1965 Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 107

SOME COMMENTS ON ARIZONA BUTTERFLIES (PAPILIONOIDEA)

KEITH S. BROWN, JR. Faculdade NacionaI de Farmacia, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

The following records are offered primarily to stimulate additional research on the butterflies of southeastern and east-central Arizona. The author spent his childhood in the foothills of the Santa Rita Moun­ tains south of Tucson and has returned and collected there numerous times in recent years and has regularly visited and collected in the White Mountains of east-central Arizona during the summer months. The author has been reassigned to Brazil and will not be able to con­ tinue investigations in Arizona; thus the questions raised by the follow­ ing data must be answered by others'! The list represents the experience of the author and thus will conflict at certain points with known data (for example, on the abundance of Speyeria mormonia luski). The author has not collected at all in the traditionally rich areas of Verde Valley, Mingus Mountain, Yuma, San Francisco Peaks, Grand Canyon, and White Mountains in June. How­ ever, it is hoped that the following summary, representing repeated and broad-range collecting in the areas and seasons mentioned, will be of use in stimulating and aiding future studies. For clarity, nomenclature follows the most recent systematic checklist ( dos Passos, 1964).

EXPLANATION OF LIST

The following list, containing the names and data on all of the butter­ flies observed and/or captured by the author in the areas described, is coded for brevity; for a few species further notation (unusual records, etc.) follows the coded information. The first figure of each code group represents the region and habitat of the butterfly (Roman numerals I-VI); the second, the season (letters A-D); and third, the frequency (lower case letters). Each code group­ ing thus describes the occurrence of the species (a butterfly may have several such groupings). Region and Habitats. I = Southeastern Arizona; desert scrub, stream­ side, desert watering place; elevation generally below 4,000 feet. Ex­ amples: Tucson Country Club; Continental area (particularly along

1. Further specific data and, in some cases, representative specimens are available for purposes of additional research from the author. 108 BROWN: Arizona butterflies Vol. 19, no. 2 the Santa Cruz River); Desert Corral in the Sant2. Rita Experimental Range; Sonoita River near Patagonia (also partly habitat II). II = Southeastern Arizona; foothill canyons, including interdigitations into zone I along watercourses; Upper Sonoran and lower Transition zones; elevation 4,000-6,000 feet. Examples: Sant2c Rita Ranch Head­ quarters and hills above; Sawmill Canyon (west slope of Santa Rita Mts.) near Upper Sawmill Well; Florida Canyon (west slope of Santa Rita Mts.) particularly near the Santa Rita Experimental Station; Madera Canyon (west slope of Santa Rita Mts.) below the Lodge; Gardner Canyon (east slope of Santa Rita Mts.); Sunnyside Canyon (west slope of Huachuca Mts.); Miller, Carr, and Ramsey canyons (east slope of Huachuca M ts. ); Cave Creek Canyon (east slope of Chiricahua M ts. ); Sycamore Canyon (Ruby Road, Pajarito Mts.). This is generally by far the most fruitful collecting habitat, but only a few of the above­ mentioned localities will be outstanding in a given year. In the spring season, the grassy hillsides are often better than the canyon bottoms. III = Southeastern Arizona; mountainsides including upper canyons; generally Transition zone; elevation 6,000-9,000 feet. Examples: Upper Madera Canyon (west slope of Santa Rita Mts.); trails up Mt. Wrightson (Santa Rita Mts.); and Carr and Miller peaks (Huachuca Mts.), from either side of the ranges; road to Onion Saddle and :Rustler Park (Chiri­ calma M ts.). IV = Southeastern Arizona; mountaintops; generally Canadian and Hudsonian zones; elevation 8,000-10,000 feet. Examples: top of Mt. Wrightson (Santa Rita Mts.); meadows and rocks of the upper parts of the Huachuca Mts.; Rustler Park and above in the Chiricahua Mts. V = East-central Arizona; White Mountains, moderate elevations; gen­ erally Transition zone; elevation 5,000--7,500 feet. North Fork of the White River, from roughly its intersection with the Lower Log Road south of McNary up to the Ditch Camp area; similar conditions are present along the stream near Alpine on the New Mexico border (Route 666). VI = East-central Arizona; White Mountains, high elevations; Cana­ dian and Hudsonian zones, forest, streamside, and meadow (cienega); elevation 8,000-10,000 feet. Examples: Large cienega area surrounding Green's Peak; Sheep's Crossing, Little Colorado Hiver; wet meadow and forest area on high roads from Green's Peak area to Vernon. Seasons. A = Spring (generally March and April). B = Early Rainy Season (generally July to mid-August; specimens caught in September, if any are left, will be very worn). 1965 Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 109

C = Late Rainy Season (generally mid-August through September; specimens caught in July, if any appear, will be fresh males). D = General Summer (usually late June through at least October, with a succession of overlapping broods; some fluctuation in abundance during the period). It should be emphasized that the above seasons are exceedingly vari­ able, being highly dependent upon moisture (date, frequency, and quantity). Collecting in late August, particularly in southern Arizona (in general, the seasons are far more regular in the White Mountains), one could find typical species of either season "B" or season "C," de­ pending upon the major rainy season; and the spring season, which often starts in February, may be delayed well into April in a dry or cold spring. Furthermore, one can collect in season "B" in one canyon and season "C" in another canyon a few miles away, subject to their local precipitation histories. One would do well to inquire locally as to recent rains (number and amOlmt) and do a good amount of travel­ ing in order to find area where the proper combinations have occurrcd to produce a "good" season. Too little rain results in exceedingly sparse collecting; too much, in difficult collecting due to luxuriant growth of plants and lack of concentration of the butterflies along the watercourses. Frequencies. a = abundant (over 50 seen in a day's collecting). c = common (10 to 50 seen per day). u = uncommon (less than 10 seen per day). I' = rare (a few seen per season). s = stray (one or a few in many years' collecting). I = local (restricted to a few favored localities). i = irregular (numbers fluctuate very widely from year to year, not always correlated with rainfall).

LIST OF SPECIES Battus philenor (Linnaeus): I-AD-a; II-AD-a. Papilio polyxenes astel'ius Stoll: II-D-iu. Papilio bairdii Edwards: II-D-iu. Papilio Cl'esphontes Cramer: I-D-c; II-C-lc. Papilia multicaudata Kirby: II-D-c; III-D-c; V-D-u. Papilio eUl'ymedon Lucas: II-D-s. No captures have been made in south­ ern Arizona, but this species has been seen twice: Florida Dam (lower Florida Canyon, west slope of the Santa Rita Mts.), June, 1950, fresh male; and Gardner Canyon (east slope of the Santa Rita M ts. ), July, 1951, very worn male. Neophasia menapia (Felder & Felder): V-B-lic. 110 BROWN: Arizona butterflies Vol. 19, no. 2

Neophasia terlootii Behr: III-B-Iu. Appias drusilla subsp.: II-B-s. A single male specimen, moderately fresh and identical with specimens from central Mexico [d. drusilla (Cramer)] in the American Museum of Natural History, was captured at Santa Rita Ranch Headquarters (elevation 4,600 feet) on the north­ west slope of the Santa Rita Mts. in August, 1951 (Fig. 1). This may represent a northwestern extreme for the range of this species (al­ though one specimen in the American Museum is labeled "Cali- f orma'?") .. Pieris sisymbrii Boisduval: II-A-u. All females in the author's collection represent the yellowish form "£lava" Edwards; this form also seems to predominate among female specimens from the Rocky Mountain area in the American Museum. Pieris protodice Boisduval & LeConte: I-D-c; II-D-c; V-D-u; VI-D-u. gen. vern. vernalis Edwards: II-A-lc. The maculation of spring speci­ mens is highly variable, many resembling typical forms of P. occiden­ talis Reakirt; however, all specimens I have seen from or taken in Arizona correspond to protodice by recently described criteria (Chang, 1963) . Pieris napi subsp.: V-B-ic. A very heavily marked form. Pieris rapae (Linnaeus): II-D-lr. Colias eurytheme Boisduval: II-D-c; III-D-u; IV-D-u; V-D-c; VI-D-u. "hybird" form ariadne Edwards: II-C-u. Colias philodice Godart: II-C-lc. This species was abundant in the Sul­ phur Springs Valley, along the west side of the Chiricahua Mts., on 20 September 1963; several forms (Figs. 9-12) were in evidence. Only one specimen from Arizona (Casa Grande, 20'Jovember 1961, R. Sternitzky) is present in the American Museum collection; the author has never seen philodice in the State except on the one occasion. Hovanitz (1950) describes the species as being'... limited south­ ward by ... the highlands of the Colorado Plateau in Arizona, and the Valley of the Rio Grande River ..."; thus this may represent an extension of the known range. Colias cesonia (Stoll): I-D-a; II-D-a; III-D-u; IV-D-u. \2 aberration: I-C-s; II-C-s. This variety, resembling the form amorphae (Hy. Ed­ wards) of the more western C. eurydice (Stoll), has the markings of the FW above tending toward obsolescence (Fig. 2). (The Antillean and South American subspecies of cesonia, cynops (Butler), inca (Tessmann), seem to show this feature normally in the females.) The author has three captures from Arizona: Green Fields School, north­ west of Tucson (elevation 2,100 feet), Septem bel', 1950; Florida 196.5 Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 111

Canyon, Santa Rita Mts. (elevation 4,000 feet), September, 1957; and Sunnyside Canyon, Huachuca Mts. (elevation 5,800 feet), 18 Septem­ ber 1963. All of these represent the form rosa M'Neill. Phoebis sennae eubule (Linnaeus): I-D-a; II-D-a; III-D-c. Kricogonia lyside (Godart): II-B-ic; IlI-B-liu. EW'ema boisduvaliana Felder & Felder: II-B-iu. ~. ':1

EXPLANATION OF PLATE Figs. 1-12. Butterflies collected in southeastern Arizona. 1, Appias drusilla (Cramer), Santa Rita Mountains, Aug., 19.51; 2, Colias cesonia (Stoll), aberration, Sunnyside Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, 18 Sept. 1963; 3, 4, Euptoieta hegesia hoffmanni Comstock (3, dwarf, 4, normal) , Santa Rita Mountains; .5-8, Asterocampa subpallida (Barnes & McDunnough) (.5, 6, 6 upper- and undersides; 7, 8, <;> upper­ ancl undersides), Santa Rita Mountains; 9-12, Colias philodice Godart (9, 10, 6; 11, ? yellow form, 12, ? white form), Sulphur Springs Valley, 20 Sept. 1963. 112 BROWN: Arizona butterflies Vol. 19, no. 2

Eu1'ema mexicana (Boisduval): I-AD-a; II-AD-a; UI-D-u. Eurema proterpia (Fabricius): I-D-c; II-D-c. "gen. hiem." gundlachia (Poey): II-C-Ic. In favored localities in September, both sexes of this species may be found representing all forms from typical protel'pia through typical gundlachia. The American Museum collection con­ tains also many such intermediates. Eurema nicippe (Cramer): I-AD-c; II-AD-c; III-D-u. Nathalis iole Boisduval: I-D-c; II-D-c; V-D-c. AnthO'caris pima Edwards: II-A-ic. AnthO'caris sara inghami Gunder: II-A-lu. EuchlO'e c1'eusa subsp.: II-A-la. EuchlO'e ausO'nides subsp.: II-A-lu. The correct status of the EuchlO'e species in southern Arizona is very uncertain. If one employs the cri­ terion of the angularity of the costal margin of the HW to differentiate between creusa and ausO'nides,2 the vast majority of the specimens are creusa. However, this criterion does not correlate well with the more generally accepted criterion of the width of the black bar at the end of the cell of the FW. It would be best to reserv,~ judgment on thcse forms until better statistical work is available. ApO'demia mO'1'mo mejicanus (Behr): II-B-Iu. ApO'demia palmerii (Edwards): II-C-Ic. Apodemia nais (Edwards): V -B-c. Lephelisca nemesis (Edwards): I-C-lc; II-C-lc. Emesis zela ares (Edwards): II-C-lc. form cleis (Edwards): II-B-ltl. HypaurO'tis crysalus (Edwards): III-C-lr. Atlides halesus (Cramer): II-B-hl. MitO'ura siva (Edwards): II-AB-Iu. Stl'ymO'n leda (Edwards): I-D-lc; II-D-Ic. Strymon leda ines (Edwards): I-D-lc; II-D-Ic. StrymO'n melinus subsp.: II-D-c; V-D-c; VI-D-u. Variable; several forms are present in the author's collection from Arizona. Stl'ymon sylvinus itys (Edwards): II-B-Ir; V-B-ll. Callophrys apama (Edwards): V-B-lc. Lycaena rubidus sirius (Edwards): V -B-c. Brephidium exilis (Boisduval): I-C-Iu; II-C-lu. Leptotes marina (Reakirt): I-D-a; II-D-a. H emiargus ceraunus gyas (Edwards): II -C-c. H emiargus isola (Reakirt): I-C-c; II-C-a; IV-C-lc; V -C-c; VI-C-lc. Lycaeides melissa subsp.: V-C-lu. Plebejus aemon (Westwood & Hewitson): II-AC-c; V-C-Ic.

2 E . ausonides has a more distinct angle. The author thanks O. E. Sette for this useful criterion. 1965 loumal of the Lepidopterists' Society 113

Everes comyntas herrii (Grinnell): V -D-u. Celastrinn arginll1s dnerea (Edwards): II-D-u; III-D-Ic; V-D-a. Libytheana bachmannii lal'vata (Strecker): I-AD-ia; II-AD-ia; III-D-u. Anaea aidea morrisonii (Edwards): II-D-s. Astel'Ocampa celtis antonia (Edwards); I-D-u; II-D-u. Astel'ocampa leilia (Edwards); I-D-c; II-D-u. Astel'ocampa subpallida (Barnes & McDunnough): II-B-lic. The author first captured a worn female of this species in the Santa Rita Moun­ tains (Santa Rita Ranch Headquarters) in September, 1950; this may represent the earliest record outside of the Baboquivaris (Ford, Lep. News, 5: 88, reported the "first individual outside the Baboquivaris" from lower Madera Canyon in September of 1951). At any rate, it is now regular and in some years common at certain favored localities in the Santa Ritas (e.g., the Santa Rita Experimental Range head­ quarters, in lower Florida Canyon, Figs. 5-8). Limenitis astyanax al'izonensis Edwards: II-D-u; III-D-u; V-D-u. Limenitis al'chippus obsoleta Edwards: I-C-lc; II-C-lc. Limenitis teeidmeyel'i sinefascia Edwards: V -B-c. Limenitis bredoteii eulalia (Doubleday): I1-D-a; III-D-a; V-D-a. Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus): II-A-Iu; IV-C-Iu; V -D-lr. Vanessa vil'giniensis (Drury): II-D-Iu; IV-D-Iu; V-D-u. Vanessa cal'dui (Linnaeus): I-D-u; II-D-a; III-D-c; IV-D-Ia; V-D-c; VI-D-c. Vanessa carye Hiibner: V-B-Ir. ]unonia coenia nigrosuffusa Barnes & McDunnough: I-C-Iu; II-C-Iu. Nymphalis milberti (Godart) : V-D-u; VI-D-u. Nymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus): II-AB-lu; V-D-c; VI-D-c. Polygonia satyrus mal'syas (Edwards): Ill-A-hl; V-D-c. Poly gonia hylas (Edwards): V -C-r; VI-C-Ia. Most specimens resemble P. faunus (Edwards) closely; a few (about 15%) possess clear gray undersides, lacking even the silver mark. More work seems to be needed for this species or complex. Polygonia zephyl'us (Edwards): V-D-c; VI-D-Iu. Chlosyne lacinia (Geyer): I-D-c; II-D-Ia. This includes the various so­ called subspecies [adjutl'ix Scudder, rufescens (Cockerell), cl'Ocale (Edwards), nigl'escens (Cockerell)], which occur sympatrically and intergrade completely. Phyciodes texana (Edwards): I-D-Ic; II-AD-lc. Phyciodes tharos pulchella (Boisduval): V-B-c. Phyciodes mylitta (Edwards) (various forms): II-C-Iu; IV-C-c; V-D-a; VI-D-c. 114 BHOWN: Arizona butterflies Vol. 19, no. 2

Phyciodcs campcstris camillus Edwards: V-D-a; VI-D-c. Phyciodes picta Edwards: I-C-c; II-C-lc. Melitaea dynws chara Edwards: II-AD-a. Melitaea perse Edwards: II-D-a. Melitaea theana. thekla Edwards: V-D-lc. Melitaea theona bollii Edwards: I-C-lu. Melitaea pola arachne Edwards: V-D-c. Euphydryas anicia magdalena Barnes & McDunnough: V-B-lu; VI-C-le. Speyeria n. nokomis (Edwards): V-Cole. Speyeria nokomis coerulescens (Holland): III -C-lu. The author ran across a colony of this subspecies while on a pack trip in the upper Huachuca Mts. in August, 1950 (unfortunately sans net); both sexes were observed within five feet. An attempt to relocate the colony in 1963 was fruitless; the general area is in a spring-fed meadow near the top of Sunnyside Canyon. Speyeria atlantis nausicaa (Edwards): V-Boa; VI-D-u. Speyeria mormonia luski (Barnes & McDunnough): V-C-If. Speyeria aphrodite byblis (Barnes & Benjamin): V-lB-c. Euptoieta claudia (Cramer): I-D-c; II-D-c; V-D-u. Euptoieta hegesia hoffnwnni Comstock: II-B-lir. This species seems to be rare in southeastern Arizona. Both the typical form (Fig. 4) and the dwarf form (Fig. 3) may be captured; the latter corresponds to a series in the American Museum labeled "Sonora," while the former is identical with a series labeled "Flagstaff, Arizona," which, if it is labeled properly, must have been captured in a truly extraordinary year. The author's specimens were taken in the early 1950's at the Santa Rita Ranch Headquarters in the Santa Rita Mountains. Agraulis vanillae (Linnaeus): I-D-c; II-D-c. Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus): I -C-c; II -C-c; V -D-u. Danatts gilippus strigostts (Bates): I-D-a; II-D-a; V-D-u. Euptychia dorothea (Nabokov): II-B-Iu; III-B-c. Ettptychia henshawi Edwards: II-C-c; III-C-a. Ettptychia rllbricata Edwards: II-B-u; III-B-c. P aramecera xicaque (Reakirt): III -B-lu. CeTcyonis pegala olympus (Edwards): V-B-lu. Cercyonis oetus (Boisduval): V-B-c. Gyracheilus patrobas tTitania (Edwards): II-C-ic; III-C-c; V-Cole. This species was common along the North Fork of the \Vhite River in the area south of McNary in early September, 1963. The form captured tends to possess appreciably more blue in the marginal markings on the HvV underneath than average specimens from southeastern Arizona, aI- 1965 Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society ll5

though there is some overlapping and the difference should be ana­ lyzed statistically (perhaps with the aid of a spectrometer). It would also be interesting to compare this type, presumably from the northeast­ ern extremity of the butterfly's range, with specimens from the Prescott area, presumably the northwestern cxtremity (and rather different from the vVhite Mountains in climate).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author is indebted to the American Museum of Natural History, and particularly to F. H. Rindge and J. C. Pallister, for assistance in work in the fine collection housed therein; and to O. E. Sette and P. R. Ehrlich for additional assistance in this report.

LITERA TURE CITED CHAKG, V. C. S., 1963. Quantitative analysis of certain wing and genitalia charac­ ters of Pieris in western North America. J. Research Lepidoptera, 2: 97-125. DOS PASSOS, C. F., 1964. A synonymic list of the Nearctic Rhopalocera. Lep. Soc. Memoir No.1, New Haven, Conn. 145 pp. HOVANITZ, W., 1950. The biology of Colias butterflies. 1. The distribution of the North American species. Wassman Jour. BioI., 8: 49-75.

A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR SPREADING MINUTE MOTHS

G. G. LEWIS Entomology Research Institute, Canada Dept. Agric., Ottawa, Ontario

For many years glass tubes containing cyanide have been used for killing small moths. These were experimentally replaced with plastic ones in order to reduce the danger of breakage. It was noted, however, that in the plastic tubes minute moths were forcibly drawn to the sides by static electricity, and held there until death. After death there was no static electric attraction, but many of the scales were left adhering to the tube, and spoiling the specimens. Because of this disadvantage I no longer use plastic tubes for killing. With this static electric attraction in mind, a special spreading board was designed. The board (Fig. 1) consists of a solid piece of one-inch lumber, 214 inches wide and 12 inches long. The top is rabbeted along each side to a width of one-half inch and a depth of one-eighth inch. A strip of cork is glued in the rabbet on each side. Another strip of cork is glued to the bottom, flush with all edges of the board. A strip of "Plexi­ glass," one-inch wide and one-sixteenth inch thick is glued to the top of the nonrabbeted center portion of the board. Before it is glued onto the board, the plastic strip is sawed for three-quarters of its width at intervals