DOCSLIB.ORG

Bridging the Rural-Urban Divide for Local Economic Development in Nekemte and Its Hinterlands, Oromia, Ethiopia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bridging the Rural-Urban Divide for Local Economic Development in Nekemte and Its Hinterlands, Oromia, Ethiopia Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development ISSN: 2152-0801 online www.AgDevJournal.com Bridging the rural-urban divide for local economic development in Nekemte and its hinterlands, Oromia, Ethiopia Megerssa Tolessa Walo * Institute for Regional Development, University of Tasmania Submitted November 10, 2015 / Revised January 4, March 6, April 11, and May 4, 2016 / Accepted May 25, 2016 / Published online September 21, 2016 Citation: Walo, M. T. (2016). Bridging the rural-urban divide for local economic development in Nekemte and its hinterlands, Oromia, Ethiopia. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, 6(4), 125–143. http://dx.doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2016.064.012 Copyright © 2016 by New Leaf Associates, Inc. Abstract enabling policy of the government to facilitate This study explores some of the challenges to rural-urban linkages, the linkages in the district strengthening rural-urban linkages for local remain weak as far as their capacity to improve the economic development in the Guto Gidda district overall local economies. Diversification of of Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Participants were economic activities is therefore used as a temporary selected from farmers, traders, small-scale strategy to reduce poverty, but it is a stop-gap processors of maize and niger seed, and venture rather than a strategy that could improve government officials using a snowball sampling the income of the community at large. In this study, technique. The primary data gathered related to I recommend that investments in rural feeder roads, flows of agricultural produce (maize and niger improved provision of rural microfinance and seed), people, and market information between the access to market information, and ensuring actors in agricultural products at Nekemte town affordable agricultural inputs would improve rural- and its hinterlands. The information was collected urban linkages and thus lead to stronger local using interviews. Results indicated that despite the economic development. * Megerssa Tolessa Walo, University of Tasmania, Institute for Keywords Regional Development, Cradle Coast Campus, Burnie; Ethiopia; Agricultural Industries; Local Economic Tasmania 7320, Australia; [email protected]; Development; Rural Development Policy; Rural- [email protected]; [email protected] Urban Linkages Volume 6, Issue 4 / Summer 2016 125 Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development ISSN: 2152-0801 online www.AgDevJournal.com Introduction In Ethiopia, the government views rural-urban The traditional rural and urban dichotomous linkages as a policy priority for rapid economic approach to understanding local economic development, and it has been introducing succes- development (LED) does not always accord with sive development policies that encourage rural- the reality of the contemporary globalized world urban linkages since 2002/03 (MoFED, 2007). (United Nations [UN], 2011). Globally, societies These policy frameworks include the Sustainable are highly interconnected at local, national, and/or Development and Poverty Reduction Programme international levels (Magel, 2003). At the local level, (SDPRP) and the Plan for Accelerated and Sus- rural and urban areas are linked together through tainable Development to End Poverty (PASDEP), the flow of people, production, commodities, among others. PASDEP was considered to be the capital, income, and market information, among most comprehensive policy framework and was other elements, and this makes rural-urban linkages implemented between 2005/06 and 2009/10. The important for LED and poverty reduction First Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP), (Fritsche et al., 2015). Strong rural-urban linkages, 2019/10 to 2014/15, closed recently, and the therefore, would encourage new forms of second GTP is to be implemented from 2016 to livelihood through diversification and agro- 2020 (Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia processing (Steinberg, 2014). [FDRE], 2015). Academics around the world have been debat- The initiatives under each framework were ing the pros and cons associated with rural-urban built on the results from those of the previous linkages since the 1950s. However, there have been initiatives. The initiation of PASDEP pointed out changes in this area over time. In the 1950s policies the need to strengthen rural-urban linkages to called for an acceleration of urban industrial maximize growth and reduce poverty by taking full growth because urbanization was generally advantage of the synergies provided by market considered to be associated with modernization integration, labor mobility, and access to income- (Sani & Far, 2015). By the 1970s, development earning opportunities between urban and rural approaches shifted to integrating infrastructure in areas (MoFED, 2005). It also underlined the rural areas to achieve rural developmental goals; importance of improving infrastructure (rural this also was correlated with a reduction of access roads, telecommunication, and rural comparative disadvantages for competition and electrification), and developing small-scale credit utilization of rural resources (Nemes, 2005). In the markets as key instruments to facilitate rural-urban 1980s it was recognized that these dichotomous linkages. PASDEP linked rural transformation with development approaches had failed to bring the electrification since it made clear that electricity intended development outcomes, and therefore, transforms rural economies not only by providing rural-urban linkages have emerged as a develop- the basis for businesses and agro-processing at ment approach in regional planning (UN, 2011). A regional and/or zonal towns but also as an input study by Tegegne (2001) indicated that an attempt into agriculture for irrigation pumping, commercial to bring about rural development has been made agricultural production, and processing. The rural by focusing on structural sectoral problems in transformation intended to prevent migration to Ethiopia; however, this has failed to achieve the urban areas and also to use the byproducts from desired changes. The rural-urban linkages approach agro-processing industries to be channeled back to to development focuses on the mutual develop- the field. It was also expected to enhance the ment of both urban and rural areas for a strong modernization of agricultural production, which local economy. It is assumed that both the areas could attract investors interested in agricultural are interdependent through the flow of resources production and establish ancillary industries in the and other linkages. Urban areas provide markets regions (FDRE, 2010). In PASDEP’s urban devel- for agricultural and rural commodities, while rural opment strategy, rural-urban linkages were con- areas provide agricultural surpluses to the urban sidered to be one of the pillars whereby emphasis area (Akkoyunlu, 2013). was given to the development of small towns as 126 Volume 6, Issue 4 / Summer 2016 Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development ISSN: 2152-0801 online www.AgDevJournal.com major entry points of resources (MoFED, 2005). their aims in developing stronger linkages, and if According to the government’s evaluation, not, why. This study aims to identify some of the PASDEP achieved most of its desired goals. The underlying causes contributing to weak rural-urban report also indicates that gross domestic product linkages. The importance of the study rests in the (GDP) increased from 7% in 2005/06 to 11% in fact that LED-related studies are under researched; 2009/10, with the share of agriculture and industry this is particularly true in the study area. being 8.4% and 10%, respectively. In terms of infrastructure, the numbers of kilometers of all- Objectives of the Study weather roads increased from 36,400 km (22,618 The paper has two specific objectives: (a) to iden- miles) in 2004/05 to 48,800 km (30,323 miles) in tify the major obstacles to maximizing value from 2009/10; these figures exclude those in the district rural-urban linkages and LED; and (b) to suggest or rural areas (FDRE, 2010; Nuru, 2015). Mobile possible ways to foster rural-urban linkages to help telecommunication network capacity was increased strengthen LED in the study area. from 0.5 million users to 25 million users. PASDEP was also used to generate 2000 MW Rural-urban Linkages in Local Economies (61% of its objective) of electricity at the end of Urban and rural areas have been defined based on 2009/10 (FDRE, 2010). various criteria, including population size and den- However, scholars question the credibility of sity, economic activity, administrative functions, the FDRE report as it lacks independent verifica- and infrastructural development (McGranahan & tion (Teshome, 2006). Telecommunications, Satterthwaite, 2014). Administration and demog- utilities, civil aviation, and financial services remain raphy are the two major criteria for a successful solely or largely under government control, limiting rural and urban linkage (Tacoli et al., 2015). In the services they provide as there is no other Ethiopia, the Central Statistical Agency (CSA) has alternative provider. There have been reports that defined urban areas as localities with 2,000 or more the state-owned telecom provider is failing even to households since the implementation of the CSA’s provide basic services, and this is negatively affect- first census covering the entire population in 1984. ing rural-urban linkages and development of the Urban areas
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hum Ethio Manitar Opia Rian Re Espons E Fund D
    Hum anitarian Response Fund Ethiopia OCHA, 2011 OCHA, 2011 Annual Report 2011 Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Humanitarian Response Fund – Ethiopia Annual Report 2011 Table of Contents Note from the Humanitarian Coordinator ................................................................................................ 2 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 3 1. Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................ 4 1.1 2011 Humanitarian Context ........................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Map - 2011 HRF Supported Projects ............................................................................................. 6 2. Information on Contributors ................................................................................................................ 7 2.1 Donor Contributions to HRF .......................................................................................................... 7 3. Fund Overview .................................................................................................................................... 8 3.1 Summary of HRF Allocations in 2011 ............................................................................................ 8 3.1.1 HRF Allocation by Sector .......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • OCHA East Hub Easthararghe Zone of Oromia: Flash Floods 290K 13
    OCHA East Hub East Hararghe Zone of Oromia: Flash floods Flash Update No. 1 As of 26 August 2020 HIGHLIGHTS Districts affected by flash floods as of 20 August 2020 • 290,185 people (58,073HHs) were affected due to the recent flood and landslide • 169 PAs in 13 districts (Haromaya, Goro Muxi, Kersa Melka Belo, Bedeno, Meta, Deder, Kumbi, Giraw, Kurfa Calle, Kombolcha, Jarso and Goro Gutu) were affected. • Over 42,000IDPs in those affected woredas were also affected including secondary displacement in some areas like the 56HH IDPs in Calanqo city of Metta woreda • 970 houses were damaged out of which 330 were totally damaged resulting to the displacement for 1090 people. Moreover,22,080 hectares of meher plantations were damaged impacting 18885 people in 4 districts and landslides on 2061 hectares affected 18785 people. A total of 18 human deaths as well as 135 livestock deaths reported. • 4 roads with total length of 414kms were partially damaged which might cause physical access constraints to 4-5 woredas of the zone. 290K 13 affected Districts affected people SITUATION OVERVIEW East Hararghe zone is recurrently affected by flood impact. Chronically,9 woredas of the zone, namely, Kersa, Melak Belo, Midhega Tola, Bedeno, Gursum, Deder, Babile, Haromaya ad Metta were prone to flooding. The previous flood in May affected 8 of the these woredas were 10,067 HHs (over 60,000 people) in 62 kebeles were affected. During this time, over 2000 hectares of Belg plantations were damaged. Only Babile woreda was reached with few assistances from some partners. The NMA predicted that above normal rainfall will likely to happen in the Eastern part after June.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrological Extremes and Their Association with ENSO Phases in Ethiopia
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/681528; this version posted June 24, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Hydrological Extremes and their Association with ENSO Phases in Ethiopia Abu Tolcha Gari Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]; Tel: +251-9-1281-2790, Fax: +251-022-331-1508 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/681528; this version posted June 24, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Abstract Ethiopia is a rain fed agriculture country, which is subjected to high climate variability in space and time, leading to hydrological extremes causing loss of life and property more frequently. Droughts are more common and sometime floods are experienced in various parts of the country. Being a tropical country, the inter-annual climate variability in Ethiopia is dominated by ENSO (ElNino and Southern Oscillation). In this study, an attempt has been made to determine the occurrence of droughts and floods on monthly basis, by calculating the monthly SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index) using the available rainfall data during (1975-2005) at selected 26 stations that spread across the country. Based on the monthly SPI values computed, the droughts and floods of different intensities; extreme, severe and dry have been determined for all stations.
    [Show full text]
  • Pulses in Ethiopia, Their Taxonomy and Agricultural Significance E.Westphal
    Pulses in Ethiopia, their taxonomy andagricultura l significance E.Westphal JN08201,579 E.Westpha l Pulses in Ethiopia, their taxonomy and agricultural significance Proefschrift terverkrijgin g van degraa dva n doctori nd elandbouwwetenschappen , opgeza gva n derecto r magnificus, prof.dr .ir .H .A . Leniger, hoogleraar ind etechnologie , inne t openbaar teverdedige n opvrijda g 15 maart 1974 desnamiddag st evie ruu r ind eaul ava nd eLandbouwhogeschoo lt eWageninge n Centrefor AgriculturalPublishing and Documentation Wageningen- 8February 1974 46° 48° TOWNS AND VILLAGES DEBRE BIRHAN 56 MAJI DEBRE SINA 57 BUTAJIRA KARA KORE 58 HOSAINA KOMBOLCHA 59 DE8RE ZEIT (BISHUFTU) BATI 60 MOJO TENDAHO 61 MAKI SERDO 62 ADAMI TULU 8 ASSAB 63 SHASHAMANE 9 WOLDYA 64 SODDO 10 KOBO 66 BULKI 11 ALAMATA 66 BAKO 12 LALIBELA 67 GIDOLE 13 SOKOTA 68 GIARSO 14 MAICHEW 69 YABELO 15 ENDA MEDHANE ALEM 70 BURJI 16 ABIYAOI 71 AGERE MARIAM 17 AXUM 72 FISHA GENET 16 ADUA 73 YIRGA CHAFFE 19 ADIGRAT 74 DILA 20 SENAFE 75 WONDO 21 ADI KAYEH 76 YIRGA ALEM 22 ADI UGRI 77 AGERE SELAM 23 DEKEMHARE 78 KEBRE MENGIST (ADOLA) 24 MASSAWA 79 NEGELLI 25 KEREN 80 MEGA 26 AGOROAT 81 MOYALE 27 BARENIU 82 DOLO 28 TESENEY 83 EL KERE 29 OM HAJER 84 GINIR 30 DEBAREK 85 ADABA 31 METEMA 86 DODOLA 32 GORGORA 87 BEKOJI 33 ADDIS ZEMEN 88 TICHO 34 DEBRE TABOR 89 NAZRET (ADAMA 35 BAHAR DAR 90 METAHARA 36 DANGLA 91 AWASH 37 INJIBARA 92 MIESO 38 GUBA 93 ASBE TEFERI 39 BURE 94 BEDESSA 40 DEMBECHA 95 GELEMSO 41 FICHE 96 HIRNA 42 AGERE HIWET (AMB3) 97 KOBBO 43 BAKO (SHOA) 98 DIRE DAWA 44 GIMBI 99 ALEMAYA
    [Show full text]
  • The Reactions of Limmu Oromo of Western Ethiopia During and After the Italian Occupation (1936-41)
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals Historical Research Letter www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3178 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0964 (Online) Vol.47, 2018 The Reactions of Limmu Oromo of Western Ethiopia During and After the Italian Occupation (1936-41) Fekede Sileshi Fufa 1 Ketebo Abdiyo(PhD) 2 1.College of Social Science Department of History, Sebeta Special Needs College of Teacher’s Education 2.Jimma University Abstract In this paper, it has been attempted to highlight the features of the five years administration system and the continuity and changes that took place during the Italy administration in the area. During the Italian Occupation, Limmu was the administrative center of the Italians for the Oromo of Western Anger River. Surprisingly, Limmu Oromo during the Italian occupation (1936-41) fought both the Italians and the naftañä settlers. According to genuine sources, during Italian Occupation (1936-1941) the naftañä-gabär system was removed in the study area. Accordingly, the most important event of this period was that the Limmu Oromo were librated from the naftañä rule by their leader, Fitawurari Duguma Jaldeso. Relatively speaking, according to many written materials and oral sources, the Italian administration was better than the former administration system in Limmu. The Italian Occupation was a land mark in the history of the gabärs in the surrounding region in general and that of Limmu in particular. Soon after they stationed at Ayana (the capital of Gidda-Kiramu Woreda), the Italian military station for the areas between the Abay and Angar, Italians successfully abolished the gabär system in the area.
    [Show full text]
  • Oromia Region Administrative Map(As of 27 March 2013)
    ETHIOPIA: Oromia Region Administrative Map (as of 27 March 2013) Amhara Gundo Meskel ! Amuru Dera Kelo ! Agemsa BENISHANGUL ! Jangir Ibantu ! ! Filikilik Hidabu GUMUZ Kiremu ! ! Wara AMHARA Haro ! Obera Jarte Gosha Dire ! ! Abote ! Tsiyon Jars!o ! Ejere Limu Ayana ! Kiremu Alibo ! Jardega Hose Tulu Miki Haro ! ! Kokofe Ababo Mana Mendi ! Gebre ! Gida ! Guracha ! ! Degem AFAR ! Gelila SomHbo oro Abay ! ! Sibu Kiltu Kewo Kere ! Biriti Degem DIRE DAWA Ayana ! ! Fiche Benguwa Chomen Dobi Abuna Ali ! K! ara ! Kuyu Debre Tsige ! Toba Guduru Dedu ! Doro ! ! Achane G/Be!ret Minare Debre ! Mendida Shambu Daleti ! Libanos Weberi Abe Chulute! Jemo ! Abichuna Kombolcha West Limu Hor!o ! Meta Yaya Gota Dongoro Kombolcha Ginde Kachisi Lefo ! Muke Turi Melka Chinaksen ! Gne'a ! N!ejo Fincha!-a Kembolcha R!obi ! Adda Gulele Rafu Jarso ! ! ! Wuchale ! Nopa ! Beret Mekoda Muger ! ! Wellega Nejo ! Goro Kulubi ! ! Funyan Debeka Boji Shikute Berga Jida ! Kombolcha Kober Guto Guduru ! !Duber Water Kersa Haro Jarso ! ! Debra ! ! Bira Gudetu ! Bila Seyo Chobi Kembibit Gutu Che!lenko ! ! Welenkombi Gorfo ! ! Begi Jarso Dirmeji Gida Bila Jimma ! Ketket Mulo ! Kersa Maya Bila Gola ! ! ! Sheno ! Kobo Alem Kondole ! ! Bicho ! Deder Gursum Muklemi Hena Sibu ! Chancho Wenoda ! Mieso Doba Kurfa Maya Beg!i Deboko ! Rare Mida ! Goja Shino Inchini Sululta Aleltu Babile Jimma Mulo ! Meta Guliso Golo Sire Hunde! Deder Chele ! Tobi Lalo ! Mekenejo Bitile ! Kegn Aleltu ! Tulo ! Harawacha ! ! ! ! Rob G! obu Genete ! Ifata Jeldu Lafto Girawa ! Gawo Inango ! Sendafa Mieso Hirna
    [Show full text]
  • Oromo Liberation Front
    Human Rights Watch May 2005 Vol. 17, No. 7 (A) Suppressing Dissent Human Rights Abuses and Political Repression in Ethiopia’s Oromia Region Summary......................................................................................................................................... 1 Recommendations......................................................................................................................... 3 To the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the Regional Government of Oromia State ................................................................................ 3 To International Election Observers..................................................................................... 4 To Donor Governments ......................................................................................................... 4 To the World Bank and United Nations Agencies Involved in Development in Ethiopia.................................................................................................................................. 5 Introduction................................................................................................................................... 6 Political Competition in Oromia ................................................................................................ 7 Historical Background.............................................................................................................. 7 Ethiopia and Oromia under EPRDF Rule ..........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Oromos in Somaliland
    Volume 26 Refuge Number 1 Seeking Refuge in an Unrecognized State: Oromos in Somaliland Anna Lindley Abstract mission, businesses, or NGOs, and some fled to Somaliland The self-declared state of Somaliland is much better known since 2007 in the wake of the Ethiopian government’s brutal as a refugee producing territory than a refugee destination . counter-insurgency campaign in the Ogaden region. This Yet in recent years the territory has witnessed growing non- account, however, focuses on a third group, exploring the Somali immigration from the Oromo regions of Ethiopia . fortunes of people of Oromo origin living in Somaliland. The Oromo are the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia, but In the wake of marginalization and oppression in Ethiopia, have found themselves marginalized from power under these newcomers find a precarious refuge in Somaliland, successive regimes, most recently by the Ethiopian People’s demonstrating some of the challenges of in-region protec- Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), which came to tion and integration in the Horn of Africa . power following the 1991 revolution which brought down the authoritarian Derg regime. Political and economic Résumé oppression in the Oromia region, following the withdrawal L’État non reconnu mondialement du Somaliland est of the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) from the Transitional mieux connu comme territoire producteur de réfugiés Government of Ethiopia in 1992, have forced unknown que destination pour ceux-ci . Pourtant, le Somaliland a numbers to leave the country. vu ces dernières années une augmentation d’immigrants Most research in the last twenty years on Ethiopian refugees has focused on large refugee camp populations in non somaliens provenant de l’Oromie en Éthiopie .
    [Show full text]
  • MIND the GAP Commercialization, Livelihoods and Wealth Disparity in Pastoralist Areas of Ethiopia
    MIND THE GAP Commercialization, Livelihoods and Wealth Disparity in Pastoralist Areas of Ethiopia Yacob Aklilu and Andy Catley December 2010 Contents Summary ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 3 1.1 Objectives .............................................................................................................................................. 4 1.2 Methodology ......................................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Structure of the report .......................................................................................................................... 5 2. Livestock exports from pastoral areas of Ethiopia: recent trends and issues ......................................... 6 2.1 The growing trade: economic gains outweigh ethnicity and trust........................................................ 7 2.2 The cross‐border trade from Somali Region and Borana ...................................................................... 8 2.3 Trends in formal exports from Ethiopia .............................................................................................. 12 2.4 A boom in prices and the growth of bush markets ............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Partial List of Mass Execution of Oromos and Other Nation And
    Udenrigsudvalget 2013-14 URU Alm.del Bilag 174 Offentligt Partial list of Mass execution of Oromos and other nation and nationalities of Ethiopia (Documented by Oromo Liberation Front Information and Research Unit, March 2014) Injustice anywhere is injustice everywhere!!! Ethiopia is one of the Countries at Genocide Risk in accordance with Genocide Watch’s Report released on March 12, 2013. •Genocide Watch considers Ethiopia to have already reached Stage 7, genocidal massacres, against many of its peoples, including the Anuak, Ogadeni, Oromo and Omo tribes. •We recommend that the United States government immediately cease all military assistance to the Ethiopian Peoples Defense Forces. We also recommend strong diplomatic protests to the Meles Zenawi regime against massive violations of human rights in Ethiopia Article 281 of the Ethiopian Penal Code : Genocide; Crimes against Humanity Whosoever, with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, religious or political group, organizes, orders or engages in, be it in time of war or in time of peace: (a) killings, bodily harm or serious injury to the physical or mental health of members of the group, in any way whatsoever; or (b) measures to prevent the propagation or continued survival of its members or their progeny; or (c) the compulsory movement or dispersion of peoples or children, or their placing under living conditions calculated to result in their death or disappearance, is punishable with rigorous imprisonment from five years to life, or, in cases of exceptional
    [Show full text]
  • Nutritional Causal Analysis East Hararghe Zone, Fedis and Kersa Woredas, Ethiopia, August, 2014
    East Hararghe Zone, Fedis and Kersa Woredas, Ethiopia Action Contre La Faim_ Ethiopia mission Nutritional Causal Analysis East Hararghe Zone, Fedis and Kersa Woredas, Ethiopia, August, 2014 Carine Magen, Health Anthropologist, and ACF team, Ethiopia mission 11/1/2014 ACF East Hararghe Nutrition Causal Analysis Report Page 1 LIST OF ACRONYMS ARI Acute Respiratory Infection BCG Bacillus Calmette Guerin CBN Community Based Nutrition CGC Charcher, Gololicha zone (Coffee, Khat, Maize) CVG Khat, Vegetable CI Confidence Interval CMAM Community-based Management of Acute Malnutrition CDR Crude Death Rate CHD Community Health Day CLTS Community Led Total Sanitation CSB Corn Soya Blended food DE Design Effect DPPO Disaster Preparedness and Prevention Office DRMFSS Disaster Risk Management and Food Security Sector ENA Emergency Nutrition Assessment ENCU Emergency Nutrition Coordination Unit EPI Extended Programme of Immunization ETB Ethiopian Birr FGD Focus Group Discussion GAM Global Acute Malnutrition GBG Gursum and Babile zone (sorghum, maize, haricot bean) HH Households HRF Humanitarian Response Fund IGA Income generating activities IMC International Medical Corps IYCF Infant and Young Child Feeding MAM Moderate Acute Malnutrition MNC Mother with Malnourished Child MUAC Mid-Upper Arm Circumference NCA Nutrition Causal Analysis NNP National Nutrition program NCHS National Centre for Health Statistics ODPPC Oromiya Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Commission OTP Out-Patient Therapeutic Program PPS Probability Proportional to Population Size
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Project for Supporting Sustainable Forest Management Through REDD+ and Certified Forest Coffee Production and Promotion
    Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Oromia Environment Forest and Climate Change Authority (OEFCCA) Oromia Forest and Wildlife Enterprise (OFWE) Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Project for Supporting Sustainable Forest Management through REDD+ and Certified Forest Coffee Production and Promotion Project Completion Report November 2020 Japan International Cooperation Agency Japan International Forest Promotion and Cooperation Center Appropriate Agriculture International Co., LTD GE JR 20-076 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Project for Supporting Sustainable Forest Management through REDD+ and Certified Forest Coffee Production and Promotion Project Completion Report Table of Contents Map List of Abbreviation Summary ....................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 Outline of the Project .................................................................................... 7 1-1 Background of the Project .................................................................................... 7 1-2 Objectives of the Project ...................................................................................... 8 1-3 Target of the Project ............................................................................................ 8 1-4 Implementation Agency ....................................................................................... 8 1-5 Input for the Project ............................................................................................
    [Show full text]