JURISDICTIONAL SUSTAINABILITY PROFILE OROMIA ETHIOPIA

FOREST NO FOREST DEFORESTATION LOW-EMISSION RURAL (2001-2016) DEVELOPMENT (LED-R) AT A GLANCE ADDIS ABABA • Largest Ethiopian region in area, forest cover, & population DRIVERS OF Small-scale agriculture DEFORESTATION • Contains ~50% of Ethiopia’s forests, including over Livestock grazing 1.2 million ha of protected areas, wildlife reserves, & Subsistence & commercial fuelwood collection community-managed forests Subsistence & commercial charcoal collection Large-scale agriculture • 66% of agricultural landholders participated in community AVERAGE ANNUAL 4.00 Mt CO2 (2010-2016) Includes above- watershed management activities (2010-2015), such ground biomass, below-ground biomass & dead EMISSIONS FROM Data sources: as constructing terraces & planting trees to optimize DEFORESTATION wood Socio-economic data: Central AREA 363,375 km2 Statistical Agency, UNDP, BOFED production with minimal environmental disturbance Deforestation data: Hansen et al./ POPULATION 35,466,785 (2017) UMD/Google/USGS/NASA; post- • Since late 1990s, transfers of medium- & large-scale processing by EII 0.505 (2017) lands to private companies for agriculture, real estate, & HDI GDP 442,342,892 USD (2008) infrastructure have reduced farmers’ access Ú land- 2.5 GINI No information Deforestation based conflicts & discontent towards federal & regional 2 Average Deforestation 2.0 MAIN ECONOMIC governments  Agriculture ACTIVITIES 1.5 • Beginning in 2015, widespread protests by Oromian Livestock youths against the federal & regional governments' Services 1.0

development strategies Ú states of emergencies & change RURAL/URBAN 88%/12% 0.5

POPULATION HUNDREDS OF Km 1 1 in Ethiopia’s leadership (2018) 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.7 1.6 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.9 2.5 1.9 1.6 0.4 1.9 0.0 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2001 2017 SPOTLIGHT ON INNOVATION The Oromia Forested Landscape Program (OFLP), evolving from a institutional capacity, improving forest information systems, safeguards jurisdictional REDD+ program piloted in Oromia, brings together various management, and technical assistance for research on Payment for financing sources, stakeholders, and sectors. Under the BioCarbon Initiative Ecosystem Services (PES). There are existing REDD+ projects within OFLP, for Sustainable Forest Landscapes (ISFL), it is funded by two complementary such as BMERPP, that received Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) and Climate, schemes: a five-year (2017-2022) USD 18 million mobilization grant from Community and Biodiversity (CCB) Standards verifications in 2017 for its BioCarbon Fund Plus, and an Emission Reductions Purchase Agreement 2012-2015 carbon emission reductions (ER). Such projects can independently (ERPA) of up to USD 50 million over 10 years through BioCarbon Fund account for an sell pre-2017 ER, but since establishing OFLP, Oromian forests Tranche 3. OFLP fosters equitable and sustainable low-carbon development are accounted for as one unit using the jurisdictional baseline. As the federal through enabling investments that address deforestation, emissions, and and regional governments develop REDD+ in other regions, OFLP provides forest carbon stocks via on-the-ground activities (e.g., participatory forest learning and capacity-building opportunities, such as development of cross- management (PFM), reforestation, extension services). Additionally, OFLP sectoral and multilevel coordination and benefit-sharing. strengthens region- and local-level enabling environments by enhancing

TIMELINE OF IMPORTANT EVENTS Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) – led by the Tigrayan Peoples’ Liberation Front (TPLF) – came into power, ending Civil War New constitution established regions using ethno-linguistic boundaries Oromia Rural Land Ministry of Environment & Forest established (changed in 2015 to Ministry of Derg (military socialist) regime overthrew Use & Administration Environment, Forest & Climate Change, MEFCC) monarchy & implemented agrarian Proclamation OFLP’s design phase launched with funding from FCPF Readiness Fund reform, including land redistribution & amended, allowing resettlement (villagization) no-cost allocation Extreme drought in Oromia due Intermittent inter-ethnic violence along Oromia borders Ú of rural land with to low rainfall & El Niño de- New Forest Development, Conservation & Utilization creased harvests, high livestock land certificate & Proclamation (FP) published, replacing 2007 FP forest demarcation mortality, & displacement Prime Minister (PM) Abiy Ahmed elected as the 1st Oromo for sustainable local community (LC) use (majority ethnic group in Oromia) Ethiopian leader

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2018 2020 2030

PLEDGES & COMMITMENTS ◆ Part of international Nationally Determined agreement or forum Contribution (NDC) to UNFCCC1 ◆ 1 Reduce emissions 64% below BAU, 2 including 90 MtCO2e from agroforestry, Bonn Challenge ◆ afforestation/reforestation, forest NATIONAL rehabilitation. 2 Reforest 15 million ha New York Declaration on Forest (NYDF)3 of degraded land. 3 End deforestation. ◆ 4 Reach middle-income status while Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE)4 limiting GHG emissions to 150 Mt CO2e KEY INTERVENTIONS DISINCENTIVES ENABLING MEASURES INCENTIVES ORGANIZATION(S) FUNDING IMPLEMENTING INTERVENTION & FOCUS BENEFICIARIES

MULTILATERAL NATIONAL Sustainable Land Management Project (SLMP) Smallholders, federal & OTHER1,2 PUBLIC6 regional govts, private BILATERAL PUBLIC3, 4 REGIONAL Reduce land degradation & improve land productivity in selected watersheds; sector, civil society NATIONAL PUBLIC5 PUBLIC7 land registration

MULTILATERAL NATIONAL Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) 6 Food-insecure OTHER2 PUBLIC 8 REGIONAL households BILATERAL PUBLIC Support food-insecure households PUBLIC7

REGIONAL Bale Mountain Ecoregion REDD+ Pilot Project (BMERPP) PUBLIC10 Federal & regional BILATERAL PUBLIC9 INTERNATIONAL governments, LC NON-PROFIT11, 12 Support sustainable forest management & reduce pressure on forests

REDD+ Joint Forest Management in the 5 districts of REGIONAL PUBLIC10 Ilu Aba Bora Zone - Phase II Project BILATERAL PUBLIC3 NATIONAL LC NON-PROFIT13 Integrated & participatory wetland conservation & management, socio-economic development

1 Global Environmental Facility (GEF). 2 World Bank (WB) managed loans & trust fund. 3 Government of Norway. 4 GIZ (German Society for International Cooperation). 5 Federal government. 6 Ministry of Agriculture & Natural Resources. 7 Oromia regional bureaus. 8 United States Agency for International Development, UK Department for International Development, European Commission, Canadian International Development Agency, Irish Aid, Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Swedish International Development Agency. 9 Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.10 Oromia Forest & Wildlife Enterprise. 11 Farm Africa. 12 SOS Sahel, 13 Ethio Wetlands & Natural Resources Association. PROGRESS TO JURISDICTIONAL SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGES & EARLY INTERMEDIATE ADVANCED OPPORTUNITIES

Integrated LED-R • CRGE, the national green growth strategy, fosters sustainable development CHALLENGES Strategy • OFLP acts as the jurisdiction’s integrated action plan, implemented by 5 regional bureaus (agriculture, forests, • Insufficient funding & technical livestock, energy, & land administration) capacity to address agriculture & Spatial plan • No finalized national or jurisdictional spatial plan fuelwood/charcoal as drivers of • Watershed-based land use plan for the region under development deforestation & forest degradation & to contribute to achieving national • CRGE & Growth & Transformation Plan 2 (GTP 2) include national social, economic & environmental targets, tied Performance ER targets targets to NDC & Bonn Challenge commitments • Low technical capacity to • Oromia will contribute to GTP 2 through targets set in OFLP account for all sectors’ emissions, Monitoring, • National Forest Reference Emission Level (FREL) developed in 2016 disaggregate limited national & reporting & • National & regional MRV structures under development & being piloted in Oromia regional data, & develop regional verification (MRV) MRV (currently limited accessibility) Policies & • National policies & programs exist for land use sectors & for large-scale private agricultural investments favoring • Conflicts between land use policies incentives exported commodities (involving regional govt) & lack of national land use plans • OFLP offers incentives to establish forested landscapes, e.g., through USD 50 million ERPA • MEFCC transformed from Ministry • Tax breaks for forest owners & managers recently announced; needs further regulation to a Commission, with unknown Multi-stakeholder • Government, private sector, donors, & civil society provide guidance & technical inputs for OFLP implementation impacts on institutional capacity & governance through steering & technical committees functionality • Input from LC influenced OFLP benefit-sharing, safeguards & PFM design • Despite negotiations with the Sustainable • Existing regional initiatives to improve agriculture/livestock productivity & land certification, & reduce land federal goverment on performance agriculture degradation; limited resources restrict agricultural extension services targets, the regional government • Small-scale private sector initiative (Nespresso & WB-led) to improve sustainable coffee production includes is expected to implement federally smallholders defined commitments Indigenous • Land is publicly owned; LC may have use rights OPPORTUNITIES peoples & local • Land certification initiatives provide farmers with boundary delineation & registration of agricultural lands communities • MoU for regional bureaus’ • 2018 FP allows forest ownership by LC & associations; implementation needs further regulation joint implementation of OFLP LED-R finance • Future funding sources: federal funds, international grants (e.g., BioCarbon ERPA), private sector, carbon offset fostering improved inter-sectoral sales (BMERPP) coordination • International donors, WB, & domestic budgets finance agricultural & some landscape rehabilitation initiatives • Strong political will & support to (e.g., SLMP) achieve targets under GTP 2 & CRGE strategy CITATION | S. Atmadja & S. Peteru. 2018. “Oromia, Ethiopia” in C. Stickler et al. (Eds.), The State of Jurisdictional Sustainability. San Francisco, CA: EII; Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR; Boulder, CO: GCF-TF. • New PM is introducing radical COMPLETE REFERENCES & DATA SOURCES PROVIDED AT www.earthinnovation.org/state-of-jurisdictional-sustainability changes & allowing for greater political freedom; Oromo now have 2019/03/26 more representation & political role TECHNICAL TEAM SUPPORTEDSupported by: BY at national level

Earth Innovation Institute based on a decision of the German Bundestag