on travel and tourism Competitiveness Index. The Indian hospitality sector has been growing at an annual rate of 14 per cent every year adding significant amount of foreign exchange to the economy. Travel and tourism's contribution to capital investment is estimated to grow at 6.5 per cent per annum during 2013-2023, above the global average of five per cent. The total market size of tourism and

hospitality industry in India stood at US$ 117.7 billion and is anticipated to touch US$ 418.9 billion by 2022.

18) In the beginning of the fourteenth century the last Chauhans ruler of Garh Sambar, Visala Deva was killed in a battle by a Yavana and his queen, Jayanti Devi, who was pregnant and belonged to the princely Rajput Chauhans clan of Mainpuri in Uttar Pradesh, fled with some followers to Patnagarh in western Orissa. She sought asylum with the Bariha, a Binjhal tribal headman of Ramod village located at present in the Tureikela block of Bolangir district of western Orissa, where she gave birth to a baby boy who was named Ramai Deva (Dvijascakarasya Sisorabhikhyamarthanvitam Rama Iti Prasamah) [Das, S.P., 1962: 190]. The child was adopted by a local Brahman fief holder or Mullick named Chakradhara Panigrahi.

19) The walled cities depict a very high order of city planning. They include various residences for royal families as well as common people, market for daily needs, streets, Chowks, religious places, open spaces, water bodies and other amenities needed to survive in a city. Beyond the wall, these cities used to be protected by an all round moat, river or other water body. Kings have made walled cities to accommodate the need of growing population of their city while Military defenses are virtually endless. Rajasthan is famous for its forts and throughout Rajasthan; almost every fort has a waited city near it. The walled cities constructed in those times present very beautiful and strong heritage examples for us, but nowadays due to lack of awareness among common population and lack of policy mechanism and enforcement this heritage is being lost. Today condition of city walls and gates are very poor. People have made houses on city walls, somewhere broken the wall to make access, somewhere pasted the advertisement poster and thrown the garbage destroying it. To support this article, case studies are done for three walled cities of Rajasthan i.e., Jaipur, Jodhpur, & Jaisalmer. This article focuses on present condition of this heritage and emphasizes on protection and need of conservation to save our true heritage. While concluding, this article provides recommendation to conserve and maintain It.

20) The first volume deals with the heritage of the Rajputs and contains fourteen chapters. These are origin of Rajputs, the impact of the Mughals, growth of feudalism, development of agriculture, early Rajput administration, aspects of religion, emergence of a new phase, struggle for survival, Tod's survey of Rajasthan, and states of Mewar, Jaipur, Marwar and other regions.

21) Indian architecture had attained new height and was subjected to a perfect synthesis of different styles during Mughal Period. Building technology as developed too made the assimilation of various indigenous and foreign techniques possible. A large number of

1 monuments of varied nature had been built at imperial and sub-imperial level . To cater their emerging needs and to suit their newly acquired status, Mughals introduced a number of new building concepts such as diwan-I aam, diwan-I khas, hammams, etc. Mughals had constructed a large number of palaces of different nature to fulfill their different needs. For example

2 they had built palaces in reserved hunting grounds , which may be considered as a variant of pleasure palace. These places are different in orientation and in space organization in comparison to that built in capital cities e.g. Agra, Lahore, Delhi, etc. To build pleasure

3 palaces with a garden and a water body was the prevailing tradition under the Mughal Rulers. These Mughal structures are yet to be studied in totality otherwise these would be faded away in the course of time.

22) Yaduvanshi Rajputs is a term used for describing various Rajput groups claiming descent from ancient Yadus. The Khanzadas of Tijara also claim descent from the Yaduvanshi Rajputs.[1] Mysore has been ruled by a Hindu dynasty that claimed to be descended from an offshoot of the Yadava dynasty line.[2] [3]Madhuriputra, Ishwarsena and Shivdatta were well known Ahir kings who mingled with Yadav Rajputs.

23) After Chittor came the turn of Ranthambhor which was the stronghold of the Hara sections of Chauhans. It was considered to be impregnable in Rajasthan. Akbar started against Ranthambhor in December 1568 and reached the scene of action in February 1569. The Mugh als were able to fix their guns sat the top of another hill near the fort of Ranthambhor. The fire of the

Mughal guns was too much for the fort of Ranthambhor. Surjana Hara, ruler of Ranthambhor, 20

felt that it was impossible to hold the fort any longer. Through the good offices of Bhagwan Das and Man Singh, Surjana Hara sent his two sons, Duda and Bhoja, to Akbar, The latter accepted the surrender and treated the young princes with great courtesy. Surjana Hara waited upon Akbar and handed over the keys of the fort of Ranthambhor to Akbar. He also entered the Mughal service and was appointed a Qildar of Garhkantak. Later on.

24) The methods of archaeology help us to recover the material remains of the past, relating to ancient, medieval, and modern periods of our history. In India and many other countries, archaeology is used to study prehistory and ancient history. Prehistory is concerned with the period for which there are no written sources, and history is basically based on written material. Prehistoric sites differ from historical sites in several respects. Generally they are not in the form of prominent habitation remains, but principally of fossils of humans, plants, and animals. They are found on the hill slopes of plateaus and mountains, and on the banks of nearby rivers with terraces, and comprise sundry fauna and flora.

25) More importantly, numerous stone tools from the Stone Age have been found at these sites. The remains of tools, plants, animals, and humans from the pre-ice age indicate the climatic conditions that prevailed at the time. Although writing was known in India by the middle of the third millennium BC in the Indus culture, it has not so far been deciphered. Thus, though the Harappans knew how to write, their culture is placed in the proto-historic phase. The same is the case with the Chalcolithic or copper—Stone Age cultures which had no writing. Decipherable writing was known in India only in the third century BC with the Ashokan inscriptions providing solid evidence for historical reconstruction from that time. However, despite the critical use of Vedic ' and post-Vedic literary sources for history in pre-Ashokan times, archaeology remains a very important source for historians.

26) What made the fort of Chittor so special? What was the significance of its gates and other architectural features? These, and several other questions are answered if one goes back to the time when this region was recognised by another name. Rajasthan was earlier known as Rajputana or 'The Abode of Kings'. When Hiuen Tsang, the Chinese traveller who came to India in the 7th century AD, visited this area, he called it Ku-che-lo. Based on available evidence, it is believed 21

that the clans settled here in that period were the Hindu Rajput clans— Pratihars, Guhilots, Chapotkatas and Chauhans and it was the history of these clans and their inter-relations that went on to shape the history of this region.

This region was inhabited long before 2500 BC and there are some archaeological sites of the Indus Valley Civilization here, Even before the warrior class of Rajputs came to dominate this area, it was inhabited by the Bhil and Mina tribes who were one of the earliest dwellers of this area. The history of this region changed forever with the arrival of the Aryans between 1500 and 200 BC. The local population that comprised of the Bhil and Mina tribes found itself being pushed down towards the south and the east. Other races that made their presence felt here included Afghans, Turks, Persians and Mughals, who settled in the area and married the locals, thereby 'mixing' their blood with the local inhabitants in war as well as in peace. These races were recognised and acknowledged as physically powerful and had daring warriors that led historians to believe that it was a result of intermarriage that gave the famed martial lineage to the Rajputs

27) Ancient records say that Lord Rama belonged to Raghuvanshi kula (one of the main branch of Suryavanshi or Sun Dynasty) and Lord Krishna belonged to Chandravanshi or Lunar Dynasty. With the passage of time, Rajputs were divided into 36 royal clans. These 36 main clans are further

subdivided into shakhas or 'branches', again based on the same principle of patriarchy.

Rajputs lived by the sword. They dominated the northwest region for centuries that followed and it was no mean achievement considering that they were in a constant state of aggression —if not with an invader, then with each other. They continued to enjoy their dominance in the region until they were threatened by invaders from other areas: These invaders were to change the history of the region and the history of the Indian subcontinent forever. The first to arrive was the Persian king, Darius (521-486 BC) but he only managed to take control of Punjab and Sind and could come no further. Next to reach India was Alexander the Great who came in 326 BC but his dream of conquering India was scuttled and he was forced to return when his troops refused to march beyond the Beas River. This was also the period when one of India's most important kingdoms was beginning to develop and spread almost throughout the entire north region—the Maurya Empire. Chandragupta Maurya came to power in 321 BC and reached its peak during the time of Emperor Ashoka. At its peak, the empire covered almost the entire present day India and beyond—it stretched to the north along the

Himalayas, and to the east stretching into present day Assam. To the west, it reached beyond modern Pakistan and significant portions of what is now Afghanistan, including the Kandahar provinces

28) The situation changed in AD 480, after king Toramana, the leader of the White Huns, who had established his capital at Sakala (modern Sialkot, Punjab) broke through the Gupta defences in that region, and much of the empire was overrun by the Huns by AD 500. The empire disintegrated under the attacks of Toramana and his successor, Mihirakula; the Huns conquered several provinces of the empire, including Malwa and Gujarat. Thanesar, in present day Haryana, too broke away under the rule of local dynasties. Although their power was much diminished.

The Guptas allied with other independent kingdoms and continued to resist the Huns, and kept them away from most of northern India. With the break-up of the Gupta Empire (AD 550}, northern India was covered with warring states, which attempted to wrest the imperial position left vacant by the Guptas. However, a stable "empire in the north was only established by the Pratihars of the . Rajasthan-Gujarat-Malwa region by AD 750, which lasted for over a century.

29) This Muslim conquest was important for two reasons, one—it began the Islamic era in South Asia and two—it marked the entry of Bappa Rawal, who later went on to become the founder of the Mewar Dynasty. Qasim was successful in defeating Raja Dahir of Sindh but was not so lucky when he attacked Chittor, as he came up against the indomitable Bappa Rawal. Bappa defeated Qasim and drove him back to Sindh. After this resounding defeat of the Caliphate by Bappa in AD 712, Sindh Muslims acknowledged the supremacy of the Guhils, of the Suryavanshi Rajputs.

Years later, the Hindu Rajput clans—the Pratihars, Guhilots and Chauhans again gathered together to defeat the Muslim Arab invaders in the early 8th century AD. Throughout the 8th century these invasions continued and collectively came to be called the 'Battle of Rajasthan' and though there is no authentic record as to the exact places where these battles were fought, what is known is that the final, decisive battle took place near the borders of modern Sindh-Rajasthan. After the defeat of the Arabs, the remnants of the Arab army fled to the other bank of the River lndus.